1
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Niemand RR, Stafford JL. Counteracting immunotyrosine-based signaling motifs augment zebrafish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:105121. [PMID: 38135021 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) represent a polymorphic and polygenic family of immunoregulatory proteins originally discovered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus; IpLITRs). Belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), IpLITRs are generally classified as stimulatory or inhibitory types based on their utilization of various intracellular tyrosine-based signaling motifs. While research has shown that IpLITRs can activate as well as abrogate different immune cell effector responses including phagocytosis, recent identification of LITRs within the zebrafish genome (Danio rerio; DrLITRs) revealed the existence of fish LITR-types uniquely containing counteracting stimulatory and inhibitory cytoplasmic tail (CYT) region motifs (i.e., an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif; ITAM, and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif; ITIM) within the same receptor. This arrangement is unusual as these motifs typically exist on separate stimulatory (i.e., ITAM-containing) or inhibitory (i.e., ITIM-containing) immunoregulatory receptors that then co-engage to fine-tune cellular signaling and effector responses. Using a flow cytometric-based phagocytosis assay, we show here that engagement of DrLITR 1.2-expressing cells with antibody coated 4.5 μm beads causes a robust ITAM-dependent phagocytic response and reveal that its tandem ITIM motif surprisingly enhances the DrLITR 1.2-induced phagocytic activity while simultaneously decreasing the receptors ability to bind the beads. Confocal microscopy studies also revealed that the ITIM-associated inhibitory signaling molecule SHP-2 is localized to the phagocytic synapse during the phagocytic response. Overall, these results provide the first functional characterization of teleost immune receptors containing a tandem ITAM and ITIM and allow for the proposal of an intracytoplasmic tail signaling model for ITIM-mediated enhancement of ITAM-dependent cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikus R Niemand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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2
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Wang J, Gurupalli HV, Stafford JL. Teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104768. [PMID: 37414235 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a large family of teleost immunoregulatory receptor-types belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. These immune genes are phylogenetically and syntenically related to Fc receptor-like protein genes (fcrls) present in other vertebrates, including amphibians, birds, mice, and man. In vitro-based functional analyses of LITRs, using transfection approaches, have shown that LITRs have diverse immunoregulatory potentials including the activation and inhibition of several innate immune effector responses such as cell-mediated killing responses, degranulation, cytokine secretion, and phagocytosis. The purpose of this mini review is to provide an overview of fish LITR-mediated immunoregulatory potentials obtained from various teleost model systems, including channel catfish, zebrafish, and goldfish. We will also describe preliminary characterization of a new goldish LITR-specific polyclonal antibody (pAb) and discuss the significance of this tool for further investigation of the functions of fish LITRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Wang J, Soliman AM, Norlin J, Barreda DR, Stafford JL. Expression analysis of Carassius auratus-leukocyte-immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) during goldfish kidney macrophage development and in activated kidney leukocyte cultures. Immunogenetics 2023; 75:171-189. [PMID: 36806761 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-023-01298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Carassius auratus leukocyte immune-type receptors (CaLITRs) were recently discovered immunoregulatory receptors in goldfish that have diverse immunoglobulin-like (Ig-like) ectodomains and intracellular signaling motifs. Genomic analysis shows that CaLITR-types are also located as distinct gene clusters across multiple goldfish chromosomes. For example, CaLITR1 (unplaced) is a functionally ambiguous receptor having two Ig-like domains, a transmembrane domain (TM), and a short cytoplasmic tail (CYT) devoid of any recognizable signaling motifs. CaLITR2 (Chr47) is a putative inhibitory receptor containing four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long CYT with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM). A putative activating receptor-type, CaLITR3 (Chr3), has four Ig-like domains, a TM, and a short CYT containing a positively charged histidine residue and CaLITR4 (ChrLG28B) is a receptor with putative multifunctional signaling potential as well as five Ig-like domains, a TM, and a long tyrosine-motif containing CYT region. The variable genomic locations of the CaLITRs suggest that they are likely under the influence of different cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements. To better understand the transcriptional activities of select CaLITRs from variable genomic regions, we used an RT-qPCR-based approach to examine the expression of CaLITR1, CaLITR2, CaLITR3, and CaLITR4 during goldfish primary kidney macrophage (PKM) development and in mixed leukocyte reaction cultures (MLRs) of the goldfish. Our results showed that the select CaLITRs are differentially expressed during PKM development and in goldfish MLRs exposed to T-cell mitogens/immunosuppressive drugs, supporting that the transcription of these CaLITRs is likely regulated by distinct cis- and/or trans-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Amro M Soliman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jeff Norlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW 405 Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
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4
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Crider J, Wilson M, Felch KL, Dupre RA, Quiniou SMA, Bengtén E. A subset of leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) regulates phagocytosis in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes. Mol Immunol 2023; 154:33-44. [PMID: 36586386 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) constitute a large family of paired, immunoregulatory receptors unique to teleosts. A role for LITRs in phagocytosis has been proposed based on studies in mammalian cell lines; however, LITR-mediated phagocytosis has not been examined in the catfish model. In this study, we use two anti-LITR monoclonal antibodies, CC41 and 125.2, to contrast the effects of crosslinking subsets of inhibitory and activating LITRs. Briefly, LITRs expressed by catfish γδ T cells, αβ T cells, and macrophage cell lines were crosslinked using mAb-conjugated fluorescent microbeads, and bead uptake was evaluated by flow cytometry and confirmed by confocal microscopy. A clear difference in the uptake of 125.2- and CC41-conjugated beads was observed. Crosslinking LITRs with mAb 125.2 resulted in efficient bead internalization, while mAb CC41 crosslinking of inhibitory LITRs resulted predominantly in a capturing phenotype. Pretreating catfish macrophages with mAb CC41 resulted in a marked decrease in LITR-mediated phagocytosis of 125.2-conjugated beads. Overall, these findings provide insight into fish immunobiology and validate LITRs as regulators of phagocytosis in catfish macrophages and γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Crider
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Kristianna L Felch
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Rebecca A Dupre
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, US Department of Energy, 1299 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-0117, USA; Food Processing and Sensory Quality Unit, USDA-ARS, 1100 Allen Toussaint Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA.
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, USDA-ARS-WARU, P.O. BOX 38, Stoneville, MS 38776, USA.
| | - Eva Bengtén
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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5
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Stafford JL. An Imaging Flow Cytometry Protocol for Studying Immunoregulatory Receptor-Mediated Regulation of Phagocytosis. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2421:201-216. [PMID: 34870821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1944-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Advances in flow cytometry have allowed for innovative functional investigations of innate immune cell responses. Imaging flow cytometers combine the imaging capabilities of microscopy with rapid, high-throughput data acquisition attributes of standard flow cytometers. Here, we describe a detailed method for co-expressing stimulatory and inhibitory immunoregulatory receptor-types in AD293 cells and then measuring receptor cross-talk during the regulation of the phagocytic response. Information on reagent selection, imaging flow cytometry calibration, and automated template analyses are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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6
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Humam NAA. Bacterial phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production by camel neutrophils and monocytes are influenced by the type of anticoagulation agent. Vet World 2021; 14:1888-1893. [PMID: 34475713 PMCID: PMC8404121 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1888-1893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Anticoagulants with different modes of action are used in the collection of camel blood samples. In the innate immune response, camel neutrophils and monocytes can play several roles during infection and inflammation. For anticoagulants ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and heparin, research has described their effects on different parameters of the immune system. However, to date, no research has examined the effects of anticoagulants on the functional activity of camel phagocytes. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of K3EDTA and lithium heparin on the antimicrobial activity of camel neutrophils and monocytes. Materials and Methods Camel leukocytes were separated from blood collected in EDTA or heparin tubes, and their phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activity were analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli bacteria. Results In comparison to the cells collected from the EDTA blood, the camel neutrophils and monocytes separated from the heparin blood showed higher phagocytosis activity of S. aureus and E. coli. In addition, the neutrophils and monocytes produced significantly more ROS when the blood was collected in the heparin tubes. Conclusion The antimicrobial functions of camel neutrophils and monocytes are significantly affected by the type of anticoagulation agent. Therefore, using heparin rather than EDTA as an anticoagulant is recommended when performing the functional analysis of phagocytosis and ROS production of camel phagocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Abdallah Al Humam
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Liu H, Xie JF, Yu H, Ma Z, Yu YY, Yang Y. The early response expression profiles of miRNA-mRNA in farmed yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) challenged with Edwardsiella tarda infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:104018. [PMID: 33476668 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella tarda, the bacterial pathogen that causes ascites disease and red-head disease, poses a serious threat to yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) aquaculture. In this study, the spleens of E. tarda-infected and non-infected yellow catfish were sequenced to obtain the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles. We obtained 657 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs and 6867 DE mRNAs between two groups and annotated them using the KEGG database. In addition, the 43 negatively correlated miRNA-mRNA pairs were identified using integrated miRNA-mRNA analysis, which including immune-related miRNAs and target genes such as miR-144, miR-1260, miR-1388, miR-33, miR-338, miR-181b, miR-34c, miR-135 and CLEC4E, LITR, PIKfyve, NCF4, IL-12β, IP6K2, TNFRSF9, IL-4Rα, IRF2, Mx2. We verified 8 DE miRNAs pairs and 10 DE mRNAs by quantitative real-time PCR. Finally, the CLEC4E and Mx2 mRNAs were selected for further verification using in situ hybridization. Together, our results provide valuable information for further analyses of the mechanisms of yellow catfish defense against E. tarda infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China
| | - Jia-Fang Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China
| | - Zheng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China
| | - Ying-Ying Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528225, China.
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8
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Identification of distinct LRC- and Fc receptor complex-like chromosomal regions in fish supports that teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors are distant relatives of mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:93-109. [PMID: 33410929 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a large family of immunoregulatory receptor-types originally identified in the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus (Ip)LITRs). Phylogenetic analyses of LITRs show that they share distant evolutionary relationships with important mammalian immunoregulatory receptors belonging to the Fc receptors family and the leukocyte receptor complex (LRC), but their syntenic relationships with these immunoglobulin superfamily members have not been investigated. To further examine the possible evolutionary connections between teleost LITRs and various mammalian immunoregulatory receptor-types, we surveyed the genomic databases of representative vertebrate taxa and our results show that teleost LITRs generally exist in large genomic clusters, which are linked to vangl2, arhgef11, and slam family genes, features that are also shared by amphibian and mammalian Fc receptor-like molecules (FCRLs). Moreover, detailed phylogenetic comparisons between the individual Ig-like domains of LITRs and mammalian FCRLs shows that these receptors share related Ig-like domains indicative of their common ancestry. However, contrary to our previous reports, no supportive evidence for phylogenetic relationships between the Ig-like domains of LITRs with the Ig-like domains of LRC-encoded mammalian immunoregulatory receptors was found. We also identified an LRC-like region in the zebrafish genome, but no expanded litr-related genes were located in this region. Similarly, no lilr-related genes were found in spotted gar, a representative basal ray-finned fish. Finally, two distantly related fcrls and an LRC-like gene were identified in the elephant shark genome, suggesting that the loss of an immunoregulatory receptor-containing LRC region may be unique to ray-finned fish.
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9
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A Fish Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Uses a Novel Intracytoplasmic Tail Networking Mechanism to Cross-Inhibit the Phagocytic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145146. [PMID: 32708174 PMCID: PMC7404264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses, including phagocytosis. The precise mechanisms of IpLITR-mediated regulation of the phagocytic process are not entirely understood, but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use classical as well as novel pathways for controlling immune cell-mediated target engulfment. To date, all functional assessments of IpLITR-mediated regulatory actions have focused on the independent characterization of select IpLITR-types in transfected cells. As members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, many IpLITRs share similar extracellular Ig-like domains, thus it is possible that various IpLITR actions are influenced by cross-talk mechanisms between different IpLITR-types; analogous to the paired innate receptor paradigm in mammals. Here, we describe in detail the co-expression of different IpLITR-types in the human embryonic AD293 cell line and examination of their receptor cross-talk mechanisms during the regulation of the phagocytic response using imaging flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and immunoprecipitation protocols. Overall, our data provides interesting new insights into the integrated control of phagocytosis via the antagonistic networking of independent IpLITR-types that requires the selective recruitment of inhibitory signaling molecules for the initiation and sustained cross-inhibition of phagocytosis.
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10
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Wang J, Belosevic M, Stafford JL. Identification of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) leukocyte immune-type receptors shows alternative splicing as a potential mechanism for receptor diversification. Mol Immunol 2020; 125:83-94. [PMID: 32652363 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leukocyte immune-type receptors (LITRs) are a multigene family of teleost immunoregulatory proteins that share structural, phylogenetic, and likely functional relationships with several innate immune receptor proteins in other vertebrates, including mammals. Originally discovered in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), representative IpLITR-types have been shown to regulate diverse innate immune cell effector responses including phagocytosis, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. To date, IpLITRs have been primarily characterized using mammalian cell line expression systems, therefore many unanswered questions remain regarding their actual regulatory roles in fish immunity. In the present study, we report on the preliminary molecular characterization of five goldfish (Carassius auratus) CaLITR-types and the identification of several putative splice variants of these receptors cloned from various goldfish tissues and primary myeloid cell cultures. In general, CaLITR mRNA transcripts were detected in all goldfish tissues tested, and also in primary kidney macrophage and neutrophil cultures. Specifically, CaLITR1 is a functionally ambiguous receptor with no charged amino acids in its transmembrane (TM) segment and is devoid of tyrosine-based signaling motifs in its short cytoplasmic tail (CYT) region. CaLITR2 is a putative activating receptor-type that contains immunotyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) within its long CYT region, and CaLITR3 has a positively charged TM segment, suggesting that it may recruit intracellular stimulatory adaptor signaling molecules. CaLITR4 and CaLITR5 appear to have diverse signaling capabilities since they contain various immunoregulatory signaling motifs within their CYT regions including putative Nck and STAT recruitment motifs as well as ITAM-like and ITIM sequences. We also identified putative CaLITR splice variants with altered extracellular Ig-like domain compositions and variable CYT regions. Interestingly, this suggests that alternative splicing-mediated diversification of CaLITRs can generate receptor forms with possible variable binding and/or intracellular signaling abilities. Overall, these findings reveal new information about the teleost LITRs and sets the stage for exploring how alternative splicing leads to the functional diversification of this complex multigene immunoregulatory receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada.
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11
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Effendi WI, Nagano T, Hasan H, Yudhawati R. Immunoregulatory Property of C-Type Lectin-Like Receptors in Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3665. [PMID: 32455964 PMCID: PMC7279300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system identifies exogenous threats or endogenous stress through germline-encoded receptors called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate consecutive downstream signaling pathways to control immune responses. However, the contribution of the immune system and inflammation to fibrosing interstitial lung diseases (ILD) remains poorly understood. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motif-bearing C-type lectin-like receptors (CTLRs) may interact with various immune cells during tissue injury and wound repair processes. Dectin-1 is a CTLR with dominant mechanisms manifested through its intracellular signaling cascades, which regulate fibrosis-promoting properties through gene transcription and cytokine activation. Additionally, immune impairment in ILD facilitates microbiome colonization; hence, Dectin-1 is the master protector in host pulmonary defense against fungal invasion. Recent progress in determining the signaling pathways that control the balance of fibrosis has implicated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based motif-bearing CTLRs as being involved, either directly or indirectly, in the pathogenesis of fibrosing ILD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiwin Is Effendi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan;
| | - Helmia Hasan
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
| | - Resti Yudhawati
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Medical Faculty of Airlangga University, Surabaya 60131, Indonesia; (H.H.); (R.Y.)
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12
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Niemand R, Stafford JL. Selective recruitment of Nck and Syk contribute to distinct leukocyte immune-type receptor-initiated target interactions. Cell Signal 2019; 66:109443. [PMID: 31626955 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of phagocytes to recognize, immobilize, and engulf extracellular targets are fundamental immune cell processes that allow for the destruction of a variety of microbial intruders. The phagocytic process depends onsignalling events that initiate dynamic changes in the plasma membrane architecture that are required to accommodate the internalization of large particulate targets. To better understand fundamental molecular mechanisms responsible for facilitating phagocytic receptor-mediated regulation of cytoskeletal networks, our research has focused on investigating representative immunoregulatory proteins from the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptor family (IpLITRs). Specifically, we have shown that a specific IpLITR-type can regulate the constitutive deployment of filopodial-like structures to actively capture and secure targets to the phagocyte surface, which is followed by F-actin mediated membrane dynamics that are associated with the formation of phagocytic cup-like structures that precede target engulfment. In the present study, we use confocal imaging to examine the recruitment of mediators of the F-actin cytoskeleton during IpLITR-mediated regulation of membrane dynamics. Our results provide novel details regarding the dynamic recruitment of the signaling effectors Nck and Syk during classical as well as atypical IpLITR-induced phagocytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Rikus Niemand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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13
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Jones LO, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based examination of F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics during leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic events. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:199-211. [PMID: 30503359 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells of the innate immune system rapidly detect and eliminate invading microbes using surface-expressed immunoregulatory receptors that translate extracellular binding events into potent effector responses. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are a family of immunoregulatory proteins that have been shown to regulate several innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. The mechanisms by which these receptors regulate phagocytosis are not entirely understood but we have previously shown that different IpLITR-types use ITAM-dependent as well as ITAM-independent pathways for controlling target engulfment. The main objective of this study was to develop and use imaging flow cytometry and confocal microscopy-based assays to further examine both F-actin and phosphoinositide dynamics that occur during the different IpLITR-mediated phagocytic pathways. Results show that the ITAM-dependent IpLITR-induced phagocytic response promotes canonical changes in F-actin polymerization and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions. However, the ITAM-independent IpLITR phagocytic response induced unique patterns of F-actin and PI(4,5)P2 redistributions, which are likely due to its ability to regulate alternative signaling pathways. Additionally, both IpLITR-induced phagocytic pathways induced target internalization into PI(3)P-enriched phagosomes indicative of a maturing phagosome compartment. Overall, this imaging-based platform can be further applied to monitor the recruitment and distribution of signaling molecules during IpLITR-mediated phagocytic processes and may serve as a useful strategy for functional examinations of other immunoregulatory receptor-types in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena O Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Stafford JL. Selective Regulation of Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Filopodia Formation by Teleost Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptors Differentially Contributes to Target Capture During the Phagocytic Process. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1144. [PMID: 30002653 PMCID: PMC6032007 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis evolved from a fundamental nutrient acquisition mechanism in primitive unicellular amoeboids, into a dynamic and complex component of innate immunity in multicellular organisms. To better understand the cellular mechanisms contributing to phagocytic processes across vertebrates, our research has focused on characterizing the involvement of innate immune proteins originally identified in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) called leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs). These unique teleost proteins share basic structural as well as distant phylogenetic relationships with several immunoregulatory proteins within the mammalian immunoglobulin superfamily. In the present study, we use a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and high-resolution scanning electron microscopy to further examine the classical immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-dependent phagocytic pathway mediated by the chimeric construct IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L and the functionally diverse immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif-containing receptor IpLITR 1.1b. Results demonstrate that IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells can uniquely generate actin-dense filopodia-like protrusions during the early stages of extracellular target interactions. In addition, we observed that these structures retract after contacting extracellular targets to secure captured microspheres on the cell surface. This activity was often followed by the generation of robust secondary waves of actin polymerization leading to the formation of stabilized phagocytic cups. At depressed temperatures of 27°C, IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L-mediated phagocytosis was completely blocked, whereas IpLITR 1.1b-expressing cells continued to generate dynamic actin-dense filopodia at this lower temperature. Overall, these results provide new support for the hypothesis that IpLITR 1.1b, but not IpLITR 2.6b/IpFcRγ-L, directly triggers filopodia formation when expressed in representative myeloid cells. This also offers new information regarding the directed ability of immunoregulatory receptor-types to initiate dynamic membrane structures and provides insights into an alternative ITAM-independent target capture pathway that is functionally distinct from the classical phagocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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15
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Zwozdesky MA, Fei C, Lillico DME, Stafford JL. Imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays provide new insights into channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptor-mediated phagocytic pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:126-138. [PMID: 27984101 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) control various innate immune cell effector responses including the phagocytic process. This large immunoregulatory receptor family also consists of multiple receptor-types with variable signaling abilities that is dependent on their inherent or acquired tyrosine-containing cytoplasmic tail (CYT) regions. For example, IpLITR 2.6b associates with the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing adaptor molecule IpFcRγ-L, and when expressed in mammalian cells it activates phagocytosis using a similar profile of intracellular signaling mediators that also regulate the prototypical mammalian Fc receptor (FcR) phagocytic pathway. Alternatively, IpLITR 1.1b contains a long tyrosine-containing CYT with multifunctional capabilities including both inhibitory and stimulatory actions. Recently, we demonstrated that IpLITR 1.1b activates a unique phagocytic pathway involving the generation of multiple plasma membrane extensions that rapidly capture extracellular targets and secure them on the cell surface in phagocytic cup-like structures. Occasionally, these captured targets are completely engulfed albeit at a significantly lower rate than what was observed for IpLITR 2.6b. While this novel IpLITR 1.1b phagocytic activity is insensitive to classical blockers of phagocytosis, its distinct target capture and engulfment actions depend on the engagement of the actin polymerization machinery. However, it is not known how this protein translates target recognition into intracellular signaling events during this atypical mode of phagocytosis. Using imaging flow cytometry and GST pulldown assays, the aims of this study were to specifically examine what regions of the IpLITR 1.1b CYT trigger phagocytosis and to establish what profile of intracellular signaling molecules likely participate in its actions. Our results show that in stably transfected AD293 cells, the membrane proximal and distal CYT segments of IpLITR 1.1b independently regulate its phagocytic activities. These CYT regions were also shown to differentially recruit various SH2 domain-containing intracellular mediators, which provides new information about the dynamic immunoregulatory abilities of IpLITR 1.1b. Overall, this work further advances our understanding of how certain immunoregulatory receptor-types link extracellular target binding events to the actin polymerization machinery during a non-classical mode of phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron A Zwozdesky
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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16
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Fei C, Lillico DME, Hall B, Rieger AM, Stafford JL. Connected component masking accurately identifies the ratio of phagocytosed and cell-bound particles in individual cells by imaging flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2017; 91:372-381. [PMID: 28081295 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Innate immune cell-mediated recognition, capture, and engulfment of large particulate targets such as bacteria is known as phagocytosis. This highly dynamic cellular process involves a series of steps including receptor-mediated target binding, phagocytic cup formation, pseudopod extension, and phagosome closure, which depend on distinct actin polymerization events. Using flow cytometry, precise determination of target locations relative to cell membranes (i.e., surface-bound vs. fully engulfed/internalized) during the phagocytic process is difficult to quantify. Here, we describe the application of new analysis features within the IDEAS® software to distinguish internalized and surface-bound particles on individual cells with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. Through the use of connected component masks, the accurate discrimination of surface-bound beads versus those internalized is clearly demonstrated. In addition, we were able to further analyze the ratio of beads that had been surface-bound or internalized within individual cells. This novel method of analyzing the phagocytic process provides more accurate determination of target-cell interactions that will assist in examination of the signalling events that occur during the various stages of phagocytosis. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Fei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brian Hall
- EMD Millipore, Amnis, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aja M Rieger
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Lillico DME, Pemberton JG, Stafford JL. Trypsin differentially modulates the surface expression and function of channel catfish leukocyte immune-type receptors. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:231-244. [PMID: 27461858 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs) are immunoregulatory proteins that control innate immune cellular responses. Previously, we demonstrated that two representative IpLITR forms, IpLITR 2.6b and IpLITR 1.1b, engage distinct components of the phagocytic machinery resulting in unique target capture and engulfment phenotypes. IpLITR-induced phagocytic mechanisms were also differentially susceptible to temperature and pharmacological inhibitors of canonical signaling mediators. In the present study, we examined the sensitivity of IpLITR-mediated phagocytosis to the endogenous serine-protease trypsin, a well-known mediator of immunoregulatory receptor functions. Trypsin selectively reduced IpLITR 1.1b cell surface expression and phagocytic activity in a dose-dependent manner. We also observed a significant alteration of the IpLITR 1.1b phagocytic phenotype post-trypsin exposure; whereas, the IpLITR 2.6b-mediated target engulfment phenotype was unchanged. Recovery experiments suggested that trypsin-induced inhibition of IpLITR 1.1b-dependent phagocytosis was reversible and that the re-establishment of phagocytic function was associated with a recovery of receptor surface expression. Cell-surface biotinylation and immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that IpLITR 1.1b normally exists as a mature (∼70 kDa) protein on the cell surface. However, trypsin treatment reduced expression of the mature receptor and processed IpLITR 1.1b into an ∼60 kDa form. The trypsin-generated and putative immature IpLITR 1.1b form was not present on the cell surface; suggesting that the cleaved receptor may have been internalized, post-processing, by regulated endocytosis. Taken together, these results reveal a unique role for trypsin as a selective modulator of IpLITR-mediated phagocytosis and highlight a conserved role for serine proteases as potent immunomodulatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Joshua G Pemberton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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18
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Biochemical and Functional Insights into the Integrated Regulation of Innate Immune Cell Responses by Teleost Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptors. BIOLOGY 2016; 5:biology5010013. [PMID: 27005670 PMCID: PMC4810170 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Across vertebrates, innate immunity consists of a complex assortment of highly specialized cells capable of unleashing potent effector responses designed to destroy or mitigate foreign pathogens. The execution of various innate cellular behaviors such as phagocytosis, degranulation, or cell-mediated cytotoxicity are functionally indistinguishable when being performed by immune cells isolated from humans or teleost fishes; vertebrates that diverged from one another more than 450 million years ago. This suggests that vital components of the vertebrate innate defense machinery are conserved and investigating such processes in a range of model systems provides an important opportunity to identify fundamental features of vertebrate immunity. One characteristic that is highly conserved across vertebrate systems is that cellular immune responses are dependent on specialized immunoregulatory receptors that sense environmental stimuli and initiate intracellular cascades that can elicit appropriate effector responses. A wide variety of immunoregulatory receptor families have been extensively studied in mammals, and many have been identified as cell- and function-specific regulators of a range of innate responses. Although much less is known in fish, the growing database of genomic information has recently allowed for the identification of several immunoregulatory receptor gene families in teleosts. Many of these putative immunoregulatory receptors have yet to be assigned any specific role(s), and much of what is known has been based solely on structural and/or phylogenetic relationships with mammalian receptor families. As an attempt to address some of these shortcomings, this review will focus on our growing understanding of the functional roles played by specific members of the channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocyte immune-type receptors (IpLITRs), which appear to be important regulators of several innate cellular responses via classical as well as unique biochemical signaling networks.
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Taylor EB, Moulana M, Stuge TB, Quiniou SMA, Bengten E, Wilson M. A Leukocyte Immune-Type Receptor Subset Is a Marker of Antiviral Cytotoxic Cells in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2677-89. [PMID: 26856701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, leukocyte immune type receptors (LITRs) represent a multigene family that encodes Ig superfamily proteins that mediate activating or inhibitory signaling. In this study, we demonstrate the use of mAb CC41 to monitor viral cytotoxic responses in catfish and determine that CC41 binds to a subset of LITRs on the surface of catfish clonal CTLs. Homozygous gynogenetic catfish were immunized with channel catfish virus (CCV)-infected MHC-matched clonal T cells (G14D-CCV), and PBL were collected at various times after immunization for flow cytometric analyses. The percentage of CC41(+) cells was significantly increased 5 d after primary immunization with G14D-CCV and at 3 d after a booster immunization as compared with control fish only injected with G14D. Moreover, CC41(+) cells magnetically isolated from the PBL specifically killed CCV-infected targets as measured by (51)Cr release assays and expressed messages for CD3γδ, perforin, and at least one of the CD4-like receptors as analyzed by RNA flow cytometry. When MLC effector cells derived from a G14D-CCV-immunized fish were preincubated with CC41 mAb, killing of G14D-CCV targets was reduced by ∼40%, suggesting that at least some LITRs have a role in target cell recognition and/or cytotoxicity. The availability of a LITR-specific mAb has allowed, to our knowledge for the first time, functional characterization of LITRs in an autologous system. In addition, the identification of an LITR subset as a cytotoxic cell marker will allow for more effective monitoring of catfish immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Mohadetheh Moulana
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776; and
| | - Tor B Stuge
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromso-Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromso, Norway
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS 38776; and
| | - Eva Bengten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216;
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Ede JD, Ortega VA, Boyle D, Beingessner RL, Hemraz UD, Fenniri H, Stafford JL, Goss GG. Rosette Nanotubes Alter IgE-Mediated Degranulation in the Rat Basophilic Leukemia (RBL)-2H3 Cell Line. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26224082 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of rosette nanotube (RNT) exposure on immune cell viability and function were investigated in vitro using the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell line. RBL-2H3 viability was decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after lysine-functionalized RNT (K-RNT) exposure. In addition, K-RNTs had a significant effect on RBL-2H3 degranulation. When K-RNT exposure was concurrent with IgE sensitization, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) K-RNTs elicited a heightened degranulatory response compared with IgE alone. Exposure to 50 and 100 mg l(-1) K-RNTs also caused degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells not sensitized with IgE (0 ng ml(-1) IgE). Furthermore, in cells preexposed to K-RNTs for 2 h and subsequently washed, sensitized, and stimulated with IgE, a potentiated degranulatory response was observed. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-functionalized RNT construct (termed FITC(1)/TBL(19)-RNT), we demonstrated a strong and direct affiliation between RNTs and RBL-2H3 cell membranes. We also demonstrated cellular internalization of RNTs after 2 h of exposure. Together, these data demonstrate that RNTs may affiliate with the cellular membrane of RBL-2H3 cells and can be internalized. These interactions can affect viability and alter the ability of these cells to elicit IgE-FcεR mediated degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ede
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9;
| | - Van A Ortega
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - David Boyle
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Rachel L Beingessner
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
| | - Hicham Fenniri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, Maryland 02115
| | - James L Stafford
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Greg G Goss
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9; National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
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Herwald H, Egesten A. Foodies of Innate Immunity. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:331-2. [PMID: 25997480 DOI: 10.1159/000430800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Lillico DME, Zwozdesky MA, Pemberton JG, Deutscher JM, Jones LO, Chang JP, Stafford JL. Teleost leukocyte immune-type receptors activate distinct phagocytic modes for target acquisition and engulfment. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:235-48. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0215-039rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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