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Zhu Y, Xiong Y, Xu X, Zhang J, Tong H, Yang H, Niu X, Shi X, Tang J, Li J. A reliable and cost-effective protocol for creating bilirubin cerebral palsy model in rhesus macaque. J Med Primatol 2024; 53:e12691. [PMID: 38345330 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy is a severe motor disability in childhood that poses challenges for children, families, and society. Rhesus macaques are the preferred animals for cerebral palsy model, but surgical excision of motor cortex has low success rate and high cost. In this work, we created cerebral palsy rhesus macaque models by intrathecal injection of bilirubin. METHODS The puncture point for injection was identified as the intervertebral disc space two, located below the intersection of the iliac crest line and the posterior median line. RESULTS The models showed abnormal posture and increased muscle tension. Diffuse deposits of bilirubin were found in the basal ganglia from the magnetic resonance imaging. Pathological slides also revealed the presence of brain lesions, such as vacuole formation, contraction of neuronal nuclei, and deep staining of nuclei in the histopathological sections of the hippocampus and basal ganglia. CONCLUSION The model's symptoms closely resemble those observed in humans with spastic cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Yanan Xiong
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Emergency, Tongji Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Haiyang Tong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Niu
- School of Nursing, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaming Shi
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiulai Tang
- Pediatric Neurological Rehabilitation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, China
- International Collaborative Research Center for Huangshan Biodiversity and Tibetan Macaque Behavioral Ecology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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2
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Evaluation of Rhesus Macaque Models for Cerebral Palsy. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091243. [PMID: 36138978 PMCID: PMC9496883 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models play a central role in all areas of biomedical research. The similarities in anatomical structure and physiological characteristics shared by non-human primates (NHPs) and humans make NHPs ideal models with which to study human disorders, such as cerebral palsy (CP). However, the methodologies for systematically evaluating NHP models of CP have rarely been assessed, despite the long history of using NHP models to understand CP. Such models should be evaluated using multidisciplinary approaches prior to being used to research the diagnosis and treatment of CP. In this study, we evaluated rhesus macaque CP models established by partial resection of the motor cortex and intrathecal injection of bilirubin. Abnormal posture, motor dysfunction, gross and fine motor behavior, and muscular tension were evaluated, and changes in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia were observed using 9.4 T magnetic resonance imaging. The results clearly demonstrated the utility of the established evaluation methodology for assessing CP models. This model evaluation methodology may guide researchers through the model building process.
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Petroff RL, Williams C, Li JL, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Richards T, English CN, Baldessari A, Shum S, Jing J, Isoherranen N, Crouthamel B, McKain N, Grant KS, Burbacher TM, Harry GJ. Prolonged, Low-Level Exposure to the Marine Toxin, Domoic Acid, and Measures of Neurotoxicity in Nonhuman Primates. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:97003. [PMID: 36102641 PMCID: PMC9472675 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The excitotoxic molecule, domoic acid (DA), is a marine algal toxin known to induce overt hippocampal neurotoxicity. Recent experimental and epidemiological studies suggest adverse neurological effects at exposure levels near the current regulatory limit (20 ppm, ∼0.075-0.1mg/kg). At these levels, cognitive effects occur in the absence of acute symptoms or evidence of neuronal death. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify adverse effects on the nervous system from prolonged, dietary DA exposure in adult, female Macaca fascicularis monkeys. METHODS Monkeys were orally exposed to 0, 0.075, and 0.15mg/kg per day for an average of 14 months. Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were analyzed in the blood. In-life magnetic resonance (MR) imaging assessed volumetric and tractography differences in and between the hippocampus and thalamus. Histology of neurons and glia in the fornix, fimbria, internal capsule, thalamus, and hippocampus was evaluated. Hippocampal RNA sequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Enrichment of gene networks for neuronal health, excitotoxicity, inflammation/glia, and myelin were assessed with Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS Clinical blood counts, chemistry, and cytokine levels were not altered with DA exposure in nonhuman primates. Transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus yielded 748 differentially expressed genes (fold change≥1.5; p≤0.05), reflecting differences in a broad molecular profile of intermediate early genes (e.g., FOS, EGR) and genes related to myelin networks in DA animals. Between exposed and control animals, MR imaging showed comparable connectivity of the hippocampus and thalamus and histology showed no evidence of hypomyelination. Histological examination of the thalamus showed a larger microglia soma size and an extension of cell processes, but suggestions of a GFAP+astrocyte response showed no indication of astrocyte hypertrophy. DISCUSSION In the absence of overt hippocampal excitotoxicity, chronic exposure of Macaca fascicularis monkeys to environmentally relevant levels of DA suggested a subtle shift in the molecular profile of the hippocampus and the microglia phenotype in the thalamus that was possibly reflective of an adaptive response due to prolonged DA exposure. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10923.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Petroff
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christopher Williams
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Epigenetics & Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - James W. MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Todd Richards
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Shum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nina Isoherranen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brenda Crouthamel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Noelle McKain
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - G. Jean Harry
- Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Islas-Fabila P, Orozco-Gregorio H, Roldan-Santiago P, Waytula M, Gonzalez-Hernandez M, Vega-Manriquez X, Jimenez-Collado CA, Bonilla-Jaime H. Treatments and therapeutic protocols for the recovery of an asphyxiated new-born: A review of pre-clinical and clinical studies in human neonates and in different animal models. VET MED-CZECH 2022; 67:271-297. [PMID: 39100642 PMCID: PMC11296226 DOI: 10.17221/43/2021-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to ascertain the advantages and disadvantages of several treatments and therapeutic protocols that have been used for the prevention and treatment of perinatal asphyxia in human neonates and in different animal models. Perinatal asphyxia is one of the main causes of mortality worldwide and is an important factor in triggering physio-metabolic disorders that result in serious neurological consequences and learning disorders not only in human foetuses and neonates, but also in animals. In recent years, the search for new pharmacological protocols to prevent and reverse physio-metabolic disorders and brain damage derived from perinatal asphyxia has been and continues to be the subject of intense research. Currently, within these pharmacological protocols, therapeutic strategies have been evaluated that use respiratory and hormonal stimulants, as well as hypothermic therapies in combination with other putative neuroprotective agents. Similarly, energy supplements have been evaluated with the objective of preventing perinatal asphyxia and treating new-borns with this condition, and to decrease the incidence of neonatal and foetal deaths associated with it. However, despite these promising advances, this pathology has persisted, since the administration of these therapies in low doses may not exert a neuroprotective effect or, in high doses, can trigger adverse effects (such as reduced cardiac contractility, reduced cerebral blood flow, poor perfusion, sympathetic and neuroendocrine stimulation, and increased blood viscosity) in human foetuses and neonates as well as in different animal models (rats, piglets, sheep and rabbits). Therefore, it is important to determine the minimum effective dose with which these therapies exert a neuroprotective effect, as well as the mode of administration, the duration of therapy, etc. Therefore, until a powerful strategy is found to improve the consequences of suffocation, this topic will continue to be the subject of intensive research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Islas-Fabila
- Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences and Health, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México
| | | | - Patricia Roldan-Santiago
- Reproduction Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Marilyn Waytula
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Universidad del Valle de México, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Xochil Vega-Manriquez
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, México
| | | | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, México City, México
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5
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Mota-Rojas D, Villanueva-García D, Solimano A, Muns R, Ibarra-Ríos D, Mota-Reyes A. Pathophysiology of Perinatal Asphyxia in Humans and Animal Models. Biomedicines 2022; 10:347. [PMID: 35203556 PMCID: PMC8961792 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Perinatal asphyxia is caused by lack of oxygen delivery (hypoxia) to end organs due to an hypoxemic or ischemic insult occurring in temporal proximity to labor (peripartum) or delivery (intrapartum). Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the clinical manifestation of hypoxic injury to the brain and is usually graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The search for useful biomarkers to precisely predict the severity of lesions in perinatal asphyxia and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a field of increasing interest. As pathophysiology is not fully comprehended, the gold standard for treatment remains an active area of research. Hypothermia has proven to be an effective neuroprotective strategy and has been implemented in clinical routine. Current studies are exploring various add-on therapies, including erythropoietin, xenon, topiramate, melatonin, and stem cells. This review aims to perform an updated integration of the pathophysiological processes after perinatal asphyxia in humans and animal models to allow us to answer some questions and provide an interim update on progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Dina Villanueva-García
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Alfonso Solimano
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3V4, Canada;
| | - Ramon Muns
- Livestock Production Sciences Unit, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough BT26 6DR, UK;
| | - Daniel Ibarra-Ríos
- Division of Neonatology, National Institute of Health Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City 06720, Mexico;
| | - Andrea Mota-Reyes
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, TecSalud, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), Monterrey 64849, Mexico;
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6
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Wood TR, Vu PT, Comstock BA, Law JB, Mayock DE, Heagerty PJ, Burbacher T, Bammler TK, Juul SE. Cytokine and chemokine responses to injury and treatment in a nonhuman primate model of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia and erythropoietin. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2054-2066. [PMID: 33554708 PMCID: PMC8327104 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x21991439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Predicting long-term outcome in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) remains an ongoing clinical challenge. We investigated plasma biomarkers and their association with 6-month outcomes in a nonhuman primate model of HIE with or without therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and erythropoietin (Epo). Twenty-nine Macaca nemestrina were randomized to control cesarean section (n = 7) or 20 min of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO, n = 22) with either no treatment (n = 11) or TH/Epo (n = 11). Initial injury severity was scored using 30-min arterial pH, base deficit, and 10-min Apgar score. Twenty-four plasma cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors were measured 3, 6, 24, 72, and 96 h after UCO. Interleukin 17 (IL-17) and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) differentiated the normal/mild from moderate/severe injury groups. Treatment with TH/Epo was associated with increased monocyte chemotactic protein-4 (MCP-4) at 3 h-6h, and significantly lower MCP-4 and MDC at 24 h-72h, respectively. IL-12p40 was lower at 24 h-72h in animals with death/cerebral palsy (CP) compared to survivors without CP. Baseline injury severity was the single best predictor of death/CP, and predictions did not improve with the addition of biomarker data. Circulating chemokines associated with the peripheral monocyte cell lineage are associated with severity of injury and response to therapy, but do not improve ability to predict outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Wood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Phuong T Vu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bryan A Comstock
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Janessa B Law
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dennis E Mayock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Wisnowski JL, Bluml S, Panigrahy A, Mathur AM, Berman J, Chen PSK, Dix J, Flynn T, Fricke S, Friedman SD, Head HW, Ho CY, Kline-Fath B, Oveson M, Patterson R, Pruthi S, Rollins N, Ramos YM, Rampton J, Rusin J, Shaw DW, Smith M, Tkach J, Vasanawala S, Vossough A, Whitehead MT, Xu D, Yeom K, Comstock B, Heagerty PJ, Juul SE, Wu YW, McKinstry RC. Integrating neuroimaging biomarkers into the multicentre, high-dose erythropoietin for asphyxia and encephalopathy (HEAL) trial: rationale, protocol and harmonisation. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043852. [PMID: 33888528 PMCID: PMC8070884 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MRI and MR spectroscopy (MRS) provide early biomarkers of brain injury and treatment response in neonates with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy). Still, there are challenges to incorporating neuroimaging biomarkers into multisite randomised controlled trials. In this paper, we provide the rationale for incorporating MRI and MRS biomarkers into the multisite, phase III high-dose erythropoietin for asphyxia and encephalopathy (HEAL) Trial, the MRI/S protocol and describe the strategies used for harmonisation across multiple MRI platforms. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Neonates with moderate or severe encephalopathy enrolled in the multisite HEAL trial undergo MRI and MRS between 96 and 144 hours of age using standardised neuroimaging protocols. MRI and MRS data are processed centrally and used to determine a brain injury score and quantitative measures of lactate and n-acetylaspartate. Harmonisation is achieved through standardisation-thereby reducing intrasite and intersite variance, real-time quality assurance monitoring and phantom scans. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION IRB approval was obtained at each participating site and written consent obtained from parents prior to participation in HEAL. Additional oversight is provided by an National Institutes of Health-appointed data safety monitoring board and medical monitor. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02811263; Pre-result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Wisnowski
- Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles Division of Neonatology, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stefan Bluml
- Radiology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- Radiology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amit M Mathur
- Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey Berman
- Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - James Dix
- Radiology, Methodist Children's Hospital, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Trevor Flynn
- Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Stanley Fricke
- Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
- Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Seth D Friedman
- Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hayden W Head
- Radiology, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Chang Y Ho
- Radiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Beth Kline-Fath
- Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Oveson
- Radiology, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Richard Patterson
- Radiology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sumit Pruthi
- Radiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Nancy Rollins
- Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yanerys M Ramos
- Radiology, Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - John Rampton
- Radiology, Primary Children's Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jerome Rusin
- Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dennis W Shaw
- Radiology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Radiology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jean Tkach
- Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Arastoo Vossough
- Radiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew T Whitehead
- Radiology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Duan Xu
- Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kristen Yeom
- Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bryan Comstock
- Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Patrick J Heagerty
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sandra E Juul
- Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yvonne W Wu
- Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Robert C McKinstry
- Radiology, St. Louis Children's Hospital and Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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8
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Abbasi H, Unsworth CP. Electroencephalogram studies of hypoxic ischemia in fetal and neonatal animal models. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:828-837. [PMID: 31719243 PMCID: PMC6990791 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alongside clinical achievements, experiments conducted on animal models (including primate or non-primate) have been effective in the understanding of various pathophysiological aspects of perinatal hypoxic/ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Due to the reasonably fair degree of flexibility with experiments, most of the research around HIE in the literature has been largely concerned with the neurodevelopmental outcome or how the frequency and duration of HI seizures could relate to the severity of perinatal brain injury, following HI insult. This survey concentrates on how EEG experimental studies using asphyxiated animal models (in rodents, piglets, sheep and non-human primate monkeys) provide a unique opportunity to examine from the exact time of HI event to help gain insights into HIE where human studies become difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Abbasi
- Department of Engineering Science, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles P Unsworth
- Department of Engineering Science, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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9
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Fayomi AP, Peters K, Sukhwani M, Valli-Pulaski H, Shetty G, Meistrich ML, Houser L, Robertson N, Roberts V, Ramsey C, Hanna C, Hennebold JD, Dobrinski I, Orwig KE. Autologous grafting of cryopreserved prepubertal rhesus testis produces sperm and offspring. Science 2019; 363:1314-1319. [PMID: 30898927 PMCID: PMC6598202 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Testicular tissue cryopreservation is an experimental method to preserve the fertility of prepubertal patients before they initiate gonadotoxic therapies for cancer or other conditions. Here we provide the proof of principle that cryopreserved prepubertal testicular tissues can be autologously grafted under the back skin or scrotal skin of castrated pubertal rhesus macaques and matured to produce functional sperm. During the 8- to 12-month observation period, grafts grew and produced testosterone. Complete spermatogenesis was confirmed in all grafts at the time of recovery. Graft-derived sperm were competent to fertilize rhesus oocytes, leading to preimplantation embryo development, pregnancy, and the birth of a healthy female baby. Pending the demonstration that similar results are obtained in noncastrated recipients, testicular tissue grafting may be applied in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adetunji P Fayomi
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Karen Peters
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Meena Sukhwani
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hanna Valli-Pulaski
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gunapala Shetty
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Marvin L Meistrich
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lisa Houser
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Nicola Robertson
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Victoria Roberts
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Cathy Ramsey
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Carol Hanna
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Jon D Hennebold
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Core, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Ina Dobrinski
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kyle E Orwig
- Molecular Genetics and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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10
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Martz P, Georgiev P, Wehrend A. Prolonged second stage labour and consequences of hypoxia in the neonate: A review. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.15547/10.15547/bjvm.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia due to dystocia and its repercussions are serious issues concerning the health of neonates. In order to gain a better understanding of the cause and especially the effects and potential long-term disorders, a critical analysis of peer-reviewed literature was made. As shown by many authors, initially the most devastating peripartal cause of ill health in neonates is associated with the serious effects of prolonged and severe acidosis. Other life threatening complications are related to disorders such as meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS), neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy and necrotising enterocolitis. Despite the astonishing ability of neonates to compensate mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis with breathing onset directly postpartum, the longer second stage labour takes and the more extreme the acidosis is, the more detrimental its consequences. Lungs are especially vulnerable in this phase of life, aspired meconium can result in increased expression of pro-inflammatory chemotactic cytokines, phospholipase A2 and PGE2 levels , exacerbating inflammatory reactions of lung tissue and exerting a deleterious effect on alveolar cells. Neonates experiencing dystocia could greatly benefit from administration of buffering substances and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Jisa KA, Clarey DD, Peeples ES. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of Term and Preterm Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy: A Review of Relevant Animal Models and Correlation to Human Imaging. Open Neuroimag J 2018; 12:55-65. [PMID: 30450146 PMCID: PMC6198416 DOI: 10.2174/1874440001812010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is brain injury caused by decreased perfusion and oxygen delivery that most commonly occurs in the context of delivery complications such as umbilical cord compression or placental abruption. Imaging is a key component for guiding treatment and prediction of prognosis, and the most sensitive clinical imaging modality for the brain injury patterns seen in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is magnetic resonance imaging. Objective: The goal of this review is to compare magnetic resonance imaging findings demonstrated in the available animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy to those found in preterm (≤ 36 weeks) and term (>36 weeks) human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, with special attention to the strengths and weaknesses of each model. Methods: A structured literature search was performed independently by two authors and the results of the searches were compiled. Animal model, human brain age equivalency, mechanism of injury, and area of brain injury were recorded for comparison to imaging findings in preterm and term human neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Conclusion: Numerous animal models have been developed to better elicit the expected findings that occur after HIE by allowing investigators to control many of the clinical variables that result in injury. Although modeling the same disease process, magnetic resonance imaging findings in the animal models vary with the species and methods used to induce hypoxia and ischemia. The further development of animal models of HIE should include a focus on comparing imaging findings, and not just pathologic findings, to human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A Jisa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Dillon D Clarey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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Peeples ES, Ezeokeke CK, Juul SE, Mourad PD. Evaluating a Targeted Bedside Measure of Cerebral Perfusion in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2018; 37:913-920. [PMID: 28960438 PMCID: PMC5867225 DOI: 10.1002/jum.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare ultrasound-derived resistive indices (RIs) obtained at the level of the thalamus via fast Doppler ultrasound with traditional anterior cerebral artery measures in a model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and to correlate each with clinical outcomes. METHODS Nine nonhuman primate neonates underwent no umbilical cord occlusion (n = 3), umbilical cord occlusion without hypothermia (n = 3), or umbilical cord occlusion with hypothermia (n = 3). The RI was measured in the anterior cerebral artery and thalamus on days 0, 1, and 4 of life. Magnetic resonance imaging with spectroscopy was performed on day 4. RESULTS Mean thalamus and anterior cerebral artery RI values in the first 36 hours of life were statistically different in neonates who died (+0.13; P = .019) or developed cerebral palsy (-0.08; P = .003). Thalamic RI values showed stronger associations with serum and spectroscopic lactate values than those in the anterior cerebral artery. The umbilical cord occlusion-with-hypothermia group showed a significant increase in the RI in the thalamus but not the anterior cerebral artery. CONCLUSIONS Resistive index measurements in the thalamus may eventually supplement other bedside measures for predicting outcomes in the HIE population, but further studies need to differentiate the effect of hypothermia from illness severity on thalamic perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
- Correspondence: Eric Peeples, M.D., Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, 8200 Dodge Street, Omaha, NE 68114-4113, P: (402) 955-6140, F: (402) 955-3398,
| | | | - Sandra E. Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
| | - Pierre D. Mourad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
- Division of Engineering and Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A
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CAHILL AG, MATHUR AM, SMYSER CD, MCKINSTRY RC, ROEHL KA, LÓPEZ JD, INDER TE, MACONES GA. Neurologic Injury in Acidemic Term Infants. Am J Perinatol 2017; 34:668-675. [PMID: 27926973 PMCID: PMC6283275 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1597135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine whether arterial umbilical cord gas (aUCG) pH, in anatomically normal-term infants, could select infants at risk for brain injury identified on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Study Design We performed a nested case-control within a prospective cohort of 8,580 women. Cases, with an aUCG pH < 7.10, were temporally, age, and sex matched to controls with an aUCG pH ≥ 7.20. Bi- and multivariable analyses compared the presence and severity of brain injury. Secondary analyses estimated whether elevated arterial base excess or lactate were associated with brain injury. Results Fifty-five cases were matched to 165 controls. There was no statistical difference in brain injury between the groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.7-4.4]). Base excess ≥ -8 mEq/L was not significantly associated with brain injury (p = 0.12). There was no increase in risk of injury based on elevation of arterial lactate ≥ 4 mmol ⁄L (p = 1.00). Cases were significantly more likely to have an abnormal score in several domains of the Dubowitz neurologic examination. Conclusion The aUCG acid-base parameters alone are not sufficient clinical markers to identify term infants that might benefit from MRI of the brain to identify injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G. CAHILL
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Amit M. MATHUR
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8116, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Christopher D. SMYSER
- Department of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Robert C. MCKINSTRY
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kimberly A. ROEHL
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Julia D. LÓPEZ
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Terrie E. INDER
- Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - George A. MACONES
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University School of Medicine, 4566 Scott Avenue, Campus Box 8064, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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McAdams RM, Fleiss B, Traudt C, Schwendimann L, Snyder JM, Haynes RL, Natarajan N, Gressens P, Juul SE. Long-Term Neuropathological Changes Associated with Cerebral Palsy in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:124-140. [PMID: 28486224 DOI: 10.1159/000470903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in childhood, with a worldwide prevalence of 1.5-4/1,000 live births. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) contributes to the burden of CP, but the long-term neuropathological findings of this association remain limited. METHODOLOGY Thirty-four term Macaca nemestrina macaques were included in this long-term neuropathological study: 9 control animals delivered by cesarean section and 25 animals with perinatal asphyxia delivered by cesarean section after 15-18 min of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO). UCO animals were randomized to saline (n = 11), therapeutic hypothermia (TH; n = 6), or TH + erythropoietin (Epo; n = 8). Epo was given on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Animals had serial developmental assessments and underwent magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion tensor imaging at 9 months of age followed by necropsy. Histology and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of brain and brainstem sections were performed. RESULTS All UCO animals demonstrated and met the standard diagnostic criteria for human neonates with moderate-to-severe HIE. Four animals developed moderate-to-severe CP (3 UCO and 1 UCO + TH), 9 had mild CP (2 UCO, 3 UCO + TH, 3 UCO + TH + Epo, and 1 control), and 2 UCO animals died. None of the animals treated with TH + Epo died, had moderate-to-severe CP, or demonstrated signs of long-term neuropathological toxicity. Compared to animals grouped together as having no CP (no-CP; controls and mild CP only), animals with CP (moderate and severe) demonstrated decreased fractional anisotropy of multiple white-matter tracts including the corpus callosum and internal capsule, when using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS). Animals with CP had decreased staining for cortical neurons and increased brainstem glial scarring compared to animals without CP. The cerebellar cell density of the internal granular layer and white matter was decreased in CP animals compared to that in control animals without CP. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this nonhuman primate HIE model, animals treated with TH + Epo had less brain pathology noted on TBSS and IHC staining, which supports the long-term safety of TH + Epo in the setting of HIE. Animals that developed CP showed white-matter changes noted on TBSS, subtle histopathological changes in both the white and gray matter, and brainstem injury that correlated with CP severity. This HIE model may lend itself to further study of the relationship between brainstem injury and CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McAdams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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McAdams RM, McPherson RJ, Kapur RP, Juul SE. Focal Brain Injury Associated with a Model of Severe Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy in Nonhuman Primates. Dev Neurosci 2017; 39:107-123. [PMID: 28343228 DOI: 10.1159/000456658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. To better understand the mechanisms contributing to brain injury and improve outcomes in neonates with HIE, better preclinical animal models that mimic the clinical situation following birth asphyxia in term newborns are needed. In an effort to achieve this goal, we modified our nonhuman primate model of HIE induced by in utero umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) to include postnatal hypoxic episodes, in order to simulate apneic events in human neonates with HIE. We describe a cohort of 4 near-term fetal Macaca nemestrina that underwent 18 min of in utero UCO, followed by cesarean section delivery, resuscitation, and subsequent postnatal mechanical ventilation, with exposure to intermittent daily hypoxia (3 min, 8% O2 3-8 times daily for 3 days). After delivery, all animals demonstrated severe metabolic acidosis (pH 7 ± 0.12; mean ± SD) and low APGAR scores (<5 at 10 min of age). Three of 4 animals had both electrographic and clinical seizures. Serial blood samples were collected and plasma metabolites were determined by 2-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS). The 4 UCO animals and a single nonasphyxiated animal (delivered by cesarean section but without exposure to UCO or prolonged sedation) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on day 8 of life. Thalamic injury was present on MRI in 3 UCO animals, but not in the control animal. Following necropsy on day 8, brain histopathology revealed neuronal injury/loss and gliosis in portions of the ventrolateral thalamus in all 4 UCO, with 2 animals also demonstrating putamen/globus pallidus involvement. In addition, all 4 UCO animals demonstrated brain stem gliosis, with neuronal loss present in the midbrain, pons, and lateral medulla in 3 of 4 animals. Transmission electron microscopy imaging of the brain tissues was performed, which demonstrated ultrastructural white matter abnormalities, characterized by perinuclear vacuolation and axonal dilation, in 3 of 4 animals. Immunolabeling of Nogo-A, a negative regulator of neuronal growth, was not increased in the injured brains compared to 2 control animals. Using GC × GC-TOFMS, we identified metabolites previously recognized as potential biomarkers of perinatal asphyxia. The basal ganglia-thalamus-brain stem injury produced by UCO is consistent with the deep nuclear/brainstem injury pattern seen in human neonates after severe, abrupt hypoxic-ischemic insults. The UCO model permits timely detection of biomarkers associated with specific patterns of neonatal brain injury, and it may ultimately be useful for validating therapeutic strategies to treat neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M McAdams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Girard T, Palanisamy A. The obstetric difficult airway: if we can't predict it, can we prevent it? Anaesthesia 2016; 72:143-147. [DOI: 10.1111/anae.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Girard
- Department of Anaesthesia; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - A. Palanisamy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Lingam I, Avdic-Belltheus A, Robertson NJ. Using animal models to improve care of neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2016; 101:271-6. [PMID: 27147551 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2015-309927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ingran Lingam
- Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK
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18
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Vázquez-Borsetti P, Peña E, Rico C, Noto M, Miller N, Cohon D, Acosta JM, Ibarra M, Loidl FC. Perinatal Asphyxia Reduces the Number of Reelin Neurons in the Prelimbic Cortex and Deteriorates Social Interaction in Rats. Dev Neurosci 2016; 38:241-250. [DOI: 10.1159/000448244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstetrical complications of perinatal asphyxia (PA) can often induce lesions that, in the long-term, manifest as schizophrenia. A deterioration of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and a reduction in the number of GABAergic neurons are commonly observed in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this study, we investigated the link between PA, reelin and calbindin diminution and psychiatric diseases that involve social interaction deficits. This was achieved by observing the effect of 19 min of asphyxia on both subpopulations of GABAergic neurons. PA was produced by water immersion of fetus-containing uterus horns removed by cesarean section from ready-to-deliver rats. PA generated a significant and specific decrease in the number of reelin-secreting neurons in mPFC layer VI [F(2, 6) = 8.716, p = 0.016; PA vs. vaginal controls (VC), p = 0.03, and PA vs. cesarean controls (CC), p = 0.022]. This reduction reached approximately 60% on average. Changes in the percentage of reelin neurons including all the cortex layers did not achieve a significant outcome but a trend: CC % 10.61 ± 1.34; PA % 8.64 ± 1.71 [F(2, 6) = 1.299, p = 0.33]. In the case of calbindin, there was a significant decrease in cell density in the PA group [2-way repeated-measures ANOVA, F(1, 4) = 13.03, p = 0.0226]. The multiple-comparisons test showed significant differences in the superficial aspect of layer II (Sidak test for multiple comparisons CC vs. PA at 200 µm: p = 0.003). A small, but significant difference could be seen when the distance from the pia mater to the start of layer VI was analyzed (CC mean ± SEM = 768.9 ± 8.382; PA mean ± SEM = 669.3 ± 17.75; p = 0.036). Rats exposed to PA showed deterioration in social interactions, which manifested as a decrease in play soliciting. In this model, which involved severe/moderate asphyxia, we did not find significant changes in locomotive activity or anxiety indicators in the open field task. The loss of reelin neurons could be conducive to the shrinkage of the prelimbic cortex through the reduction in neuropil and the deterioration of the function of this structure.
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Solevåg AL, Cheung PY, Lie H, O’Reilly M, Aziz K, Nakstad B, Schmölzer GM. Chest compressions in newborn animal models: A review. Resuscitation 2015; 96:151-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Empie K, Rangarajan V, Juul SE. Is the ferret a suitable species for studying perinatal brain injury? Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 45:2-10. [PMID: 26102988 PMCID: PMC4793918 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferret brain architecture, composition, and development are similar to humans. Postnatal ferret brain development is comparable to that of premature infants. Ferrets have potential to model preterm and term neonatal brain injury. Ferrets may fulfill the need for an intermediate model species of neurodevelopment. Many opportunities exist to expand the use of ferrets as research subjects.
Complications of prematurity often disrupt normal brain development and/or cause direct damage to the developing brain, resulting in poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. Physiologically relevant animal models of perinatal brain injury can advance our understanding of these influences and thereby provide opportunities to develop therapies and improve long-term outcomes. While there are advantages to currently available small animal models, there are also significant drawbacks that have limited translation of research findings to humans. Large animal models such as newborn pig, sheep and nonhuman primates have complex brain development more similar to humans, but these animals are expensive, and developmental testing of sheep and piglets is limited. Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) are born lissencephalic and undergo postnatal cortical folding to form complex gyrencephalic brains. This review examines whether ferrets might provide a novel intermediate animal model of neonatal brain disease that has the benefit of a gyrified, altricial brain in a small animal. It summarizes attributes of ferret brain growth and development that make it an appealing animal in which to model perinatal brain injury. We postulate that because of their innate characteristics, ferrets have great potential in neonatal neurodevelopmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Empie
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Sandra E Juul
- Department of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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Chun PT, McPherson RJ, Marney LC, Zangeneh SZ, Parsons BA, Shojaie A, Synovec RE, Juul SE. Serial plasma metabolites following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in a nonhuman primate model. Dev Neurosci 2015; 37:161-71. [PMID: 25765047 DOI: 10.1159/000370147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers that indicate the severity of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and response to treatment and that predict neurodevelopmental outcomes are urgently needed to improve the care of affected neonates. We hypothesize that sequentially obtained plasma metabolomes will provide indicators of brain injury and repair, allowing for the prediction of neurodevelopmental outcomes. A total of 33 Macaca nemestrina underwent 0, 15 or 18 min of in utero umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) to induce hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and were then delivered by hysterotomy, resuscitated and stabilized. Serial blood samples were obtained at baseline (cord blood) and at 0.1, 24, 48, and 72 h of age. Treatment groups included nonasphyxiated controls (n = 7), untreated UCO (n = 11), UCO + hypothermia (HT; n = 6), and UCO + HT + erythropoietin (n = 9). Metabolites were extracted and analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and quantified by PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis). Using nontargeted discovery-based methods, we identified 63 metabolites as potential biomarkers. The changes in metabolite concentrations were characterized and compared between treatment groups. Further comparison determined that 8 metabolites (arachidonic acid, butanoic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, lactate, malate, propanoic acid, and succinic acid) correlated with early and/or long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. The combined outcomes of death or cerebral palsy correlated with citric acid, fumaric acid, lactate, and propanoic acid. This change in circulating metabolome after UCO may reflect cellular metabolism and biochemical changes in response to the severity of brain injury and have potential to predict neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Yang D, Kuan CY. Anti-tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as an effective therapy of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia with and without inflammation. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 21:367-73. [PMID: 25475942 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is an important cause of neurodevelopmental deficits in neonates. Intrauterine infection and the ensuing fetal inflammatory responses augment hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and attenuate the efficacy of therapeutic hypothermia. Here, we review evidences from preclinical studies suggesting that the induction of brain parenchymal tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) plays an important pathogenic role in these conditions. Moreover, administration of a stable-mutant form of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 called CPAI confers potent protection against hypoxic-ischemic injury with and without inflammation via different mechanisms. Besides intracerebroventricular injection, CPAI can also be administered into the brain using a noninvasive intranasal delivery strategy, adding to its applicability in clinical use. In sum, the therapeutic potential of CPAI in neonatal care merits further investigation with large-animal models of hypoxia-ischemia and cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianer Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (CND), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Aridas JDS, Yawno T, Sutherland AE, Nitsos I, Ditchfield M, Wong FY, Fahey MC, Malhotra A, Wallace EM, Jenkin G, Miller SL. Detecting brain injury in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: closing the gap between experimental and clinical research. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:281-90. [PMID: 25079368 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Moderate to severe neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy remains an important cause of infant death and childhood disability. Early and accurate diagnosis of encephalopathy is difficult but critical for timely intervention. Thus, we have utilized a clinically relevant large animal model of asphyxia in-utero, followed by immediate lamb delivery, resuscitation and clinical care over the next 72h for assessment of potential biomarkers of brain injury. In-utero asphyxia was induced in twelve near-term lambs and outcomes compared with seven controls. Asphyxia resulted in bradycardia (97±12beats/min), hypotension (12.1±1mm Hg) and metabolic acidosis (pH6.9±0.02; base-excess -13.8±0.8mmol/l). 72h following asphyxia, cerebrospinal concentrations of malondialdehyde and S100B were elevated 2-fold and 5-fold, respectively, in asphyxic lambs compared to control lambs. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) at 72h showed a significant decrease in n-acetyl aspartate: choline ratio in asphyxia lambs compared to that observed at 12h (0.56±0.23 vs. 0.82±0.15, respectively); lactate:choline ratio was not changed over this time. Marked neuropathology was observed in asphyxia lambs with neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus, thalamus, striatum and cortex. Astrogliosis was observed in the hippocampus and thalamus. Early blood markers of metabolic state showed limited predictive value of histological damage at 72h. MRS outcomes at 72h showed a modest but significant correlation with histological evidence of neuronal brain injury (lactate:N-acetyl aspartate ratio in the thalamus r(2)=0.2, p<0.01). MRS at 72h was best able to detect established brain injury, but a combination of biomarkers over multiple phases of injury may be able to assess the evolution of neonatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D S Aridas
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tamara Yawno
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy E Sutherland
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilias Nitsos
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Flora Y Wong
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Atul Malhotra
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Monash Children's, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Euan M Wallace
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Graham Jenkin
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Suzanne L Miller
- The Ritchie Centre, MIMR-PHI Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Drobyshevsky A, Jiang R, Lin L, Derrick M, Luo K, Back SA, Tan S. Unmyelinated axon loss with postnatal hypertonia after fetal hypoxia. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:533-41. [PMID: 24633673 PMCID: PMC5975649 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter (WM) injury due to myelination defects is believed to be responsible for the motor deficits seen in cerebral palsy. We tested the hypothesis that the predominant injury is to functional electrical connectivity in unmyelinated WM fibers by conducting a longitudinal study of central WM tracts in newborn rabbit kits with hypertonia in our model of cerebral palsy. METHODS Pregnant rabbits at 70% gestation underwent 40-minute uterine ischemia. Motor deficits in newborn kits, including muscle hypertonia, were assessed by neurobehavioral testing. Major central WM tracts, including internal capsule, corpus callosum, anterior commissure, and fimbria hippocampi, were investigated for structural and functional injury using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electrophysiological recordings of fiber conductivity in perfused brain slices, electron microscopy, and immunohistochemistry of oligodendrocyte lineage. RESULTS Motor deficits were observed on postnatal day 1 (P1) when WM tracts were unmyelinated. Myelination occurred later and was obvious by P18. Hypertonia was associated with microstructural WM injury and unmyelinated axon loss at P1, diagnosed by diffusion tensor MRI and electron microscopy. Axonal conductivity from electrophysiological recordings in hypertonic P18 kits decreased only in unmyelinated fibers, despite a loss in both myelinated and unmyelinated axons. INTERPRETATION Motor deficits in cerebral palsy were associated with loss of unmyelinated WM tracts. The contribution of injury to myelinated fibers that was observed at P18 is probably a secondary etiological factor in the motor and sensory deficits in the rabbit model of cerebral palsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Drobyshevsky
- Department of Pediatrics, NorthShore University HealthSystem Research Institute, Evanston, IL
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Traudt CM, McPherson RJ, Bauer LA, Richards TL, Burbacher TM, McAdams RM, Juul SE. Concurrent erythropoietin and hypothermia treatment improve outcomes in a term nonhuman primate model of perinatal asphyxia. Dev Neurosci 2013; 35:491-503. [PMID: 24192275 DOI: 10.1159/000355460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 65% of untreated infants suffering from moderate to severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are at risk of death or major disability. Therapeutic hypothermia (HT) reduces this risk to approximately 50% (number needed to treat: 7-9). Erythropoietin (Epo) is a neuroprotective treatment that is promising as an adjunctive therapy to decrease HIE-induced injury because Epo decreases apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative injury and promotes glial cell survival and angiogenesis. We hypothesized that HT and concurrent Epo will be safe and effective, improve survival, and reduce moderate-severe cerebral palsy (CP) in a term nonhuman primate model of perinatal asphyxia. METHODOLOGY Thirty-five Macaca nemestrina were delivered after 15-18 min of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) and randomized to saline (n = 14), HT only (n = 9), or HT+Epo (n = 12). There were 12 unasphyxiated controls. Epo (3,500 U/kg × 1 dose followed by 3 doses of 2,500 U/kg, or Epo 1,000 U/kg/day × 4 doses) was given on days 1, 2, 3, and 7. Timed blood samples were collected to measure plasma Epo concentrations. Animals underwent MRI/MRS and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at <72 h of age and again at 9 months. A battery of weekly developmental assessments was performed. RESULTS UCO resulted in death or moderate-severe CP in 43% of saline-, 44% of HT-, and 0% of HT+Epo-treated animals. Compared to non-UCO control animals, UCO animals exhibit poor weight gain, behavioral impairment, poor cerebellar growth, and abnormal brain DTI. Compared to UCO saline, UCO HT+Epo improved motor and cognitive responses, cerebellar growth, and DTI measures and produced a death/disability relative risk reduction of 0.911 (95% CI -0.429 to 0.994), an absolute risk reduction of 0.395 (95% CI 0.072-0.635), and a number needed to treat of 2 (95% CI 2-14). The effects of HT+Epo on DTI included an improved mode of anisotropy, fractional anisotropy, relative anisotropy, and volume ratio as compared to UCO saline-treated infants. No adverse drug reactions were noted in animals receiving Epo, and there were no hematology, liver, or kidney laboratory effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE HT+Epo treatment improved outcomes in nonhuman primates exposed to UCO. Adjunctive use of Epo combined with HT may improve the outcomes of term human infants with HIE, and clinical trials are warranted.
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Burbacher TM, Grant KS, Worlein J, Ha J, Curnow E, Juul S, Sackett GP. Four decades of leading-edge research in the reproductive and developmental sciences: the Infant Primate Research Laboratory at the University of Washington National Primate Research Center. Am J Primatol 2013; 75:1063-83. [PMID: 23873400 PMCID: PMC5452618 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Infant Primate Research Laboratory (IPRL) was established in 1970 at the University of Washington as a visionary project of Dr. Gene (Jim) P. Sackett. Supported by a collaboration between the Washington National Primate Research Center and the Center on Human Development and Disability, the IPRL operates under the principle that learning more about the causes of abnormal development in macaque monkeys will provide important insights into the origins and treatment of childhood neurodevelopmental disabilities. Over the past 40 years, a broad range of research projects have been conducted at the IPRL. Some have described the expression of normative behaviors in nursery-reared macaques while others have focused on important biomedical themes in child health and development. This article details the unique scientific history of the IPRL and the contributions produced by research conducted in the laboratory. Past and present investigations have explored the topics of early rearing effects, low-birth-weight, prematurity, birth injury, epilepsy, prenatal neurotoxicant exposure, viral infection (pediatric HIV), diarrheal disease, vaccine safety, and assisted reproductive technologies. Data from these studies have helped advance our understanding of both risk and resiliency in primate development. New directions of research at the IPRL include the production of transgenic primate models using our embryonic stem cell-based technology to better understand and treat heritable forms of human intellectual disabilities such as fragile X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Burbacher
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Kimberly S. Grant
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Julie Worlein
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - James Ha
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Eliza Curnow
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
| | - Sandra Juul
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
| | - Gene P. Sackett
- Center on Human Development and Disability, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195 USA
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neonatology and perinatology. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25:275-81. [PMID: 23481475 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0b013e32835f58ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ramanantsoa N, Fleiss B, Bouslama M, Matrot B, Schwendimann L, Cohen-Salmon C, Gressens P, Gallego J. Bench to cribside: the path for developing a neuroprotectant. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 4:258-77. [PMID: 24323277 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0233-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The consequences of perinatal brain injury include immeasurable anguish for families and substantial ongoing costs for care and support of effected children. Factors associated with perinatal brain injury in the preterm infant include inflammation and infection, and with increasing gestational age, a higher proportion is related to hypoxic-ischemic events, such as stroke and placental abruption. Over the past decade, we have acquired new insights in the mechanisms underpinning injury and many new tools to monitor outcome in perinatal brain injury in our experimental models. By embracing these new technologies, we can expedite the screening of novel therapies. This is critical as despite enormous efforts of the research community, hypothermia is the only viable neurotherapeutic, and this procedure is limited to term birth and postcardiac arrest hypoxic-ischemic events. Importantly, experimental and preliminary data in humans also indicate a considerable therapeutic potential for melatonin against perinatal brain injury. However, even if this suggested potential is proven, the complexity of the human condition means we are likely to need additional neuroprotective and regenerative strategies. Thus, within this review, we will outline what we consider the key stages of preclinical testing and development for a neuroprotectant or regenerative neurotherapy for perinatal brain injury. We will also highlight examples of novel small animal physiological and behavioral testing that gives small animal preclinical models greater clinical relevance. We hope these new tools and an integrated bench to cribside strategic plan will facilitate the fulfillment of our overarching goal, improving the long-term brain health and quality of life for infants suffering perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelina Ramanantsoa
- Inserm U676, Hopital Robert Debre, 48 Blvd Serurier, 75019, Paris, France
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Rescuing the neonatal brain from hypoxic injury with autologous cord blood. Bone Marrow Transplant 2012; 48:890-900. [PMID: 22964590 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2012.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury resulting from perinatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a major cause of acute mortality in infants and chronic neurologic disability in surviving children. Recent multicenter clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of hypothermia initiated within the first 6 postnatal hours to reduce the risk of death or major neurological disabilities among neonates with HIE. However, in these trials, approximately 40% of cooled infants died or survived with significant impairments. Therefore, adjunct therapies are required to improve the outcome in neonates with HIE. Cord blood (CB) is a rich source of stem cells. Administration of human CB cells in animal models of HIE has generally resulted in improved outcomes and multiple mechanisms have been suggested including anti-inflammation, release of neurotrophic factors and stimulation of endogenous neurogenesis. Investigators at Duke are conducting studies of autologous CB infusion in neonates with HIE and in children with cerebral palsy. These pilot studies indicate no added risk from the regimens used, but results of ongoing placebo-controlled trials are needed to assess efficacy. Meanwhile, further investigations are warranted to determine the best strategies, that is, timing, dosing, route of delivery, choice of stem cells and ex vivo modulations, to attain long-term benefits of CB stem cell therapy.
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Beckstrom AC, Tanya P, Humston EM, Snyder LR, Synovec RE, Juul SE. The perinatal transition of the circulating metabolome in a nonhuman primate. Pediatr Res 2012; 71:338-44. [PMID: 22391633 PMCID: PMC4813511 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2011.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The fetal-to-neonatal transition is one of the most complex processes in biological existence; much is unknown about this transition on the molecular and biochemical level. Based on growing metabolomics literature, we hypothesize that metabolomic analysis will reveal the key biochemical intermediates that change during the birth transition. RESULTS Using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS), we identified 100 metabolites that changed during this transition. Of these 100 metabolites, 23 demonstrated significant change during the first 72 h. Of note, four intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were identified (α-ketoglutaric acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, and succinyl-CoA), demonstrating a consistent rate of rise during the study. This may signify the transition of the neonate from a hypoxic in utero environment to an oxygen-rich environment. Important signaling molecules were also identified, including myo-inositol and glutamic acid. DISCUSSION GC × GC-TOFMS was able to identify important metabolites associated with metabolism and signaling. These data can be used as a baseline for normal birth transition, which may aid in future perinatal research investigations. METHODS Late-preterm Macaca nemestrina were delivered by hysterotomy, with plasma drawn from the cord blood and after birth at eight additional time points to 72 h of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pattaraporn Tanya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Laura R. Snyder
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Robert E. Synovec
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sandra E. Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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