1
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Bughio F, Maggert KA. The peculiar genetics of the ribosomal DNA blurs the boundaries of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Chromosome Res 2018; 27:19-30. [PMID: 30511202 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-018-9591-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our goal is to draw a line-hypothetical in its totality but experimentally supported at each individual step-connecting the ribosomal DNA and the phenomenon of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of induced phenotypes. The reasonableness of this hypothesis is offset by its implication, that many (or most) (or all) of the cases of induced-and-inherited phenotypes that are seen to persist for generations are instead unmapped induced polymorphisms in the ribosomal DNA, and thus are the consequence of the peculiar and enduringly fascinating genetics of the highly transcribed repeat DNA structure at that locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Bughio
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Keith A Maggert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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2
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Wang J, Liu Y, Su H, Guo X, Han F. Centromere structure and function analysis in wheat-rye translocation lines. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 91:199-207. [PMID: 28370580 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
1RS.1BL translocations are centric translocations formed by misdivision and have been used extensively in wheat breeding. However, the role that the centromere plays in the formation of 1RS.1BL translocations is still unclear. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to detect the fine structures of the centromeres in 130 1RS.1BL translocation cultivars. Immuno-FISH, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR and RT-PCR were used to investigate the functions of the hybrid centromeres in 1RS.1BL translocations. New 1R translocations with different centromere structures were created by misdivision and pollen irradiation to elucidate the role that the centromere plays in the formation of 1RS.1BL translocations. We found that all of the 1RS.1BL translocations detected contained hybrid centromeres and that wheat-derived CENH3 bound to both the wheat and rye centromeres in the 1RS.1BL translocation chromosomes. Moreover, a rye centromere-specific retrotransposon was actively transcribed in 1RS.1BL translocations. The frequencies of new 1RS hybrid centromere translocations and group-1 chromosome translocations were higher during 1R misdivision. Our study demonstrates the hybrid nature of the centromere in 1RS.1BL translocations. New 1R translocations with different centromere structures were created to help understand the fusion centromere used for wheat breeding and for use as breeding material for the improvement of wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yalin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Handong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xianrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fangpu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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3
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Schubert I, Rieger R, Fuchs J. Alteration of basic chromosome number by fusion-fission cycles. Genome 2012; 38:1289-92. [PMID: 18470247 DOI: 10.1139/g95-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A complete chromosomal fusion-fission cycle is described for the first time. In the field bean, Vicia faba, this cycle probably started with a reversible fusion of two telocentrics giving rise to the standard metacentric chromosome I. The next step was a recent fission of this chromosome into two stable telocentrics eventually followed by a new fusion reconstituting the metacentric chromosome.
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4
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Ribosomal DNA, tri- and bi-partite pericentromeres in the permanent translocation heterozygote Rhoeo spathacea. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2010; 15:651-64. [PMID: 20865365 PMCID: PMC6275781 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-010-0034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High- and low-stringency FISH and base-specific fluorescence were performed on the permanent translocation heterozygote Rhoeo spathacea (2n = 12). Our results indicate that 45S rDNA arrays, rDNA-related sequences and other GC-rich DNA fraction(s) are located within the pericentromeric regions of all twelve chromosomes, usually colocalizing with the chromomycin A3-positive bands. Homogenization of the pericentromeric regions appears to result from the concerted spread of GC-rich sequences, with differential amplification likely. We found new 5S rDNA patterns, which suggest a variability in the breakpoints and in the consequent chromosome reorganizations. It was found that the large 5S rDNA locus residing on each of the 8E and 9E arms consisted of two smaller loci. On each of the two chromosome arms 3b and 4b, in addition to the major subtelomeric 5S rDNA locus, a new minor locus was found interstitially about 40% along the arm length. The arrangement of cytotogenetic landmarks and chromosome arm measurements are discussed with regard to genome repatterning in Rhoeo.
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5
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Tang YP, Liu XS, Liu Y, Yang ZR, Chen Y, Xiong CL. Somatic cell and sperm cell cytogenetics in a patient with t(14; 21). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 33:488-94. [PMID: 16800378 DOI: 10.1016/s0379-4172(06)60076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 15%-20% of clinically recognizable pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion. About half of the spontaneous abortions in the early stage of the pregnancy are due to chromosomal abnormalities. Using GTG chromosome banding and dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques, we determined the cytogenetic aberration in the husband of a couple with spontaneous recurrent abortions. Karyotype analysis showed 46, XX in the wife and 45, XY, -14, -21, +t(14; 21) in the husband. We studied the mechanism of formation of the abnormal chromosome with Robertsonian translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21 by FISH and flow cytometric sorting in the sperm cells. The result showed that 71% of the gametes were balanced and the remaining 29% were not. As a result, the couple was given genetic counseling.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- Chromosomes, Human, Y
- Cytogenetic Analysis
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Genetic Counseling
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Male
- Spermatozoa/pathology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ping Tang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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Lebofsky R, Bensimon A. DNA replication origin plasticity and perturbed fork progression in human inverted repeats. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6789-97. [PMID: 16024811 PMCID: PMC1190330 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.15.6789-6797.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of metazoan genomes during their duplication depends on the spatiotemporal activation of origins and the progression of forks. Human rRNA genes represent a unique challenge to DNA replication since a large proportion of them exist as noncanonical palindromes in addition to canonical tandem repeats. Whether origin usage and/or fork elongation can cope with the variable structure of these genes is unknown. By analyzing single combed DNA molecules from HeLa cells, we studied the rRNA gene replication program according to the organization of canonical versus noncanonical rRNA genes. Origin positioning, spacing, and timing were not affected by the underlying rRNA gene physical structure. Conversely, fork arrest, both temporary and permanent, occurred more frequently when rRNA gene palindromes were encountered. These findings reveal that while initiation mechanisms are flexible enough to adapt to an rRNA gene structure of any arrangement, palindromes represent obstacles to fork progression, which is a likely source of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Lebofsky
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Stabilité des Génomes, Département Structure et Dynamique des Génomes, 25 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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7
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Denison SR, Multani AS, Pathak S, Greenbaum IF. Fragility in the 14q21q translocation region. Genet Mol Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572002000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sen Pathak
- The University of Texas, USA; The University of Texas
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8
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Rousselet J, Monti L, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Parker JS, Lemeunier F. Chromosome fission associated with growth of ribosomal DNA in Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1819-23. [PMID: 11052531 PMCID: PMC1690759 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The haploid complement consists of seven metacentric chromosomes in most diprionid species but has evolved to n = 8 by fission in Neodiprion abietis. This fission generated a small telocentric chromosome and a large pseudoacrocentric chromosome with a short arm carrying a satellite. In situ hybridization indicated that the location of the rRNA gene cluster corresponds to the whole short arm. This suggests that (i) the breaking point was located close to an rRNA gene cluster, and (ii) fission was associated with growth of rDNA. These results suggest rDNA as a preferential breaking point but with a role in the healing of naked chromosome ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rousselet
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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9
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10
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Takahashi Y, Fujita H, Nakamura Y, Kurahashi H. Dual-color fish analysis of breakpoints on Robertsonian translocations. THE JAPANESE JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 1997; 42:517-23. [PMID: 9560951 DOI: 10.1007/bf02767028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated six Robertsonian translocations, including two cases of rob(13q14q); one of rob(14q21q), one of rob (13q22q), and two of rob(21q21q), by means of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using five repetitive DNA probes: two alpha-satellite DNAs (D21Z1/D13Z1 and D14Z1/D22Z1), satellite III DNA, beta-satellite DNA, and ribosomal DNA. Single color FISH successfully defined the breakpoints in four cases of the six. Since the remaining two cases, rob(13q22q) and rob(21q21q), revealed to retain rDNA, we tried to define the breakpoints in detail by dual color FISH in these rare types. In the rob(13q22q) the chromosomal breakage on chromosome 22 was likely to have occurred within the rDNA region and that the chromosome 13 breakpoint was within the alpha-satellite region. In one rob(21q21q) case we defined the breakpoint on one chromosome distal to, or within, the beta-satellite region distal to the rDNA, and the other chromosome breakage had occurred within alpha-satellite DNA. Our results underscored the power of dual-color FISH for defining the precise locations of breakpoints in Robertsonian translocations.
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MESH Headings
- Chromosome Breakage
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- DNA Probes
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence/methods
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takahashi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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11
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Ramesh KH, Verma RS. Breakpoints in alpha, beta, and satellite III DNA sequences of chromosome 9 result in a variety of pericentric inversions. J Med Genet 1996; 33:395-8. [PMID: 8733050 PMCID: PMC1050609 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.33.5.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human chromosome 9 with a pericentric inversion involving the qh region is considered normal. It has probably evolved through breakage and reunion and is retained through mendelian inheritance without any apparent phenotypic consequences. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) technique using alpha, beta, and satellite III DNA probes showed that the breakpoints are variable and can be localised in the alpha or in the satellite III and beta DNA regions or both. Three types of inversions are proposed which appear similar by CBG banding: pericentric inversions with two alphoid, one beta, and one satellite III hybridisation signals were classified as type A. Type B were those with two beta, one alpha, and one satellite III hybridisation signals, while type C was complex, and most likely involved two inversions, since two separate hybridisation signals were detected in each of the alphoid, beta satellite, and satellite III DNA regions. Based on eight cases, type A is likely to be the most frequent, but the frequencies, which at present appear non-random for these different types of inversions in the population, can only be estimated by studying a larger sample size. Inversion heteromorphisms may promote reshuffling of tandem arrays of DNA repeat sequences, thereby giving rise to new heteromorphic domains. Alternatively, the repetitive nature of the sequences lends to the structural variations observed within the inv(9) chromosomes (or any other abnormal chromosome that is the result of recombination between, or breakage within, repetitive DNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Ramesh
- Division of Genetics, Long Island College Hospital-SUNY Health Science Center at Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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12
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Abstract
A spontaneous chromosome fission in the plant Hypochoeris radicata has been characterized by Feulgen staining, in situ hybridization of the rDNA probe pTA71 and silver staining for active nucleolus organizing regions. The parental acrocentric chromosome has no detectable ribosomal genes at the centromere, but both fission derivatives possess active NORs at their centric ends. In fission heterozygotes, pachytene configurations studied by synaptonemal complex spreading show that the ribosomal cistrons form short arms on each telocentric which pair together to form a triradial. The paired short arms are associated with the single nucleolus at pachytene. It is proposed that the origin and stabilization of the fission rearrangement involved transposition of rDNA from the nucleolus organizing region of chromosome 3 into the centromeric region of chromosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hall
- Department of Botany, School of Plant Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, UK
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13
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Garagna S, Broccoli D, Redi CA, Searle JB, Cooke HJ, Capanna E. Robertsonian metacentrics of the house mouse lose telomeric sequences but retain some minor satellite DNA in the pericentromeric area. Chromosoma 1995; 103:685-92. [PMID: 7664615 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A combination of cytogenetic and molecular biology techniques were used to study the molecular composition and organisation of the pericentromeric regions of house mouse metacentric chromosomes, the products of Robertsonian (Rb) translocations between telocentrics. Regardless of whether mitotic or meiotic preparations were used, in situ hybridisation failed to reveal pericentromeric telomeric sequences on any of the Rb chromosomes, while all metacentrics retained detectable, although reduced (average 50 kb), amounts of minor satellite DNA in the vicinity of their centromeres. These results were supported by slot blot hybridisation which indicated that mice with 2n=22 Rb chromosomes have 65% of telomeric sequences (which are allocated to the distal telomeres of both Rb and telocentric chromosomes and to the proximal telomeres of telocentrics) and 15% the amount of minor satellite, compared with mice with 2n=40 all-telocentric chromosomes. Pulsed field gel electrophoresis and Southern analysis of DNA from Rb mice showed that the size of the telomeric arrays is similar to that of mice with all-telocentric chromosomes and that the minor satellite sequences were hybridising to larger fragments incorporating major satellite DNA. Since the telomeric sequences are closer to the physical end of the chromosome than the minor satellite sequences, the absence of telomeric sequences and the reduced amount of minor satellite sequences at the pericentromeric region of the Rb metacentrics suggest that the breakpoints for the Rb translocation occur very close to the minor satellite-major satellite border. Moreover, it is likely that the minor satellite is required for centromeric function, 50-67 kb being enough DNA to organise one centromere with a functionally active kinetochore.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Garagna
- Dipartimento di Biologia Animale and Centro di Studio per L'Istochimica del C.N.R., Universitá di Pavia, Piazza Botta 10, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
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14
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Sullivan BA, Wolff DJ, Schwartz S. Analysis of centromeric activity in Robertsonian translocations: implications for a functional acrocentric hierarchy. Chromosoma 1994; 103:459-67. [PMID: 7720412 DOI: 10.1007/bf00337384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 90% of human Robertsonian translocations occur between nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes, producing dicentric elements which are stable in meiosis and mitosis, implying that one centromere is functionally inactivated or suppressed. To determine if this suppression is random, centromeric activity in 48 human dicentric Robertsonian translocations was assigned by assessment of the primary constrictions using dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Preferential activity/constriction of one centromere was observed in all except three different rearrangements. The activity is meiotically stable since intrafamilial consistency of a preferentially active centromere existed in members of six families. These results support evidence for nonrandom centromeric activity in humans and, more importantly, suggest a functional hierarchy in Robertsonian translocations with the chromosome 14 centromere most often active and the chromosome 15 centromere least often active.
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MESH Headings
- Amniocentesis
- Cells, Cultured
- Centromere/metabolism
- Centromere/ultrastructure
- Child
- Chorionic Villi Sampling
- Chromosome Aberrations/diagnosis
- Chromosome Aberrations/embryology
- Chromosome Aberrations/genetics
- Chromosome Disorders
- Chromosomes, Human/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/ultrastructure
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lymphocytes/ultrastructure
- Meiosis
- Pregnancy
- Single-Blind Method
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Sullivan
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106
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15
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Blouin JL, Binkert F, Antonarakis SE. Biparental inheritance of chromosome 21 polymorphic markers indicates that some Robertsonian translocations t(21;21) occur postzygotically. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1994; 49:363-8. [PMID: 8209906 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320490333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Robertsonian translocations between acrocentric chromosomes are the most common structural chromosomal rearrangements in humans and many other organisms, and several mechanisms for their formation have been proposed. We have analyzed highly informative DNA polymorphisms in a family with a non-mosaic de novo Robertsonian translocation 21q;21q, to determine the parental origin of the two 21q arms of the rearranged chromosome. The genotypes indicated a biparental origin, i.e. one 21q was paternal and the other maternal. These results imply that in some cases the formation of the rob(21q;21q) occurs in the zygote or in the first few postzygotic mitotic divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Blouin
- Center for Medical Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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16
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Luke S, Aggarwal G, Stetka DG, Verma RS. Alphoid DNA diversity of a so-called monocentric Robertsonian fusion. Chromosome Res 1994; 2:73-5. [PMID: 8162324 DOI: 10.1007/bf01539457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The centromeric heterochromatin of a Robertsonian translocation with t(13q14q), thought to be monocentric by conventional staining methods, was found to be dicentric using molecular techniques. The breakpoints were confined within the alphoid DNA subfamilies and fusion resulted in a compound centromere. The fragile nature of alphoid DNA sequences during Robertsonian translocation has opened new avenues in understanding other chromosomal aberrations involving centric fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Luke
- Division of Genetics, Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11201
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17
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Greig GM, Warburton PE, Willard HF. Organization and evolution of an alpha satellite DNA subset shared by human chromosomes 13 and 21. J Mol Evol 1993; 37:464-75. [PMID: 8283478 DOI: 10.1007/bf00160427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the alpha satellite DNA higher-order repeat (HOR) unit from a subset shared by human chromosomes 13 and 21 (D13Z1 and D21Z1) has been examined in detail. By using a panel of hybrids possessing either a chromosome 13 or a chromosome 21, different HOR unit genotypes on chromosomes 13 and 21 have been distinguished. We have also determined the basis for a variant HOR unit structure found on approximately 8% of chromosomes 13 but not at all on chromosomes 21. Genomic restriction maps of the HOR units found on the two chromosome 13 genotypes and on the chromosome 21 genotype are constructed and compared. The nucleotide sequence of a predominant 1.9-kilobasepair HOR unit from the D13Z1/D21Z1 subset has been determined. The DNA sequences of different alpha satellite monomers comprising the HOR are compared, and the data are used to develop a model, based on unequal crossing-over, for the evolution of the current HOR unit found at the centromeres of both these chromosomes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Biological Evolution
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Satellite/genetics
- Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells
- Mice
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Restriction Mapping
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Greig
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305
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18
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Tease C, Fisher G. Two new X-autosome Robertsonian translocations in the mouse. II. Sex chromosome configurations in spermatocytes of hemizygous males. Chromosoma 1993; 102:575-82. [PMID: 8243168 DOI: 10.1007/bf00368350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The influence of X-autosome Robertsonian (Rb) translocation hemizygosity on meiotic chromosome behaviour was investigated in male mice. Two male fertile translocations [Rb(X.2)2Ad and Rb(X.9)6H] and a male sterile translocation [Rb(X.12)7H] were used. In males of all three Rb translocation types, the acrocentric homologue of the autosome involved in the rearrangement regularly failed at pachytene to pair completely with its partner in the Rb metacentric. The centric end of the acrocentric autosome was found regularly to associate either with the proximal end of the Y chromosome or with the ends of nonhomologous autosomal bivalents; the proportions of cells with such configurations varied between pachytene substages and genotypes. Various other categories of synaptic anomaly, such as nonhomologous synapsis, foldback pairing and interlocks, affected the sex chromosome multivalent in a substantial proportion of cells. In one of the Rb(X.12)7H males screened, an unusual, highly aneuploid spermatocyte that contained trivalent and bivalent configurations was found. Rb translocation hemizygosity did not appear to increase to a significant extent the incidence of X-Y pairing failure at pachytene, although the incidence was elevated at metaphase I in Rb(X.12)7H animals. Overall, a comparison of the frequencies and types of chromosome pairing anomalies did not suggest that these were important factors in the aetiology of infertility in males carrying the Rb(X.12)7H translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tease
- MRC Radiobiology Unit, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon., UK
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19
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Gravholt CH, Friedrich U, Caprani M, Jørgensen AL. Breakpoints in Robertsonian translocations are localized to satellite III DNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 1992; 14:924-30. [PMID: 1478673 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(05)80113-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We characterized 21 t(13;14) and 3 t(14;21) Robertsonian translocations for the presence of DNA derived from the short arms of the translocated acrocentric chromosomes and identified their centromeres. Nineteen of these 24 translocation carriers were unrelated. Using centromeric alpha-repeat DNA as chromosome-specific probe, we found by in situ hybridization that all 24 translocation chromosomes were dicentric. The chromatin between the two centomeres did not stain with silver, and no hybridization signal was detected with probes for rDNA or beta-satellite DNA that flank the distal and proximal ends of the rDNA region on the short arm of the acrocentrics. By contrast, all 24 translocation chromosomes gave a distinct hybridization signal when satellite III DNA was used as probe. This result strongly suggests that the chromosomal rearrangements leading to Robertsonian translocations occur preferentially in satellite III DNA. We hypothesize that guanine-rich satellite III repeats may promote chromosomal recombination by formation of tetraplex structures. The findings localize satellite III DNA to the short arm of the acrocentric chromosomes distal to centromeric alpha-repeat DNA and proximal to beta-satellite DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Gravholt
- Cytogenetic Laboratory, Psychiatric Hospital, Aarhus, Risskov, Denmark
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Garcia-Palazzo IE, Palazzo JP, Liu ZM, Taguchi T, Testa JR. Cytogenetic findings in a breast stromal sarcoma. Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization to characterize the breakpoint regions in an 11;19 translocation. CANCER GENETICS AND CYTOGENETICS 1992; 63:47-51. [PMID: 1423226 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(92)90063-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cytogenetic analysis of a stromal breast sarcoma revealed a complex karyotype that included a reciprocal 11;19 translocation, along with multiple numerical changes, deletions, and other unbalanced structural rearrangements. Karyotypic abnormalities have not been reported previously in this rare neoplasm that arises from mesenchymal breast tissue, and the t(11;19) is of interest because various types of sarcoma are characterized by specific reciprocal translocations. Because of the pericentric nature of the breakpoints on chromosomes 11 and 19 in the t(11;19), classical cytogenetic banding could not reveal the centromeric origin of the translocation derivatives. Using nonisotopic in situ hybridization with chromosome 11 and 19 alpha-satellite probes, the centromere of each derivative chromosome was determined, and the rearrangement was interpreted as a balanced translocation, t(11;19)(q12 or q13.1;p12 or p13.1). This abnormality has not been described previously in any breast tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Garcia-Palazzo
- Department of Pathology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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Greig GM, Willard HF. Beta satellite DNA: characterization and localization of two subfamilies from the distal and proximal short arms of the human acrocentric chromosomes. Genomics 1992; 12:573-80. [PMID: 1559708 DOI: 10.1016/0888-7543(92)90450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
beta satellite is a repetitive DNA family that consists of approximately 68-bp monomers tandemly repeated in arrays of at least several hundred kilobases. In this report we describe and characterize two subfamilies located exclusively on the human acrocentric chromosomes. The first subfamily is defined by a homogeneous approximately 2.0-kb higher-order repeat unit and is located primarily distal to the ribosomal RNA gene cluster, based both on fluorescence in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes and on filter hybridization analysis of translocation chromosomes isolated in somatic cell hybrids. In contrast, the second subfamily is located both distal and proximal to the ribosomal RNA gene cluster on the same acrocentric chromosomes. The DNA sequences of a number of monomers from these two subfamilies are compared to each other and to other beta satellite monomers to assess both inter- and intrasubfamily sequence relationships for these monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Greig
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, California 94305
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Imai HT. Mutability of constitutive heterochromatin (C-bands) during eukaryotic chromosomal evolution and their cytological meaning. IDENGAKU ZASSHI 1991; 66:635-61. [PMID: 1777253 DOI: 10.1266/jjg.66.635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative analysis of the alterations of constitutive heterochromatin in eukaryotic chromosomal evolution was attempted using the accumulated C-banding data available for mammals, amphibians, fish, ants, grasshoppers, and plants. It was found that these eukaryotes could be classified into two types by their C-banding patterns: 1) Type I included mammals, fish, and ants, and 2) Type II included amphibians, grasshoppers, and plants. C-bands were rather scarce in Type I eukaryote chromosomes and were found around the pericentromeric region when present at all, whereas the predominance of interstitial or terminal C-bands was found in Type II eukaryote chromosomes. The Type I and II C-banding patterns can best be interpreted by assuming that in the former group of eukaryotes the saltatory increase in constitutive heterochromatin occurs preferentially at the pericentromeric regions of telocentric chromosomes induced by centric fission, with C-bands being eliminated almost completely by centric fusion and/or pericentric inversion. On the other hand, C-bands appear in the Type II eukaryotes both interstitially and in the telomeric regions of chromosomes, and there may be no effective mechanism to eliminate these bands once they are integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Imai
- National Institute of Genetics, Shizuoka-ken, Japan
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