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Spence C. The tongue map and the spatial modulation of taste perception. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:598-610. [PMID: 35345819 PMCID: PMC8956797 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is undoubtedly a spatial component to our experience of gustatory stimulus qualities such as sweet, bitter, salty, sour, and umami, however its importance is currently unknown. Taste thresholds have been shown to differ at different locations within the oral cavity where gustatory receptors are found. However, the relationship between the stimulation of particular taste receptors and the subjective spatially-localized experience of taste qualities is uncertain. Although the existence of the so-called ‘tongue map’ has long been discredited, the psychophysical evidence clearly demonstrates significant (albeit small) differences in taste sensitivity across the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx (all sites where taste buds have been documented). Biases in the perceived localization of gustatory stimuli have also been reported, often resulting from tactile capture (i.e., a form of crossmodal, or multisensory, interaction). At the same time, varying responses to supratheshold tastants along the tongue's anterior-posterior axis have putatively been linked to the ingestion-ejection response. This narrative review highlights what is currently known concerning the spatial aspects of gustatory perception, considers how such findings might be explained, given the suggested balanced distribution of taste receptors for each basic taste quality where taste papillae are present, and suggests why knowing about such differences may be important. The existence of the tongue map has long been discredited. Taste receptors in the oral cavity respond to all tastes regardless of their location. Human psychophysical data highlights a significant spatial modulation of taste perception in the oral cavity. Highly-controlled studies of taste psychophysics rarely capture the full multisensory experience associated with eating and drinking.
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Romano A, Di Stasio D, Petruzzi M, Fiori F, Lajolo C, Santarelli A, Lucchese A, Serpico R, Contaldo M. Noninvasive Imaging Methods to Improve the Diagnosis of Oral Carcinoma and Its Precursors: State of the Art and Proposal of a Three-Step Diagnostic Process. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122864. [PMID: 34201237 PMCID: PMC8228647 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) accounts for 90–95% of malignant tumors of the lip and oral cavity and is associated with high mortality in the advanced stages. Early diagnosis is a challenge for oral pathologists and dentists, due to the ambiguous appearance of early OSCC, which is often misdiagnosed, mistreated, and associated with diagnostic delay. The gold standards for OSCC diagnosis are biopsy and histopathological assessment, but these procedures are invasive and time-consuming. Adjunctive noninvasive techniques allow the definition of the malignant features of a suspicious lesion in real time and noninvasively, thus improving the diagnostic procedure. The present review aimed to focus on some of the main promising noninvasive imaging techniques, to highlight their perspective adoption in a three-step diagnosis, which is idealistically faster and better, as well as enables the patient’s compliance. Abstract Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most prevalent form of cancer of lips and oral cavity, and its diagnostic delay, caused by misdiagnosis at the early stages, is responsible for high mortality ratios. Biopsy and histopathological assessment are the gold standards for OSCC diagnosis, but they are time-consuming, invasive, and do not always enable the patient’s compliance, mainly in cases of follow-up with the need for more biopsies. The use of adjunctive noninvasive imaging techniques improves the diagnostic approach, making it faster and better accepted by patients. The present review aims to focus on the most consolidated diagnostic techniques, such as vital staining and tissue autofluorescence, and to report the potential role of some of the most promising innovative techniques, such as narrow-band imaging, high-frequency ultrasounds, optical coherence tomography, and in vivo confocal microscopy. According to their contribution to OSCC diagnosis, an ideal three-step diagnostic procedure is proposed, to make the diagnostic path faster, better, and more accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Romano
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Dario Di Stasio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimo Petruzzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Fausto Fiori
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Lajolo
- Head and Neck Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli–IRCCS, School of Dentistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Andrea Santarelli
- Department of Clinical Specialist and Dental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Alberta Lucchese
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Rosario Serpico
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi de Crecchio, 6, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.R.); (D.D.S.); (F.F.); (A.L.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-3204876058
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Wilbert SA, Mark Welch JL, Borisy GG. Spatial Ecology of the Human Tongue Dorsum Microbiome. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4003-4015.e3. [PMID: 32209464 PMCID: PMC7179516 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in microbial ecology is how microbes are spatially organized with respect to each other and their host. A test bed for examining this question is the tongue dorsum, which harbors a complex and important microbial community. Here, we use multiplexed fluorescence spectral imaging to investigate the organization of the tongue microbiome at micron to hundred-micron scales. We design oligonucleotide probes for taxa both abundant and prevalent, as determined by sequence analysis. Imaging reveals a highly structured spatial organization of microbial consortia, ranging in linear dimension from tens to hundreds of microns. The consortia appear to develop from a core of epithelial cells, with taxa clustering in domains suggestive of clonal expansion. Quantitative proximity analysis provides the basis for a model of tongue dorsum microbiome organization and dynamics. Our work illustrates how high-resolution analysis of micron-scale organization provides insights into physiological functions and microbiome-host interactions. How microbes are spatially organized is a fundamental question in microbial ecology about which little is known. Using fluorescence spectral imaging, Wilbert et al. discover dense, highly structured microbial consortia on the human tongue. Analysis of the organization of these consortia permits inferences about community dynamics and oral microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Mark Welch
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Gary G Borisy
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Piochi M, Dinnella C, Prescott J, Monteleone E. Associations between human fungiform papillae and responsiveness to oral stimuli: effects of individual variability, population characteristics, and methods for papillae quantification. Chem Senses 2018; 43:313-327. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Piochi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry System Management – GESAAF, University of Florence, via Donizetti, Firenze, Italy
- University of Gastronomic Sciences, Piazza Vittorio Emanuele, Bra, CN, Italy
| | - Caterina Dinnella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry System Management – GESAAF, University of Florence, via Donizetti, Firenze, Italy
| | - John Prescott
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry System Management – GESAAF, University of Florence, via Donizetti, Firenze, Italy
- TasteMatters Research and Consulting, QVB Post Office, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry System Management – GESAAF, University of Florence, via Donizetti, Firenze, Italy
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Saito T, Ito T, Ito Y, Manabe Y, Sano K. Relationship between gustatory function and average number of taste buds per fungiform papilla measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy in humans. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:44-48. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Saito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Research and Education Program for Life Science; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Kazuo Sano
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery; Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
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Saito T, Ito T, Ito Y, Yamada T, Okamoto M, Manabe Y. Gustatory Dysfunction and Decreased Number of Fungiform Taste Buds in Patients With Chronic Otitis Media With Cholesteatoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016; 125:704-9. [PMID: 27141029 DOI: 10.1177/0003489416646793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the number of fungiform taste buds among patients with chronic otitis media (COM), those with pars flaccida retraction type cholesteatoma, and those with pars tensa retraction type cholesteatoma in combination with gustatory function. METHODS Thirty-seven patients with COM, 22 patients with pars flaccida retraction type cholesteatoma, and 17 patients with pars tensa retraction type cholesteatoma were included. An average of 10 fungiform papillae (FP) per patient in the midlateral region of the tongue were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo, and the average number of taste buds were counted. Just before the observation of FP, electrogustometry (EGM) was performed to evaluate gustatory function. RESULTS A significant decrease of the average number of fungiform taste buds and significant elevation of EGM thresholds were clarified in the pars tensa retraction type cholesteatoma group but not in the COM or pars flaccida type cholesteatoma group. CONCLUSION It was suggested that some neurotoxic cytokines produced by cholesteatoma tissue might affect the CTN morphology, resulting in a decreased number of fungiform taste buds and elevation of EGM threshold in patients with pars tensa retraction type cholesteatoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takechiyo Yamada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masayuki Okamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Saito T, Ito T, Ito Y, Manabe Y, Sano K. Comparison of fungiform taste-bud distribution among age groups using confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo in combination with gustatory function. Eur J Oral Sci 2016; 124:135-40. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Saito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
- Research and Education Program for Life Science; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Research and Education Program for Life Science; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Head and Neck Surgery; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
| | - Kazuo Sano
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery; Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine; Faculty of Medical Sciences; University of Fukui; Fukui Japan
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Saad S, Gomez-Pereira P, Hewett K, Horstman P, Patel J, Greenman J. Daily reduction of oral malodor with the use of a sonic tongue brush combined with an antibacterial tongue spray in a randomized cross-over clinical investigation. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016013. [PMID: 26869586 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical investigation was to test the effectiveness on breath odor of a newly designed sonic tongue brush (TongueCare+, TC). It consists of a soft silicone brush optimally designed based on the tongue's anatomy to remove bacterial biofilm from the tongue's complex surface, and it is coupled with a sonic power toothbrush handle. TC was used in combination with an antibacterial tongue spray (BreathRx, BRx) containing 0.09% cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.7% zinc gluconate. A total of 21 participants with oral malodor exceeding the threshold for recognition took part in this cross-over clinical investigation, which consisted of a single use of four treatment arms with one week washout period in between. The treatments consisted of: (1) TC + BRx, (2) TC + water, (3) BRx and (4) water. Malodor levels and bacterial density were monitored up to 6 h by organoleptic scoring and selective plating, respectively. The organoleptic score and bacterial density were significantly lower after using TC + BRx compared to all alternative treatments at all time points. A significant decrease in both parameters was detected after a single use of TC + BRx, from levels characteristic of high oral malodor, to barely noticeable levels after treatment and this was maintained up to 6 h. Moreover, we identified a significant positive correlation between bacterial density and organoleptic score, confirming that bacterial tongue biofilm is the root cause of oral malodor in these subjects. The results of this clinical investigation demonstrated that the combined treatment of a sonic tongue brush with the antibacterial tongue spray is able to deliver more than 6 h of fresh breath following a single use. The clinical investigation was registered at the ISRCTN registry under study identification number ISRCTN38199132.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saad
- Microbiology Unit, University of West of England, Bristol, UK
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In vivo confocal microscopy for the oral cavity: Current state of the field and future potential. Oral Oncol 2016; 54:28-35. [PMID: 26786962 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Confocal microscopy (CM) has been shown to correlate with oral mucosal histopathology in vivo. The purposes of this review are to summarize what we know so far about in vivo CM applications for oral mucosal pathologies, to highlight some current developments with CM devices relevant for oral applications, and to formulate where in vivo CM could hold further application for oral mucosal diagnosis and management. Ovid Medline® and/or Google® searches were performed using the terms 'microscopy, confocal', 'mouth neoplasms', 'mouth mucosa', 'leukoplakia, oral', 'oral lichen planus', 'gingiva', 'cheilitis', 'taste', 'inflammatory oral confocal', 'mucosal confocal' and 'confocal squamous cell oral'. In summary, inclusion criteria were in vivo use of any type of CM for the human oral mucosa and studies on normal or pathological oral mucosa. Experimental studies attempting to identify proteins of interest and microorganisms were excluded. In total 25 relevant articles were found, covering 8 main topics, including normal oral mucosal features (n=15), oral dysplasia or neoplasia (n=7), inflamed oral mucosa (n=3), taste impairment (n=3), oral autoimmune conditions (n=2), pigmented oral pathology/melanoma (n=1), delayed type hypersensitivity (n=1), and cheilitis glandularis (n=1). The evidence for using in vivo CM in these conditions is poor, as it is limited to mainly small descriptive studies. Current device developments for oral CM include improved probe design. The authors propose that future applications for in vivo oral CM may include burning mouth syndrome, intra-operative mapping for cancer surgery, and monitoring and targeted biopsies within field cancerization.
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Saito T, Ito T, Ito Y, Manabe Y. Long-term Follow-up Results of Regeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve During Middle Ear Surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2015; 125:393-9. [PMID: 26602906 DOI: 10.1177/0003489415617775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regeneration process of fungiform taste buds after severing the chorda tympani nerve (CTN) by confocal laser scanning microscopy in vivo. METHODS In 7 consecutive patients whose CTN was severed during tympanoplasty, an average of 10 fungiform papillae in the midlateral region of the tongue were periodically observed, and the number of taste buds was counted until 12 to 24 months after surgery. Gustatory function was assessed by EGM. RESULTS EGM thresholds showed no response within 1 month after surgery in any patient. All taste buds had disappeared until 13 to 71 days after surgery. Regenerated taste buds were first detected 5 to 8 months after surgery in 5 of the 7 patients. EGM thresholds recovered to their preoperative values in 2 patients. In these 2 patients, the number of regenerated taste buds gradually increased in combination with a recovered taste function. However, a time lag existed between taste bud regeneration and taste function recovery. EGM thresholds did not recover in the other 3 patients with regenerated taste buds, suggesting that these taste buds were immature without gustatory function. CONCLUSION The long-term regeneration process of fungiform taste buds could be clarified using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Saito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tetsufumi Ito
- Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Yumi Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Manabe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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Degeneration Process of Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Human Chorda Tympani Nerve—Observation by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:539-44. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Contaldo M, Poh CF, Guillaud M, Lucchese A, Rullo R, Lam S, Serpico R, MacAulay CE, Lane PM. Oral mucosa optical biopsy by a novel handheld fluorescent confocal microscope specifically developed: technologic improvements and future prospects. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2014; 116:752-8. [PMID: 24237726 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This pilot study evaluated the baseline effectiveness of a novel handheld fluorescent confocal microscope (FCM) specifically developed for oral mucosa imaging and compared the results with the literature. STUDY DESIGN Four different oral sites (covering the mucosa of the lip and of the ventral tongue, the masticatory mucosa of the gingiva, and the specialized mucosa of the dorsal tongue) in 6 healthy nonsmokers were imaged by an FCM made up of a confocal fiberoptic probe ergonomically designed for in vivo oral examination, using light at the wavelength of 457 nm able to excite the fluorophore acriflavine hydrochloride, topically administered. In total, 24 mucosal areas were examined. RESULTS The FCM was able to distinctly define epithelial cells, bacterial plaque, and inflammatory cells and to image submucosal structures by detecting their intrinsic fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS When compared with other devices, this FCM allowed the user to image each oral site at higher magnification, thus resulting in a clearer view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Chen J. Food oral processing: Some important underpinning principles of eating and sensory perception. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Observation of Regenerated Fungiform Taste Buds After Severing the Chorda Tympani Nerve Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy In vivo. Otol Neurotol 2014; 35:e110-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Contaldo M, Agozzino M, Moscarella E, Esposito S, Serpico R, Ardigò M. In VivoCharacterization of Healthy Oral Mucosa by Reflectance Confocal Microscopy: A Translational Research for Optical Biopsy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2013; 37:151-8. [DOI: 10.3109/01913123.2013.776656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Advances in bio-optical imaging for the diagnosis of early oral cancer. Pharmaceutics 2011; 3:354-78. [PMID: 24310585 PMCID: PMC3857071 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics3030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral cancer is among the most common malignancies worldwide, therefore early detection and treatment is imperative. The 5-year survival rate has remained at a dismal 50% for the past several decades. The main reason for the poor survival rate is the fact that most of the oral cancers, despite the general accessibility of the oral cavity, are not diagnosed until the advanced stage. Early detection of the oral tumors and its precursor lesions may be the most effective means to improve clinical outcome and cure most patients. One of the emerging technologies is the use of non-invasive in vivo tissue imaging to capture the molecular changes at high-resolution to improve the detection capability of early stage disease. This review will discuss the use of optical probes and highlight the role of optical imaging such as autofluorescence, fluorescence diagnosis (FD), laser confocal endomicroscopy (LCE), surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), optical coherence tomography (OCT) and confocal reflectance microscopy (CRM) in early oral cancer detection. FD is a promising method to differentiate cancerous lesions from benign, thus helping in the determination of adequate resolution of surgical resection margin. LCE offers in vivo cellular imaging of tissue structures from surface to subsurface layers and has demonstrated the potential to be used as a minimally invasive optical biopsy technique for early diagnosis of oral cancer lesions. SERS was able to differentiate between normal and oral cancer patients based on the spectra acquired from saliva of patients. OCT has been used to visualize the detailed histological features of the oral lesions with an imaging depth down to 2–3 mm. CRM is an optical tool to noninvasively image tissue with near histological resolution. These comprehensive diagnostic modalities can also be used to define surgical margin and to provide a direct assessment of the therapeutic effectiveness.
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Srur E, Stachs O, Guthoff R, Witt M, Pau HW, Just T. Change of the human taste bud volume over time. Auris Nasus Larynx 2009; 37:449-55. [PMID: 20031354 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The specific aim of this study is to measure the taste volume in healthy human subjects over a 2.5-month period and to demonstrate morphological changes of the peripheral taste organs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighteen human taste buds in four fungiform papillae (fPap) were examined over a 10-week period. The fungiform papillae investigated were selected based on the form of the papillae or the arrangement of surface taste pores. Measurements were performed over 10 consecutive weeks, with five scans in a day once a week. The following parameters were measured: height and diameter of the taste bud, diameter of the fungiform papilla and diameter of the taste pore. RESULTS The findings of this exploratory study indicated that (1) taste bud volumes changed over a 10-week period, (2) the interval between two volume maxima within the 10-week period was 3-5 weeks, and (3) the diameter of the fPap did not correlate with the volume of a single taste bud or with the volume of all taste buds in the fPap within the 10-week period. CONCLUSIONS This exploratory in vivo study revealed changes in taste bud volumes in healthy humans with age-related gustatory sensitivity. These findings need to be considered when studying the effect of denervation of fungiform papillae in vivo using confocal microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Srur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rostock, Doberaner Strasse 137-139, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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Volumetry of human taste buds using laser scanning microscopy. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology 2009; 123:1125-30. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022215109005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:In vivo laser scanning confocal microscopy is a relatively new, non-invasive method for assessment of oral cavity epithelia. The penetration depth of approximately 200–400 µm allows visualisation of fungiform papillae and their taste buds.Materials and methods:This paper describes the technique of in vivo volumetry of human taste buds. Confocal laser scanning microscopy used a diode laser at 670 nm for illumination. Digital laser scanning confocal microscopy equipment consisted of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph HRTII and the Rostock Cornea Module. Volume scans of fungiform papillae were used for three-dimensional reconstruction of the taste bud.Results:This technique supplied information on taste bud structure and enabled measurement and calculation of taste bud volume. Volumetric data from a 23-year-old man over a nine-day period showed only a small deviation in values. After three to four weeks, phenomenological changes in taste bud structures were found (i.e. a significant increase in volume, followed by disappearance of the taste bud and appearance of a new taste bud).Conclusions:The data obtained indicate the potential application of this non-invasive imaging modality: to evaluate variation of taste bud volume in human fungiform papillae with ageing; to study the effects of chorda tympani nerve transection on taste bud volume; and to demonstrate recovery of taste buds in patients with a severed chorda tympani nerve who show recovery of gustatory sensibility after surgery.
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Burmeister M, von Schwanewede H, Stave J, Guthoff RF. Intraorale Diagnostik mittels konfokaler Laser-Scanning-Mikroskopie / Intraoral diagnostics using confocal laser scanning microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 54:23-8. [DOI: 10.1515/bmt.2009.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Frank ME, Lundy RF, Contreras RJ. Cracking taste codes by tapping into sensory neuron impulse traffic. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 86:245-63. [PMID: 18824076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insights into the biological basis for mammalian taste quality coding began with electrophysiological recordings from "taste" nerves and this technique continues to produce essential information today. Chorda tympani (geniculate ganglion) neurons, which are particularly involved in taste quality discrimination, are specialists or generalists. Specialists respond to stimuli characterized by a single taste quality as defined by behavioral cross-generalization in conditioned taste tests. Generalists respond to electrolytes that elicit multiple aversive qualities. Na(+)-salt (N) specialists in rodents and sweet-stimulus (S) specialists in multiple orders of mammals are well characterized. Specialists are associated with species' nutritional needs and their activation is known to be malleable by internal physiological conditions and contaminated external caloric sources. S specialists, associated with the heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor T1R, and N specialists, associated with the epithelial sodium channel ENaC, are consistent with labeled line coding from taste bud to afferent neuron. Yet, S-specialist neurons and behavior are less specific than T1R2-3 in encompassing glutamate and E generalist neurons are much less specific than a candidate, PDK TRP channel, sour receptor in encompassing salts and bitter stimuli. Specialist labeled lines for nutrients and generalist patterns for aversive electrolytes may be transmitting taste information to the brain side by side. However, specific roles of generalists in taste quality coding may be resolved by selecting stimuli and stimulus levels found in natural situations. T2Rs, participating in reflexes via the glossopharynygeal nerve, became highly diversified in mammalian phylogenesis as they evolved to deal with dangerous substances within specific environmental niches. Establishing the information afferent neurons traffic to the brain about natural taste stimuli imbedded in dynamic complex mixtures will ultimately "crack taste codes."
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion E Frank
- Center for Chemosensory Sciences, Department of Oral Health & Diagnostic Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1715, United States.
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Ascencio M, Collinet P, Cosson M, Mordon S. Place et intérêt de la microscopie confocale en gynécologie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 37:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Just T, Stave J, Boltze C, Wree A, Kramp B, Guthoff RF, Pau HW. Laser Scanning Microscopy of the Human Larynx Mucosa: A Preliminary, Ex Vivo Study. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:1136-41. [PMID: 16826048 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000217529.53079.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Laser scanning microscopy (LSM) supplies in vivo information from epithelia up to depths between 0.1 to 0.5 mm. The aim of this ex vivo prospective pilot study was to investigate the potential use of LSM for the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer and its precursors. METHODS Forty-three larynx specimens of 26 patients (age 35-61 years, mean age 51.9+/-9.5 years; 7 women and 19 men) with laryngeal lesions were investigated with LSM. The LSM findings were compared with histopathologic sections. The following criteria were used for characterization of cancerous lesions: enlarged nuclei, enlarged cells with variable shapes, cluster of cells, increased nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, irregular cell architecture, and loss of cellular junctions characterized by lack of visualization of the cell membrane. RESULTS LSM enables the visualization of epithelium up to the basement membrane, Reincke space, the subepithelial vessels, and the fibers of the subepithelial space. In contrast to the squamous epithelium, the respiratory epithelium bears kinocilia. The beat of the cilia and the directed mucous transport can be observed ex vivo. With the use of the presented malignancy criteria, a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 82.9% for differentiation of dysplasia and benign laryngeal lesions from cancer were reached. CONCLUSIONS LSM in an ex vivo manner supplies microscopic images up to the subepithelial space. LSM could represent a new technology in laryngology to visualize larynx epithelia. In the next step, in vivo LSM will be applied to evaluate laryngeal lesion in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Just
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, the Institute for Pathology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Just T, Pau HW, Bombor I, Guthoff RF, Fietkau R, Hummel T. Confocal microscopy of the peripheral gustatory system: comparison between healthy subjects and patients suffering from taste disorders during radiochemotherapy. Laryngoscope 2006; 115:2178-82. [PMID: 16369163 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000181502.07160.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laser-scanning microscopy (LSM) was used to compare taste buds and epithelia of fungiform papillae of healthy subjects with those of patients suffering from taste disorders during/after radiochemotherapy (RCT). Aim of the study was to investigate effects responsible for taste loss at a microscopic level. STUDY DESIGN Prospective study. METHODS Data from 12 healthy subjects (mean age 52.4, SD 9.5 years) were compared with those of 12 patients (mean age 54.7, SD 8.5 years) with head and neck cancer suffering from taste disorders during RCT. Four parameters from LSM were selected for analysis: 1) distance between the pore of the taste buds of fungiform papillae and the crest of the papillary vessels; 2) epithelial cells of each taste bud at 34 mum; 3), cell density, and 4) area of the taste pore at 4 mum. These data were correlated to measures of gustatory sensitivity obtained with both the validated "taste strips" test kit and electrogustometry. RESULTS Patients complaining from taste disorders during RCT exhibited a significant decrease of taste function assessed with both natural and electric stimuli. In these patients, we found thicker epithelia and smaller areas of the taste pores compared with healthy subjects. In 30% of those patients, no taste pores were detectable; in deeper sections, however, normal taste buds were present. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, in RCT patients with taste disorders, LSM indicates changes of epithelia of fungiform papilla but no changes of the taste bud structure. Damage of the chorda tympani nerve by scattered rays, direct or indirect mucotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic agents, and covering of taste pores by epithelial cells are likely reasons for taste loss during RCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tino Just
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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