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Li G, van Batenburg‐Sherwood J, Safa BN, Fraticelli Guzmán NS, Wilson A, Bahrani Fard MR, Choy K, de Ieso ML, Cui JS, Feola AJ, Weisz T, Kuhn M, Bowes Rickman C, Farsiu S, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Aging and intraocular pressure homeostasis in mice. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14160. [PMID: 38566432 PMCID: PMC11258442 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the two primary risk factors for glaucoma, an optic neuropathy that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. In most people, IOP is tightly regulated over a lifetime by the conventional outflow tissues. However, the mechanistic contributions of age to conventional outflow dysregulation, elevated IOP and glaucoma are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we studied how age affects the morphology, biomechanical properties and function of conventional outflow tissues in C57BL/6 mice, which have an outflow system similar to humans. As reported in humans, we observed that IOP in mice was maintained within a tight range over their lifespan. Remarkably, despite a constellation of age-related changes to the conventional outflow tissues that would be expected to hinder aqueous drainage and impair homeostatic function (decreased cellularity, increased pigment accumulation, increased cellular senescence and increased stiffness), outflow facility, a measure of conventional outflow tissue fluid conductivity, was stable with age. We conclude that the murine conventional outflow system has significant functional reserve in healthy eyes. However, these age-related changes, when combined with other underlying factors, such as genetic susceptibility, are expected to increase risk for ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Li
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Babak N. Safa
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Nina Sara Fraticelli Guzmán
- Department of OphthalmologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Andrea Wilson
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Mohammad Reza Bahrani Fard
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kevin Choy
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - J. Serena Cui
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew J. Feola
- Department of OphthalmologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Center for Visual and Neurocognitive RehabilitationAtlanta Virginia Medical CenterDecaturGeorgiaUSA
| | - Tara Weisz
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Megan Kuhn
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical EngineeringGeorgia Institute of Technology and Emory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Department of OphthalmologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of OphthalmologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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2
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Yamagishi-Kimura R, Honjo M, Aihara M. Effect of a fixed combination of ripasudil and brimonidine on aqueous humor dynamics in mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7861. [PMID: 38570526 PMCID: PMC10991514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ripasudil-brimonidine fixed-dose combination (K-232) simultaneously targets three different intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering mechanisms, increasing trabecular meshwork outflow and uveoscleral outflow, and reducing aqueous humor production Vascularly, ripasudil induces transient vasodilation, brimonidine transient vasoconstriction. Investigating effects on IOP, aqueous dynamics, and EVP in mice eyes by microneedle and constant-pressure perfusion methods, and on cytoskeletal and fibrotic proteins changes in HTM cells by a gel contraction assay and immunocytochemistry. Ripasudil, K-232, and brimonidine droplets significantly reduced IOP at 30 min, with K-232 sustaining the effect at 60 min. For EVP, only K-232 exhibited reduced EVP until 60 min after instillation. In vitro, ripasudil inhibited gel contractility and TGFβ2-induced fibrotic changes, whereas brimonidine did not. K-232 significantly lowered IOPs in mice by combining the effects of ripasudil and brimonidine. Brimonidine alone also showed IOP reductions with enhanced outflow facility, and the drug did not interfere with the effects of ripasudil on the trabecular meshwork outflow; K-232 and ripasudil alone both significantly lowered the EVP and enhanced outflow facility, demonstrating that K-232 efficiently reduces IOPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yamagishi-Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan.
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 1138655, Japan
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3
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Li G, van Batenburg-Sherwood J, Safa BN, Fraticelli Guzmán NS, Wilson A, Bahrani Fard MR, Choy K, De Ieso ML, Cui JS, Feola AJ, Weisz T, Kuhn M, Rickman CB, Farsiu S, Ethier CR, Stamer WD. Aging and intraocular pressure homeostasis in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.17.562768. [PMID: 38106150 PMCID: PMC10723259 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.17.562768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Age and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) are the two primary risk factors for glaucoma, an optic neuropathy that is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. In most people, IOP is tightly regulated over a lifetime by the conventional outflow tissues. However, the mechanistic contributions of age to conventional outflow dysregulation, elevated IOP and glaucoma are unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we studied how age affects the morphology, biomechanical properties and function of conventional outflow tissues in C57BL/6 mice, which have an outflow system similar to humans. As reported in humans, we observed that IOP in mice was maintained within a tight range over their lifespan. Remarkably, despite a constellation of age-related changes to the conventional outflow tissues that would be expected to hinder aqueous drainage and impair homeostatic function (decreased cellularity, increased pigment accumulation, increased cellular senescence and increased stiffness), outflow facility, a measure of conventional outflow tissue fluid conductivity, was stable with age. We conclude that the murine conventional outflow system has significant functional reserve in healthy eyes. However, these age-related changes, when combined with other underlying factors, such as genetic susceptibility, are expected to increase risk for ocular hypertension and glaucoma.
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4
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Hu J, Gong X, Fan Y, Aguilar S, Rigo F, Prakash TP, Corey DR, Mootha VV. Modulation of Gene Expression in the Eye with Antisense Oligonucleotides. Nucleic Acid Ther 2023; 33:339-347. [PMID: 37917066 PMCID: PMC10698777 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2023.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One advantage of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) for drug development is their long-lasting gene knockdown after administration in vivo. In this study, we examine the effect on gene expression after intraocular injection in target tissues in the eye. We examined expression levels of the Malat1 gene after intracameral or intravitreal (IV) injection of an anti-Malat1 ASO in corneal epithelium/stroma, corneal endothelium, lens capsule epithelium, neurosensory retina, and retinal pigment epithelium/choroid of the mouse eye. We assessed potency of the compound at 7 days as well as duration of the gene knockdown at 14, 28, 60, 90, and 120 days. The ASO was more potent when delivered by IV injection relative to intracameral injection, regardless of whether the tissues analyzed were at the front or back of the eye. For corneal endothelium, inhibition was >50% after 120 days for ASO at 50 μg. At IV dosages of 6 μg, we observed >75% inhibition of gene expression in the retina and lens epithelium for up to 120 days. ASOs have potential as long-lasting gene knockdown agents in the mouse eye, but efficacy varies depending on the specific ocular target tissue and injection protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, and University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yan Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, and University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Selina Aguilar
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, and University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Rigo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | | | - David R. Corey
- Department of Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - V. Vinod Mootha
- Department of Ophthalmology, and University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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5
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Madekurozwa M, Reina-Torres E, Overby DR, van Batenburg-Sherwood J. Measurement of postmortem outflow facility using iPerfusion. Exp Eye Res 2022; 220:109103. [PMID: 35525299 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The key risk factor for glaucoma is elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) and alleviating it is the only effective therapeutic approach to inhibit further vision loss. IOP is regulated by the flow of aqueous humour across resistive tissues, and a reduction in outflow facility C, is responsible for the IOP elevation in glaucoma. Measurement of C is therefore important when investigating the pathophysiology of glaucoma and testing candidate treatments for lowering IOP. Due to similar anatomy and response to pharmacological treatments, mouse eyes are a common model of human aqueous humour dynamics. The ex vivo preparation, in which an enucleated mouse eye is mounted in a temperature controlled bath and cannulated, has been well characterised and is widely used. The postmortem in situ model, in which the eyes are perfused within the cadaver, has received relatively little attention. In this study, we investigate the postmortem in situ model using the iPerfusion system, with a particular focus on i) the presence or absence of pressure-independent flow, ii) the effect of evaporation on measured flow rates and iii) the magnitude and pressure dependence of outflow facility and how these properties are affected by postmortem changes. Measurements immediately after cannulation and following multi-pressure facility measurement demonstrated negligible pressure-independent flow in postmortem eyes, in contrast to assumptions made in previous studies. Using a humidity chamber, we investigated whether the humidity of the surrounding air would influence measured flow rates. We found that at room levels of humidity, evaporation of saline droplets on the eye resulted in artefactual flow rates with a magnitude comparable to outflow, which were eliminated by a high relative humidity (>85%) environment. Average postmortem outflow facility was ∼4 nl/min/mmHg, similar to values observed ex vivo, irrespective of whether a postmortem delay was introduced prior to cannulation. The intra-animal variability of measured outflow facility values was also reduced relative to previous ex vivo data. The pressure-dependence of outflow facility was reduced in the postmortem relative to ex vivo model, and practically eliminated when eyes were cannulated >40 min after euthanisation. Overall, our results indicate that the moderately increased technical complexity associated with postmortem perfusion provides reduced variability and reduced pressure-dependence in outflow facility, when experimental conditions are properly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Darryl R Overby
- Dept. of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Toris CB, Gagrani M, Ghate D. Current methods and new approaches to assess aqueous humor dynamics. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2021.1902308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol B. Toris
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Meghal Gagrani
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Deepta Ghate
- Dept. Of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Reina-Torres E, Bertrand JA, O'Callaghan J, Sherwood JM, Humphries P, Overby DR. Reduced humidity experienced by mice in vivo coincides with reduced outflow facility measured ex vivo. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107745. [PMID: 31351057 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice are routinely used to study aqueous humour dynamics. However, physical factors such as temperature and hydration affect outflow facility in enucleated eyes. This retrospective study examined whether differences in temperature and relative humidity experienced by living mice within their housing environment in vivo coincide with differences in outflow facility measured ex vivo. Facility data and environmental records were collected for one enucleated eye from 116 mice (C57BL/6J males, 9-15 weeks old) at two institutions. Outflow facility was reduced when relative humidity was below the lower limit of 45% recommended by the UK Code of Practice, but there was no detectable effect of temperature on outflow facility. Even when accounting for effects of humidity, there were differences in outflow facility measured between institutions and between individual researchers at the same institution. These data indicate that humidity, as well as additional environmental factors experienced by living mice within their housing environment, may significantly affect outflow facility measured ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jacques A Bertrand
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey O'Callaghan
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph M Sherwood
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Humphries
- Ocular Genetics Unit, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darryl R Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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