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Heslop-Harrison JS(P, Schwarzacher T, Liu Q. Polyploidy: its consequences and enabling role in plant diversification and evolution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:1-10. [PMID: 36282971 PMCID: PMC9904344 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most, if not all, green plant (Virdiplantae) species including angiosperms and ferns are polyploids themselves or have ancient polyploid or whole genome duplication signatures in their genomes. Polyploids are not only restricted to our major crop species such as wheat, maize, potato and the brassicas, but also occur frequently in wild species and natural habitats. Polyploidy has thus been viewed as a major driver in evolution, and its influence on genome and chromosome evolution has been at the centre of many investigations. Mechanistic models of the newly structured genomes are being developed that incorporate aspects of sequence evolution or turnover (low-copy genes and regulatory sequences, as well as repetitive DNAs), modification of gene functions, the re-establishment of control of genes with multiple copies, and often meiotic chromosome pairing, recombination and restoration of fertility. SCOPE World-wide interest in how green plants have evolved under different conditions - whether in small, isolated populations, or globally - suggests that gaining further insight into the contribution of polyploidy to plant speciation and adaptation to environmental changes is greatly needed. Forward-looking research and modelling, based on cytogenetics, expression studies, and genomics or genome sequencing analyses, discussed in this Special Issue of the Annals of Botany, consider how new polyploids behave and the pathways available for genome evolution. They address fundamental questions about the advantages and disadvantages of polyploidy, the consequences for evolution and speciation, and applied questions regarding the spread of polyploids in the environment and challenges in breeding and exploitation of wild relatives through introgression or resynthesis of polyploids. CONCLUSION Chromosome number, genome size, repetitive DNA sequences, genes and regulatory sequences and their expression evolve following polyploidy - generating diversity and possible novel traits and enabling species diversification. There is the potential for ever more polyploids in natural, managed and disturbed environments under changing climates and new stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S (Pat) Heslop-Harrison
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Leicester, Institute for Environmental Futures, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- South China National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Trude Schwarzacher
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Leicester, Institute for Environmental Futures, Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
- South China National Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Akiyama Y, Ueyama Y, Hamada S, Kubota A, Kato D, Yamada-Akiyama H, Takahara Y, Fujimori M. Utilization of flow cytometry for festulolium breeding (Lolium multiflorum (2x) × Festuca arundinacea (6x)). BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:234-243. [PMID: 27162495 PMCID: PMC4785001 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Festulolium is a hybrid between Festuca and Lolium species that has valuable agronomic traits from both grass species. The purpose of our breeding program is to produce hexaploid festulolium that introduces tolerance to summer depression into Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) by crossing it with tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea). However, we found the DNA ploidy of hexaploids was not stable and was reduced in successive generations. We aimed to find out how to obtain stable high-ploidy festulolium. F1 hybrids of L. multiflorum and F. arundinacea were produced. The F3 generation was produced from putative hexaploid F2 individuals by open pollination. The F4 to F6 generations were obtained by polycrossing. The DNA ploidy levels of F2 to F6 individuals were estimated by flow cytometry. Cytological characteristics of the F5 and F6 individuals were investigated by FISH and GISH. The DNA ploidy level of hexaploid festulolium was reduced and stabilized at almost the same level as a tetraploid. Seed fertility was inversely correlated with an increase in ploidy level. GISH revealed no preferential Lolium transmission. FISH with a telomere probe revealed that counting the exact number of chromosomes in festulolium was difficult. DNA ploidy level was strongly correlated with the number of chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Akiyama
- National Research and Development Agency, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tohoku Agricultural Research Center,
4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198,
Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University,
3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Yasufumi Ueyama
- National Research and Development Agency, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (NILGS),
768 Senbonmatsu, Nasushiobara, Tochigi 329-2793,
Japan
| | - Seiya Hamada
- Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology,
1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188,
Japan
| | - Akito Kubota
- National Research and Development Agency, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tohoku Agricultural Research Center,
4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198,
Japan
| | - Daisuke Kato
- National Research and Development Agency, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tohoku Agricultural Research Center,
4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198,
Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamada-Akiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University,
3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takahara
- Department of BioEngineering, Nagaoka University of Technology,
1603-1 Kamitomioka-cho, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimori
- National Research and Development Agency, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tohoku Agricultural Research Center,
4 Akahira, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-0198,
Japan
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University,
3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550,
Japan
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Chester M, Leitch AR, Soltis PS, Soltis DE. Review of the Application of Modern Cytogenetic Methods (FISH/GISH) to the Study of Reticulation (Polyploidy/Hybridisation). Genes (Basel) 2010; 1:166-92. [PMID: 24710040 PMCID: PMC3954085 DOI: 10.3390/genes1020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The convergence of distinct lineages upon interspecific hybridisation, including when accompanied by increases in ploidy (allopolyploidy), is a driving force in the origin of many plant species. In plant breeding too, both interspecific hybridisation and allopolyploidy are important because they facilitate introgression of alien DNA into breeding lines enabling the introduction of novel characters. Here we review how fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) have been applied to: 1) studies of interspecific hybridisation and polyploidy in nature, 2) analyses of phylogenetic relationships between species, 3) genetic mapping and 4) analysis of plant breeding materials. We also review how FISH is poised to take advantage of nextgeneration sequencing (NGS) technologies, helping the rapid characterisation of the repetitive fractions of a genome in natural populations and agricultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chester
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, UK.
| | - Pamela S Soltis
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Douglas E Soltis
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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Zwierzykowski Z, Zwierzykowska E, Taciak M, Jones N, Kosmala A, Krajewski P. Chromosome pairing in allotetraploid hybrids of Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne revealed by genomic in situ hybridization (GISH). Chromosome Res 2008; 16:575-85. [PMID: 18409011 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-008-1198-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to make a detailed study of chromosome pairing at metaphase I (MI) of meiosis in six F(1) hybrid plants of the allotetraploid Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne (2n = 4x = 28; genomic constitution FpFpLpLp). The mean chromosome configurations for all hybrids analysed were 1.13 univalents + 11.51 bivalents + 0.32 trivalents + 0.72 quadrivalents, and the mean chiasma frequency was 21.96 per cell. GISH showed that pairing was predominantly intragenomic, with mean numbers of L. perenne (Lp/Lp) and F. pratensis (Fp/Fp) bivalents being virtually equal at 5.41 and 5.48 per cell, respectively. Intergenomic pairing between Lolium and Festuca chromosomes was observed in 33.3% of Lp/Fp bivalents (0.62 per cell), in 79.7% of trivalents - Lp/Lp/Fp and Lp/Fp/Fp (0.25 per cell), and in 98.4% of quadrivalents - Lp/Lp/Fp/Fp and Lp/Lp/Lp/Fp (0.71 per cell). About 4.0% of the total chromosome complement analysed remained as univalents, an average 0.68 Lp and 0.45 Fp univalents per cell. It is evident that in these hybrids there is opportunity for recombination to take place between the two component genomes, albeit at a low level, and this is discussed in the context of compromising the stability of Festulolium hybrid cultivars and accounting for the drift in the balance of the genomes over generations. We speculate that genotypic differences between hybrids could permit selection for pairing control, and that preferences for homologous versus homoeologous centromeres in their spindle attachments and movement to the poles at anaphase I could form the basis of a mechanism underlying genome drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zwierzykowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
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Zwierzykowski Z, Kosmala A, Zwierzykowska E, Jones N, Jokś W, Bocianowski J. Genome balance in six successive generations of the allotetraploid Festuca pratensis x Lolium perenne. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2006; 113:539-47. [PMID: 16773330 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-006-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 05/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the allotetraploid, Festuca pratensis Huds. (2n = 4x = 28) x Lolium perenne L. (2n = 4x = 28) the balance of chromatin, as determined by GISH, changes over successive generations of open pollination in favour of L. perenne. There is extensive recombination between chromosomes of the two parental genomes, as well as substitution of whole Festuca chromosomes by whole Lolium chromosomes. The total number of Lolium chromosomes increased from a mean 14.36 in the F(2) to 16.26 in the F(6), and the total number of Festuca chromosomes decreased correspondingly from a mean of 13.57 to a value of 11.56. The number of recombinant chromosomes and recombination breakpoints per genotype also increased from generation to generation, although the respective values of both characters were higher for Festuca (0.86-8.41 and 1.14-15.22) than for Lolium (0.68-4.59 and 0.68-6.0). The proportion of total genome length contributed by the L. perenne chromatin increased from about 50% in F(2) to 59.5% in F(6). The results are based on the sample of 134 plants studied (26-28 plants per generation), and are discussed in terms of the dominance of Lolium chromosomes over those of Festuca, and possible mechanisms underlying this phenomenon of chromatin substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Zwierzykowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznan, Poland.
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Kosmala A, Zwierzykowski Z, Gasior D, Rapacz M, Zwierzykowska E, Humphreys MW. GISH/FISH mapping of genes for freezing tolerance transferred from Festuca pratensis to Lolium multiflorum. Heredity (Edinb) 2006; 96:243-51. [PMID: 16449983 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The first backcross breeding programme for the transfer of freezing-tolerance genes from winter hardy Festuca pratensis to winter-sensitive Lolium multiflorum is described. A partly fertile, triploid F(1) hybrid F. pratensis (2n=2x=14) x L. multiflorum (2n=4x=28) was employed initially, and after two backcrosses to L. multiflorum (2x) a total of 242 backcross two (BC(2)) plants were generated. Genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) was performed on 61 BC(2) plants selected for their good growth and winter survival characters in the spring following one Polish winter (2000-2001). Among the winter survivors, diploid chromosome numbers were present in 80% of plants. An appropriate single Festuca introgression in an otherwise undisturbed Lolium genome could provide increased freezing tolerance without compromise to the good growth and plant vigour found in Lolium. Among all the diploids, a total of 20 individuals were identified, each with a single F. pratensis chromosome segment. Another diploid plant contained 13 Lolium chromosomes and a large metacentric F. pratensis chromosome, identified as chromosome 4, with two large distal Lolium introgressions on each chromosome arm. Three of the diploid BC(2), including the genotype with Festuca chromosome 4 DNA sequences, were found to have freezing tolerance in excess of that of L. multiflorum, and in one case in excess of the F. pratensis used as control. A detailed cytological analysis combining GISH and fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses with rDNA probes revealed that the other two freezing-tolerant genotypes carried a Festuca chromosome segment at the same terminal location on the non-satellite arm of Lolium chromosome 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.
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