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Rose KN, Zorlu M, Fassini A, Lee H, Cai W, Xue X, Lin S, Kivisakk P, Schwarzschild MA, Chen X, Gomperts SN. Neuroprotection of low dose carbon monoxide in Parkinson's disease models commensurate with the reduced risk of Parkinson's among smokers. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2024; 10:152. [PMID: 39174550 PMCID: PMC11341721 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-024-00763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Paradoxically, cigarette smoking is associated with a reduced risk of Parkinson's Disease (PD). This led us to hypothesize that carbon monoxide (CO) levels, which are constitutively but modestly elevated in smokers, might contribute to neuroprotection. Using rodent models of PD based on α-synuclein (αSyn) accumulation and oxidative stress, we show that low-dose CO mitigates neurodegeneration and reduces αSyn pathology. Oral CO administration activated signaling cascades mediated by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which have been implicated in limiting oxidative stress, and in promoting αSyn degradation, thereby conferring neuroprotection. Consistent with the neuroprotective effect of smoking, HO-1 levels in cerebrospinal fluid were higher in human smokers compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, in PD brain samples, HO-1 levels were higher in neurons without αSyn pathology. Thus, CO in rodent PD models reduces pathology and increases oxidative stress responses, phenocopying possible protective effects of smoking evident in PD patients. These data highlight the potential for low-dose CO-modulated pathways to slow symptom onset and limit pathology in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Rose
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - M Zorlu
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - A Fassini
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - H Lee
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - W Cai
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - X Xue
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - S Lin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - P Kivisakk
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - M A Schwarzschild
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - S N Gomperts
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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El Hasbani G, E Nassar J, Elsayed Ali AM, Uthman I, Jawad A. The impact of nicotine smoking on spondyloarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Reumatismo 2024; 76. [PMID: 38916171 DOI: 10.4081/reumatismo.2024.1572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nicotine has major side effects on human health through numerous mechanisms, one of which is the alteration of the immune system and its genetic components. Such alteration can be a predisposing factor for autoimmune diseases such as spondyloarthritis (SpA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This review aims to shed light on the effects of nicotine smoking on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of SpA and RA. METHODS This review looked into the studies, excluding case reports and series, which were cited by PubMed/MEDLINE. RESULTS Patients with established autoimmune conditions may have a different underlying pathophysiology and disease course when exposed to nicotine through cigarette smoking. Through the involvement of several cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, and epigenetic mechanisms, the severity of SpA is more prominent in smokers. The global health status, pain, and fatigue are worse in SpA patients. The evidence on the effect of nicotine smoking on the treatment of SpA is still limited. Nicotine can contribute to RA via the disruption of cellular regulatory activity, inflammatory responses, morphological, physiological, biochemical, and enzymatic responses. As such, smokers with RA have higher disease activity and are more likely to be seropositive through the citrullination of peptides. In addition, these patients are at risk of achieving a suboptimal response to tumor necrosis factor inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoking can substantially affect the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of patients with SpA and RA. The impact of nicotine on the management of these diseases still needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- G El Hasbani
- Department of Medicine, Hartford HealthCare St. Vincent's Medical Center, Bridgeport, CT.
| | - J E Nassar
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut.
| | | | - I Uthman
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center.
| | - A Jawad
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal London Hospital.
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Circulating MMP-12 as Potential Biomarker in Evaluating Disease Severity and Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:3378035. [PMID: 35733520 PMCID: PMC9207019 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3378035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment. This study aims to evaluate the circulating mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) and matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) levels in evaluating disease severity and predicting efficacy of SLIT in AR patients. Methods We enrolled 110 moderate-severe persist AR patients (AR group) and 40 healthy controls (HC group). Circulating levels of MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 were measured, and their associations with disease severity were evaluated. All AR patients were assigned to receive sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), and the efficacy was evaluated, and serum samples were collected at 1 year and 3 years after treatment. The correlations between serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 and clinical efficacy were assessed. Results The serum concentrations of MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 were significantly higher in the AR group than the HC group, and the elevated MMP-12 levels were correlated with VAS and TNSS, and serum MRGPRX2 levels were correlated with VAS. Finally, 100 and 80 patients completed 1-year and 3-year follow-up and were classified into effective and ineffective groups. Serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 levels were lower in the effective group than the ineffective group. Although serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 levels did not significantly change after 1 year SLIT, serum MMP-12 levels were decreased 3 years post-SLIT than baseline and 1 year post-SLIT levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) showed that serum MMP-12 was a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of SLIT. Conclusion Serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 appeared to be promising biological indicators in reflecting disease severity in AR patients. Moreover, circulating MMP-12 might serve as a reliable predictor for clinical responsiveness of SLIT.
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Ho WC, Chou LW, Wang RY, Doan TN, Yu HL, Chou TH, Liu KY, Wu PC, Shieh SH. Association between Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution and the Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Taiwan: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127006. [PMID: 35742255 PMCID: PMC9222243 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background: The association between ambient air pollution (AAP) and the risk of Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains debatable. We conducted a population-based cohort study to investigate the association between exposure to AAP and the risk of RA in Taiwan. Methods: We analyzed and combined the longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) and the Taiwan Air Quality-Monitoring Database (TAQMD), which were in line with the residential areas. We calculated the RA incidence rates per 10,000 person-years exposed to each quartile of PM2.5 or PM10 concentrations or RH. Hazards regression was conducted to analyze the associations between exposure to each quartile of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and the risk of developing RA. The hazard ratios of RA were analyzed between participants exposed to annual average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10. All the hazard ratios of RA were stratified by gender and adjusted for age and relative humidity (RH). A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among 722,885 subjects, 9338 RA cases were observed. The analyses adjusted for age, gender, and humidity suggested an increased risk of developing RA in the exposure to PM2.5 in the last quartile (Q4) with the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.053 (95%CI: 1.043 to 1.063). Conclusion: Our study suggests that exposure to PM2.5 is associated with an increased risk of RA. The finding has implications for policymaking to develop coping strategies to confront AAP as a risk factor for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Ho
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (R.-Y.W.); (T.-N.D.); (T.-H.C.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Li-Wei Chou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan;
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Yun Wang
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (R.-Y.W.); (T.-N.D.); (T.-H.C.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Thanh-Nhan Doan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (R.-Y.W.); (T.-N.D.); (T.-H.C.); (K.-Y.L.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Quang Nam Northern Mountainous Region General Hospital, Quang Nam 560000, Vietnam
| | - Hwa-Lung Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chou
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (R.-Y.W.); (T.-N.D.); (T.-H.C.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Kang-Yung Liu
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (R.-Y.W.); (T.-N.D.); (T.-H.C.); (K.-Y.L.)
| | - Po-Chang Wu
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center For Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Rheumatology and Immunology Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (S.-H.S.)
| | - Shwn-Huey Shieh
- Department of Health Services Administration, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (P.-C.W.); (S.-H.S.)
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Prevalence Trend and Disparities in Rheumatoid Arthritis among US Adults, 2005-2018. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10153289. [PMID: 34362073 PMCID: PMC8348893 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10153289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) trends among US adults and disparities in RA patients in recent years have not been well described. We aimed to examine the trend of RA prevalence and disparities among US adults. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) of the years 2005–2018 were analyzed to examine the self-reported RA prevalence trend. Age-adjusted RA prevalence stratified by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES), as well as associated linear trends, were calculated for both genders. The multivariable adjustment was used to evaluate the association between race, SES, and RA. During 2005–2018, there was no significant linear trend in the age-adjusted self-reported RA prevalence among men and women, but significant differences among people from different races, educational levels, and family poverty income ratio (PIR) groups were observed. The RA rate difference was significant for both genders and between Non-Hispanic Caucasians and Non-Hispanic African Americans (both p-value ≤ 0.001). Both men and women with a higher educational level and a higher PIR had a lower age-adjusted RA rate. Age-adjusted RA prevalence fluctuated for both men and women during 2005–2018. Non-Hispanic African Americans and people with low SES had significantly higher age-adjusted RA prevalence and RA risk.
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Cardoso ADOP, Pecli E Silva C, Dos Anjos FDF, Quesnot N, Valenca HDM, Cattani-Cavalieri I, Brito-Gitirana L, Valenca SS, Lanzetti M. Diallyl disulfide prevents cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 69:102053. [PMID: 34214692 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoke (CS) is the main risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pulmonary emphysema. The use of antioxidants has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy to treat airway inflammation and lung diseases. In the current study, we investigated the potential therapeutic impact of diallyl disulfide (Dads) treatment in a murine model of CS-induced emphysema. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were exposed to CS for 60 consecutive days and treated with vehicle or Dads (30, 60 or 90 mg/kg) by oral gavage for the last 30 days, three times/week. The control group was sham-smoked and received vehicle treatment. All mice were euthanized 24 h after day 60; bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed and lungs were processed for further experimentation. Histological (HE stained sections, assessment of mean linear intercept (Lm)), biochemical (nitrite, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione transferase (GST), and malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents), and molecular biology (metalloproteinase (MMP) 12, SOD2, carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), nitrotyrosine (PNK), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and CYP2E1) analyses were performed. RESULTS Treatment with Dads dose-dependently reduced CS-induced leukocyte infiltration into the airways (based on BAL fluid counts) and improved lung histology (indicated by a reduction of Lm). Furthermore, CS exposure dramatically reduced the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and GST in lung tissue and increased nitrite and MDA levels in BAL; these effects were all effectively counteracted by Dads treatment. Western blot analysis further confirmed the antioxidant potential of Dads, showing that treatment prevented the CS-induced decrease in SOD2 expression and increase in lung damage markers, such as CBR1, PNK, and 4-HNE. Furthermore, increased MMP12 (an important hallmark of CS-induced emphysema) and CYP2E1 lung protein levels were significantly reduced in mice receiving Dads treatment. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that treatment with Dads is effective in preventing multiple pathological features of CS-induced emphysema in an in vivo mouse model. In addition, we have identified several proteins/enzymes, including 4-HNE, CBR1, and CYP2E1, that are modifiable by Dads and could represent specific therapeutic targets for the treatment of COPD and emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyntia Pecli E Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Quesnot
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helber da Maia Valenca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lycia Brito-Gitirana
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Samuel Santos Valenca
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Manuella Lanzetti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Bchir S, Boumiza S, Ben Nasr H, Garrouch A, Kallel I, Tabka Z, Chahed K. Impact of cathepsin D activity and C224T polymorphism (rs17571) on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: correlations with oxidative and inflammatory markers. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:457-465. [PMID: 33611777 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-021-00692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin D (CTSD) is an aspartyl proteinase that plays an important role in protein degradation, antigen processing and apoptosis. It has been associated with several pathologies such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and inflammatory disorders. Its function in lung diseases remains, however, controversial. In the current study, we determined CTSD activity in serum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and evaluated the correlations between this proteinase and inflammatory and oxidative parameters. We also investigated the impact of a CTSD C224T polymorphism on enzyme activity and clinicopathological parameters. METHODS Our population included 211 healthy controls and 138 patients with COPD. CTSD activity, MMPs (-1/-7/-12), cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide and peroxynitrite levels were measured in patients and controls using standard methods. Genotyping of CTSD C224T polymorphism was determined using PCR-RFLP. RESULTS Our results showed an increased CTSD activity in COPD patients compared to healthy controls (4.87 [3.99-6.07] vs. 3.94 [2.91-5.84], respectively, p < 0.001). COPD smokers presented also a higher CTSD activity when compared to nonsmokers (4.91[3.98-6.18] vs. 4.65[4.16-5.82], respectively, p = 0.01), while no differences were found when subjects were compared according to their GOLD stages. The activity of this proteinase was not dependent on the C224T polymorphism because we did not found any influence of this SNP on proteinase activity among patients and controls. Furthermore, our data provide the first evidence of the interrelationships between CTSD activity and both MMPs and TNF-α levels (MMP-1[r = - 0.4; p = 0.02], MMP-7[r = 0.37; p = 0.04], MMP-12[r = 0.43; p = 0.02], TNF-α [r = 0.89, p = 0.001]) in COPD smokers. There were no correlations, however, between CTSD activity and oxidative stress parameters in controls and patients. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that CTSD could be a relevant marker for COPD disease. Alteration of CTSD activity may be related to increased MMPs and TNF-α levels, particularly in COPD smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Bchir
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Soumaya Boumiza
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Hela Ben Nasr
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Institut Des Sciences Infirmières, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Imen Kallel
- Laboratoire de Recherche Toxicologie Microbiologie Environnementale Et Santé LR17ES06, Faculté Des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Zouhair Tabka
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Karim Chahed
- Laboratoire de Recherche LR19ES09, Physiologie de L'Exercice Et Physiopathologie : de L'Intégré Au Moléculaire Biologie, Médecine Et Santé, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculté Des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
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Akgun E, Tuzuner MB, Sahin B, Kilercik M, Kulah C, Cakiroglu HN, Serteser M, Unsal I, Baykal AT. Proteins associated with neutrophil degranulation are upregulated in nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 patients. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240012. [PMID: 33079950 PMCID: PMC7575075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) appeared throughout the World and currently affected more than 9 million people and caused the death of around 470,000 patients. The novel strain of the coronavirus disease is transmittable at a devastating rate with a high rate of severe hospitalization even more so for the elderly population. Naso-oro-pharyngeal swab samples as the first step towards detecting suspected infection of SARS-CoV-2 provides a non-invasive method for PCR testing at a high confidence rate. Furthermore, proteomics analysis of PCR positive and negative naso-oropharyngeal samples provides information on the molecular level which highlights disease pathology. Samples from 15 PCR positive cases and 15 PCR negative cases were analyzed with nanoLC-MS/MS to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Proteomic analyses identified 207 proteins across the sample set and 17 of them were statistically significant. Protein-protein interaction analyses emphasized pathways like Neutrophil degranulation, Innate Immune System, Antimicrobial Peptides. Neutrophil Elastase (ELANE), Azurocidin (AZU1), Myeloperoxidase (MPO), Myeloblastin (PRTN3), Cathepsin G (CTSG) and Transcobalamine-1 (TCN1) were found to be significantly altered in naso-oropharyngeal samples of SARS-CoV-2 patients. The identified proteins are linked to alteration in the innate immune system specifically via neutrophil degranulation and NETosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Akgun
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meltem Kilercik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Kulah
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Mustafa Serteser
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Unsal
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Acibadem Labmed Clinical Laboratories, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhao YL, Yang ZF, Wu BF, Shang JH, Liu YP, Wang XH, Luo XD. Indole alkaloids from leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. protect against emphysema in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 259:112949. [PMID: 32387234 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. (Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant in China traditionally used to treat pulmonary diseases, including bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. AIM OF THE STUDY To provide experimental data supporting clinical adaptation of total indole alkaloids ( TA) from A. scholaris leaves for treating emphysema. MATERIALS AND METHODS An emphysema model was induced by a single intratracheal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase followed by administration of TA and four main alkaloid components (scholaricine, 19-epischolaricine, vallesamine, and picrinine) for 30 consecutive days. Cytokine levels, histopathological parameters and protein expression in lung tissues were examined. RESULTS Administering the TA, picrinine, scholaricine, 19-epischolaricine and vallesamine for 30 days effectively inhibited inflammatory cell accumulation and invasion in the lung tissue and relieved pulmonary tissue injury. Oxygen saturation was enhanced, and interleukin (IL)-1β, monocyte-chemo attractive peptide 1, IL-11, matrix metalloproteinase-12, transforming growth factor-β and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were significantly reduced, likely by suppressing overactivation of alveolar macrophages and pulmonary fibrosis. The elastin content was markedly elevated, and fibronectin was reduced. Bcl-2 expression was significantly increased, and nuclear factor-κB and β-catenin levels were decreased. CONCLUSIONS TA can be potentially used as an effective novel drug for pulmonary emphysema and exerts its effects through not only inhibiting inflammation of the airway wall and airflow resistance but also promoting lung elastic recoil and protease/anti-protease balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Zi-Feng Yang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China
| | - Bai-Fen Wu
- Yunnan University of Business Management, Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China
| | - Xin-Hua Wang
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.
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Ishikawa Y, Terao C. The Impact of Cigarette Smoking on Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Narrative Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020475. [PMID: 32092988 PMCID: PMC7072747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and subsequent proliferation of synovial tissues, which eventually leads to cartilage and bone destruction without effective treatments. Anti-citrullinated cyclic peptide/protein antibody (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) are two main characteristic autoantibodies found in RA patients and are associated with unfavorable disease outcomes. Although etiologies and causes of the disease have not been fully clarified yet, it is likely that interactive contributions of genetic and environmental factors play a main role in RA pathology. Previous works have demonstrated several genetic and environmental factors as risks of RA development and/or autoantibody productions. Among these, cigarette smoking and HLA-DRB1 are the well-established environmental and genetic risks, respectively. In this narrative review, we provide a recent update on genetic contributions to RA and the environmental risks of RA with a special focus on cigarette smoking and its impacts on RA pathology. We also describe gene–environmental interaction in RA pathogenesis with an emphasis on cigarette smoking and HLA-DRB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Ishikawa
- Section for Immunobiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Laboratory for Statistical and Translational Genetics, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- Clinical Research Center, Shizuoka General Hospital, 4 Chome-27-1 Kitaando, Aoi Ward, Shizuoka 420-8527, Japan
- Department of Applied Genetics, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(0)45-503-9121
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11
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Zhou L, Le Y, Tian J, Yang X, Jin R, Gai X, Sun Y. Cigarette smoke-induced RANKL expression enhances MMP-9 production by alveolar macrophages. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 14:81-91. [PMID: 30587964 PMCID: PMC6304243 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s190023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Cigarette smoke (CS) induces alveolar destruction through overproduction of proteinases including matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 by alveolar macrophages (AMs). Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) functions in immune regulation and cytokine secretion; whether it is involved in CS-induced MMP-9 expression is unknown. The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression and functional role of RANKL pathway in MMP-9 production pertaining to the pathogenesis of COPD. Materials and methods We first localized RANKL and its receptor RANK in the lungs of mice exposed to long-term CS exposure. Next, we studied RANKL and RANK expression under CS extract (CSE) stimulation in vitro. Lastly, we studied the in vitro biological function of RANKL in CS-induced production of MMP-9. Results Both RANKL and RANK were highly expressed in AMs in CS-exposed mice, but not in the control mice. In vitro, CSE increased the expressions of RANKL and RANK in macrophages. AMs responded to CSE and RANKL stimulation by overexpressing MMP-9, and CSE-induced MMP-9 expression was partly blocked by using monoclonal anti-RANKL antibody. Conclusion RANKL/RANK pathway mediates CS-induced MMP-9 expression in AMs, suggesting a novel mechanism for CS-associated emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Yanqing Le
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Jieyu Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,
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12
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Proteases and Their Inhibitors in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7090244. [PMID: 30154365 PMCID: PMC6162857 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7090244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of respiratory disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Despite much development in the area of drug development, currently there are no effective medicines available for the treatment of this disease. An imbalance in the protease: Antiprotease ratio in the COPD lung remains an important aspect of COPD pathophysiology and several studies have shown the efficacy of antiprotease therapy in both in vitro and in vivo COPD models. However more in-depth studies will be required to validate the efficacy of lead drug molecules targeting these proteases. This review discusses the current status of protease-directed drugs used for treating COPD and explores the future prospects of utilizing the potential of antiprotease-based therapeutics as a treatment for this disease.
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13
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Elevated GDF-15 contributes to pulmonary inflammation upon cigarette smoke exposure. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1400-1411. [PMID: 28145442 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still unclear, however signaling pathways associated with lung development, such as the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, could be implicated in COPD. Growth differentiation factor (GDF)-15, a member of the TGF-β superfamily, is involved in inflammation, mucus secretion, and cachexia. We analyzed the pulmonary expression of GDF-15 in smokers and patients with COPD, in cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed cultures of primary human bronchial epithelial cells (pHBECs), and in CS-exposed mice. Next, we exposed GDF-15 KO and control mice to air or CS and evaluated pulmonary inflammation. GDF-15 levels were higher in sputum supernatant and lung tissue of patients with COPD and smokers without COPD compared with never smokers. Immunohistochemistry revealed GDF-15 staining in the airway epithelium. Increased expression and secretion of GDF-15 was confirmed in vitro in CS-exposed pHBECs compared with air-exposed pHBECs. Similarly, GDF-15 levels were increased in lungs of CS-exposed mice. Importantly, GDF-15 deficiency attenuated the CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. These results suggest that increased GDF-15-as observed in lungs of smokers and patients with COPD-contributes to CS-induced pulmonary inflammation.
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14
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Wang L, Palme V, Schilcher N, Ladurner A, Heiss EH, Stangl H, Bauer R, Dirsch VM, Atanasov AG. The Dietary Constituent Falcarindiol Promotes Cholesterol Efflux from THP-1 Macrophages by Increasing ABCA1 Gene Transcription and Protein Stability. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:596. [PMID: 28919859 PMCID: PMC5585181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report increased cholesterol efflux from macrophages in the presence of falcarindiol, an important dietary constituent present in commonly used vegetables and medicinal plants. Falcarindiol (3–20 μM) increased cholesterol efflux from THP-1-derived macrophages. Western blot analysis showed an increased protein level of ABCA1 upon falcarindiol exposure. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that also ABCA1 mRNA level rise with falcarindiol (10 μM) treatment. The effect of falcarindiol on ABCA1 protein as well as mRNA level were counteracted by co-treatment with BADGE, an antagonist of PPARγ. Furthermore, falcarindiol significantly inhibited ABCA1 protein degradation in the presence of cycloheximide. This post-translational regulation of ABCA1 by falcarindiol occurs most likely by inhibition of lysosomal cathepsins, resulting in decreased proteolysis and extended protein half-life of ABCA1. Taken together, falcarindiol increases ABCA1 protein level by two complementary mechanisms, i.e., promoting ABCA1 gene expression and inhibiting ABCA1 protein degradation, which lead to enhanced cholesterol efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao UniversityQingdao, China
| | - Veronika Palme
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Schilcher
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Elke H Heiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Institute of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Rudolf Bauer
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens-University GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of ViennaVienna, Austria.,Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of SciencesLesznowola, Poland
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Kim CW, Lee HM, Lee K, Kim B, Lee MY, Choi KC. Effects of cigarette smoke extracts on cell cycle, cell migration and endocrine activity in human placental cells. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 73:8-19. [PMID: 28736174 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal smoking during pregnancy is known to be related to adverse pregnancy results associated with trophoblast proliferation and cell cycle progression. Moreover, many previous studies have shown that cigarette smoke is correlated with human chorionic gonadotropin beta (hCG-β) subunit produced from syncytiotrophoblasts during pregnancy. Thus, we further investigated whether cigarette smoke extract (CSE) affects the cell proliferation, migration and endocrine hormone activity of JEG-3 human placental cancer cells. JEG-3 cell proliferation was significantly reduced by all CSEs in a concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, CSEs decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) levels in JEG-3 cells in Western blot. Increased migration or invasion ability of JEG-3 cells following CSE treatment was also confirmed by a scratch or fibronectin invasion assay in vitro. Additionally, protein levels of E-cadherin as an epithelial maker were down-regulated, while the mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, snail and slug were up-regulated in a time-dependent manner. The metastasis marker, cathepsin D, was also down-regulated by CSE. Finally, CSEs significantly reduced the expression of hCG-β protein in JEG-3 cells. Overall, these results indicate that exposure of placental cells to CSE deregulates the cell cycle by altering the expression of cell cycle-related proteins and stimulates cell metastatic ability by altering EMT markers and cathepsin D expression. CSE exposure may also decrease hCG-β production as an endocrine marker, implying that cigarette smoke has adverse effects during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Won Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Miru Lee
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- Inhalation Toxicology Center, Jeonbuk Department of Non-human Primate, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program), College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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Goldklang MP, Tekabe Y, Zelonina T, Trischler J, Xiao R, Stearns K, Romanov A, Muzio V, Shiomi T, Johnson LL, D'Armiento JM. Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging in a Rabbit Model of Emphysema Reveals Ongoing Apoptosis In Vivo. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:848-857. [PMID: 27483341 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0407oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of lung disease is limited by the inability to visualize ongoing pathological processes. Molecular imaging that targets cellular processes related to disease pathogenesis has the potential to assess disease activity over time to allow intervention before lung destruction. Because apoptosis is a critical component of lung damage in emphysema, a functional imaging approach was taken to determine if targeting apoptosis in a smoke exposure model would allow the quantification of early lung damage in vivo. Rabbits were exposed to cigarette smoke for 4 or 16 weeks and underwent single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography scanning using technetium-99m-rhAnnexin V-128. Imaging results were correlated with ex vivo tissue analysis to validate the presence of lung destruction and apoptosis. Lung computed tomography scans of long-term smoke-exposed rabbits exhibit anatomical similarities to human emphysema, with increased lung volumes compared with controls. Morphometry on lung tissue confirmed increased mean linear intercept and destructive index at 16 weeks of smoke exposure and compliance measurements documented physiological changes of emphysema. Tissue and lavage analysis displayed the hallmarks of smoke exposure, including increased tissue cellularity and protease activity. Technetium-99m-rhAnnexin V-128 single-photon emission computed tomography signal was increased after smoke exposure at 4 and 16 weeks, with confirmation of increased apoptosis through terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining and increased tissue neutral sphingomyelinase activity in the tissue. These studies not only describe a novel emphysema model for use with future therapeutic applications, but, most importantly, also characterize a promising imaging modality that identifies ongoing destructive cellular processes within the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valeria Muzio
- 4 Preclinical Pharmacology R&D, Advanced Accelerator Applications (Italy), Saint-Genis-Pouilly, Italy
| | | | | | - Jeanine M D'Armiento
- 1 Department of Anesthesiology.,2 Department of Medicine.,5 Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York; and
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Matrix Metalloproteinases in Non-Neoplastic Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071178. [PMID: 27455234 PMCID: PMC4964549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases belonging to the metzincin superfamily. There are at least 23 members of MMPs ever reported in human, and they and their substrates are widely expressed in many tissues. Recent growing evidence has established that MMP not only can degrade a variety of components of extracellular matrix, but also can cleave and activate various non-matrix proteins, including cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, contributing to both physiological and pathological processes. In normal conditions, MMP expression and activity are tightly regulated via interactions between their activators and inhibitors. Imbalance among these factors, however, results in dysregulated MMP activity, which causes tissue destruction and functional alteration or local inflammation, leading to the development of diverse diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. This article focuses on the accumulated evidence supporting a wide range of roles of MMPs in various non-neoplastic diseases and provides an outlook on the therapeutic potential of inhibiting MMP action.
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Gonçalves I, Hultman K, Dunér P, Edsfeldt A, Hedblad B, Fredrikson GN, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Bengtsson E. High levels of cathepsin D and cystatin B are associated with increased risk of coronary events. Open Heart 2016; 3:e000353. [PMID: 26848396 PMCID: PMC4731836 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2015-000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The majority of acute coronary syndromes are caused by plaque ruptures. Proteases secreted by macrophages play an important role in plaque ruptures by degrading extracellular matrix proteins in the fibrous cap. Matrix metalloproteinases have been shown to be markers for cardiovascular disease whereas the members of the cathepsin protease family are less studied. Methods Cathepsin D, cathepsin L and cystatin B were measured in plasma at baseline from 384 individuals who developed coronary events (CEs), and from 409 age-matched and sex-matched controls from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cardiovascular cohort. Results Cathepsin D (180 (142–238) vs 163 (128–210), p<0.001), cathepsin L (55 (44–73) vs 52 (43–67), p<0.05) and cystatin B levels (45 (36–57) vs 42 (33–52), p<0.001) were significantly increased in CE cases compared to controls. In addition, increased cathepsin D (220 (165–313) vs 167 (133–211), p<0.001), cathepsin L (61 (46–80) vs 53 (43–68), p<0.05) and cystatin B (46 (38–58) vs 43 (34–54), p<0.05) were associated with prevalent diabetes. Furthermore, cathepsin D and cystatin B were increased in smokers. The HRs for incident CE comparing the highest to the lowest tertile(s) of cathepsin D and cystatin B were 1.34 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.75) and 1.26 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.57), respectively, after adjusting for age, sex, low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio, triglycerides, body mass index, hypertension and glucose, but these associations did not remain significant after further addition of smoking to the model. In addition, cathepsin D was increased in incident CE cases among smokers after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Conclusions The associations of cathepsin D and cystatin B with future CE provide clinical support for a role of these factors in cardiovascular disease, which for cathepsin D may be of particular importance for smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gonçalves
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Hultman
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Pontus Dunér
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Harry Björkbacka
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- Experimental Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences , Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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19
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Khabour O, Alzoubi KH, Abu Thiab TM, Al-Husein BA, Eissenberg T, Shihadeh A. Changes in the expression and protein level of matrix metalloproteinases after exposure to waterpipe tobacco smoke. Inhal Toxicol 2015; 27:689-93. [PMID: 26484568 PMCID: PMC4890709 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2015.1085471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Waterpipe smoking has become a worldwide epidemic with health consequences that only now are beginning to be understood fully. Because waterpipe use involves inhaling a large volume of toxicant-laden smoke that can cause inflammation, some health consequences may include inflammation-mediated lung injury. Excess matrix metalloproteinase expression is a key step in the etiology of toxicant exposure-driven inflammation and injury. In this study, changes in the level and mRNA of major matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, -9, and -12) in the lungs of mice following exposure to waterpipe smoke were investigated. Balb/c mice were exposed to waterpipe smoke for one hour daily, over a period of 2 or 8 weeks. Control mice were exposed to fresh air only. ELISA and real-time PCR techniques were used to determine the protein and mRNA levels of MMP-1, -9, and -12 in the lungs. Our findings showed that MMP-1, -9, and -12 levels in the lung significantly increased after both 2 (p < 0.05) and 8 weeks (p < 0.01) exposures. Similarly, RT-PCR findings showed that mRNA of those proteinases significantly increased following 2 (p < 0.01) and 8 weeks (p < 0.001) exposures. In conclusion, waterpipe smoking is associated strongly with lung injury as measured by elevation in the expression of MMPs in the lung tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khabour
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Tuqa M. Abu Thiab
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Belal A. Al-Husein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Thomas Eissenberg
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Alan Shihadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Matusiak N, van Waarde A, Rozeveld D, van Oosterhout AJM, Heijink IH, Castelli R, Overkleeft HS, Bischoff R, Dierckx RAJO, Elsinga PH. MicroPET Evaluation of a Hydroxamate-Based MMP Inhibitor, [(18)F]FB-ML5, in a Mouse Model of Cigarette Smoke-Induced Acute Airway Inflammation. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:680-7. [PMID: 25822732 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-015-0847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are the main proteolytic enzymes involved in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A radiolabeled MMP inhibitor, [(18)F]FB-ML5, was prepared, and its in vivo kinetics were tested in a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation. BALB/c mice were exposed for 4 days to cigarette smoke (CS) or air. On the fifth day, a dynamic microPET scan was made with [(18)F]FB-ML5. Standardized uptake values (PET-SUVmean) were 0.19 ± 0.06 in the lungs of CS-exposed mice (n = 6) compared to 0.11 ± 0.03 (n = 5) in air-exposed controls (p < 0.05), 90 min post-injection MMP-9 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased from undetectable level to 4615 ± 1963 pg/ml by CS exposure. Increased MMP expression in a COPD mouse model was shown to lead to increased retention of [(18)F]FB-ML5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Matusiak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 EZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 EZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennie Rozeveld
- Laboratory of Allergy and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon J M van Oosterhout
- Laboratory of Allergy and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H Heijink
- Laboratory of Allergy and Pulmonary Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Castelli
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rainer Bischoff
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 EZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip H Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 EZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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21
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de-Torres JP, Zulueta JJ. The association with COPD. Lung Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1183/2312508x.10009314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Activity of α1-antitrypsin and some lysosomal enzymes in the blood serum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after smoking cessation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:176582. [PMID: 25802837 PMCID: PMC4329843 DOI: 10.1155/2015/176582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The activity of α1-antitrypsin (AAT) and the lysosomal enzymes, cathepsin D (CTS D), arylsulfatase (ASA), and acid phosphatase, (AcP) was determined in patients with COPD (GOLD category A). Moreover, the diagnostic usefulness of these parameters in blood serum was assessed along with establishing whether smoking cessation affects these parameters. The study included 70 patients with COPD who ceased smoking (study group) and two control groups of 33 subjects each: nonsmokers without COPD (control I) and patients with COPD who continued smoking (control II). In control I, blood was taken once and in control II, at the start of the experiment and after the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd months. AAT in the patients exhibited higher activity than in the healthy subjects at all time points. AAT activity in the patients before the start of the experiment was ~80% higher (P < 0.001) than in control I. No statistically significant differences in CTS D, ASA, and AcP activity were found. COPD involves increased AAT activity and unchanged activities of the assessed lysosomal enzymes. Three-month tobacco abstinence does not affect these parameters in peripheral blood. Determining the AAT levels in blood serum can be used in the diagnostics of COPD.
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23
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Bracke KR, Brusselle GG. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Smoking and rheumatoid arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22279-95. [PMID: 25479074 PMCID: PMC4284707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Smoking has been implicated as one of the most important extrinsic risk factors for its development and severity. Recent developments have shed light on the pathophysiology of RA in smokers, including oxidative stress, inflammation, autoantibody formation and epigenetic changes. The association of smoking and the development of RA have been demonstrated through epidemiologic studies, as well as through in vivo and animal models of RA. With increased use of biological agents in addition to standard disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), there has been interest in how smoking affects drug response in RA treatment. Recent evidence suggests the response and drug survival in people treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy is poorer in heavy smokers, and possible immunological mechanisms for this effect are presented in the current paper.
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Eurlings IMJ, Dentener MA, Mercken EM, de Cabo R, Bracke KR, Vernooy JHJ, Wouters EFM, Reynaert NL. A comparative study of matrix remodeling in chronic models for COPD; mechanistic insights into the role of TNF-α. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L557-65. [PMID: 25106431 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00116.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has at least two dimensions: small airway wall thickening and destruction of alveolar walls. Recently we showed comparable alterations of the extracellular matrix (ECM) compounds collagen, hyaluoran, and elastin in alveolar and small airway walls of COPD patients. The aim of this study was to characterize and assess similarities in alveolar and small airway wall matrix remodeling in chronic COPD models. From this comparative characterization of matrix remodeling we derived and elaborated underlying mechanisms to the matrix changes reported in COPD. Lung tissue sections of chronic models for COPD, either induced by exposure to cigarette smoke, chronic intratracheal lipopolysaccharide instillation, or local tumor necrosis factor (TNF) expression [surfactant protein C (SPC)-TNFα mice], were stained for elastin, collagen, and hyaluronan. Furthermore TNF-α matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9, and -12 mRNA expression was analyzed using qPCR and localized using immunohistochemistry. Both collagen and hyaluronan were increased in alveolar and small airway walls of all three models. Interestingly, elastin contents were differentially affected, with a decrease in both alveolar and airway walls in SPC-TNFα mice. Furthermore TNF-α and MMP-2 and -9 mRNA and protein levels were found to be increased in alveolar walls and around airway walls only in SPC-TNFα mice. We show that only SPC-TNFα mice show changes in elastin remodeling that are comparable to what has been observed in COPD patients. This reveals that the SPC-TNFα model is a suitable model to study processes underlying matrix remodeling and in particular elastin breakdown as seen in COPD. Furthermore we indicate a possible role for MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the breakdown of elastin in airways and alveoli of SPC-TNFα mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M J Eurlings
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Mieke A Dentener
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Evi M Mercken
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Experimental Gerontology Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Juanita H J Vernooy
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel F M Wouters
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki L Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Mikołajczyk-Stecyna J, Korcz A, Gabriel M, Pawlaczyk K, Oszkinis G, Słomski R. Risk factors in abdominal aortic aneurysm and in Polish population aortoiliac occlusive disease and differences between them [corrected]. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3528. [PMID: 24346221 PMCID: PMC3866687 DOI: 10.1038/srep03528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) are multifactorial vascular disorders caused by complex genetic and environmental factors. The purpose of this study was to define risk factors of AAA and AIOD in the Polish population and indicate differences between diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aleksandra Korcz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
| | - Marcin Gabriel
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-848, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlaczyk
- Department of Hypertension, Internal Medicine, and Vascular Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-848, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Oszkinis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, 61-848, Poland
| | - Ryszard Słomski
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, 60-479, Poland
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of the Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, 60-632, Poland
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Meyer M, Bauer RN, Letang BD, Brighton L, Thompson E, Simmen RCM, Bonner J, Jaspers I. Regulation and activity of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI) is altered in smokers. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L269-76. [PMID: 24285265 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00290.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of cigarette smoking is a shift in the protease/antiprotease balance, in favor of protease activity. However, it has recently been shown that smokers have increased expression of a key antiprotease, secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), yet the mechanisms involved in SLPI transcriptional regulation and functional activity of SLPI remain unclear. We examined SLPI mRNA and protein secretion in differentiated nasal epithelial cells (NECs) and nasal lavage fluid (NLF) from nonsmokers and smokers and demonstrated that SLPI expression is increased in NECs and NLF from smokers. Transcriptional regulation of SLPI expression was confirmed using SLPI promoter reporter assays followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The role of STAT1 in regulating SLPI expression was further elucidated using WT and stat1(-/-) mice. Our data demonstrate that STAT1 regulates SLPI transcription in epithelial cells and slpi protein in the lungs of mice. Additionally, we reveal that NECs from smokers have increased STAT1 mRNA/protein expression. Finally, we demonstrate that SLPI contained in the nasal mucosa of smokers is proteolytically cleaved but retains functional activity against neutrophil elastase. These results demonstrate that smoking enhances expression of SLPI in NECs in vitro and in vivo, and that this response is regulated by STAT1. In addition, despite posttranslational cleavage of SLPI, antiprotease activity against neutrophil elastase is enhanced in smokers. Together, our findings show that SLPI regulation and activity is altered in the nasal mucosa of smokers, which could have broad implications in the context of respiratory inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Meyer
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7310.
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Bracke KR, Verhamme FM, Seys LJM, Bantsimba-Malanda C, Cunoosamy DM, Herbst R, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. Role of CXCL13 in cigarette smoke-induced lymphoid follicle formation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188:343-55. [PMID: 23742729 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201211-2055oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The B cell-attracting chemokine CXCL13 is an important mediator in the formation of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs). Increased numbers of ectopic lymphoid follicles have been observed in lungs of patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the role of these TLOs in the pathogenesis of COPD remains unknown. OBJECTIVES By neutralizing CXCL13 in a mouse model of chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, we aimed at interrogating the link between lymphoid follicles and development of pulmonary inflammation, emphysema, and airway wall remodeling. METHODS We first quantified and localized CXCL13 in lungs of air- or CS-exposed mice and in lungs of never smokers, smokers without airflow obstruction, and patients with COPD by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. Next, CXCL13 signaling was blocked by prophylactic or therapeutic administration of anti-CXCL13 antibodies in mice exposed to air or CS for 24 weeks, and several hallmarks of COPD were evaluated. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Both mRNA and protein levels of CXCL13 were increased in lungs of CS-exposed mice and patients with COPD. Importantly, expression of CXCL13 was observed within B-cell areas of lymphoid follicles. Prophylactic and therapeutic administration of anti-CXCL13 antibodies completely prevented the CS-induced formation of pulmonary lymphoid follicles in mice. Interestingly, absence of TLOs attenuated destruction of alveolar walls and inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage but did not affect airway wall remodeling. CONCLUSIONS CXCL13 is produced within lymphoid follicles of patients with COPD and is crucial for the formation of TLOs. Neutralization of CXCL13 partially protects mice against CS-induced inflammation in bronchoalveolar lavage and alveolar wall destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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Vermaelen K, Brusselle G. Exposing a deadly alliance: novel insights into the biological links between COPD and lung cancer. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2013; 26:544-54. [PMID: 23701918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects more than 200 million people worldwide and is expected to become the third leading cause of death in 2020. COPD is characterized by progressive airflow limitation, due to a combination of chronic inflammation and remodeling of the small airways (bronchiolitis) and loss of elastic recoil caused by destruction of the alveolar walls (emphysema). Lung cancer is the most important cause of cancer-related death in the world. (Cigarette) smoking is the principal culprit causing both COPD and lung cancer; in addition, exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, biomass fuel smoke, coal smoke and outdoor air pollution have also been associated with an increased incidence of both diseases. Importantly, smokers with COPD--defined as either not fully reversible airflow limitation or emphysema--have a two- to four-fold increased risk to develop lung cancer. In this review, we highlight several of the genetic, epigenetic and inflammatory mechanisms, which link COPD and carcinogenesis in the lungs. Elucidating the biological pathways and networks, which underlie the increased susceptibility of lung cancer in patients with COPD, has important implications for screening, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of these two devastating pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vermaelen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
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30
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Macrophage heterogeneity in respiratory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:769214. [PMID: 23533311 PMCID: PMC3600198 DOI: 10.1155/2013/769214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different phenotypes and their functions in the lung is sketchy at best, but they appear to be linked to the protection of gas exchange against microbial threats and excessive tissue responses. Phenotypical changes of macrophages within the lung are found in many respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.
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Almansa R, Socias L, Sanchez-Garcia M, Martín-Loeches I, del Olmo M, Andaluz-Ojeda D, Bobillo F, Rico L, Herrero A, Roig V, San-Jose CA, Rosich S, Barbado J, Disdier C, de Lejarazu RO, Gallegos MC, Fernandez V, Bermejo-Martin JF. Critical COPD respiratory illness is linked to increased transcriptomic activity of neutrophil proteases genes. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:401. [PMID: 22852767 PMCID: PMC3475085 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene expression profiling (GEP) in cells obtained from peripheral blood has shown that this is a very useful approach for biomarker discovery and for studying molecular pathogenesis of prevalent diseases. While there is limited literature available on gene expression markers associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), the transcriptomic picture associated with critical respiratory illness in this disease is not known at the present moment. FINDINGS By using Agilent microarray chips, we have profiled gene expression signatures in the whole blood of 28 COPD patients hospitalized with different degrees of respiratory compromise.12 of them needed of admission to the ICU, whilst 16 were admitted to the Respiratory Medicine Service. GeneSpring GX 11.0 software was used for performing statistical comparisons of transcript levels between ICU and non-ICU patients. Ingenuity pathway analysis 8.5 (IPA) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to select, annotate and visualize genes by function and pathway (gene ontology). T-test showed evidence of 1501 genes differentially expressed between ICU and non-ICU patients. IPA and KEGG analysis of the most representative biological functions revealed that ICU patients had increased levels of neutrophil gene transcripts, being [cathepsin G (CTSG)], [elastase, neutrophil expressed (ELANE)], [proteinase 3 (PRTN3)], [myeloperoxidase (MPO)], [cathepsin D (CTSD)], [defensin, alpha 3, neutrophil-specific (DEFA3)], azurocidin 1 (AZU1)], and [bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI)] the most representative ones. Proteins codified by these genes form part of the azurophilic granules of neutrophils and are involved in both antimicrobial defence and tissue damage. This "neutrophil signature" was paralleled by the necessity of advanced respiratory and vital support, and the presence of bacterial infection. CONCLUSION Study of transcriptomic signatures in blood suggests an essential role of neutrophil proteases in COPD patients with critical respiratory illness. Measurement and modulation of the expression of these genes could present an option for clinical monitoring and treatment of severe COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Almansa
- Investigación Biomédica del Clínico (ibC), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Avda Ramón y Cajal 3, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Simon T, Gogolák P, Kis-Tóth K, Jelinek I, László V, Rajnavölgyi É. Histamine modulates multiple functional activities of monocyte-derived dendritic cell subsets via histamine receptor 2. Int Immunol 2012; 24:107-16. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Chang CC, Chen CY, Chiu HF, Dai SX, Liu MY, Yang CY. Elastases from inflammatory and dendritic cells mediate ultrafine carbon black induced acute lung destruction in mice. Inhal Toxicol 2012; 23:616-26. [PMID: 21864221 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2011.598965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exposure to ultrafine particles (<100 nm in diameter) is postulated to cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, the mechanism remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate whether ultrafine particle exposure causes the infiltration of inflammatory and dendritic cells (DCs) with increased elastase activity, contributing to lung parenchymal destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were intratracheally instilled with 300 µg ultrafine carbon black (ufCB; 14 nm in diameter), and sacrificed at 1, 3, 7 and 14 d post-exposure. Differential cell counts, elastase activities, and desmosine and hydroxyproline in bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid were determined. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry analysis determined the cell origin of macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12). Anti-neutrophil antibody was applied to assess the contribution of elastase in ufCB induced lung destruction. RESULTS ufCB exposure led to significant increases in neutrophils, mononuclear cells and total proteins in BAL fluid. Desmosine and hydroxyproline were significantly increased in the ufCB group. Elastase activities were found to be significantly elevated, with both neutrophil elastase and MMP-12 peaking at 3 d post-exposure. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that pulmonary infiltrations of MMP-12 positive DCs, including Langerhans cells-derived DCs, occurred at 3 d and 7 d, while macrophage infiltration was obvious starting at 1 d. Anti-neutrophil antibody significantly reduced neutrophil elastase activity and prevented the increases in BAL desmosine and hydroxyproline following ufCB exposure. CONCLUSION For the first time we demonstrate the infiltration of Langerhans and myeloid dendritic cells, and show that elastase production contributes to pulmonary destruction following exposure to ultrafine particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ching Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Demoor T, Bracke KR, Dupont LL, Plantinga M, Bondue B, Roy MO, Lannoy V, Lambrecht BN, Brusselle GG, Joos GF. The role of ChemR23 in the induction and resolution of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:5457-67. [PMID: 21430224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is mainly triggered by cigarette smoke (CS) and progresses even after smoking cessation. CS induces an exaggerated influx of inflammatory cells to the bronchoalveolar space and lung parenchyma, likely resulting from a complex interplay between chemoattractants and their respective receptors. In a murine CS model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, we studied the importance of chemokine-like receptor ChemR23 for the induction and resolution of inflammation in CS-exposed lungs. Subacute and chronic CS exposure increased protein levels of the ChemR23 ligand and chemoattractant, chemerin, in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of wild-type (WT) mice. Moreover, the proinflammatory chemokines CXCL1, CCL2, and CCL20 were increased in the airways of CS-exposed WT mice, accompanied by a massive accumulation of inflammatory neutrophils and monocytes, CD11b(hi)CD103(-) and CD11b(lo)CD103(+) dendritic cells (DCs), and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The lung parenchyma of WT mice was infiltrated with inflammatory neutrophils, CD11b(hi)CD103(-) DCs, and activated CD4(+) T cells after CS exposure. CS-induced inflammation was severely attenuated in BAL fluid and lungs of ChemR23 knockout mice with regard to the induction of inflammatory chemokines and the recruitment of inflammatory cells. Neutrophils and CD8(+) T cells persisted in the airways of WT mice, as did the airway-derived conventional DCs in the mediastinal lymph nodes, for at least 14 d after smoking cessation. In the BAL fluid of CS-exposed ChemR23 knockout mice, there was a remarkable delayed accumulation of T cells 14 d after the final exposure. Our data support a role for ChemR23 in directing innate and adaptive immune cells to CS-exposed lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Demoor
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Cox LAT. A causal model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) risk. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2011; 31:38-62. [PMID: 20846171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Research on the etiology of chronic pulmonary disease (COPD), an irreversible degenerative lung disease affecting 15% to 20% of smokers, has blossomed over the past half-century. Profound new insights have emerged from a combination of in vitro and -omics studies on affected lung cell populations (including cytotoxic CD8(+) T lymphocytes, regulatory CD4(+) helper T cells, dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages and neutrophils, alveolar and bronchiolar epithelial cells, goblet cells, and fibroblasts) and extracellular matrix components (especially, elastin and collagen fibers); in vivo studies on wild-type and genetically engineered mice and other rodents; clinical investigation of cell- and molecular-level changes in asymptomatic smokers and COPD patients; genetic studies of susceptible and rapidly-progressing phenotypes (both human and animal); biomarker studies of enzyme and protein degradation products in induced sputum, bronchiolar lavage, urine, and blood; and epidemiological and clinical investigations of the time course of disease progression. To this rich mix of data, we add a relatively simple in silico computational model that incorporates recent insights into COPD disease causation and progression. Our model explains irreversible degeneration of lung tissue as resulting from a cascade of positive feedback loops: a macrophage inflammation loop, a neutrophil inflammation loop, and an alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis loop. Unrepaired damage results in clinical symptoms. The resulting model illustrates how to simplify and make more understandable the main aspects of the very complex dynamics of COPD initiation and progression, as well as how to predict the effects on risk of interventions that affect specific biological responses.
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Chen H, Wang D, Bai C, Wang X. Proteomics-Based Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:2798-808. [PMID: 20387909 DOI: 10.1021/pr100063r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Diane Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxue Bai
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Vlahos R, Bozinovski S, Chan SPJ, Ivanov S, Lindén A, Hamilton JA, Anderson GP. Neutralizing granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor inhibits cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182:34-40. [PMID: 20203243 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200912-1794oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Cigarette smoke is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and there is currently no satisfactory therapy to treat people with COPD. We have previously shown that granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates lung innate immunity to LPS through Akt/Erk activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether neutralization of GM-CSF can inhibit cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in vivo. METHODS Male BALB/c mice were exposed to cigarette smoke generated from 9 cigarettes per day for 4 days. Mice were treated intranasally with 100 microg 22E9 (anti-GM-CSF mAb) and isotype control antibody on Days 2 and 4, 1 hour before cigarette smoke or sham exposure. On the fifth day mice were killed, and the lungs were lavaged with PBS and then harvested for genomic and proteomic analysis. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Cigarette smoke-exposed mice treated with anti-GM-CSF mAb had significantly less BALF macrophages and neutrophils, whole lung TNF-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 mRNA expression and lost less weight compared with smoke-exposed mice treated with isotype control. In contrast, smoke-induced increases in MMP-9 and net gelatinase activity were unaffected by treatment with anti-GM-CSF. In addition, neutralization of GM-CSF did not affect the phagocytic function of alveolar macrophages. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSF is a key mediator in smoke-induced airways inflammation, and its neutralization may have therapeutic implications in diseases such as COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Vlahos
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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38
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Van Pottelberge GR, Bracke KR, Joos GF, Brusselle GG. The Role of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of COPD: Liaison Officers in the Front Line. COPD 2009; 6:284-90. [DOI: 10.1080/15412550903049124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Freeman CM, Martinez FJ, Han MK, Ames TM, Chensue SW, Todt JC, Arenberg DA, Meldrum CA, Getty C, McCloskey L, Curtis JL. Lung dendritic cell expression of maturation molecules increases with worsening chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:1179-88. [PMID: 19729666 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0552oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Dendritic cells (DCs) have not been well studied in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), yet their integral role in activating and differentiating T cells makes them potential participants in COPD pathogenesis. OBJECTIVES To determine the expression of maturation molecules by individual DC subsets in relationship to COPD stage and to expression of the acute activation marker CD69 by lung CD4(+) T cells. METHODS We nonenzymatically released lung leukocytes from human surgical specimens (n = 42) and used flow cytometry to identify three DC subsets (mDC1, mDC2, and pDC) and to measure their expression of three costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and of CD83, the definitive marker of DC maturation. Spearman nonparametric correlation analysis was used to identify significant correlations between expression of DC maturation molecules and COPD severity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Expression of CD40 by mDC1 and mDC2 and of CD86 by mDC2 was high regardless of GOLD stage, but CD80 and CD83 on these two DC subsets increased with disease progression. pDC also showed significant increases in expression of CD40 and CD80. Expression of all but one of the DC molecules that increased with COPD severity also correlated with CD69 expression on lung CD4(+) T cells from the same patients, with the exception of CD83 on mDC2. CONCLUSIONS This cross-sectional study implies that COPD progression is associated with significant increases in costimulatory molecule expression by multiple lung DC subsets. Interactions with lung DCs may contribute to the immunophenotype of CD4(+) T cells in advanced COPD. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00281229).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Freeman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Tsoumakidou M, Koutsopoulos AV, Tzanakis N, Dambaki K, Tzortzaki E, Zakynthinos S, Jeffery PK, Siafakas NM. Decreased small airway and alveolar CD83+ dendritic cells in COPD. Chest 2009; 136:726-733. [PMID: 19465512 DOI: 10.1378/chest.08-2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) have been reported to be increased in the small airways of patients with COPD, but the maturity status of these cells is unclear. We have quantified the numbers of cells expressing markers associated with DC maturation. METHODS Lung tissue was obtained at resection for lung cancer from 41 patients with COPD (30 current smokers and 11 ex-smokers; 32 steroid-treated patients and 9 steroid-naïve patients), 19 ex-smokers without COPD and 9 never-smokers without COPD. Tissue sections were immunostained for CD1a to mark immature DCs, and for CD83, fascin, and DC-lysosome-associated membrane protein (DC-LAMP) to delineate mature DCs. RESULTS The volume density (ie, the volume of DCs as the percentage volume of the airway wall) comprising CD83+ DCs was significantly reduced in patients with COPD (median, 0; range, 0 to 5.1%) vs smokers (median, 2.8%; range, 0 to 10.2%) and never-smokers (median, 1.9%; range, 0.8 to 5.1%) without COPD (p = 0.000 and 0.012, respectively). Using a semiquantitative score for the alveolar wall, CD83+ DCs also were decreased in patients with COPD (median, 0; range, 0 to 2%) vs smokers (median, 1%; range, 0 to 2%) and never-smokers (median, 1%; range, 0.7 to 2%) without COPD (p = 0.004 and 0.04, respectively). No differences were detected in CD83+ DCs between current smokers and ex-smokers with COPD or between steroid-treated and steroid-naive patients. No differences were detected in CD1a+ DCs. Fascin and DC-LAMP were found to have poor specificity for mature DCs. CONCLUSIONS COPD is associated with decreased numbers of (mature) CD83+ DCs in small airways and alveoli. The relevance of such a reduction on pulmonary immune responses requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoumakidou
- Departments of Thoracic Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | - Nikolaos Tzanakis
- Departments of Thoracic Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Tzortzaki
- Departments of Thoracic Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Spyros Zakynthinos
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pulmonary Services, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter K Jeffery
- Department of Gene Therapy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nikolaos M Siafakas
- Departments of Thoracic Medicine, University Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, Greece
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Bergsson G, Reeves EP, McNally P, Chotirmall SH, Greene CM, Greally P, Murphy P, O'Neill SJ, McElvaney NG. LL-37 complexation with glycosaminoglycans in cystic fibrosis lungs inhibits antimicrobial activity, which can be restored by hypertonic saline. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:543-51. [PMID: 19542465 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is an abundance of antimicrobial peptides in cystic fibrosis (CF) lungs. Despite this, individuals with CF are susceptible to microbial colonization and infection. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial response within the CF lung, focusing on the human cathelicidin LL-37. We demonstrate the presence of the LL-37 precursor, human cathelicidin precursor protein designated 18-kDa cationic antimicrobial protein, in the CF lung along with evidence that it is processed to active LL-37 by proteinase-3. We demonstrate that despite supranormal levels of LL-37, the lung fluid from CF patients exhibits no demonstrable antimicrobial activity. Furthermore Pseudomonas killing by physiological concentrations of exogenous LL-37 is inhibited by CF bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid due to proteolytic degradation of LL-37 by neutrophil elastase and cathepsin D. The endogenous LL-37 in CF BAL fluid is protected from this proteolysis by interactions with glycosaminoglycans, but while this protects LL-37 from proteolysis it results in inactivation of LL-37 antimicrobial activity. By digesting glycosaminoglycans in CF BAL fluid, endogenous LL-37 is liberated and the antimicrobial properties of CF BAL fluid restored. High sodium concentrations also liberate LL-37 in CF BAL fluid in vitro. This is also seen in vivo in CF sputum where LL-37 is complexed to glycosaminoglycans but is liberated following nebulized hypertonic saline resulting in increased antimicrobial effect. These data suggest glycosaminoglycan-LL-37 complexes to be potential therapeutic targets. Factors that disrupt glycosaminoglycan-LL-37 aggregates promote the antimicrobial effects of LL-37 with the caveat that concomitant administration of antiproteases may be needed to protect the now liberated LL-37 from proteolytic cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudmundur Bergsson
- Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Education and Research Centre, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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Bracke KR, Dentener MA, Papakonstantinou E, Vernooy JHJ, Demoor T, Pauwels NS, Cleutjens J, van Suylen RJ, Joos GF, Brusselle GG, Wouters EFM. Enhanced deposition of low-molecular-weight hyaluronan in lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 42:753-61. [PMID: 19675307 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0424oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by infiltration of inflammatory cells, destruction of lung parenchyma, and airway wall remodeling. Hyaluronan (HA) is a component of the extracellular matrix, and low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA fragments have proinflammatory capacities. We evaluated the presence of HA in alveolar and airway walls of C57BL/6 mice that were exposed to air or cigarette smoke (CS) for 4 weeks (subacute) or 24 weeks (chronic). We measured deposition of the extracellular matrix proteins collagen and fibronectin in airway walls and determined the molecular weight of HA purified from lung tissue. In addition, we studied the expression of HA-modulating genes by RT-PCR. HA staining in alveolar walls was significantly enhanced upon chronic CS exposure, whereas HA levels in the airway walls were already significantly higher upon subacute CS exposure and remained elevated upon chronic CS exposure. This differed from the deposition of collagen and fibronectin, which are only elevated at the chronic time point. In lungs of CS-exposed mice, the molecular weight of HA clearly shifted toward more LMW HA fragments. CS exposure significantly increased the mRNA expression of the HA synthase gene Has3 in total lung tissue, whereas the expression of Has1 was decreased. These in vivo studies in an experimental model of COPD show that CS exposure leads to enhanced deposition of (mostly LMW) HA in alveolar and bronchial walls by altering the expression of HA-modulating enzymes. This may contribute to airway wall remodeling and pulmonary inflammation in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken R Bracke
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, 7K12 IE De Pintelaan, 185 B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Xu J, Xu F, Wang R, Seagrave J, Lin Y, March TH. CIGARETTE SMOKE-INDUCED HYPERCAPNIC EMPHYSEMA IN C3H MICE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASES OF MACROPHAGE METALLOELASTASE AND SUBSTANCE P IN THE LUNGS. Exp Lung Res 2009; 33:197-215. [PMID: 17620183 DOI: 10.1080/01902140701459514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors tested whether macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) and substance P (SP) were increased in the cigarette smoke (CS)-exposed female C3H/HeN mice with hypercapnic emphysema. The authors found that as compared to control (filtered air), 16 weeks of CS exposure significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein levels of MMP-12, the ratio of MMP-12/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, and SP/preprotachykinin-A (a precursor to SP) in the lungs. Importantly, a significant correlation was found between MMP-12 and SP, and between MMP-12/SP and the degrees of hypoxemia/hypercapnia denoted in CS-exposed mice. These data suggest a possible involvement of SP and MMP-12 in the pathogenesis of severe COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- Pathophysiology Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108, USA
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Iwanami H, Ishizaki M, Fukuda Y, Takahashi H. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-12 by myofibroblasts during alkali-burned corneal wound healing. Curr Eye Res 2009; 34:207-14. [PMID: 19274528 DOI: 10.1080/02713680802687809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the expression of MMP-12 by myofibroblasts during the healing of alkali-burned rabbit corneas (ARC), thus implicating its role in ECM remodeling. METHODS Rabbit corneas during alkali burn were examined for MMP-12 mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the presence of alpha-SMA, MMP-12 protein, and macrophages. In situ hybridization was performed to identify MMP-12 mRNA expressing cells. RESULTS RT-PCR showed that MMP-12 mRNA was expressed in the alkali-burned corneas from one week after the injury. Immunohistochemistry showed myofibroblasts positive for MMP-12 expression. In situ hybridization revealed that MMP-12 mRNA was expressed by myofibroblasts. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, in alkali-burned corneas, myofibroblasts express both MMP-12 mRNA and protein. We suggest that MMP-12 may disintegrate some components of the ECM released after severe alkali burn, which may be involved in the ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhi Iwanami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ramadas RA, Wu L, LeVine AM. Surfactant protein A enhances production of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor and protects it from cleavage by matrix metalloproteinases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1560-7. [PMID: 19155504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.3.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mice lacking surfactant protein A (SP-A) are susceptible to bacterial infection associated with an excessive inflammatory response in the lung. To determine mechanisms by which SP-A is antiinflammatory in the lung during bacterial infection, SP-A regulation of secretory leukoprotease inhibitor (SLPI), an inhibitor of serine proteases, was assessed. SLPI protein expression and antineutrophil elastase activity were reduced in bronchoalveolar fluid of SP-A(-/-) compared with SP-A(+/+) mice. Intratracheal administration of SP-A to SP-A(-/-) mice enhanced SLPI protein expression and antineutrophil elastase activity in the lung. SLPI mRNA was similar in whole lung and alveolar type II cells; however, it was significantly reduced in alveolar macrophages from SP-A(-/-) compared with SP-A(+/+) mice. In vitro, SP-A enhanced SLPI production by macrophage THP-1 cells but not respiratory epithelial A549 cells. SP-A inhibited LPS induced IkappaB-alpha degradation in THP-1 cells, which was partially reversed with knockdown of SLPI. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 cleaved SLPI and incubation with SP-A reduced MMP-12-mediated SLPI cleavage. The collagen-like region of SP-A conferred protection of SLPI against MMP mediated cleavage. SP-A plays an important role in the lung during bacterial infection regulating protease and antiprotease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravisankar A Ramadas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Garbacki N, Di Valentin E, Piette J, Cataldo D, Crahay C, Colige A. Matrix metalloproteinase 12 silencing: a therapeutic approach to treat pathological lung tissue remodeling? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009; 22:267-78. [PMID: 19327406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Among the large matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) family, MMP-12, also referred to as macrophage elastase, plays a significant role in chronic pulmonary pathologies characterized by an intense tissue remodeling such as asthma and COPD. This review will summarize knowledge about MMP-12 structure, functions and mechanisms of activation and regulation, including potential MMP-12 modulation by microRNA. As MMP-12 is involved in many tissue remodeling diseases, efforts have been made to develop specific synthetic inhibitors. However, at this time, very few chemical inhibitors have proved to be efficient and specific to a particular MMP. The relevance of silencing MMP-12 by RNA interference is highlighted. The specificity of this approach using siRNA or shRNA and the strategies to deliver these molecules in the lung are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garbacki
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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Moon C, Lee TK, Kim H, Ahn M, Lee Y, Kim MD, Sim KB, Shin T. Immunohistochemical study of cathepsin D in the spinal cords of rats with clip compression injury. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:937-41. [PMID: 18840968 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the temporal expression of cathepsin D protein and its cellular localization in the spinal cords of rats after a clip compression injury to determine the involvement of cathepsin D in spinal cord injury (SCI). Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the approximately 31-kDa active form of cathepsin D on days 4 and 7 after the SCI, while the level of the approximately 44-kDa inactive form remained relatively unchanged. Immunohistochemistry revealed cathepsin D with constitutive localization in most neurons and some gliocytes in the normal spinal cord to be intensely immuno-detected primarily in CD68-positive activated macrophages/microglia in the SCI lesions. Overall, these findings suggest that cathepsin D plays an important role in the phagocytosis and lysosomal activation of macrophages/microglia during the central nervous system inflammation caused by trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjong Moon
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Di Valentin E, Crahay C, Garbacki N, Hennuy B, Guéders M, Noël A, Foidart JM, Grooten J, Colige A, Piette J, Cataldo D. New asthma biomarkers: lessons from murine models of acute and chronic asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L185-97. [PMID: 19028979 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90367.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many patients suffering from asthma are not fully controlled by currently available treatments, and some of them display an airway remodeling leading to exaggerated lung function decline. The aim of the present study was to unveil new mediators in asthma to better understand pathophysiology and propose or validate new potential therapeutic targets. A mouse model of asthma mimicking acute or chronic asthma disease was used to select genes undergoing a modulation in both acute and chronic conditions. Mice were exposed to ovalbumin or PBS for 1, 5, and 10 wk [short-, intermediate-, and long-term model (ST, IT, and LT)], and gene expression in the lung was studied using an Affymetrix 430 2.0 genome-wide microarray and further confirmed by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry for selected targets. We report that 598, 1,406, and 117 genes were upregulated and 490, 153, 321 downregulated at ST, IT, and LT, respectively. Genes related to mucous secretion displayed a progressively amplified expression during the allergen exposure protocol, whereas genes corresponding to growth and differentiation factors, matrix metalloproteinases, and collagens were mainly upregulated at IT. By contrast, genes related to cell division were upregulated at ST and IT and were downregulated at LT. In this study, besides confirming that Arg1, Slc26a4, Ear11, and Mmp12 genes are highly modulated throughout the asthma pathology, we show for the first time that Agr2, Scin, and Cd209e genes are overexpressed throughout the allergen exposure and might therefore be considered as suitable new potential targets for the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Di Valentin
- GIGA-Research Laboratory of Fundamental Virology and Immunology, Univ. of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Martorana PA, Lunghi B, Lucattelli M, De Cunto G, Beume R, Lungarella G. Effect of roflumilast on inflammatory cells in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. BMC Pulm Med 2008; 8:17. [PMID: 18755021 PMCID: PMC2533284 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2466-8-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We reported that roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor, given orally at 5 mg/kg to mice prevented the development of emphysema in a chronic model of cigarette smoke exposure, while at 1 mg/kg was ineffective. Here we investigated the effects of roflumilast on the volume density (VV) of the inflammatory cells present in the lungs after chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Methods Slides were obtained from blocks of the previous study and VV was assessed immunohistochemically and by point counting using a grid with 48 points, a 20× objective and a computer screen for a final magnification of 580×. Neutrophils were marked with myeloperoxidase antibody, macrophages with Mac-3, dendritic cells with fascin, B-lymphocytes with B220, CD4+ T-cells with CD4+ antibody, and CD8+T-cells with CD8-α. The significance of the differences was calculated using one-way analysis of variance. Results Chronic smoke exposure increased neutrophil VV by 97%, macrophage by 107%, dendritic cell by 217%, B-lymphocyte by 436%, CD4+ by 524%, and CD8+ by 417%. The higher dose of roflumilast prevented the increase in neutrophil VV by 78%, macrophage by 82%, dendritic cell by 48%, B-lymphocyte by 100%, CD4+ by 98% and CD8+ VV by 88%. The lower dose of roflumilast did not prevent the increase in neutrophil, macrophage and B-cell VV but prevented dendritic cells by 42%, CD4+ by 55%, and CD8+ by 91%. Conclusion These results indicate (i) chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in mice results in a significant recruitment into the lung of inflammatory cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system; (ii) roflumilast at the higher dose exerts a protective effect against the recruitment of all these cells and at the lower dose against the recruitment of dendritic cells and T-lymphocytes; (iii) these findings underline the role of innate immunity in the development of pulmonary emphysema and (iiii) support previous results indicating that the inflammatory cells of the adaptive immune system do not play a central role in the development of cigarette smoke induced emphysema in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero A Martorana
- Department of Physiopathology and Experimental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Quément CL, Guénon I, Gillon JY, Lagente V, Boichot E. MMP-12 induces IL-8/CXCL8 secretion through EGFR and ERK1/2 activation in epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L1076-84. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00489.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage metalloelastase (MMP-12) is described to be involved in pulmonary inflammatory response. To determine the mechanisms linking MMP-12 and inflammation, we examined the effect of recombinant human MMP-12 (rhMMP-12) catalytic domain on IL-8/CXCL8 production in cultured human airway epithelial (A549) cells. Stimulation with rhMMP-12 resulted in a concentration-dependent IL-8/CXCL8 synthesis 6 h later. Similar results were also observed in cultured BEAS-2B bronchial epithelial cells. In A549 cells, synthetic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors prevented rhMMP-12-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release. We further demonstrated that in A549 cells, rhMMP-12 induced transient, peaking at 5 min, activation of ERK1/2. Selective MEK inhibitors (U0126 and PD-98059) blocked both IL-8/CXCL8 release and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. IL-8/CXCL8 induction and ERK1/2 activation were preceded by EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine phosphorylation, within 2 min, and reduced by selective EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (AG-1478 and PD168393) by a neutralizing EGFR antibody and by small interfering RNA oligonucleotides directed against EGFR, implicating EGFR activation. In addition, we observed an activation of c-Fos in A549 cells stimulated by rhMMP-12, dependent on ERK1/2. Using small interfering technique, we showed that c-Fos is involved in rhMMP-12-induced IL-8/CXCL8 production. From these results, we conclude that one mechanism, by which MMP-12 induces IL-8/CXCL8 release from the alveolar epithelium, is the EGFR/ERK1/2/activating protein-1 pathway.
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