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Zhang Y, Cao R, Li W, Fu H, Zhu J, Xu X, Wang R, Peng Z, Fu L. An Association Between Left-Hand Digit Ratio (2D:4D) and Anthropometric Indexes in Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 8-15 Years in Bengbu City. Am J Hum Biol 2024:e24160. [PMID: 39327642 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.24160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The digit ratio (2D:4D) is a possible marker of prenatal hormone exposure. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and anthropometric indexes in Chinese children and adolescents. METHODS This study is a cross-sectional study. A school-based survey among 685 children and adolescents aged 8-15 years were conducted by stratified cluster sampling. The length of index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) of the left hand, height, sitting height (ST), weight, chest circumference (CC), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), and abdominal skinfold thickness (AST) were measured. Pearson correlation and multivariate linear regression were used to analyze associations between 2D:4D and above indexes. RESULTS In girls, 2D:4D was positively related to WC, AST, waist-to-height (WHtR), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) after adjusting for ages (p < 0.05). The WC, AST, WHtR, and WHR among girls with 2D:4D ≥ 1 were significantly higher than those among girls with 2D:4D < 1, respectively (p < 0.05). However, there was no correlations between digit ratio (2D:4D) and above anthropometric indexes in boys (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 2D:4D was related to anthropometric indexes in girls, which suggests that the maternal prenatal hormone exposure might be related to the anthropometric indexes of their female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Ruiyao Cao
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Wenxiu Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Han Fu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Jiamin Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Xuemo Xu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Ziyu Peng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Lianguo Fu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
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Smit TH. On growth and scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 33:2439-2450. [PMID: 38705903 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-024-08276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the physiology of spinal growth in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). METHODS Narrative review of the literature with a focus on mechanisms of growth. RESULTS In his landmark publication On Growth and Form, D'Arcy Thompson wrote that the anatomy of an organism reflects the forces it is subjected to. This means that mechanical forces underlie the shape of tissues, organs and organisms, whether healthy or diseased. AIS is called idiopathic because the underlying cause of the deformation is unknown, although many factors are associated. Eventually, however, any deformity is due to mechanical forces. It has long been shown that the typical curvature and rotation of the scoliotic spine could result from vertebrae and intervertebral discs growing faster than the ligaments attached to them. This raises the question why in AIS the ligaments do not keep up with the speed of spinal growth. The spine of an AIS patient deviates from healthy spines in various ways. Growth is later but faster, resulting in higher vertebrae and intervertebral discs. Vertebral bone density is lower, which suggests less spinal compression. This also preserves the notochordal cells and the swelling pressure in the nucleus pulposus. Less spinal compression is due to limited muscular activity, and low muscle mass indeed underlies the lower body mass index (BMI) in AIS patients. Thus, AIS spines grow faster because there is less spinal compression that counteracts the force of growth (Hueter-Volkmann Law). Ligaments consist of collagen fibres that grow by tension, fibrillar sliding and the remodelling of cross-links. Growth and remodelling are enhanced by dynamic loading and by hormones like estrogen. However, they are opposed by static loading. CONCLUSION Increased spinal elongation and reduced ligamental growth result in differential strain and a vicious circle of scoliotic deformation. Recognising the physical and biological cues that contribute to differential growth allows earlier diagnosis of AIS and prevention in children at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoor H Smit
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Meibergdreef 9, Room K2-140, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Svensson K, Gennings C, Lindh C, Kiviranta H, Rantakokko P, Wikström S, Bornehag CG. EDC mixtures during pregnancy and body fat at 7 years of age in a Swedish cohort, the SELMA study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118293. [PMID: 38281561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC), are "obesogens" and have been associated with overweight and obesity in children. Daily exposure to different classes of EDCs demands for research with mixtures approach. OBJECTIVES This study evaluates the association, considering sex-specific effects, between prenatal exposure to EDC mixture and children's body fat at seven years of age. METHODS A total of 26 EDCs were assessed in prenatal urine and serum samples from first trimester in pregnancy from 737 mother-child pairs participating in the Swedish Environmental Longitudinal, Mother and child, Asthma and allergy (SELMA) study. An indicator for children's "overall body fat" was calculated, using principal component analysis (PCA), based on BMI, percent body fat, waist, and skinfolds measured at seven years of age. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression was used to assess associations between EDC mixture and children's body fat. RESULTS Principal component (PC1) represented 83.6 % of the variance, suitable as indicator for children's "overall body fat", with positive loadings of 0.40-0.42 for each body fat measure. A significant interaction term, WQS*sex, confirmed associations in the opposite direction for boys and girls. Higher prenatal exposure to EDC mixture was borderline significant with more "overall body fat" for boys (Mean β = 0.20; 95 % CI: -0.13, 0.53) and less for girls (Mean β = -0.23; 95 % CI: -0.58, 0.13). Also, higher prenatal exposure to EDC mixture was borderline significant with more percent body fat (standardized score) for boys (Mean β = 0.09; 95 % CI: -0.04, 0.21) and less for girls (Mean β = -0.10 (-0.26, 0.05). The chemicals of concern included bisphenols, phthalates, PFAS, PAH, and pesticides with different patterns for boys and girls. DISCUSSION Borderline significant associations were found between prenatal exposure to a mixture of EDCs and children's body fat. The associations in opposite directions suggests that prenatal exposure to EDCs may present sex-specific effects on children's body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christian Lindh
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hannu Kiviranta
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Panu Rantakokko
- Environmental Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sverre Wikström
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Centre for Clinical Research, County Council of Värmland, Sweden
| | - Carl-Gustaf Bornehag
- Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden; Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Park S, Kang S. Association of Pooled Fecal Microbiota on Height Growth in Children According to Enterotypes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 77:801-810. [PMID: 37771005 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000003949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between fecal microbiota and height in children has yielded conflicting findings, warranting further investigation into potential differences in fecal bacterial composition between children with short stature and those of standard height based on enterotypes (ETs). METHODS According to the height z score for age and gender, the children were categorized into normal-stature (NS; n = 335) and short-stature (SS; n = 152) groups using a z score of -1.15 as a separator value. The human fecal bacterial FASTA/Q files (n = 487) were pooled and analyzed with the QIIME 2 platform with the National Center for Biotechnology Information alignment search tool. According to ETs, the prediction models by the machine learning algorithms were used for explaining SS, and their quality was validated. RESULTS The proportion of SS was 16.4% in ET Enterobacteriaceae (ET-E) and 68.1% in Prevotellaceae (ET-P). The Chao1 and Shannon indexes were significantly lower in the SS than in the NS groups only in ET-P. The fecal bacteria related to SS from the prediction models were similar regardless of ETs. However, in network analysis, the negative correlations between fecal bacteria in the NS and SS groups were much higher in the ET-P than in the ET-E. In the metagenome function, fecal bacteria showed an inverse association of biotin and secondary bile acid synthesis and downregulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1-driven phosphoinositide 3-kinase Akt signaling and AMP-kinase signaling in the SS group compared with the NS group in both ETs. CONCLUSION The gut microbial compositions in children were associated with height. Strategies to modify and optimize the gut microbiota composition should be investigated for any potential in promoting height in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmin Park
- From the Department of Food and Nutrition, Institute of Basic Science, Obesity/Diabetes Research Center, Hoseo University, Asan, South Korea
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Mousikou M, Kyriakou A, Skordis N. Stress and Growth in Children and Adolescents. Horm Res Paediatr 2023; 96:25-33. [PMID: 34814153 DOI: 10.1159/000521074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The infantile, childhood, and adolescent periods of growth and development also represent times of increased vulnerability to stressors. Growth velocity in each period is dependent on the interplay of genetic, environmental, dietary, socioeconomic, developmental, behavioral, nutritional, metabolic, biochemical, and hormonal factors. A stressor may impact growth directly through modulation of the growth hormone axis or indirectly through other factors. The adaptive response to stressors culminates in behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses which together support survival and conservation of energy. The immediate response involves activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The time-limited stress response is at once antigrowth, antireproductive, and catabolic with no lasting adverse consequences. However, chronic activation of the stress system and hypercortisolism have consequential negative impacts on growth, thyroid function, reproduction-puberty, and metabolism. High cortisol suppresses growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal, and thyroid axes and has been reported to be responsible for an increase in visceral adiposity, a decrease in lean mass, suppression of osteoblastic activity with risk of osteoporosis, and induction of insulin resistance. Early-life adversities, emotional or physical, have been associated with long-term negative physical and mental health outcomes. Existing models of chronic stress corroborate that early-life adversities can affect growth and have consequences in other aspects of well-being throughout the lifespan. Targeted interventions to reduce stress during infancy, childhood, and adolescence can have far-reaching benefits to long-term health as well as attaining adequate growth. In this review, we describe the neuroendocrinology of the stress response, the factors influencing growth, and the impact of chronic stress on growth during critical periods of infancy, childhood, and puberty with particular reference to growth, thyroid, and gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mousikou
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Andreas Kyriakou
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus.,School of Medicine, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Effects of Taekwondo Training on Growth Factors in Normal Korean Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020326. [PMID: 36832454 PMCID: PMC9955889 DOI: 10.3390/children10020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The growth of children and adolescents is both an important health indicator and a major public health issue. Many recent studies have investigated the effects of taekwondo on growth factors, but no consensus has yet been reached. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of taekwondo on the growth factors in children and adolescents (aged 8 to 16 years). Randomized controlled trials from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, the Research Information Sharing Service, the Korea Citation Index, and the Korean-studies Information Service System were analyzed. The effect sizes (standardized mean differences, SMD) were calculated, the risk of bias and publication bias were assessed, and the effect size and subgroup analyses were pooled. We found that the taekwondo group had significantly higher levels of growth hormones (SMD 1.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.98-2.58, and p < 0.001) and insulin-like growth factors (SMD 1.76, 95% CI 0.60-2.92, and p < 0.001) than the control group. For height, a medium effect size was observed (SMD 0.62, 95% CI -0.56-1.80, and p = 0.300), but the between-group difference was not significant. Thus, taekwondo had significant positive effects on the secretion of growth hormones and insulin-like growth factors in Korean children and adolescents. A longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine the effect on height. This suggests that taekwondo can be recommended as an appropriate physical exercise for maintaining normal growth in children and adolescents.
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Micronutrient, Metabolic, and Inflammatory Biomarkers through 24 Months of Age in Infants Receiving Formula with Added Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membrane through the First Year of Life: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 153:511-522. [PMID: 36894243 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) added in infant formula supports typical growth and safety through 24 mo of age in term infants. OBJECTIVES To assess micronutrient (zinc, iron, ferritin, transferrin receptor), metabolic [glucose, insulin, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)], and inflammatory (leptin, adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein) secondary outcomes through 24 mo of age in infants who received standard cow's milk-based infant formula (SF), similar formula with added bovine MFGM (EF), or human milk (HM) through 1 y. METHODS Infants whose parents agreed to a blood draw at baseline (<120 d of age) (SF = 80; EF = 80; HM = 83) were included. Subsequent collections (2-4 h fasting) occurred at D180, D365, and D730. Biomarker concentrations were analyzed and group changes tested using generalized estimating equations models. RESULTS Only serum iron (+22.1 μg/dL) and HDL-C (+2.5 mg/dL) were significantly higher for EF compared with SF at D730. Prevalence of zinc deficiency for EF (-17.4%) and SF (-16.6%) at D180 and depleted iron stores for SF (+21.4%) at D180 and EF (-34.6%) and SF (-28.0%) at D365 were significantly different compared with HM. IGF-1 (ng/mL) for EF and SF was significantly higher at D180 (+8.9) and for EF (+8.8) at D365, and (+14.5) at D730 compared with HM. Insulin (μUI/mL) for EF (+2.5) and SF (+5.8) and HOMA-IR for EF (+0.5) and SF (+0.6) were significantly higher compared with HM at D180. TGs (mg/dL) for SF (+23.9) at D180, for EF (+19.0) and SF (+17.8) at D365, and EF (+17.3) and SF (+14.5) at D730 were significantly higher compared with HM. Zinc, ferritin, glucose, LDL-C and total cholesterol changes were higher in formula groups compared with HM between various time points. CONCLUSIONS Micronutrient, metabolic, and inflammatory biomarkers were generally similar through 2 y in infants who received infant formula with or without added bovine MFGM. Over the 2 y, differences were observed between infant formulas and HM reference group. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NTC02626143.
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Ergang BC, Caprara GL, Machado MB, Moreira PR, Hagen MEK, Bernardi JR. Breastfeeding duration and eating behavior in early childhood: a systematic review. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9304202300000074-en] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: to analyze the influence of breastfeeding duration on eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Methods: this review was conducted by PRISMA guidelines. SciELO, Lilacs, Embase, and PubMed databases were researched by using a specific syntax, for studies published from 2000 to 2020. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist was used to assess the risk of study bias. Results: a total of 26,211 articles were identified, of which seven were included in the study. The results showed a significant association in four studies. All authors used their own questionnaires to assess breastfeeding exposure; there was no standard classification of exclusive and total breastfeeding duration. The breastfeeding duration was associated with reduced food neophobia, lower scores on the food responsiveness subscale, and lower ‘picky eating’ behavior. Validated instruments were predominantly used to assess the outcome of eating behavior; however, this assessment was not similar between studies. Conclusion: a significant association was observed between breastfeeding duration and eating behavior in children aged two to six years. Further research should be conducted to describe the mechanisms involved in this association.
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Luoma J, Adubra L, Ashorn P, Ashorn U, Bendabenda J, Dewey KG, Hallamaa L, Coghlan R, Horton WA, Hyöty H, Kortekangas E, Lehto KM, Maleta K, Matchado A, Nkhoma M, Oikarinen S, Parkkila S, Purmonen S, Fan YM. Association between asymptomatic infections and linear growth in 18-24-month-old Malawian children. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2023; 19:e13417. [PMID: 36111423 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate diet and frequent symptomatic infections are considered major causes of growth stunting in low-income countries, but interventions targeting these risk factors have achieved limited success. Asymptomatic infections can restrict growth, but little is known about their role in global stunting prevalence. We investigated factors related to length-for-age Z-score (LAZ) at 24 months by constructing an interconnected network of various infections, biomarkers of inflammation (as assessed by alpha-1-acid glycoprotein [AGP]), and growth (insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1] and collagen X biomarker [CXM]) at 18 months, as well as other children, maternal, and household level factors. Among 604 children, there was a continuous decline in mean LAZ and increased mean length deficit from birth to 24 months. At 18 months of age, the percentage of asymptomatic children who carried each pathogen was: 84.5% enterovirus, 15.5% parechovirus, 7.7% norovirus, 4.6% rhinovirus, 0.6% rotavirus, 69.6% Campylobacter, 53.8% Giardia lamblia, 11.9% malaria parasites, 10.2% Shigella, and 2.7% Cryptosporidium. The mean plasma IGF-1 concentration was 12.5 ng/ml and 68% of the children had systemic inflammation (plasma AGP concentration >1 g/L). Shigella infection was associated with lower LAZ at 24 months through both direct and indirect pathways, whereas enterovirus, norovirus, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, and malaria infections were associated with lower LAZ at 24 months indirectly, predominantly through increased systemic inflammation and reduced plasma IGF-1 and CXM concentration at 18 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Luoma
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Laura Adubra
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaden Bendabenda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Department of Nutrition, Institute for Global Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Lotta Hallamaa
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ryan Coghlan
- Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - William A Horton
- Research Center, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Kortekangas
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maarit Lehto
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Andrew Matchado
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Minyanga Nkhoma
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Fimlab Ltd., Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.,Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Yue-Mei Fan
- Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Ergang BC, Caprara GL, Machado MB, Moreira PR, Hagen MEK, Bernardi JR. Duração da amamentação e comportamentos alimentares na primeira infância: uma revisão sistemática. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9304202300000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Resumo Objetivos: analisar a influência da duração do aleitamento materno no comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Métodos: esta revisão foi conduzida de acordo com as diretrizes PRISMA. As bases de dados SciELO, Lilacs, Embase e PubMed foram pesquisadas usando uma sintaxe específica, para estudos publicados de 2000 a 2020. O Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal checklist foi utilizado para avaliar o risco de viés do estudo. Resultados: foram identificados 26.211 artigos, dos quais sete foram incluídos no estudo. Os resultados mostraram associação significativa em quatro estudos. Todos os autores usaram seus próprios questionários para avaliar a exposição à amamentação; não havia uma classificação padrão de duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo e total. A duração do aleitamento materno foi associada à redução da neofobia alimentar, menores escores na subescala de responsividade alimentar e menor comportamento alimentar exigente. Instrumentos validados foram usados predominantemente para avaliar o resultado do comportamento alimentar, no entanto, essa avaliação não foi semelhante entre os estudos. Conclusão: observou-se associação significativa entre a duração da amamentação e o comportamento alimentar em crianças de dois a seis anos. Mais pesquisas devem ser realizadas para descrever os mecanismos envolvidos nesta associação.
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Gamsjaeger S, Rauch F, Glorieux FH, Paschalis EP. Cortical bone material / compositional properties in growing children and young adults aged 1.5-23 years, as a function of gender, age, metabolic activity, and growth spurt. Bone 2022; 165:116548. [PMID: 36122648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone material / compositional properties are significant determinants of bone quality, thus strength. Raman spectroscopic analysis provides information on the quantity and quality of all three bone tissue components (mineral, organic matrix, and tissue water). The overwhelming majority of the published reports on the subject concern adults. We have previously reported on these properties in growing children and young adults, in the cancellous compartment. The purpose of the present study was to create normative reference data of bone material / compositional properties for children and young adults, in the cortical compartment. We performed Raman (Senterra (Bruker Optik GmbH), 50× objective, with an excitation of 785 nm (100 mW) and a lateral resolution of ~0.6 μm) microspectroscopic analysis of transiliac bone samples from 54 individuals between 1.5 and 23 years of age, with no known metabolic bone disease, and which have been previously used to establish histomorphometric, bone mineralization density distribution, and cancellous bone quality reference values. The bone quality indices that were determined were: mineral/matrix ratio (MM) from the integrated areas of the v2PO4 (410-460 cm-1) and the amide III (1215-1300 cm-1) bands, tissue water in nanopores approximated by the ratio of the integrated spectral area ~ 494-509 cm-1 to Amide III band, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content (ratio of integrated area 1365-1390 cm-1 to the Amide III band, the sulfated proteoglycan (sPG) content as the ratio of the integrated peaks ~1062 cm-1 and 1365-1390 cm-1, the pyridinoline (Pyd) content estimated from the ratio of the absorbance height at 1660 cm-1 / area of the amide I (1620-1700 cm-1) band, and the mineral maturity / crystallinity (MMC) estimated from the inverse of the full width at half height of the v1PO4 (930-980 cm-1) band. Analyses were performed at the three distinct cortical surfaces (endosteal, osteonal, periosteal) at specific anatomical microlocations, namely the osteoid, and the three precisely known tissue ages based on the presence of fluorescence double labels. Measurements were also taken in interstitial bone, a much older tissue that has undergone extensive secondary mineralization. Overall, significant dependencies of the measured parameters on tissue age were observed, while at any given tissue age, sex and subject age were minimal confounders. The established Raman database in the cortical compartments complements the previously published one in cancellous bone, and provides healthy baseline bone quality indices that may serve as a valuable tool to identify alterations due to pediatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gamsjaeger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - F Rauch
- Shriners Hospitals for Children and McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - F H Glorieux
- Shriners Hospitals for Children and McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada
| | - E P Paschalis
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Cheng R, Zhao Q, Zhong G, Xu J, Zheng Z, Xi L, Zhang M, Ni J, Hu P, Luo F, Lu W. Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of PEG-rhGH enhances confidence in exploring dosing schemes with longer intervals. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 179:106304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Kittisakmontri K, Lanigan J, Wells JCK, Manowong S, Kaewarree S, Fewtrell M. Quantity and Source of Protein during Complementary Feeding and Infant Growth: Evidence from a Population Facing Double Burden of Malnutrition. Nutrients 2022; 14:3948. [PMID: 36235599 PMCID: PMC9572535 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While high protein intake during infancy may increase obesity risk, low qualities and quantities of protein contribute to undernutrition. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the amount and source of protein on infant growth during complementary feeding (CF) in a country where under- and overnutrition co-exist as the so-called the double burden of malnutrition. METHODS A multicenter, prospective cohort was conducted. Healthy term infants were enrolled with dietary and anthropometric assessments at 6, 9 and 12 months (M). Blood samples were collected at 12M for IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin analyses. RESULTS A total of 145 infants were enrolled (49.7% female). Animal source foods (ASFs) were the main protein source and showed a positive, dose-response relationship with weight-for-age, weight-for-length and BMI z-scores after adjusting for potential confounders. However, dairy protein had a greater impact on those parameters than non-dairy ASFs, while plant-based protein had no effect. These findings were supported by higher levels of IGF-1, IGFBP-3 and insulin following a higher intake of dairy protein. None of the protein sources were associated with linear growth. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the distinctive impact of different protein sources during CF on infant growth. A high intake of dairy protein, mainly from infant formula, had a greater impact on weight gain and growth-related hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kulnipa Kittisakmontri
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Julie Lanigan
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Suphara Manowong
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Sujitra Kaewarree
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mary Fewtrell
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Population, Policy and Practice, Research and Teaching Department, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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14
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Xu K, Feng Z, Afrim FK, Ma J, Yang S, Zhang X, Niu Z, An N, Du Y, Yu F, Zhou G, Ba Y. Interaction of fluoride exposure and CREB1 gene polymorphisms on thyroid function in school-age children. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135156. [PMID: 35640685 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of CREB1 gene polymorphisms and long-term exposure to fluoride on thyroid function of children. STUDY DESIGN A total of 424 children (including 226 boys and 198 girls) aged 7-12 years old were enrolled in Kaifeng, China by cross-sectional study in 2017. The concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) and creatinine (UCr) were measured using fluoride ion-selective electrode assay and creatinine assay kit (picric acid method), respectively. The concentration of UCr-adjusted UF (CUF) was calculated. Children were divided into high fluoride exposure group (HFG, CUF >1.41 mg/L) and low fluoride exposure group (LFG, CUF ≤1.41 mg/L) according to the median concentration of CUF (1.41 mg/L). The serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (TT3) and total thyronine (TT4) levels were detected by the radiation immunoassay. The B-mode ultrasound was performed to test the thyroid volume (Tvol). Genotyping of CREB1 gene was conducted by a custom-by-design 48-plex SNPscan™ Kit. Associations between CUF concentration, CREB1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and thyroid function were assessed by multiple linear regression models. RESULTS Negative and positive associations between serum TT4 level (β = -0.721, 95%CI: -1.209, -0.234) and Tvol (β = 0.031, 95%CI: 0.011, 0.050) and CUF concentration were observed respectively. Children carrying CREB1 rs11904814 TG and rs2254137 AC genotypes had lower TT3 levels (P < 0.05). Children in HFG carrying rs11904814 TT, rs2253206 GG genotypes and rs6740584 C allele easily manifested lower serum TT4 levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, interactions between excessive fluoride exposure and CREB1 SNPs on Tvol were observed, and the interaction among different loci of CREB1 gene could modify serum TT3 level (P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Fluoride could alter children's serum TT4 levels and Tvol. Interactions between fluoride exposure and CREB1 polymorphisms may modify thyroid volume of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihong Xu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zichen Feng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Francis Kojo Afrim
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Endemic Disease, Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, Henan, 475000, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Xuanyin Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Zeyuan Niu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Ning An
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yuhui Du
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Fangfang Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
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15
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Feskens EJM, Bailey R, Bhutta Z, Biesalski HK, Eicher-Miller H, Krämer K, Pan WH, Griffiths JC. Women's health: optimal nutrition throughout the lifecycle. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:1-23. [PMID: 35612668 PMCID: PMC9134728 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02915-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences are an important consideration when researching and establishing policies for nutrition and optimal health. For women's health, there are important physiologic, neurologic, and hormonal distinctions throughout the lifecycle that impact nutritional needs. Distinct from those for men, these nutritional needs must be translated into appropriate nutrition policy that aims to not only avoid overt nutritional deficiency, but also to promote health and minimize risk for chronic disease. Through a series of webinars, scientific experts discussed the advances in the understanding of the unique nutritional needs, challenges and opportunities of the various life stages for women across the life course and identified emerging nutritional interventions that may be beneficial for women. Nevertheless, there is concern that existing nutrition policy intended for women's health is falling short with examples of programs that are focused more on delivering calories than achieving optimal nutrition. To be locally effective, targeted nutrition needs to offer different proposals for different cultural, socio-economic, and geographic communities, and needs to be applicable at all stages of growth and development. There must be adequate access to nutritious foods, and the information to understand and implement proven nutritional opportunities. Experts provided recommendations for improvement of current entitlement programs that will address accessibility and other social and environmental issues to support women properly throughout the lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Regan Bailey
- Institute for Advancing Health Through Agriculture, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Zulfiqar Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Toronto, Canada
- Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Klaus Krämer
- Sight & Life, Basel, Switzerland
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - James C Griffiths
- Council for Responsible Nutrition-International, Washington, DC, USA.
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16
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Gu W. Healthy Long-Lived Human Beings—Working on Life Stages to Break the Limitation of Human Lifespans. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050656. [PMID: 35625384 PMCID: PMC9137948 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The human lifespan has been increasing but will soon reach a plateau. A new direction based on the principal law of lifespan (PLOSP) may enable the human lifespan to be extremely healthy and long by the proper manipulation of the well-defined growing stages of the lifespan. The lifespan of creatures on earth from a single cell to animals can be elongated at different life stages including prenatal development, body growth, reproductivity, and aging. Each life stage has its own specific physiological and metabolic characteristics. Each life stage can be lengthened by either slowing its processes or continuously maintaining the activities of its function. Unfortunately, the current biomedical research on the extension of lifespans has mainly focused on the aging stage. Recognizing and clearly defining the periods of transition and the boundaries of life stages are essential for achieving the goal of long-lived healthy humans based on the PLOSP. The biomedical measures and pharmacological treatments for the extension of lifespans is life-stage-specific. The PLOSP can be tested with modified studies on longevity with a variety of technologies such as castration and ovariectomy. Sex differences in biological functions and the sequential order of the life stages requires different approaches for females and males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikuan Gu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and BME-Campbell Clinic, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA; ; Tel.: +1-901-448-2259
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 881 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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17
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The Effects of Nutrition on Linear Growth. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091752. [PMID: 35565716 PMCID: PMC9100533 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the course of life with different, not completely understood mechanisms. Cells have a sophisticated sensing system, which allows growth processes to occur in the presence of an adequate nutrient availability. Most of the nutritional influence on growth is mediated by hormonal signals, in turn sensitive to nutritional cues. Both macro- and micro-nutrients are required for normal growth, as demonstrated by the impairment of growth occurring when their intake is insufficient. Clinical conditions characterized by abnormal nutritional status, including obesity and eating disorders, are associated with alterations of growth pattern, confirming the tight link between growth and nutrition. The precise molecular mechanisms connecting nutrition to linear growth are far from being fully understood and further studies are required. A better understanding of the interplay between nutrients and the endocrine system will allow one to develop more appropriate and effective nutritional interventions for optimizing child growth.
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18
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Lugat A, Drui D, Baron S, Thebaud E, Supiot S, Jouglar E, Doré M. Effets secondaires endocriniens de la radiothérapie : diagnostic, prévention et traitements. Cancer Radiother 2022; 26:1078-1089. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Haraldsdottir A, Steingrimsdottir L, Maskarinec G, Adami HO, Aspelund T, Valdimarsdottir UA, Bjarnason R, Thorsdottir I, Halldorsson TI, Gunnarsdottir I, Tryggvadottir L, Gudnason V, Birgisdottir BE, Torfadottir JE. Growth Rate in Childhood and Adolescence and the Risk of Breast and Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Study. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:320-330. [PMID: 34643238 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth rate is regulated by hormonal pathways that might affect early cancer development. We explored the association between rate of growth in height from ages 8 to 13 years (childhood) and from age 13 to attainment of adult height (adolescence), as measured at study entry, and the risk of breast or prostate cancer. Participants were 2,037 Icelanders born during 1915-1935, who took part in the Reykjavik Study, established in 1967. Height measurements were obtained from school records and at study entry. We used multivariable Cox regression models to calculate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals of breast and prostate cancer by rates of growth in tertiles. During a mean follow-up of 66 years (women) and 64 years (men), 117 women were diagnosed with breast cancer and 118 men with prostate cancer (45 with advanced disease). Women in the highest growth-rate tertile in adolescence had a higher risk of breast cancer (hazard ratio = 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.3, 4.3) compared with women in the lowest tertile. A suggestive inverse association was observed for highest adolescent growth rate in men and advanced prostate cancer: hazard ratio = 0.4, 95% confidence interval: 0.2, 1.0. Rapid growth, particularly in adolescence may affect cancer risk later in life.
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20
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Du Y, Zhou G, Gong B, Ma J, An N, Gao M, Yang M, Ma Q, Huang H, Zuo Q, Ba Y. Iodine Modifies the Susceptibility of Thyroid to Fluoride Exposure in School-age Children: a Cross-sectional Study in Yellow River Basin, Henan, China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:3658-3666. [PMID: 33479887 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride exposure has detrimental effects on the thyroid gland, which may be modified by iodine. However, the role of iodine in it remains unclear. This study aims to evaluate the role of iodine in thyroid abnormalities caused by fluoride exposure in school-age children. A total of 446 children aged 7-12 years were recruited from Tongxu County, Henan province, in 2017 (ZZUIRB 2017-018). We obtained demographic information through questionnaire surveys. The concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) and urinary iodine (UI) were determined by the ion-selective electrode method and the catalytic spectrophotometric method, respectively. The radiation immunoassay was used to determine the serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The B-mode ultrasound was performed to assess thyroid volumes (Tvols). The associations between fluoride exposure and thyroid-related indicators were tested by linear regression models. We found that Tvols increased by 0.22 (95% CI: 0.14, 0.31) cm3 with each standard deviation increment of UF. Moreover, Tvols in boys were more susceptible to fluoride exposure than those in girls, and the Tvols of children with high urinary iodine are less susceptible to fluoride exposure (P for interaction < 0.05). We also observed that TT3 levels were negatively related to UF concentrations at moderate urinary iodine levels (≤ 300 μg/l). Fluoride exposure can elevate the Tvols of school-age children, especially in boys, and high levels of iodine may alleviate this effect to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Du
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection & Regional Coordinated Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Gong
- Department of Endemic Disease, Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Endemic Disease, Kaifeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning An
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghui Gao
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Teaching and Research Office, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiting Zuo
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection & Regional Coordinated Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Ba
- Department of Environmental Health & Environment and Health Innovation Team, School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, People's Republic of China.
- Yellow River Institute for Ecological Protection & Regional Coordinated Development, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Kjaer TW, Grenov B, Yaméogo CW, Fabiansen C, Iuel-Brockdorff AS, Cichon B, Nielsen NS, Filteau S, Briend A, Wells JCK, Michaelsen KF, Friis H, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Christensen VB. Correlates of serum IGF-1 in young children with moderate acute malnutrition: a cross-sectional study in Burkina Faso. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:965-972. [PMID: 33963730 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (sIGF-1) is an important growth factor in childhood. However, studies on sIGF-1 among children from low-income countries are few, and the role of body composition is unknown. OBJECTIVES To assess the associations of anthropometry, body composition, inflammation, and breastfeeding with sIGF-1 among children with moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). METHODS A cross-sectional study based on admission data from 6- to 23-mo-old children with MAM participating in a nutrition intervention trial (Treatfood) in Burkina Faso. Linear regression analysis was used to identify correlates of sIGF-1. RESULTS Among 1546 children, the median (IQR) sIGF-1 was 12 (8.2-18.3) ng/mL. sIGF-1 was highest at 6 mo, with a nadir ∼10-11 mo, and higher in girls than boys. Length-for-age z score (LAZ), weight-for-length z score (WLZ), and midupper arm circumference were positively associated with sIGF-1 (P ≤ 0.001). Fat-free mass (FFM) was also positively associated, as sIGF-1 increased 1.5 (95% CI: 0.5, 2.5) ng/mL for each 1-kg increase in FFM. However, the association disappeared after adjustment for height. Elevated serum C-reactive protein and α1-acid glycoprotein were negatively associated with sIGF-1 (P ≤ 0.001), as was fever (P < 0.001) but not a positive malaria test per se (P = 0.15). Children never breastfed had lower sIGF-1 (-5.1; 95% CI: -9.8, -0.3). CONCLUSIONS LAZ and WLZ were positively and inflammation negatively associated with sIGF-1. As all children were moderately malnourished and many had inflammation, this probably explains the very low median sIGF-1. The association of FFM with sIGF-1 was fully explained by height. There was a marked age pattern, with a nadir in late infancy, confirming findings from smaller studies from well-nourished populations. There is a need for prospective studies to disentangle the role of sIGF-1 in growth and health. This trial was registered at https://www.isrctn.com as ISRCTN42569496.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thora W Kjaer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles W Yaméogo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Département Biomédical et Santé Publique, Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Christian Fabiansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Pediatric Department, Holbæk Sygehus, Holbæk, Denmark
| | | | - Bernardette Cichon
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nick S Nielsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Suzanne Filteau
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department for International Health, University of Tampere, School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jonathan C K Wells
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Daniel Faurholt-Jepsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vibeke B Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Médecins Sans Frontières-Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Ranke MB. Short and Long-Term Effects of Growth Hormone in Children and Adolescents With GH Deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:720419. [PMID: 34539573 PMCID: PMC8440916 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.720419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The syndrome of impaired GH secretion (GH deficiency) in childhood and adolescence had been identified at the end of the 19th century. Its non-acquired variant (naGHD) is, at childhood onset, a rare syndrome of multiple etiologies, predominantly characterized by severe and permanent growth failure culminating in short stature. It is still difficult to diagnose GHD and, in particular, to ascertain impaired GH secretion in comparison to levels in normally-growing children. The debate on what constitutes an optimal diagnostic process continues. Treatment of the GH deficit via replacement with cadaveric pituitary human GH (pit-hGH) had first been demonstrated in 1958, and opened an era of therapeutic possibilities, albeit for a limited number of patients. In 1985, the era of recombinant hGH (r-hGH) began: unlimited supply meant that substantial long-term experience could be gained, with greater focus on efficacy, safety and costs. However, even today, the results of current treatment regimes indicate that there is still a substantial fraction of children who do not achieve adult height within the normal range. Renewed evaluation of height outcomes in childhood-onset naGHD is required for a better understanding of the underlying causes, whereby the role of various factors - diagnostics, treatment modalities, mode of treatment evaluation - during the important phases of child growth - infancy, childhood and puberty - are further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Ranke
- Children’s Hospital, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Monastra G, Vazquez-Levin M, Bezerra Espinola MS, Bilotta G, Laganà AS, Unfer V. D-chiro-inositol, an aromatase down-modulator, increases androgens and reduces estrogens in male volunteers: a pilot study. Basic Clin Androl 2021; 31:13. [PMID: 34078260 PMCID: PMC8173878 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-021-00131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deficiency affects men in the adulthood, causing several harmful effects at the reproductive and behavioural levels. Since aromatase is an enzyme that catalyses the conversion of androgens to estrogens, and it is responsible for an adequate balance of both sex hormones in males and females, the administration of molecules acting as down modulators may contribute to restore an abnormal enzymatic activity. A prospective pilot study was carried out to investigate the effect of D-chiro-inositol, a putative aromatase down-modulator, on serum levels of testosterone, estradiol, estrone, dehydroepiandrosterone and epiandrosterone from a group of adult male volunteers. Glucose, insulin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin B, D-chiro-inositol and myo-inositol serum levels were also measured. RESULTS Male volunteers were selected according to age and body mass index. Subjects with altered glycemia and/or hormonal status, due to advanced age or abnormal weight, were enrolled in the study. Each of the 10 volunteers enrolled took oral D-chiro-inositol (1 g/day) for 1 month. Serum assays of selected markers were performed at baseline (control) and after treatment. D-chiro-inositol administration was associated to reduced serum levels of estrone (- 85.0%) and estradiol (- 14.4%), and increased serum levels of testosterone (+ 23.4%) and dehydroepiandrosterone (+ 13.8%). In addition, epiandrosterone levels were higher (+39%) after treatment. On the other hand, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and inhibin B did not change. A trend toward a decrease of glycemia, insulinemia and Homeostatic Model Assessment index was observed after D-chiro-inositol treatment, although differences did not reach statistical significance. D-chiro-inositol treatment did not cause any noticeable adverse effect. CONCLUSIONS Increased androgens and decreased estrogens seem to confirm that D-chiro-inositol acts as an aromatase down-modulator, but with a still unknown mechanism of action. This pilot study opens up new perspectives of research and therapeutic applications for D-chiro-inositol at different dosages and length of treatment. Authorization number 005/2020 released by the Local Ethics Committee of Alma Res Fertility Center, Rome. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04615767 (registry: ClinicalTrials.gov) Date of registration: November 3, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Monastra
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), Rome, Italy
| | - Mónica Vazquez-Levin
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), Rome, Italy
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME, CONICET-FIBYME). Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Salome Bezerra Espinola
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), Rome, Italy
- Alma Res Fertility Center, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), Rome, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Vittorio Unfer
- Systems Biology Group Lab, Rome, Italy.
- Experts Group on Inositols in Basic and Clinical Research (EGOI), Rome, Italy.
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Melnik BC. Lifetime Impact of Cow's Milk on Overactivation of mTORC1: From Fetal to Childhood Overgrowth, Acne, Diabetes, Cancers, and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:404. [PMID: 33803410 PMCID: PMC8000710 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of cow's milk is a part of the basic nutritional habits of Western industrialized countries. Recent epidemiological studies associate the intake of cow's milk with an increased risk of diseases, which are associated with overactivated mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling. This review presents current epidemiological and translational evidence linking milk consumption to the regulation of mTORC1, the master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth. Epidemiological studies confirm a correlation between cow's milk consumption and birthweight, body mass index, onset of menarche, linear growth during childhood, acne vulgaris, type 2 diabetes mellitus, prostate cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, neurodegenerative diseases, and all-cause mortality. Thus, long-term persistent consumption of cow's milk increases the risk of mTORC1-driven diseases of civilization. Milk is a highly conserved, lactation genome-controlled signaling system that functions as a maternal-neonatal relay for optimized species-specific activation of mTORC1, the nexus for regulation of eukaryotic cell growth, and control of autophagy. A deeper understanding of milk´s impact on mTORC1 signaling is of critical importance for the prevention of common diseases of civilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, Am Finkenhügel 7a, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
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Waist Circumference Is Not Associated with Impaired Fasting Blood Glucose in a Sample of Mexican Children and Teenagers: Results from a State Screening Program. CHILDREN-BASEL 2021; 8:children8030172. [PMID: 33668305 PMCID: PMC7996355 DOI: 10.3390/children8030172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A high waist circumference (WC) is used as a risk factor for impaired fasting blood glucose (IFG) in adults. This association is less studied in children and teenagers. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between having a high WC and IFG by sex and age in a sample of Mexican children and teenagers. We analyzed the data of 12979 participants aged 5 to 17 years to calculate percentile references for uncorrected WC, corrected for height (WC/HT) and by height squared (WC/HT2) with quantile regression. A subsample of 2309 participants with fasting blood glucose samples (FBG), WC, WC/HT and WC/HT2 values was analyzed with logistic regression. A high WC, WC/HT, and WC/HT2 were considered at the sex- and age-specific 90th percentile from the subsample. The IFG was considered as FBG ≥100 mg/dL. Having a high WC, WC/HT, nor WC/HT2 was not significantly associated with IFG for either sex and age group (all p > 0.05). A high WC, either on its uncorrected or corrected for height values, was not an important assessment for predicting IFG in a sample of Mexican children and teenagers. This study provides percentile reference values specific for sex and age.
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Maleta K, Fan YM, Luoma J, Ashorn U, Bendabenda J, Dewey KG, Hyöty H, Knip M, Kortekangas E, Lehto KM, Matchado A, Nkhoma M, Nurminen N, Parkkila S, Purmonen S, Veijola R, Oikarinen S, Ashorn P. Infections and systemic inflammation are associated with lower plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor I among Malawian children. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:380-390. [PMID: 33381802 PMCID: PMC7851819 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the most important hormonal promoter of linear growth in infants and young children. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to compare plasma IGF-I concentration in a low- compared with a high-income country and characterize biological pathways leading to reduced IGF-I concentration in children in a low-income setting. METHODS We analyzed plasma IGF-I concentration from 716 Malawian and 80 Finnish children at 6-36 mo of age. In the Malawian children, we studied the association between IGF-I concentration and their environmental exposures; nutritional status; systemic and intestinal inflammation; malaria parasitemia and viral, bacterial, and parasitic enteric infections; as well as growth at 18 mo of age. We then conducted a pathway analysis to identify direct and indirect associations between these predictors and IGF-I concentration. RESULTS The mean IGF-I concentrations were similar in Malawi and Finland among 6-mo-old infants. At age 18 mo, the mean ± SD concentration was almost double among the Finns compared with the Malawians [24.2 ± 11.3 compared with 12.5 ± 7.7 ng/mL, age- and sex-adjusted difference in mean (95% CI): 11.8 (9.9, 13.7) ng/mL; P < 0.01]. Among 18-mo-old Malawians, plasma IGF-I concentration was inversely associated with systemic inflammation, malaria parasitemia, and intestinal Shigella, Campylobacter, and enterovirus infection and positively associated with the children's weight-for-length z score (WLZ), female sex, maternal height, mother's education, and dry season. Seasonally, mean plasma IGF-I concentration was highest in June and July and lowest in December and January, coinciding with changes in children's length gain and preceded by ∼2 mo by the changes in their WLZ. CONCLUSIONS The mean plasma IGF-I concentrations are similar in Malawi and Finland among 6-mo-old infants. Thereafter, mean concentrations rise markedly in Finland but not in Malawi. Systemic inflammation and clinically nonapparent infections are strongly associated with lower plasma IGF-I concentrations in Malawi through direct and indirect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Maleta
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Yue-Mei Fan
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juho Luoma
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ulla Ashorn
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jaden Bendabenda
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kathryn G Dewey
- Institute for Global Nutrition and Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Paediatric Research Center, Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Programs for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emma Kortekangas
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kirsi-Maarit Lehto
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrew Matchado
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Minyanga Nkhoma
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Purmonen
- Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Veijola
- Department of Paediatrics, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Per Ashorn
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Sun C, Lu B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Wei H, Hu X, Hu P, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Ye K, Wang K, Gu Z, Liu Z, Ye J, Zhang H, Zhu H, Jiang Z, Liu Y, Wan N, Yan C, Yin J, Ying L, Huang F, Yin Q, Xi L, Luo F, Cheng R. Reduced Effectiveness and Comparable Safety in Biweekly vs. Weekly PEGylated Recombinant Human Growth Hormone for Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Phase IV Non-Inferiority Threshold Targeted Trial. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:779365. [PMID: 34899612 PMCID: PMC8655095 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.779365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Long-acting recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has transformed growth hormone deficiency (GHD) treatment. However, the possibility and rationality for flexible time regimen are pending. OBJECTIVE We studied the efficacy of biweekly versus weekly PEGylated rhGH (PEG-rhGH) therapy in GHD children. DESIGN SETTING AND PATIENTS This multicenter, phase IV trial with a non-inferiority threshold ≥20% enrolled 585 Tanner stage I GHD children. INTERVENTION Subjects randomly received 0.20 mg/kg once-weekly or biweekly PEG-rhGH, or 0.25 mg/kg.w rhGH once daily for 26 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary outcome was height SD scores for chronological age (HtSDSCA) at week 26 and safety measurements including adverse events (AEs), IGF-2, and IGFBP-2 changes. RESULTS At week 26, the median HtSDSCA changed from -2.75, -2.82, and -2.78 to -2.31, -2.43, and -2.28 with weekly and biweekly PEG-rhGH, and daily rhGH, respectively. The difference in HtSDSCA was 0.17 ± 0.28 between weekly and biweekly PEG-rhGH, and 0.17 ± 0.27 between daily rhGH and biweekly PEG-rhGH, failing the non-inferiority threshold. Nevertheless, the height velocity of children receiving biweekly PEG-rhGH reached 76.42%-90.34% and 76.08%-90.60% that of children receiving weekly PEG-rhGH and daily rhGH, respectively. The rate of AEs was comparable among the groups. No statistical difference was observed in IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 levels among the groups. IGFBP-2 levels decreased over time in all groups, with no notable difference in IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 changes among the three treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Although notably promoted height velocity, biweekly PEG-rhGH failed the non-inferiority threshold as compared with either weekly PEG-rhGH or daily rhGH. Compared with short-term rhGH, long-acting PEG-rhGH did not significantly increase tumor-associated IGF-2 and IGFBP-2 expressions. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02976675.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Genetic Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health-Care Hospital in Guiyang, Guiyang, China
| | - Yaqin Zhang
- Department of Child Health, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Henan Provincial Hospital, Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Lu’an People’s Hospital, Lu’an, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK & PD) Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Drug, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics (PK & PD) Investigation for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kan Ye
- Department of Child Health, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Zaiyan Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiaxing First Hospital, Jiaxing, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Tai’an Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Tai’an, China
| | - Jin Ye
- Department of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongxiao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, China
| | - Naijun Wan
- Department of Pediatrics, Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengming Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Anhui Province Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Anhui Medical University Maternal and Child Health Clinic College, Hefei, China
| | - Jianying Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lirong Ying
- Department of Pediatrics, Cixi People’s Hospital, Cixi, China
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingjin Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chengdu Children’s Specialized Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xi
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feihong Luo
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feihong Luo, ; Ruoqian Cheng,
| | - Ruoqian Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Feihong Luo, ; Ruoqian Cheng,
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Motte-Signoret E, Shankar-Aguilera S, Brailly-Tabard S, Soreze Y, Dell Orto V, Ben Ammar R, De Luca D, Boileau P. Small for Gestational Age Preterm Neonates Exhibit Defective GH/IGF1 Signaling Pathway. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:711400. [PMID: 34447729 PMCID: PMC8382944 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.711400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the impact of fetal growth restriction (FGR) on hormonal regulation of post-natal growth and glucose metabolism [via insulin and growth hormone (GH)/Insulin-like Growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis pathways] in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates. Methods: We conducted a monocentric observational prospective comparative study on 73 singleton babies born with a weight inferior to 2,000 g. We analyzed auxological (weight, height and head circumference), and hormonal (GH, IGF1, and insulin plasma concentrations) data comparing SGA and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates, between day 1 and 60. Results: One third (23/73) of the neonates were SGA. Twenty-five percent (18/73) required insulin for idiopathic hyperglycemia of prematurity and were smaller in weight and head circumference at discharge. In the SGA group compared with the AGA group, GH plasma concentrations were higher at day 3 (70.1 vs. 38.0 mIU/L) and IGF1 plasma concentrations were higher at day 10 (29.0 vs. 18.7 ng/ml). Conclusions: SGA neonates displayed resistance to GH and IGF1, concomitant to insulin resistance. This could partially explain the initial defective catch-up growth and, later in life, the higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Motte-Signoret
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France.,Poissy St Germain Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Poissy, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, BREED, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Shivani Shankar-Aguilera
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France
| | - Sylvie Brailly-Tabard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bicêtre Hospital, Molecular genetics Pharmacogenetics and Hormonology, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yohan Soreze
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France
| | - Valentina Dell Orto
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France
| | - Rafik Ben Ammar
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France
| | - Daniele De Luca
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Béclere Hospital, GH Paris Sud, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Clamart, France
| | - Pascal Boileau
- Poissy St Germain Hospital, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Poissy, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1185, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Kakimoto Y, Asakura K, Osawa M. Cutoff value for hypertrophic heart weight in the Japanese population. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2020; 48:101831. [PMID: 33370634 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2020.101831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is a clinical risk factor for cardiovascular death (CVD) frequently recorded in autopsy reports, but the diagnostic criteria for the condition have not been clearly-established for autopsy. This study aimed to estimate the cutoff value for hypertrophic heart weight that can efficiently assist the postmortem diagnosis of CVD. METHODS We analyzed accumulated autopsy data from 3534 individuals aged 0-101 years. RESULTS We found that heart weight increased linearly with a person's age until 20 years, after which it remained stable. The mean heart weight in CVD cases was 473 g in men and 379 g in women. The mean heart weight in non-CVD cases was 385 g in men and 320 g in women. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for CVD assessment revealed that the cutoff value of heart weight was 407 g (odds ratio of 4.2) in men and 327 g (2.6) in women, and that of heart weight/body height was 2.38 g/cm (4.0) in men and 2.15 g/cm (2.6) in women, respectively. Overall, heart weight was a more useful predictor of CVD in men than in women. In logistic regression analysis, the predictive power of heart weight for CVD was higher than that of body mass index in both sexes. CONCLUSION Thus, the criteria for hypertrophic heart weight are practical and useful for autopsy recordings, and it can be helpful for postmortem diagnosis of CVD. Our report is the first to reveal the cutoff value for hypertrophic heart weight in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kakimoto
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan; Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Motoki Osawa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
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30
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Lorentz KO, Lemmers SAM, Chrysostomou C, Dirks W, Zaruri RM, Foruzanfar F, Sajjadi SMS. First permanent molars with accentuated line patterns: Assessment of childhood health in an urban complex of the fifth millennium before the present. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 123:104969. [PMID: 33450640 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives are 1) to calculate the position of highly accentuated lines in dental enamel of a group of individuals from Shahr-i-Sokhta, a thriving urban centre in Bronze Age South West Asia; 2) to identify peak frequencies of physiologically stressful periods during early childhood of these individuals; and 3) to relate these peak frequencies to developmental milestones at population level. DESIGN We analysed highly accentuated lines in the enamel of nine (n = 9) permanent mandibular first molars of nine individuals from the 5th millennium before the present urban and long-distance-trading complex, Shahr-i Sokhta (Iran). Age at death ranged between 4.5 years and 18-20 years. Permanent mandibular first molar enamel begins to mineralise before birth, and is normally completed sometime between 2.1-3.3 years, giving us insight to early childhood physiological stress, the ages at which it occurs, and any peaks in the frequencies in highly accentuated line formation, through histological sections investigated using transmitted light microscopy. RESULTS Highly accentuated line peak frequencies occur in the sample at c. four, nine, eleven, and twelve months. After 1 year of age, no more peaks occur. CONCLUSION The peak frequencies coincide with the timing timing of the type of developmental milestones which may have exposed the individuals to an increased pathogen load, injury, or sub-optimal diet. We note similarity in peak timings in the few published, disparate populations, suggest a potential link with attainment of developmental milestones connected with morbidity, and propose reporting standardised statistics to enable exploration of differences between populations in terms of postnatal health-related stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi O Lorentz
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center (STARC), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus.
| | - Simone A M Lemmers
- Science and Technology in Archaeology Research Center (STARC), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - Charalambos Chrysostomou
- Computation-based Science and Technology Research Center (CaSToRC), The Cyprus Institute, Cyprus
| | - Wendy Dirks
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, United Kingdom
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31
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Abstract
Growth is the task of children. We review the normal process of linear growth from the fetus through adolescence and note that growth is the result of age- and gender-dependent interactions among key genetic, environmental, dietary, socioeconomic, developmental, behavioral, nutritional, metabolic, biochemical, and hormonal factors. We then define the wide range of normative data at each stage of growth and note that a pattern within this range is generally indicative of good general health and that growth significantly slower than this range may lead to growth faltering and subsequent short stature. Although not often emphasized, we detail how to properly measure infants and children because height velocity is usually determined from two height measurements (both relatively large values) to calculate the actual height velocity (a relatively much smaller number in comparison). Traditionally the physiology of growth has been taught from an endocrine-centric point-of-view. Here we review the hypothalamic-pituitary-end organ axes for the GH/IGF-1 and gonadal steroid hormones (hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis), both during "mini"-puberty as well as at puberty. However, over the past few decades much more emphasis has been placed on the growth plate and its many interactions with the endocrine system but also with its own intrinsic physiology and gene mutations. These latter, whether individually (large effect size) or in combination with many others including endocrine system-based, may account in toto for meaningful differences in adult height. The clinical assessment of children with short stature includes medical, social and family history, physical exam and importantly proper interpretation of the growth curve. This analysis should lead to judicious use of screening laboratory and imaging tests depending on the pre-test probability (Bayesian inference) of a particular diagnosis in that child. In particular for those with no pathological features in the history and physical exam and a low, but normal height velocity, may lead only to a bone age exam and reevaluation (re-measurement), perhaps 6 months later. he next step depends on the comfort level of the primary care physician, the patient, and the parent; that is, whether to continue with the evaluation with more directed, more sophisticated testing, again based on Bayesian inference or to seek consultation with a subspecialist pediatrician based on the data obtained. This is not necessarily an endocrinologist. The newest area and the one most in flux is the role for genetic testing, given that growth is a complex process with large effect size for single genes but smaller effect sizes for multiple other genes which in the aggregate may be relevant to attained adult height. Genetics is a discipline that is rapidly changing, especially as the cost of exome or whole gene sequencing diminishes sharply. Within a decade it is quite likely that a genetic approach to the evaluation of children with short stature will become the standard, truncating the diagnostic odyssey and be cost effective as fewer biochemical and imaging studies are required to make a proper diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bogarín
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Erick Richmond
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, National Children's Hospital, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Alan D Rogol
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA -
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32
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Abstract
The well-balanced nourishment during "the first 1000 days," the period between conception (day 18) and the age of two years, is quite important for two main reasons. Firstly, the nutritive requirement is high due to the rapid physiological growth and functional development. Then, this period is characterized by extreme susceptibility to external stimuli such as inadequate maternal and infant nutritional status which they can interfere with the different stages of the development process leading to short and long-term consequences for health. Linear growth and brain development are particularly impaired from not sufficient nutrition. In consideration of the irreversible damage of malnutrition, especially on developing brain, an adequate nutrition during the first 1000 days of life is paramount. The aim of this review was to overview the latest scientific evidences on the relationship between nutrition and growth, focusing on nutritional requirements during the first 1000 days, and the impact of inadequate nutrition on brain development and linear growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Matonti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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33
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Growth plate alterations in chronic kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:367-374. [PMID: 30552565 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-4160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth retardation is a major feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD) of onset in infants or children and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Several factors have been shown to play a causal role in the growth impairment of CKD. All these factors interfere with growth by disturbing the normal physiology of the growth plate of long bones. To facilitate the understanding of the pathogenesis of growth impairment in CKD, this review discusses cellular and molecular alterations of the growth plate during uremia, including structural and dynamic changes of chondrocytes, alterations in their process of maturation and hypertrophy, and disturbances in the growth hormone signaling pathway.
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34
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Luo D, Xu JJ, Cai X, Zhu M, Wang H, Yan D, Li MZ. The effects of family functioning and resilience on self-management and glycaemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:4478-4487. [PMID: 31410916 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To examine the effects of family functioning and resilience on self-management and glycaemic control among youth with type 1 diabetes and to determine whether resilience mediates the effects of family functioning on self-management and glycaemic control. BACKGROUND Poor self-management and glycaemic control are common in youth with type 1 diabetes. Family functioning and resilience are known to be important psychosocial factors that contribute to individual health and development. However, no studies have explored the effects of family functioning and resilience on self-management and glycaemic control among youths with type 1 diabetes in mainland China. DESIGN This study was conducted using a survey with a convenience sample following the STROBE guidelines. METHODS A total of 204 Chinese youth who had been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes for at least 6 months were recruited. Family functioning, resilience, self-management and diabetes distress were measured using self-reports and standard measurement tools. Glycaemic control was assessed by glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C ) levels. A structural equation model was used to test the hypothesised model. RESULTS The final model accounted for 52.1% and 19.5% of the total variance of self-management and HbA1C level, respectively. Resilience had a direct effect on self-management and an indirect effect on control of HbA1C . Family functioning had an indirect effect on both self-management and control of HbA1C through resilience. The model remained invariant across the mild-distress and severe-distress groups. CONCLUSION In Chinese youth with type 1 diabetes, resilience positively affected self-management and ultimately optimised glycaemic control, even in the presence of diabetes distress. Family functioning positively affected self-management and glycaemic control by promoting resilience. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE This study found that family functioning and resilience had positive effects on self-management and glycaemic control in youth. This study confirms the importance of incorporating resilience assessments and family-based resilience interventions into clinical nursing practice with youth with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Jing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Cai
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Zi Li
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
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35
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Abstract
Puberty is a defining phase of human development where growth ends and the ability to reproduce begins. An understanding of the events leading up to puberty highlights the fact that this is the culmination of a process of skeletal and gonadal activity that has been ongoing since conception. Although there is natural variation in the timing of events in and around puberty the basic underlying processes are common to all healthy human beings. This chapter is intended to outline the mechanisms underlying normal growth and development before and during puberty. By understanding normality the pathological processes that give rise to abnormalities of pubertal development can be understood more easily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Wood
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Laura C Lane
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Tim Cheetham
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK; Great North Children's Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
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Hjelm C, Harari F, Vahter M. Pre- and postnatal environmental boron exposure and infant growth: Results from a mother-child cohort in northern Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:60-68. [PMID: 30654250 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental studies show developmental toxicity of boron and we recently found impaired weight and length in newborns of mothers exposed to boron through drinking water during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate potential impact of pre- and postnatal boron exposure on infant anthropometry. METHODS In our mother-child cohort (n = 177) in Argentinean Andes, where drinking water concentrations of boron, lithium and arsenic have been found to vary considerably, we collected maternal blood and urine during and after pregnancy, placenta, breast milk, as well as infant urine and blood during the first 6 months of life. In all samples, boron and other potentially toxic elements were measured by ICP-MS. Infant weight (g), length (cm) and head circumference (cm) were measured at birth, 0-3 (n = 120) and/or 3-6 months (n = 120; 79 overlap) of age. RESULTS Boron concentrations in breast milk (range: 46-786 µg/L) correlated strongly with those in maternal serum (range: 47-624 µg/L; rs = 0.94) 0-3 months post-partum. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression, urinary boron (log2-transformed; range 60-9200 µg/L) in the youngest infants, but not maternal serum boron during pregnancy, was inversely associated with body weight at both 0-3 months (B: -141, 95% CI: -240; -42, p = 0.006) and 3-6 months (B: -200, 95% CI: -377; -23, p = 0.027). Infant urinary boron was also inversely associated with head circumference at 0-3 months (B: -0.39, 95% CI: -0.74; -0.04, p = 0.028), as well as length (B: -0.57, 95% CI: -1.1; -0.03, p = 0.040) and head circumference (B: -0.30, 95% CI: -0.64; 0.04, p = 0.083) at 3-6 months. CONCLUSIONS The observed first evidence that elevated environmental boron exposure in early infancy may adversely affect growth supports previous findings of boron-related impaired fetal growth. More research is needed to verify the findings at older age and in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Hjelm
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Florencia Harari
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We present an overview of recent research in the inter-related areas of growth and pubertal development among adolescents with HIV. Growth deficits early in childhood can lead to delayed puberty, with subsequent effects on pubertal growth spurts and bone health. RECENT FINDINGS Impaired growth remains a critical concern, particularly in low-resource settings, where stunting, wasting and underweight remain pervasive. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation results in improved growth, with greatest growth recovery in the first years and more improvement in weight than in height. However, even years after ART initiation, growth deficits persist in low-resource settings (LRS), and adolescents appear at particularly increased risk. The high prevalence of stunting translates to delays in pubertal onset and sexual maturity. In contrast, HIV-infected adolescents in developed countries do not demonstrate persistent wasting, yet still have delayed pubertal development. Impaired growth increases the risk for mortality, virologic failure, and abnormal bone health, as well as increased depression and stigma. SUMMARY Early initiation of ART across all age groups regardless of immunological status is essential for restoring growth. Coordination of ART initiation, nutritional supplementation programs, and concurrent prophylaxis is required to ameliorate growth deficits and pubertal delays, particularly in LRS.
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Madathil S, Blaser C, Nicolau B, Richard H, Parent MÉ. Disadvantageous Socioeconomic Position at Specific Life Periods May Contribute to Prostate Cancer Risk and Aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2018; 8:515. [PMID: 30498692 PMCID: PMC6249302 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies on socioeconomic position (SEP) and risk of prostate cancer (PCa) have produced contradictory results. Most measured SEP only once during the individuals' life span. The aim of the study was to identify life course models that describe best the relationship between SEP measured during childhood/adolescence, early- and late-adulthood, and risk of PCa overall as well as according to tumor aggressiveness at diagnosis. Methods: We used data from a population-based case-control study of PCa conducted in the predominantly French-speaking population in Montreal, Canada. Cases (n = 1,930) with new, histologically-confirmed PCa were ascertained across hospitals deserving the French-speaking population in 2005-2009. Controls (n = 1,991), selected from Quebec's list of French-speaking electors, were frequency-matched to cases (±5 years). In-person interviews collected information on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics, and a complete occupational history. Measures of SEP during childhood/adolescence included parents' ownership of a car and father's longest occupation, while the subject's first and longest occupations were used to indicate early- and late-adulthood SEP, respectively. We used the Bayesian relevant life course exposure model to investigate the relationship between lifelong SEP and PCa risk. Results: Cumulative exposure to disadvantageous SEP was associated with about a 50% increase in odds of developing PCa. Late-adulthood SEP was identified as a sensitive period for aggressive PCa. Childhood/adolescence SEP based on parents' ownership of a car was associated with non-aggressive PCa. Associations were independent from PCa screening. Conclusion: Disadvantageous SEP over the life course was associated with higher PCa incidence, with consistent evidence of sensitive time periods for cancer aggressiveness. The mechanisms through which disadvantageous SEP relates to PCa risk need to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenath Madathil
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christine Blaser
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Belinda Nicolau
- Division of Oral Health and Society, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hugues Richard
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Élise Parent
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ravera S, Carrasco N, Gelernter J, Polimanti R. Phenomic Impact of Genetically-Determined Euthyroid Function and Molecular Differences between Thyroid Disorders. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E296. [PMID: 30248900 PMCID: PMC6210201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thyroid plays a key role in development and homeostasis, but it has been difficult to establish causality with diseases and phenotypic traits because of several potential confounders. METHODS To determine the causal effect of euthyroid function, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization study of euthyroid thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels with respect to 2419 traits assessed in 337,199 individuals from UK Biobank. Additionally, we investigated the molecular differences between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism using genome-wide data. RESULTS After multiple testing correction, sixteen traits appear to be affected by genetically-determined euthyroid TSH, including multiple thyroid-related traits, e.g., hypothyroidism (p = 2.39 × 10-17), height (p = 2.76 × 10-10), body fat distribution (impedance of whole body, p = 4.43 × 10-8), pulse rate (p = 2.84 × 10-8), female infertility (p = 4.91 × 10-6), and hearing aid use (p = 7.10 × 10-5). Moreover, we found a consistent genetic correlation between hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (rg = 0.45, p = 5.45 × 10-6) with several immune pathways shared between these diseases. Two molecular pathways survived multiple testing correction for specificity to hyperthyroidism, JAK/STAT signaling (p = 1.02 × 10-6) and Rac guanyl-nucleotide exchange factor activity (p = 4.39 × 10-6). CONCLUSION Our data shed new light on the inter-individual variability of euthyroid function and the molecular mechanisms of the two thyroid disorders investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ravera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Nancy Carrasco
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Bioactive leptin is stronger related to parameters of fat mass and distribution than conventionally measured leptin: Findings from a longitudinal study in obese children participating in a lifestyle intervention. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 480:225-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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