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Ek M, Nilvebrant J, Nygren PÅ, Ståhl S, Lindberg H, Löfblom J. An anti-sortilin affibody-peptide fusion inhibits sortilin-mediated progranulin degradation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1437886. [PMID: 39185427 PMCID: PMC11342335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the GRN gene are a common cause of frontotemporal dementia. Such mutations lead to decreased plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of progranulin (PGRN), a neurotrophic factor with lysosomal functions. Sortilin is a negative regulator of extracellular PGRN levels and has shown promise as a therapeutic target for frontotemporal dementia, enabling increased extracellular PGRN levels through inhibition of sortilin-mediated PGRN degradation. Here we report the development of a high-affinity sortilin-binding affibody-peptide fusion construct capable of increasing extracellular PGRN levels in vitro. By genetic fusion of a sortilin-binding affibody generated through phage display and a peptide derived from the progranulin C-terminus, an affinity protein (A3-PGRNC15*) with 185-pM affinity for sortilin was obtained. Treating PGRN-secreting and sortilin-expressing human glioblastoma U-251 cells with the fusion protein increased extracellular PGRN levels up to 2.5-fold, with an EC50 value of 1.3 nM. Our results introduce A3-PGRNC15* as a promising new agent with therapeutic potential for the treatment of frontotemporal dementia. Furthermore, the work highlights means to increase binding affinity through synergistic contribution from two orthogonal polypeptide units.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - John Löfblom
- Department of Protein Science, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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Swift IJ, Rademakers R, Finch N, Baker M, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Binetti G, Rossi G, Synofzik M, Wilke C, Mengel D, Graff C, Takada LT, Sánchez-Valle R, Antonell A, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Arcaro M, Schreiber S, Vielhaber S, Arndt P, Santana I, Almeida MR, Moreno F, Barandiaran M, Gabilondo A, Stubert J, Gómez-Tortosa E, Agüero P, Sainz MJ, Gohda T, Murakoshi M, Kamei N, Kittel-Schneider S, Reif A, Weigl J, Jian J, Liu C, Serrero G, Greither T, Theil G, Lohmann E, Gazzina S, Bagnoli S, Coppola G, Bruni A, Quante M, Kiess W, Hiemisch A, Jurkutat A, Block MS, Carlson AM, Bråthen G, Sando SB, Grøntvedt GR, Lauridsen C, Heslegrave A, Heller C, Abel E, Gómez-Núñez A, Puey R, Arighi A, Rotondo E, Jiskoot LC, Meeter LHH, Durães J, Lima M, Tábuas-Pereira M, Lemos J, Boeve B, Petersen RC, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, LeBer I, Sellami L, Lamari F, Clot F, Borroni B, Cantoni V, Rivolta J, Lleó A, Fortea J, Alcolea D, Illán-Gala I, Andres-Cerezo L, Van Damme P, Clarimon J, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M, van der Ende EL, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Zetterberg H, Sogorb-Esteve A, Rohrer JD. A systematic review of progranulin concentrations in biofluids in over 7,000 people-assessing the pathogenicity of GRN mutations and other influencing factors. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:66. [PMID: 38539243 PMCID: PMC10976725 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01420-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) are a key cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD), leading to significantly reduced biofluid concentrations of the progranulin protein (PGRN). This has led to a number of ongoing therapeutic trials aiming to treat this form of FTD by increasing PGRN levels in mutation carriers. However, we currently lack a complete understanding of factors that affect PGRN levels and potential variation in measurement methods. Here, we aimed to address this gap in knowledge by systematically reviewing published literature on biofluid PGRN concentrations. METHODS Published data including biofluid PGRN concentration, age, sex, diagnosis and GRN mutation were collected for 7071 individuals from 75 publications. The majority of analyses (72%) had focused on plasma PGRN concentrations, with many of these (56%) measured with a single assay type (Adipogen) and so the influence of mutation type, age at onset, sex, and diagnosis were investigated in this subset of the data. RESULTS We established a plasma PGRN concentration cut-off between pathogenic mutation carriers and non-carriers of 74.8 ng/mL using the Adipogen assay based on 3301 individuals, with a CSF concentration cut-off of 3.43 ng/mL. Plasma PGRN concentration varied by GRN mutation type as well as by clinical diagnosis in those without a GRN mutation. Plasma PGRN concentration was significantly higher in women than men in GRN mutation carriers (p = 0.007) with a trend in non-carriers (p = 0.062), and there was a significant but weak positive correlation with age in both GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers. No significant association was seen with weight or with TMEM106B rs1990622 genotype. However, higher plasma PGRN levels were seen in those with the GRN rs5848 CC genotype in both GRN mutation carriers and non-carriers. CONCLUSIONS These results further support the usefulness of PGRN concentration for the identification of the large majority of pathogenic mutations in the GRN gene. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance of considering additional factors, such as mutation type, sex and age when interpreting PGRN concentrations. This will be particularly important as we enter the era of trials for progranulin-associated FTD.
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Grants
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- 2019-02248 JPND GENFI-PROX grant
- MR/M008525/1 MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship
- MR/M008525/1 MRC Clinician Scientist Fellowship
- 2013/017584 FAPESP grant number
- 01ED2008A EU Joint Programme-Neurodegenerative Diseases networks Genfi-Prox
- 01ED2001 bPride
- FTLDc 01GI1007A, Moodmarker 01EW200 German Federal Ministry of Education and Research
- MIRIADE 860197, FAIR-PARK II 633190 the EU
- SFB1279 German Research Foundation/DFG
- D.3830 The foundation of the state Baden-Württemberg
- D.5009 Boehringer Ingelheim Ulm University BioCenter and the Thierry Latran Foundation
- #ALFGBG-71320 Swedish State Support for Clinical Research
- #201809-2016862 Alzheimer Drug Discovery Foundation (ADDF), USA
- #ADSF-21-831376-C, #ADSF-21-831381-C, #ADSF-21-831377-C AD Strategic Fund and the Alzheimer's Association
- #2019-02397, #2022-01018 Swedish Research Council
- #FO2022-0270 the Bluefield Project, the Olav Thon Foundation, the Erling-Persson Family Foundation, Stiftelsen för Gamla Tjänarinnor, Hjärnfonden, Sweden
- JPND2021-00694) the European Union Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research
- UKDRI-1003 UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL
- ARUK-RADF2021A-003 Alzheimer's Research UK
- BRC149/NS/MH NIHR Rare Disease Translational Research Collaboration
- MR/M023664/1 MRC UK GENFI grant
- P30 AG062677 NIA NIH HHS
- Alzheimer’s Association
- Clinician Scientist programme "PRECISE.net" funded by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung
- the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 860197 (MIRIADE)
- the European Union Joint Programme – Neurodegenerative Disease Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
- Alzheimer’s Research UK
- Bluefield Project
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen J Swift
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - NiCole Finch
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Matt Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luisa Benussi
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- MAC-Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni Di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Unit of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlo Wilke
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - David Mengel
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Graff
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, BioclinicumKarolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Unit for Hereditary Dementias, Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Leonel T Takada
- Department of Neurology, Hospital das Clinicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Sánchez-Valle
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Antonell
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Dept. of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- Dept. of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Arcaro
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanie Schreiber
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Arndt
- Department of Neurology, Otto Von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Santana
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Fermín Moreno
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Myriam Barandiaran
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Alazne Gabilondo
- Cognitive Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Neuroscience Area, Biodonostia Health Research Insitute, San Sebastian, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Johannes Stubert
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Pablo Agüero
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - M José Sainz
- Department of Neurology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomohito Gohda
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Murakoshi
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomu Kamei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomicbomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
- Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization, Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Weigl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital in Tauberbischofsheim, Tauberbischofsheim, Germany
| | - Jinlong Jian
- University of Pennsylvania, Gene Therapy Program, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Chuanju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ginette Serrero
- A&G Pharmaceutical Inc, Columbia, MD, USA
- Program in Oncology, University of Maryland Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Greither
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerit Theil
- Department of Urology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ebba Lohmann
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Department of Neurological and Vision Sciences, Neurophysiology Unit, ASST SpedaliCivili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni, 85, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Psychiatry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Amalia Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Mirja Quante
- Department of Neonatology, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Center of Pediatric Research (CPL), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Jurkutat
- Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases - LIFE, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Aaron M Carlson
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Geir Bråthen
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sigrid Botne Sando
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gøril Rolfseng Grøntvedt
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU. , Trondheim, Norway
| | - Camilla Lauridsen
- Department of Research, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Carolin Heller
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Emily Abel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Alba Gómez-Núñez
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Puey
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, FRCB-IDIBAPS, Institut de Neurociències, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Enmanuela Rotondo
- Neurodegerative Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lize C Jiskoot
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lieke H H Meeter
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - João Durães
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marisa Lima
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Tábuas-Pereira
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar E Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Lemos
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bradley Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | - Isabelle LeBer
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et La Moelle Épinière (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Leila Sellami
- Sorbonne UniversitéInserm U1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau Et La Moelle Épinière (ICM), AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Centre de Référence Des Démences Rares Ou Précoces, IM2A, Département de Neurologie, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- UF de Biochimie Des Maladies Neurométaboliques Et Neurodégénératives, Service de Biochimie Métabolique, AP-HP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Clot
- UF de Neurogénétique Moléculaire Et Cellulaire, Département de Génétique, AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires La Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Cantoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jasmine Rivolta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Fortea
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Alcolea
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Illán-Gala
- Neurology Department. Hospital Sant Pau, Memory Unit, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
- Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08913, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucie Andres-Cerezo
- Institute of Rheumatology, Na Slupi 4, 12850, Prague 2, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Philip Van Damme
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jordi Clarimon
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- Memory Unit, Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Petra Steinacker
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emily Feneberg
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, University Clinic Halle, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Emma L van der Ende
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Center Erasmus MC, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, 43180, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aitana Sogorb-Esteve
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Institute, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
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Gillett DA, Neighbarger NK, Cole C, Wallings RL, Tansey MG. Investigating the Role and Regulation of GPNMB in Progranulin-deficient Macrophages. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.12.584649. [PMID: 38558966 PMCID: PMC10980078 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.12.584649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Progranulin is a holoprotein that is critical for successful aging, and insufficient levels of progranulin are associated with increased risk for developing age-related neurodegenerative diseases like AD, PD, and FTD. Symptoms can vary widely, but a uniting feature among these different neurodegenerative diseases is prodromal peripheral immune cell phenotypes. However, there remains considerable gaps in the understanding of the function(s) of progranulin in immune cells, and recent work has identified a novel target candidate called GPNMB. We addressed this gap by investigating the peritoneal macrophages of 5-6-month-old Grn KO mice, and we discovered that GPNMB is actively increased as a result of insufficient progranulin and that MITF, a transcription factor, is also dysregulated in progranulin-deficient macrophages. These findings highlight the importance of early-stage disease mechanism(s) in peripheral cell populations that may lead to viable treatment strategies to delay disease progression at an early, prodromal timepoint and extend therapeutic windows.
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Takahashi H, Bhagwagar S, Nies SH, Ye H, Han X, Chiasseu MT, Wang G, Mackenzie IR, Strittmatter SM. Reduced progranulin increases tau and α-synuclein inclusions and alters mouse tauopathy phenotypes via glucocerebrosidase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1434. [PMID: 38365772 PMCID: PMC10873339 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45692-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Comorbid proteinopathies are observed in many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), increase with age, and influence clinical outcomes, yet the mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we show that reduction of progranulin (PGRN), a lysosomal protein associated with TDP-43 proteinopathy, also increases tau inclusions, causes concomitant accumulation of α-synuclein and worsens mortality and disinhibited behaviors in tauopathy mice. The increased inclusions paradoxically protect against spatial memory deficit and hippocampal neurodegeneration. PGRN reduction in male tauopathy attenuates activity of β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase), a protein previously associated with synucleinopathy, while increasing glucosylceramide (GlcCer)-positive tau inclusions. In neuronal culture, GCase inhibition enhances tau aggregation induced by AD-tau. Furthermore, purified GlcCer directly promotes tau aggregation in vitro. Neurofibrillary tangles in human tauopathies are also GlcCer-immunoreactive. Thus, in addition to TDP-43, PGRN regulates tau- and synucleinopathies via GCase and GlcCer. A lysosomal PGRN-GCase pathway may be a common therapeutic target for age-related comorbid proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Sanaea Bhagwagar
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah H Nies
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
- Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hongping Ye
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center At San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Marius T Chiasseu
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Guilin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Ian R Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia and Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, Repair, Departments of Neurology and of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA.
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5
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Aggarwal G, Banerjee S, Jones SA, Benchaar Y, Bélanger J, Sévigny M, Smith DM, Niehoff ML, Pavlack M, de Vera IMS, Petkau TL, Leavitt BR, Ling K, Jafar-Nejad P, Rigo F, Morley JE, Farr SA, Dutchak PA, Sephton CF, Nguyen AD. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting the miR-29b binding site in the GRN mRNA increase progranulin translation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105475. [PMID: 37981208 PMCID: PMC10755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous GRN (progranulin) mutations cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD) due to haploinsufficiency, and increasing progranulin levels is a major therapeutic goal. Several microRNAs, including miR-29b, negatively regulate progranulin protein levels. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) are emerging as a promising therapeutic modality for neurological diseases, but strategies for increasing target protein levels are limited. Here, we tested the efficacy of ASOs as enhancers of progranulin expression by sterically blocking the miR-29b binding site in the 3' UTR of the human GRN mRNA. We found 16 ASOs that increase progranulin protein in a dose-dependent manner in neuroglioma cells. A subset of these ASOs also increased progranulin protein in iPSC-derived neurons and in a humanized GRN mouse model. In FRET-based assays, the ASOs effectively competed for miR-29b from binding to the GRN 3' UTR RNA. The ASOs increased levels of newly synthesized progranulin protein by increasing its translation, as revealed by polysome profiling. Together, our results demonstrate that ASOs can be used to effectively increase target protein levels by partially blocking miR binding sites. This ASO strategy may be therapeutically feasible for progranulin-deficient FTD as well as other conditions of haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Aggarwal
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yousri Benchaar
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jasmine Bélanger
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Myriam Sévigny
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denise M Smith
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael L Niehoff
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Monica Pavlack
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Terri L Petkau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine & Therapeutics, B.C. Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Ling
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - John E Morley
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susan A Farr
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Paul A Dutchak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chantelle F Sephton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew D Nguyen
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Institute for Translational Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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6
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Gillett DA, Wallings RL, Uriarte Huarte O, Tansey MG. Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:286. [PMID: 38037070 PMCID: PMC10688479 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alterations in progranulin (PGRN) expression are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), including frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Recently, the loss of PGRN was shown to result in endo-lysosomal system dysfunction and an age-dependent increase in the expression of another protein associated with NDs, glycoprotein non-metastatic B (GPNMB). MAIN BODY It is unclear what role GPNMB plays in the context of PGRN insufficiency and how they interact and contribute to the development or progression of NDs. This review focuses on the interplay between these two critical proteins within the context of endo-lysosomal health, immune function, and inflammation in their contribution to NDs. SHORT CONCLUSION PGRN and GPNMB are interrelated proteins that regulate disease-relevant processes and may have value as therapeutic targets to delay disease progression or extend therapeutic windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew A Gillett
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca L Wallings
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease (CTRND), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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7
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Kaplelach AK, Fox SN, Cook AK, Hall JA, Dannemiller RS, Jaunarajs KL, Arrant AE. Regulation of extracellular progranulin in medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 188:106326. [PMID: 37838007 PMCID: PMC10682954 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted pro-protein that has anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic effects and is necessary for maintaining lysosomal function. Mutations in progranulin (GRN) are a major cause of frontotemporal dementia. Most pathogenic GRN mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, so boosting progranulin levels is a promising therapeutic strategy. Progranulin is constitutively secreted, then taken up and trafficked to lysosomes. Before being taken up from the extracellular space, progranulin interacts with receptors that may mediate anti-inflammatory and growth factor-like effects. Modifying progranulin trafficking is a viable approach to boosting progranulin, but progranulin secretion and uptake by cells in the brain is poorly understood and may involve distinct mechanisms from other parts of the body. Understanding the cell types and processes that regulate extracellular progranulin in the brain could provide insight into progranulin's mechanism of action and inform design of progranulin-boosting therapies. To address this question we used microdialysis to measure progranulin in interstitial fluid (ISF) of mouse medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Grn+/- mice had approximately 50% lower ISF progranulin than wild-type mice, matching the reduction of progranulin in cortical tissue. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence confirmed that microglia and neurons are the major progranulin-expressing cell types in the mPFC. Studies of conditional microglial (Mg-KO) and neuronal (N-KO) Grn knockout mice revealed that loss of progranulin from either cell type results in approximately 50% reduction in ISF progranulin. LPS injection (i.p.) produced an acute increase in ISF progranulin in mPFC. Depolarizing cells with KCl increased ISF progranulin, but this response was not altered in N-KO mice, indicating progranulin secretion by non-neuronal cells. Increasing neuronal activity with picrotoxin did not increase ISF progranulin. These data indicate that microglia and neurons are the source of most ISF progranulin in mPFC, with microglia likely secreting more progranulin per cell than neurons. The acute increase in ISF progranulin after LPS treatment is consistent with a role for extracellular progranulin in regulating inflammation, and may have been driven by microglia or peripheral immune cells. Finally, these data indicate that mPFC neurons engage in constitutive progranulin secretion that is not acutely changed by neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azariah K Kaplelach
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stephanie N Fox
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anna K Cook
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin A Hall
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ryan S Dannemiller
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen L Jaunarajs
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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8
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Zhang T, Feng T, Wu K, Guo J, Nana AL, Yang G, Seeley WW, Hu F. Progranulin deficiency results in sex-dependent alterations in microglia in response to demyelination. Acta Neuropathol 2023:10.1007/s00401-023-02578-w. [PMID: 37120788 PMCID: PMC10375542 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02578-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the granulin (GRN) gene, resulting in the haploinsufficiency of the progranulin (PGRN) protein, is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Complete loss of the PGRN protein causes neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL), a lysosomal storage disorder. Polymorphisms in the GRN gene have also been associated with several other neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). PGRN deficiency has been shown to cause myelination defects previously, but how PGRN regulates myelination is unknown. Here, we report that PGRN deficiency leads to a sex-dependent myelination defect with male mice showing more severe demyelination in response to cuprizone treatment. This is accompanied by exacerbated microglial proliferation and activation in the male PGRN-deficient mice. Interestingly, both male and female PGRN-deficient mice show sustained microglial activation after cuprizone removal and a defect in remyelination. Specific ablation of PGRN in microglia results in similar sex-dependent phenotypes, confirming a microglial function of PGRN. Lipid droplets accumulate in microglia specifically in male PGRN-deficient mice. RNA-seq analysis and mitochondrial function assays reveal key differences in oxidative phosphorylation in male versus female microglia under PGRN deficiency. A significant decrease in myelination and accumulation of myelin debris and lipid droplets in microglia were found in the corpus callosum regions of FTLD patients with GRN mutations. Taken together, our data support that PGRN deficiency leads to sex-dependent alterations in microglia with subsequent myelination defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kenton Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jennifer Guo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alissa L Nana
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, 345 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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9
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Kashyap SN, Boyle NR, Roberson ED. Preclinical Interventions in Mouse Models of Frontotemporal Dementia Due to Progranulin Mutations. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:140-153. [PMID: 36781744 PMCID: PMC10119358 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN) cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD), a leading cause of early-onset dementia characterized clinically by behavioral, social, and language deficits. There are currently no FDA-approved therapeutics for FTD-GRN, but this has been an active area of investigation, and several approaches are now in clinical trials. Here, we review preclinical development of therapies for FTD-GRN with a focus on testing in mouse models. Since most FTD-GRN-associated mutations cause progranulin haploinsufficiency, these approaches focus on raising progranulin levels. We begin by considering the disorders associated with altered progranulin levels, and then review the basics of progranulin biology including its lysosomal, neurotrophic, and immunomodulatory functions. We discuss mouse models of progranulin insufficiency and how they have been used in preclinical studies on a variety of therapeutic approaches. These include approaches to raise progranulin expression from the normal allele or facilitate progranulin production by the mutant allele, as well as approaches to directly increase progranulin levels by delivery across the blood-brain barrier or by gene therapy. Several of these approaches have entered clinical trials, providing hope that new therapies for FTD-GRN may be the next frontier in the treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya N Kashyap
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Nicholas R Boyle
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Medical Scientist Training Program, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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10
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Wang L, Jiao Y, Zhao A, Xu X, Ye G, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Deng Y, Xu W, Liu J. Analysis of Genetic Association Between ABCA7 Polymorphism and Alzheimer’s Disease Risk in the Southern Chinese Population. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:819499. [PMID: 35693347 PMCID: PMC9175022 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.819499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aimed to clarify the association of the 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the population of southern China. Methods A case-control study was conducted with a total sample size of 490 subjects (246 patients with AD and 244 age- and gender-matched healthy controls) enrolled in this study. Twenty-one selected SNPs were detected using SNaPshot assay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Then, we assessed how these SNPs correlated with AD susceptibility. Results The results showed that rs3764650 of ABCA7 was closely correlated with risen AD morbidity in the allele [P = 0.010, odds ratio (OR) = 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.89], dominant (P = 0.004, OR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.19–2.46), and additive (P = 0.012, OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.08–1.86) models. However, rs4147929 of ABCA7 was related to higher AD risk in the allele (P = 0.006, OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.11–1.89), dominant (P = 0.012, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.11–2.27), and additive (P = 0.010, OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.08–1.81) models. In addition, the frequencies of the G-allele at rs3764650 (P = 0.030) and the A-allele at rs4147929 (P = 0.001) in AD were statistically higher in APOE ε4 carriers in comparison to non-carriers. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the G-allele at rs3764650 and the A-allele at rs4147929 appeared at higher risk for developing AD, particularly in APOE ε4 carriers. Moreover, it was observed that rs3764650 and rs4147929 of ABCA7 were linked to AD. More in-depth research with a relatively large sample is needed to make the results more convincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyu Ye
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulei Deng
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Xu,
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jun Liu,
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11
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Sabaie H, Talebi M, Gharesouarn J, Asadi MR, Jalaiei A, Arsang-Jang S, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Jalili Khoshnoud R, Rezazadeh M. Identification and Analysis of BCAS4/hsa-miR-185-5p/SHISA7 Competing Endogenous RNA Axis in Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease Using Bioinformatic and Experimental Approaches. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:812169. [PMID: 35264942 PMCID: PMC8899724 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.812169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a heterogeneous degenerative brain disorder with a rising prevalence worldwide. SHISA7 (CKAMP59) has emerged as one of the most intriguing new members of the SHISA family, in that, unlike other CKAMP counterparts, it exhibits a direct function in inhibitory synaptic GABAAR regulation. We used bioinformatics and experimental methods in this research to explore competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation of BCAS4 and SHISA7 in tau pathogenesis and their capacity as peripheral biomarkers linked to an abnormal inflammatory response in AD. The Gene Expression Omnibus database included two microarray datasets, including information on mRNAs (GSE106241) and miRNAs (GSE157239) from individuals with AD with different degrees of AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology in the temporal cortex (TC) tissue specimens and corresponding controls were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The limma package in the R software was used to identify differently expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) associated with AD-related neurofibrillary pathology. Additionally, we used the quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique to examine the expression of the BCAS4/hsa-miR-185-5p/SHISA7 ceRNA axis in the peripheral blood (PB) of fifty AD patients and fifty control subjects. BCAS4 was shown to act as a ceRNA to control the SHISA7 expression throughout AD-associated neurofibrillary pathology in TC tissue specimens by sponging hsa-miR-185-5p, based on our bioinformatics study. Furthermore, in PB specimens from individuals suffering from AD and normal controls, we found no substantial differences in BCAS4 expression patterns. SHISA7 expression in AD patients’ PB was found to be reduced, as was the case in the TC. On the other hand, we discovered reduced amounts of hsa-miR-185-5p in AD patients’ PB samples compared to control subjects, unlike in TC tissue, where it had been demonstrated to be overexpressed. BCAS4 and SHISA7 expression levels showed a strong positive correlation, suggesting the presence of an interconnected network, most likely as a result of ceRNA regulation among PB specimens. The present study is the first evidence to highlight the expression of the BCAS4/miR-185-5p/SHISA7 ceRNA axis in the brain and PB of AD patients, and offers a new viewpoint on molecular processes underlying AD pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Sabaie
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Talebi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Gharesouarn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Asadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Jalaiei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shahram Arsang-Jang
- Cancer Gene Therapy Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
- Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Taheri,
| | - Reza Jalili Khoshnoud
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Reza Jalili Khoshnoud,
| | - Maryam Rezazadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit of Tabriz Valiasr Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Maryam Rezazadeh,
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12
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Jung NY, Kim HS, Kim ES, Jeon S, Lee MJ, Pak K, Lee JH, Lee YM, Lee K, Shin JH, Ko JK, Lee JM, Yoon JA, Hwang C, Choi KU, Huh GY, Kim YE, Kim EJ. Serum progranulin is not associated with rs5848 polymorphism in Korean patients with neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261007. [PMID: 35085262 PMCID: PMC8794169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Low serum progranulin (PGRN) is known to be associated with granulin (GRN) gene mutation and T alleles of GRN rs5848 polymorphism. However, there have been only a few Asian studies exploring these. We investigated the serum PGRN levels, rs5848 genotypes, and their relations with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers in the Korean population. Serum PGRN levels, GRN rs5848 polymorphism, and GRN mutations were evaluated in 239 participants (22 cognitively unimpaired participants and 217 patients with neurodegenerative diseases). CSF AD biomarkers were also evaluated in 214 participants. There was no significant difference in the serum PGRN levels among the diagnostic groups. We could not find any GRN mutation carrier in our sample. The differences in the frequencies of the rs5848 genotypes among the clinical groups or the effects of the rs5848 genotypes on serum PGRN were not observed. There was no correlation between the serum PGRN level or rs5848 genotype and CSF AD biomarkers. Neither the T allele nor the TT genotype had an effect on the development of AD. Our results showed that serum PGRN levels were not associated with rs5848 genotypes, indicating that multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms might affect PGRN concentrations in an ethnicity-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Yeon Jung
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Sook Kim
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungjune Pak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Lee
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangyoon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Shin
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kyeung Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Meen Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin A. Yoon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungsu Hwang
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Un Choi
- Department of Pathology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Yeong Huh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Root J, Merino P, Nuckols A, Johnson M, Kukar T. Lysosome dysfunction as a cause of neurodegenerative diseases: Lessons from frontotemporal dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105360. [PMID: 33812000 PMCID: PMC8113138 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are fatal neurodegenerative disorders that are thought to exist on a clinical and pathological spectrum. FTD and ALS are linked by shared genetic causes (e.g. C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions) and neuropathology, such as inclusions of ubiquitinated, misfolded proteins (e.g. TAR DNA-binding protein 43; TDP-43) in the CNS. Furthermore, some genes that cause FTD or ALS when mutated encode proteins that localize to the lysosome or modulate endosome-lysosome function, including lysosomal fusion, cargo trafficking, lysosomal acidification, autophagy, or TFEB activity. In this review, we summarize evidence that lysosomal dysfunction, caused by genetic mutations (e.g. C9orf72, GRN, MAPT, TMEM106B) or toxic-gain of function (e.g. aggregation of TDP-43 or tau), is an important pathogenic disease mechanism in FTD and ALS. Further studies into the normal function of many of these proteins are required and will help uncover the mechanisms that cause lysosomal dysfunction in FTD and ALS. Mutations or polymorphisms in genes that encode proteins important for endosome-lysosome function also occur in other age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's (e.g. APOE, PSEN1, APP) and Parkinson's (e.g. GBA, LRRK2, ATP13A2) disease. A more complete understanding of the common and unique features of lysosome dysfunction across the spectrum of neurodegeneration will help guide the development of therapies for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Root
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Paola Merino
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Austin Nuckols
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia
| | - Thomas Kukar
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia; Department of Neurology, Emory University, School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, Georgia.
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14
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Feng T, Mai S, Roscoe JM, Sheng RR, Ullah M, Zhang J, Katz II, Yu H, Xiong W, Hu F. Loss of TMEM106B and PGRN leads to severe lysosomal abnormalities and neurodegeneration in mice. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50219. [PMID: 32852886 PMCID: PMC7534636 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of progranulin (PGRN) is a leading cause of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Loss of PGRN leads to lysosome dysfunction during aging. TMEM106B, a gene encoding a lysosomal membrane protein, is the main risk factor for FTLD with PGRN haploinsufficiency. But how TMEM106B affects FTLD disease progression remains to be determined. Here, we report that TMEM106B deficiency in mice leads to accumulation of lysosome vacuoles at the distal end of the axon initial segment in motor neurons and the development of FTLD‐related pathology during aging. Ablation of both PGRN and TMEM106B in mice results in severe neuronal loss and glial activation in the spinal cord, retina, and brain. Enlarged lysosomes are frequently found in both microglia and astrocytes. Loss of both PGRN and TMEM106B results in an increased accumulation of lysosomal vacuoles in the axon initial segment of motor neurons and enhances the manifestation of FTLD phenotypes with a much earlier onset. These results provide novel insights into the role of TMEM106B in the lysosome, in brain aging, and in FTLD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuancheng Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shuyi Mai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jenn Marie Roscoe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rory R Sheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Ullah
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Junke Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Isabel Iscol Katz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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15
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Novel GRN mutations in Koreans with Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Cell Toxicol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Suárez-Calvet M, Capell A, Araque Caballero MÁ, Morenas-Rodríguez E, Fellerer K, Franzmeier N, Kleinberger G, Eren E, Deming Y, Piccio L, Karch CM, Cruchaga C, Paumier K, Bateman RJ, Fagan AM, Morris JC, Levin J, Danek A, Jucker M, Masters CL, Rossor MN, Ringman JM, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner M, Ewers M, Haass C. CSF progranulin increases in the course of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with sTREM2, neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:e9712. [PMID: 30482868 PMCID: PMC6284390 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is predominantly expressed by microglia in the brain, and genetic and experimental evidence suggests a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We asked whether PGRN expression is changed in a disease severity-specific manner in AD We measured PGRN in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in two of the best-characterized AD patient cohorts, namely the Dominant Inherited Alzheimer's Disease Network (DIAN) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). In carriers of AD causing dominant mutations, cross-sectionally assessed CSF PGRN increased over the course of the disease and significantly differed from non-carriers 10 years before the expected symptom onset. In late-onset AD, higher CSF PGRN was associated with more advanced disease stages and cognitive impairment. Higher CSF PGRN was associated with higher CSF soluble TREM2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2) only when there was underlying pathology, but not in controls. In conclusion, we demonstrate that, although CSF PGRN is not a diagnostic biomarker for AD, it may together with sTREM2 reflect microglial activation during the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Suárez-Calvet
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Capell
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Miguel Ángel Araque Caballero
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Estrella Morenas-Rodríguez
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katrin Fellerer
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Gernot Kleinberger
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Erden Eren
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute Dokuz, Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katrina Paumier
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Danek
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John M Ringman
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Institute on Aging, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Weiner
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Chair of Metabolic Biochemistry, Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
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17
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Gómez-Tortosa E, Baradaran-Heravi Y, González Alvarez V, Sainz MJ, Prieto-Jurczynska C, Guerrero-López R, Agüero Rabes P, Van Broeckhoven C, van der Zee J, Rábano Gutiérrez A. Presence of tau astrogliopathy in frontotemporal dementia caused by a novel Grn nonsense (Trp2*) mutation. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 76:214.e11-214.e15. [PMID: 30545478 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by GRN mutations is mainly associated with a TDP-43 type A proteinopathy. We present a family with autosomal dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by a novel GRN nonsense mutation (c.5G>A: p.Trp2*) in which the proband's brain also showed prominent glial tauopathy consistent with an aging-related tau astrogliopathy. Astrocytic tauopathy, 4R(+) and 3R(-) immunoreactive, was characterized by thorn-shaped astrocytes present in subpial, subependymal, and perivascular areas, and in gray matter; plus granular or fuzzy tau immunoreactivity in astrocytic processes in gray matter, either solitary or clustered in different regions. Some neurofibrillary tangles and pretangles, both 3R and 4R(+), were present in the medial temporal lobe but did not exhibit the characteristic distribution of Alzheimer's type pathology. This 4R-tau aging-related tau astrogliopathy is likely a co-occurring pathology, although an interaction between progranulin and tau proteins within the neurodegenerative process should not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yalda Baradaran-Heravi
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Rosa Guerrero-López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD) and CIBERER Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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18
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The lysosomal function of progranulin, a guardian against neurodegeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:1-17. [PMID: 29744576 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, is a secreted growth factor implicated in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of inflammation to wound healing and tumorigenesis. The clinical importance of PGRN became especially evident in 2006, when heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency, were found to be one of the main causes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). FTLD is a clinically heterogenous disease that results in the progressive atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. Despite significant research, the exact function of PGRN and its mechanistic relationship to FTLD remain unclear. However, growing evidence suggests a role for PGRN in the lysosome-most striking being that homozygous GRN mutation leads to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, a lysosomal storage disease. Since this discovery, several links between PGRN and the lysosome have been established, including the existence of two independent lysosomal trafficking pathways, intralysosomal processing of PGRN into discrete functional peptides, and direct and indirect regulation of lysosomal hydrolases. Here, we summarize the cellular functions of PGRN, its roles in the nervous system, and its link to multiple neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular focus dedicated to recent lysosome-related mechanistic developments.
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19
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Fernández MV, Kim JH, Budde JP, Black K, Medvedeva A, Saef B, Deming Y, Del-Aguila J, Ibañez L, Dube U, Harari O, Norton J, Chasse R, Morris JC, Goate A, Cruchaga C. Analysis of neurodegenerative Mendelian genes in clinically diagnosed Alzheimer Disease. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007045. [PMID: 29091718 PMCID: PMC5683650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTD), Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson disease (PD) have a certain degree of clinical, pathological and molecular overlap. Previous studies indicate that causative mutations in AD and FTD/ALS genes can be found in clinical familial AD. We examined the presence of causative and low frequency coding variants in the AD, FTD, ALS and PD Mendelian genes, in over 450 families with clinical history of AD and over 11,710 sporadic cases and cognitive normal participants from North America. Known pathogenic mutations were found in 1.05% of the sporadic cases, in 0.69% of the cognitively normal participants and in 4.22% of the families. A trend towards enrichment, albeit non-significant, was observed for most AD, FTD and PD genes. Only PSEN1 and PINK1 showed consistent association with AD cases when we used ExAC as the control population. These results suggest that current study designs may contain heterogeneity and contamination of the control population, and that current statistical methods for the discovery of novel genes with real pathogenic variants in complex late onset diseases may be inadequate or underpowered to identify genes carrying pathogenic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Fernández
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Center, Ilsan hospital, National Health Insurance Service, Goyang, South Korea
| | - John P. Budde
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Kathleen Black
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Medvedeva
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Ben Saef
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Jorge Del-Aguila
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Laura Ibañez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Umber Dube
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical sciences, School of Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Oscar Harari
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Joanne Norton
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Rachel Chasse
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - John C. Morris
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s disease, Dept of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, ICAHN 10–52, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arrant AE, Filiano AJ, Unger DE, Young AH, Roberson ED. Restoring neuronal progranulin reverses deficits in a mouse model of frontotemporal dementia. Brain 2017; 140:1447-1465. [PMID: 28379303 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in progranulin (GRN), a secreted glycoprotein expressed by neurons and microglia, are a common autosomal dominant cause of frontotemporal dementia, a neurodegenerative disease commonly characterized by disrupted social and emotional behaviour. GRN mutations are thought to cause frontotemporal dementia through progranulin haploinsufficiency, therefore, boosting progranulin expression from the intact allele is a rational treatment strategy. However, this approach has not been tested in an animal model of frontotemporal dementia and it is unclear if boosting progranulin could correct pre-existing deficits. Here, we show that adeno-associated virus-driven expression of progranulin in the medial prefrontal cortex reverses social dominance deficits in Grn+/- mice, an animal model of frontotemporal dementia due to GRN mutations. Adeno-associated virus-progranulin also corrected lysosomal abnormalities in Grn+/- mice. The adeno-associated virus-progranulin vector only transduced neurons, suggesting that restoring neuronal progranulin is sufficient to correct deficits in Grn+/- mice. To further test the role of neuronal progranulin in the development of frontotemporal dementia-related deficits, we generated two neuronal progranulin-deficient mouse lines using CaMKII-Cre and Nestin-Cre. Measuring progranulin levels in these lines indicated that most brain progranulin is derived from neurons. Both neuronal progranulin-deficient lines developed social dominance deficits similar to those in global Grn+/- mice, showing that neuronal progranulin deficiency is sufficient to disrupt social behaviour. These data support the concept of progranulin-boosting therapies for frontotemporal dementia and highlight an important role for neuron-derived progranulin in maintaining normal social function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Arrant
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anthony J Filiano
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Daniel E Unger
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Allen H Young
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Alzheimer's Disease Center, and Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kunkle BW, Vardarajan BN, Naj AC, Whitehead PL, Rolati S, Slifer S, Carney RM, Cuccaro ML, Vance JM, Gilbert JR, Wang LS, Farrer LA, Reitz C, Haines JL, Beecham GW, Martin ER, Schellenberg GD, Mayeux RP, Pericak-Vance MA. Early-Onset Alzheimer Disease and Candidate Risk Genes Involved in Endolysosomal Transport. JAMA Neurol 2017; 74:1113-1122. [PMID: 28738127 PMCID: PMC5691589 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Importance Mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 lead to early-onset Alzheimer disease (EOAD) but account for only approximately 11% of EOAD overall, leaving most of the genetic risk for the most severe form of Alzheimer disease unexplained. This extreme phenotype likely harbors highly penetrant risk variants, making it primed for discovery of novel risk genes and pathways for AD. Objective To search for rare variants contributing to the risk for EOAD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this case-control study, whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed in 51 non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with EOAD (age at onset <65 years) and 19 Caribbean Hispanic families previously screened as negative for established APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 causal variants. Participants were recruited from John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Case Western Reserve University, and Columbia University. Rare, deleterious, nonsynonymous, or loss-of-function variants were filtered to identify variants in known and suspected AD genes, variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients, variants present in 19 Hispanic EOAD WES families, and genes with variants in multiple unrelated NHW patients. These variants/genes were tested for association in an independent cohort of 1524 patients with EOAD, 7046 patients with late-onset AD (LOAD), and 7001 cognitively intact controls (age at examination, >65 years) from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium. The study was conducted from January 21, 2013, to October 13, 2016. Main Outcomes and Measures Alzheimer disease diagnosed according to standard National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria. Association between Alzheimer disease and genetic variants and genes was measured using logistic regression and sequence kernel association test-optimal gene tests, respectively. Results Of the 1524 NHW patients with EOAD, 765 (50.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 60.0 (4.9) years; of the 7046 NHW patients with LOAD, 4171 (59.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years; and of the 7001 NHW controls, 4215 (60.2%) were women and mean (SD) age was 77.4 (8.6) years. The gene PSD2, for which multiple unrelated NHW cases had rare missense variants, was significantly associated with EOAD (P = 2.05 × 10-6; Bonferroni-corrected P value [BP] = 1.3 × 10-3) and LOAD (P = 6.22 × 10-6; BP = 4.1 × 10-3). A missense variant in TCIRG1, present in a NHW patient and segregating in 3 cases of a Hispanic family, was more frequent in EOAD cases (odds ratio [OR], 2.13; 95% CI, 0.99-4.55; P = .06; BP = 0.413), and significantly associated with LOAD (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.37-3.62; P = 7.2 × 10-4; BP = 5.0 × 10-3). A missense variant in the LOAD risk gene RIN3 showed suggestive evidence of association with EOAD after Bonferroni correction (OR, 4.56; 95% CI, 1.26-16.48; P = .02, BP = 0.091). In addition, a missense variant in RUFY1 identified in 2 NHW EOAD cases showed suggestive evidence of an association with EOAD as well (OR, 18.63; 95% CI, 1.62-213.45; P = .003; BP = 0.129). Conclusions and Relevance The genes PSD2, TCIRG1, RIN3, and RUFY1 all may be involved in endolysosomal transport-a process known to be important to development of AD. Furthermore, this study identified shared risk genes between EOAD and LOAD similar to previously reported genes, such as SORL1, PSEN2, and TREM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W. Kunkle
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Adam C. Naj
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Patrice L. Whitehead
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Sophie Rolati
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Susan Slifer
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Regina M. Carney
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Michael L. Cuccaro
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - John R. Gilbert
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Li-San Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christiane Reitz
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan L. Haines
- Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Gary W. Beecham
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Eden R. Martin
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Richard P. Mayeux
- The Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Margaret A. Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Hosokawa M, Tanaka Y, Arai T, Kondo H, Akiyama H, Hasegawa M. Progranulin haploinsufficiency reduces amyloid beta deposition in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Exp Anim 2017; 67:63-70. [PMID: 28845019 PMCID: PMC5814315 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulin (Grn) mutations were identified in familial frontotemporal
lobar degeneration (FTLD) patients with TAR DNA-binding protein of 43 kd (TDP-43)
pathology. Grn transcript haploinsufficiency is proposed as a disease
mechanism that leads to the loss of functional progranulin (PGRN) protein. Thus, these
mutations are strongly involved in FTLD pathogenesis. Moreover, recent findings indicate
that Grn mutations are associated with other neurodegenerative disorders
with tau pathology, including Alzheimer’s disease. To investigate the influence of PGRN on
amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation, amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice were
interbred with Grn-deficient mice, producing APP transgenic mice
harboring the Grn hemizygote (APP/Grn+/−).
Brains were collected from 16–18-month-old APP and APP/Grn+/−
mice and sequential extraction of proteins, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical
analysis were performed. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the number and area of
Aβ plaque was significantly decreased in APP/Grn+/− mice as
compared to APP mice. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that Aβ was reduced in the
sarkosyl-insoluble fraction of 16–18-month-old APP/Grn+/− mice
as compared with that of APP transgenic mice. Our data suggest that PGRN
haploinsufficiency may decrease accumulation of Aβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hosokawa
- Dementia research project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Tanaka
- Dementia research project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Dementia research project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8576 Japan
| | - Hiromi Kondo
- Histology center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Dementia research project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia research project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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23
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Intracellular Proteolysis of Progranulin Generates Stable, Lysosomal Granulins that Are Haploinsufficient in Patients with Frontotemporal Dementia Caused by GRN Mutations. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0100-17. [PMID: 28828399 PMCID: PMC5562298 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0100-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homozygous or heterozygous mutations in the GRN gene, encoding progranulin (PGRN), cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) or frontotemporal dementia (FTD), respectively. NCL and FTD are characterized by lysosome dysfunction and neurodegeneration, indicating PGRN is important for lysosome homeostasis in the brain. PGRN is trafficked to the lysosome where its functional role is unknown. PGRN can be cleaved into seven 6-kDa proteins called granulins (GRNs); however, little is known about how GRNs are produced or if levels of GRNs are altered in FTD-GRN mutation carriers. Here, we report the identification and characterization of antibodies that reliably detect several human GRNs by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry. Using these tools, we find that endogenous GRNs are present within multiple cell lines and are constitutively produced. Further, extracellular PGRN is endocytosed and rapidly processed into stable GRNs within lysosomes. Processing of PGRN into GRNs is conserved between humans and mice and is modulated by sortilin expression and mediated by cysteine proteases (i.e. cathpesin L). Induced lysosome dysfunction caused by alkalizing agents or increased expression of transmembrane protein 106B (TMEM106B) inhibit processing of PGRN into GRNs. Finally, we find that multiple GRNs are haploinsufficient in primary fibroblasts and cortical brain tissue from FTD-GRN patients. Taken together, our findings raise the interesting possibility that GRNs carry out critical lysosomal functions and that loss of GRNs should be explored as an initiating factor in lysosomal dysfunction and neurodegeneration caused by GRN mutations.
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24
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Hosokawa M, Kondo H, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Robinson AC, Mann DM, Akiyama H, Hasegawa M, Arai T. Accumulation of multiple neurodegenerative disease-related proteins in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration associated with granulin mutation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1513. [PMID: 28473694 PMCID: PMC5431430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01587-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, mutations in the granulin gene were identified in patients with familial Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Granulin transcript haploinsufficiency has been proposed as a disease mechanism that leads to the loss of functional progranulin protein. Granulin mutations were initially found in tau-negative patients, though recent findings indicate that these mutations are associated with other neurodegenerative disorders with tau pathology, including Alzheimer's disease and corticobasal degeneration. Moreover, a reduction in progranulin in tau transgenic mice is associated with increasing tau accumulation. To investigate the influence of a decline in progranulin protein on other forms of neurodegenerative-related protein accumulation, human granulin mutation cases were investigated by histochemical and biochemical analyses. Results showed a neuronal and glial tau accumulation in granulin mutation cases. Tau staining revealed neuronal pretangle forms and glial tau in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, phosphorylated α-synuclein-positive structures were also found in oligodendrocytes and the neuropil. Immunoblot analysis of fresh frozen brain tissues revealed that tau was present in the sarkosyl-insoluble fraction, and composed of three- and four-repeat tau isoforms, resembling Alzheimer's disease. Our data suggest that progranulin reduction might be the cause of multiple proteinopathies due to the accelerating accumulation of abnormal proteins including TDP-43 proteinopathy, tauopathy and α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Hosokawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Kondo
- Histology Center, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 West Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ, 85351, USA
| | - Andrew C Robinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - David M Mann
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Neuroscience & Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK
| | - Haruhiko Akiyama
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Masato Hasegawa
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Arai
- Dementia Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8576, Japan
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25
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Takahashi H, Klein ZA, Bhagat SM, Kaufman AC, Kostylev MA, Ikezu T, Strittmatter SM. Opposing effects of progranulin deficiency on amyloid and tau pathologies via microglial TYROBP network. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:785-807. [PMID: 28070672 PMCID: PMC5391267 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Genetic studies demonstrate an association of the common GRN rs5848 variant that results in reduced PGRN levels with increased risk for AD. However, the mechanisms by which PGRN reduction from the GRN AD risk variant or mutation exacerbates AD pathophysiology remain ill defined. Here, we show that the GRN AD risk variant has no significant effects on florbetapir positron emission tomographic amyloid imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ levels, whereas it is associated with increased CSF tau levels in human subjects of the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative studies. Consistent with the human data, subsequent analyses using the APPswe/PS1ΔE9 (APP/PS1) mouse model of cerebral amyloidosis show that PGRN deficiency has no exacerbating effects on Aβ pathology. In contrast and unexpectedly, PGRN deficiency significantly reduces diffuse Aβ plaque growth in these APP/PS1 mice. This protective effect is due, at least in part, to enhanced microglial Aβ phagocytosis caused by PGRN deficiency-induced expression of TYROBP network genes (TNG) including an AD risk factor Trem2. PGRN-deficient APP/PS1 mice also exhibit less severe axonal dystrophy and partially improved behavior phenotypes. While PGRN deficiency reduces these amyloidosis-related phenotypes, other neuronal injury mechanisms are increased by loss of PGRN, revealing a multidimensional interaction of GRN with AD. For example, C1q complement deposition at synapses is enhanced in APP/PS1 mice lacking PGRN. Moreover, PGRN deficiency increases tau AT8 and AT180 pathologies in human P301L tau-expressing mice. These human and rodent data suggest that global PGRN reduction induces microglial TNG expression and increases AD risk by exacerbating neuronal injury and tau pathology, rather than by accelerating Aβ pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Zoe A Klein
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Sarah M Bhagat
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Adam C Kaufman
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Mikhail A Kostylev
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Tsuneya Ikezu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair Program, Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA.
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Roy J, Mallick B. Altered gene expression in late-onset Alzheimer's disease due to SNPs within 3'UTR microRNA response elements. Genomics 2017; 109:177-185. [PMID: 28286146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is a progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disease found in people older than 65years of age. Disease etiology is complex, as susceptibility has been linked to multiple gene variants conferred by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). However, the molecular mechanisms by which SNPs contribute to LOAD pathogenesis have not been extensively studied, particularly for SNPs within the 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs), the hubs for microRNA binding. Therefore, we screened for SNPs within the 3'UTRs of LOAD-associated genes that may create or destroy microRNA response elements (MREs) and thus alter gene expression. This investigation adopted an in-silico approach that integrated structural and thermodynamic features of miRNA target binding with screening using CLIP-seq data, followed by network analysis. This strategy identified three 3'UTR SNPs, rs10876135, rs5848, and rs5786996 that may alter the respective binding sites for the miRNAs hsa-miR-197-5p, hsa-miR-185-5p, and hsa-miR-34a-5p, all of which are upregulated in LOAD. The functional significance of these MRE-SNPs was assessed by potential regulation of biological networks known to be associated with LOAD. This is the first study to demonstrate a possible role for above 3'UTR MRE-SNPs in aberrant expression of target genes with functional consequences for LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy
- RNAi & Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bibekanand Mallick
- RNAi & Functional Genomics Lab, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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27
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Xu HM, Tan L, Wan Y, Tan MS, Zhang W, Zheng ZJ, Kong LL, Wang ZX, Jiang T, Tan L, Yu JT. PGRN Is Associated with Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: a Case-Control Replication Study and Meta-analysis. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:1187-1195. [PMID: 26820675 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9698-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through participating in altering neurite outgrowth and neuronal survival. Previous studies identified that rs5848 in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the PGRN gene (GRN) is strongly associated with AD in Caucasians. In order to assess the involvement of the GRN polymorphism in the risk of late-onset AD (LOAD), we analyzed the genotype and allele distributions of rs5848 in 2350 Han Chinese subjects (AD, 992; control, 1358). The minor T allele of rs5848 was significantly associated with an increased risk of LOAD (P = 0.005, odds ratio (OR) = 1.197, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.057-1.355). Moreover, the association was further validated in the multivariate logistic regression analysis (dominant model: OR = 1.195, P = 0.038, recessive model: OR = 1.386, P = 0.025; additive model: OR = 1.187, P = 0.009). Interestingly, we observed that the interaction between apolipoprotein E (APOE) and rs5848 significantly altered the risk for AD. The rs5848 polymorphism was only significantly associated with LOAD in APOE ε4 allele carriers. Then we included five studies (including the present study) and conducted a meta-analysis which consisted of 3236 cases (male, 1152; female, 2084) and 3405 (male, 1436; female, 1969) controls. The result of the meta-analysis supported T allele of rs5848 within GRN as a risk factor for AD. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that rs5848 polymorphism within GRN was associated with LOAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Tan
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yu Wan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhan-Jie Zheng
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Ling-Li Kong
- Department of Geriatric, Qingdao Mental Health Center, Qingdao, 266034, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China
| | - Teng Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Taishan Medical University, Qingdao, China.
- College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266000, China.
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266071, China.
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Benussi A, Padovani A, Borroni B. Phenotypic Heterogeneity of Monogenic Frontotemporal Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:171. [PMID: 26388768 PMCID: PMC4555036 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a genetically and pathologically heterogeneous disorder characterized by personality changes, language impairment, and deficits of executive functions associated with frontal and temporal lobe degeneration. Different phenotypes have been defined on the basis of presenting clinical symptoms, i.e., the behavioral variant of FTD, the agrammatic variant of primary progressive aphasia, and the semantic variant of PPA. Some patients have an associated movement disorder, either parkinsonism, as in progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal syndrome, or motor neuron disease (FTD-MND). A family history of dementia is found in 40% of cases of FTD and about 10% have a clear autosomal-dominant inheritance. Genetic studies have identified several genes associated with monogenic FTD: microtubule-associated protein tau, progranulin, TAR DNA-binding protein 43, valosin-containing protein, charged multivesicular body protein 2B, fused in sarcoma, and the hexanucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the chromosome 9 open reading frame 72. Patients often present with an extensive phenotypic variability, even among different members of the same kindred carrying an identical disease mutation. The objective of the present work is to review and evaluate available literature data in order to highlight recent advances in clinical, biological, and neuroimaging features of monogenic frontotemporal lobar degeneration and try to identify different mechanisms underlying the extreme phenotypic heterogeneity that characterizes this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Benussi
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- Centre for Ageing Brain and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Progranulin reduction is associated with increased tau phosphorylation in P301L tau transgenic mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:158-65. [PMID: 25575133 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulin (GRN) mutations have been identified in familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration patients with ubiquitin pathology. GRN transcript haploinsufficiency is proposed as a disease mechanism that leads to the loss of functional progranulin (PGRN) protein. Thus, these mutations are strongly involved in frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathogenesis. Moreover, recent findings indicate that GRN mutations are associated with other neurodegenerative disorders with tau pathology, including Alzheimer disease and corticobasal degeneration. To investigate the potential influence of a decline in PGRN protein on tau accumulation, P301L tau transgenic mice were interbred with GRN-deficient mice, producing P301L tau transgenic mice harboring the GRN hemizygote. Brains were collected from 13- and 19-month-old mice, and sequential extraction of proteins, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical analyses were performed. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that tau phosphorylation was accelerated in the Tris-saline soluble fraction of 13-month-old and in the sarkosyl-insoluble fraction of 19-month-old P301L tau/GRN hemizygotes compared with those in fractions from P301L tau transgenic mice. Activity of cyclin-dependent kinases was also upregulated in the brains of P301L tau/GRN hemizygote mice. Although the mechanisms involved in these findings remain unknown, our data suggest that a reduction in PGRN protein might contribute to phosphorylation and intraneuronal accumulation of tau.
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Association of progranulin polymorphism rs5848 with neurodegenerative diseases: a meta-analysis. J Neurol 2015; 262:814-22. [PMID: 25578179 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-014-7630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between progranulin polymorphism rs5848 and risk of the neurodegenerative diseases frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Published literature from PubMed and other databases were retrieved, and 16 case-control studies were identified as eligible: 5 on FTLD (1,439 cases, 4,461 controls), 5 on AD (2,502 cases, 2,162 controls), 3 on PD (1,605 cases, 1,591 controls), and 3 on ALS (663 cases, 811 controls). The pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. We found that rs5848 was associated with an increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases in the homozygous (TT vs. CC: OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.10-1.39; P < 0.001) and recessive models (TT vs. CC + CT: OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.10-1.37; P < 0.001). Stratified analyses showed associations of rs5848 with increased risk of AD and PD in the homozygous and recessive models. Our data indicate that rs5848 is associated with risk of AD and PD, suggesting important roles of progranulin in neurodegenerative processes.
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Nelson PT, Wang WX, Partch AB, Monsell SE, Valladares O, Ellingson SR, Wilfred BR, Naj AC, Wang LS, Kukull WA, Fardo DW. Reassessment of risk genotypes (GRN, TMEM106B, and ABCC9 variants) associated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2015; 74:75-84. [PMID: 25470345 PMCID: PMC4270894 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0000000000000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a common high-morbidity neurodegenerative condition in elderly persons. To understand the risk factors for HS-Aging, we analyzed data from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium and correlated the data with clinical and pathologic information from the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database. Overall, 268 research volunteers with HS-Aging and 2,957 controls were included; detailed neuropathologic data were available for all. The study focused on single-nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with HS-Aging risk: rs5848 (GRN), rs1990622 (TMEM106B), and rs704180 (ABCC9). Analyses of a subsample that was not previously evaluated (51 HS-Aging cases and 561 controls) replicated the associations of previously identified HS-Aging risk alleles. To test for evidence of gene-gene interactions and genotype-phenotype relationships, pooled data were analyzed. The risk for HS-Aging diagnosis associated with these genetic polymorphisms was not secondary to an association with either Alzheimer disease or dementia with Lewy body neuropathologic changes. The presence of multiple risk genotypes was associated with a trend for additive risk for HS-Aging pathology. We conclude that multiple genes play important roles in HS-Aging, which is a distinctive neurodegenerative disease of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T. Nelson
- University of Kentucky, Department of Pathology and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, Kentucky (PTN)
| | - Wang-Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, Kentucky (W-XW, BRW)
| | - Amanda B. Partch
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ABP, OV, L-SW)
| | - Sarah E. Monsell
- University of Washington, National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center, Seattle, Washington (SEM)
| | - Otto Valladares
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ABP, OV, L-SW)
| | - Sally R. Ellingson
- University of Kentucky, Division of Biomedical Informatics, College of Public Health, Lexington, Kentucky (SRE)
| | - Bernard R. Wilfred
- University of Kentucky, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, Kentucky (W-XW, BRW)
| | - Adam C. Naj
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ACN)
| | - Li-San Wang
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ABP, OV, L-SW)
| | - Walter A. Kukull
- University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, Washington (WAK)
| | - David W. Fardo
- University of Kentucky, Department of Biostatistics and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Lexington, Kentucky (DWF)
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Arai T. Significance and limitation of the pathological classification of TDP-43 proteinopathy. Neuropathology 2014; 34:578-88. [PMID: 25196969 DOI: 10.1111/neup.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Based on the cerebral tans-activation response DNA protein 43 (TDP-43) immunohistochemistry, frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology (FTLD-TDP) is classified into four subtypes: type A has numerous neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions (NCIs) and dystrophic neurites (DNs); type B has numerous NCIs with few DNs; type C is characterized by DNs which are often longer and thicker than DNs in type A, with few NCIs; and type D has numerous neuronal intranuclear inclusions and DNs with few NCIs. The relevance of this classification system is supported by clinical, biochemical and genetic correlations, although there is still significant heterogeneity, especially in cases with type A pathology. The subtypes of TDP-43 pathology should be determined in cases with other neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, to evaluate the pathological significance of TDP-43 abnormality in them. The results of the biochemical analyses of the diseased brains and the cellular models suggest that different strains of TDP-43 with different conformations may determine the clinicopathological phenotypes of TDP-43 proteinopathy, like prion disease. Clarifying the mechanism of the conformational changes of TDP-43 leading to the formation of multiple abnormal strains may be important for differential diagnosis and developing disease-modifying therapy for TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuaki Arai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Division of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Murray ME, Cannon A, Graff-Radford NR, Liesinger AM, Rutherford NJ, Ross OA, Duara R, Carrasquillo MM, Rademakers R, Dickson DW. Differential clinicopathologic and genetic features of late-onset amnestic dementias. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 128:411-21. [PMID: 24899141 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of the elderly (HpScl) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), especially the limbic-predominant subtype (LP-AD), are amnestic syndromes that can be difficult to distinguish. To complicate matters, a subset has concomitant HpScl and AD (HpScl-AD). We examined a large cohort of autopsy-confirmed cases of HpScl, HpScl-AD, LP-AD, and typical AD to identify distinct clinical, genetic, and pathologic characteristics. HpScl cases were significantly older at death and had a substantially slower rate of cognitive decline than the AD subtypes. Genetic analysis revealed that the AD groups (AD, LP-AD, and HpScl-AD) were more likely to be APOE ε4 carriers. In contrast, the HpScl groups (HpScl and HpScl-AD) were more likely to exhibit genetic variants in GRN and TMEM106B that are associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. The HpScl groups had a high frequency of TDP-43 pathology that was most often Type A morphology and distribution, while typical AD and LP-AD had a significantly lower frequency of TDP-43 pathology that was most often Type B. These results suggest that HpScl and AD are pathologically and genetically distinct and non-synergistic neurodegenerative processes that present with amnestic dementia. Pure HpScl and HpScl with concomitant AD occur most often in elderly individuals.
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Muynck LD, Damme PV. Peripheral progranulin levels do not reflect brain progranulin levels. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
EVALUATION OF: Nicholson AM, Finch NA, Thomas CS et al. Progranulin protein levels are differently regulated in plasma and CSF. Neurology 82(21), 1871–1878 (2014). Nicholson et al. report the first population-based comparative study of progranulin (GRN) levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a large human cohort. Age, sex and rs5848 were found to be important modifiers of GRN levels in both plasma and CSF. The correlation between plasma and CSF levels was rather weak. Moreover, a differential regulation of GRN levels in plasma and CSF was noted. Although blood GRN measurements can be used to predict GRN mutation status, this study provides compelling evidence not to rely exclusively on plasma GRN measurements to assess the efficacy of future CNS-targeted GRN-modulating therapies. Further studies should assess the correlation between CSF and brain GRN levels in a longitudinal fashion and try to correlate CSF GRN levels with clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis De Muynck
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology & Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philip Van Damme
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology & Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Vesalius Research Center, Laboratory of Neurobiology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Petkau TL, Leavitt BR. Progranulin in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:388-98. [PMID: 24800652 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the progranulin gene are a common cause of familial frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The purpose of this review is to summarize the role of progranulin in health and disease, because the field is now poised to begin examining therapeutics that alter endogenous progranulin levels. We first review the clinical and neuropathological phenotype of FTD patients carrying mutations in the progranulin gene, which suggests that progranulin-mediated neurodegeneration is multifactorial and influenced by other genetic and/or environmental factors. We then examine evidence for the role of progranulin in the brain with a focus on mouse model systems. A better understanding of the complexity of progranulin biology in the brain will help guide the development of progranulin-modulating therapies for neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L Petkau
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4
| | - Blair R Leavitt
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Children's and Women's Hospital, 980 West 28th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 4H4; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia Hospital, S 192, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5; Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Sheng J, Su L, Xu Z, Chen G. Progranulin polymorphism rs5848 is associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Gene 2014; 542:141-5. [PMID: 24680777 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin is the precursor of granulins, and its down-regulation leads to neurodegeneration. Recent studies have indicated an association of progranulin polymorphism rs5848 with Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk, but the results remain controversial. To verify the association between rs5848 and AD risk, we retrieved the published literature from PubMed and other databases, and performed a meta-analysis by pooling all five studies containing 2502 AD cases and 2162 controls. The results showed that rs5848 is associated with increased risk of AD in homozygous (TT vs. CC: OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.11-1.66; P=0.003) and recessive models (TT vs. CC+CT: OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.58; P=0.006). This association was remained in Caucasian (2227 cases and 1902 controls). Our data indicate that TT allele of rs5848 is associated with increased risk of AD, suggesting that genetic variant of progranulin gene may play an important role in AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Sheng
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liling Su
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhengping Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangdi Chen
- Institute of Environmental Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Public Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Judy ME, Nakamura A, Huang A, Grant H, McCurdy H, Weiberth KF, Gao F, Coppola G, Kenyon C, Kao AW. A shift to organismal stress resistance in programmed cell death mutants. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003714. [PMID: 24068943 PMCID: PMC3778000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals have many ways of protecting themselves against stress; for example, they can induce animal-wide, stress-protective pathways and they can kill damaged cells via apoptosis. We have discovered an unexpected regulatory relationship between these two types of stress responses. We find that C. elegans mutations blocking the normal course of programmed cell death and clearance confer animal-wide resistance to a specific set of environmental stressors; namely, ER, heat and osmotic stress. Remarkably, this pattern of stress resistance is induced by mutations that affect cell death in different ways, including ced-3 (cell death defective) mutations, which block programmed cell death, ced-1 and ced-2 mutations, which prevent the engulfment of dying cells, and progranulin (pgrn-1) mutations, which accelerate the clearance of apoptotic cells. Stress resistance conferred by ced and pgrn-1 mutations is not additive and these mutants share altered patterns of gene expression, suggesting that they may act within the same pathway to achieve stress resistance. Together, our findings demonstrate that programmed cell death effectors influence the degree to which C. elegans tolerates environmental stress. While the mechanism is not entirely clear, it is intriguing that animals lacking the ability to efficiently and correctly remove dying cells should switch to a more global animal-wide system of stress resistance. As an animal interacts with its environment, it invariably encounters stressful conditions such as extreme temperatures, drought, UV exposure and harmful xenobiotics. Since the ability to respond appropriately to stressful stimuli is paramount to survival, organisms have developed sophisticated stress response programs. Some stressful conditions cause damaged cells to commit suicide (undergo apoptosis), whereas others cause the entire organism to develop mechanisms to resist environmental stress. Studying the small roundworm C. elegans, we find that these two responses are somehow linked: perturbing the mechanisms that allow cells to undergo apoptosis changes the whole animal's response to environmental stress. In fact, perturbing the apoptosis machinery in any way—through mutations that prevent apoptosis altogether, or through mutations that either slow or accelerate the clearance of dying cells—causes the animal to become more stress resistant. Together our findings raise the possibility that the animal may have a way of detecting defects in the normal programmed cell death pathway, and that in response it induces a new program that protects itself from a harsh environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Judy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ayumi Nakamura
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anne Huang
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Harli Grant
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Helen McCurdy
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kurt F. Weiberth
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Fuying Gao
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences and Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Aimee W. Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Perry DC, Lehmann M, Yokoyama JS, Karydas A, Lee JJ, Coppola G, Grinberg LT, Geschwind D, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Rosen H, Rabinovici G. Progranulin mutations as risk factors for Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:774-8. [PMID: 23609919 DOI: 10.1001/2013.jamaneurol.393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Mutations in the progranulin gene are known to cause diverse clinical syndromes, all attributed to frontotemporal lobar degeneration. We describe 2 patients with progranulin gene mutations and evidence of Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. We also conducted a literature review. OBSERVATIONS This study focused on case reports of 2 unrelated patients with progranulin mutations at the University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center. One patient presented at age 65 years with a clinical syndrome suggestive of AD and showed evidence of amyloid aggregation on positron emission tomography. Another patient presented at age 54 years with logopenic progressive aphasia and, at autopsy, showed both frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions and AD. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In addition to autosomal-dominant frontotemporal lobar degeneration, mutations in the progranulin gene may be a risk factor for AD clinical phenotypes and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Perry
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Progranulin does not bind tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors and is not a direct regulator of TNF-dependent signaling or bioactivity in immune or neuronal cells. J Neurosci 2013; 33:9202-13. [PMID: 23699531 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5336-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein expressed in neurons and glia that is implicated in neuronal survival on the basis that mutations in the GRN gene causing haploinsufficiency result in a familial form of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Recently, a direct interaction between PGRN and tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFR I/II) was reported and proposed to be a mechanism by which PGRN exerts anti-inflammatory activity, raising the possibility that aberrant PGRN-TNFR interactions underlie the molecular basis for neuroinflammation in frontotemporal lobar degeneration pathogenesis. Here, we report that we find no evidence for a direct physical or functional interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Using coimmunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) we replicated the interaction between PGRN and sortilin and that between TNF and TNFRI/II, but not the interaction between PGRN and TNFRs. Recombinant PGRN or transfection of a cDNA encoding PGRN did not antagonize TNF-dependent NFκB, Akt, and Erk1/2 pathway activation; inflammatory gene expression; or secretion of inflammatory factors in BV2 microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Moreover, PGRN did not antagonize TNF-induced cytotoxicity on dopaminergic neuroblastoma cells. Last, co-addition or pre-incubation with various N- or C-terminal-tagged recombinant PGRNs did not alter lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory gene expression or cytokine secretion in any cell type examined, including BMDMs from Grn+/- or Grn-/- mice. Therefore, the neuroinflammatory phenotype associated with PGRN deficiency in the CNS is not a direct consequence of the loss of TNF antagonism by PGRN, but may be a secondary response by glia to disrupted interactions between PGRN and Sortilin and/or other binding partners yet to be identified.
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Mateo I, González-Aramburu I, Pozueta A, Vázquez-Higuera JL, Rodríguez-Rodríguez E, Sánchez-Juan P, Calero M, Dobato JL, Infante J, Berciano J, Combarros O. Reduced serum progranulin level might be associated with Parkinson's disease risk. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20:1571-3. [DOI: 10.1111/ene.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Mateo
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - I. González-Aramburu
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - A. Pozueta
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - J. L. Vázquez-Higuera
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - E. Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - P. Sánchez-Juan
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - M. Calero
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit; CIEN Foundation; Carlos III Health Institute; Madrid Spain
| | - J. L. Dobato
- Alzheimer Disease Research Unit; CIEN Foundation; Carlos III Health Institute; Madrid Spain
| | - J. Infante
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - J. Berciano
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
| | - O. Combarros
- Neurology Service and CIBERNED; ‘Marqués de Valdecilla’ University Hospital; Santander Spain
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Rademakers R, Neumann M, Mackenzie IR. Advances in understanding the molecular basis of frontotemporal dementia. Nat Rev Neurol 2012; 8:423-34. [PMID: 22732773 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2012.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a clinical syndrome with a heterogeneous molecular basis. Until recently, the underlying cause was known in only a minority of cases that were associated with abnormalities of the tau protein or gene. In 2006, however, mutations in the progranulin gene were discovered as another important cause of familial FTD. That same year, TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) was identified as the pathological protein in the most common subtypes of FTD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since then, substantial efforts have been made to understand the functions and regulation of progranulin and TDP-43, as well as their roles in neurodegeneration. More recently, other DNA/RNA binding proteins (FET family proteins) have been identified as the pathological proteins in most of the remaining cases of FTD. In 2011, abnormal expansion of a hexanucleotide repeat in the gene C9orf72 was found to be the most common genetic cause of both FTD and ALS. All common FTD-causing genes have seemingly now been discovered and the main pathological proteins identified. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in understanding the molecular aspects of FTD, which will provide the basis for improved patient care through the development of more-targeted diagnostic tests and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Nicholson AM, Gass J, Petrucelli L, Rademakers R. Progranulin axis and recent developments in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2012; 4:4. [PMID: 22277331 PMCID: PMC3372369 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that is the second most common form of dementia affecting individuals under age 65. The most common pathological subtype, FTLD with transactive response DNA-binding protein with a molecular weight of 43 kDa inclusions (FTLD-TDP), is often caused by autosomal dominant mutations in the progranulin gene (GRN) encoding the progranulin protein (PGRN). GRN pathogenic mutations result in haploinsufficiency, usually by nonsense-mediated decay of the mRNA. Since the discovery of these mutations in 2006, several groups have published data and animal models that provide further insight into the genetic and functional relevance of PGRN in the context of FTLD-TDP. These studies were critical in initiating our understanding of the role of PGRN in neural development, degeneration, synaptic transmission, cell signaling, and behavior. Furthermore, recent publications have now identified the receptors for PGRN, which will hopefully lead to additional therapeutic targets. Additionally, drug screens have been conducted to identify pharmacological regulators of PGRN levels to be used as potential treatments for PGRN haploinsufficiency. Here we review recent literature describing relevant data on GRN genetics, cell culture experiments describing the potential role and regulators of PGRN in the central nervous system, animal models of PGRN deficiency, and potential PGRN-related FTLD therapies that are currently underway. The present review aims to underscore the necessity of further elucidation of PGRN biology in FTLD-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicholson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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