1
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Ajami S, Van den Dam Z, Hut J, Savery D, Chin M, Koudstaal M, Steacy M, Carriero A, Pitsillides A, Chang YM, Rau C, Marathe S, Dunaway D, Jeelani NUO, Schievano S, Pauws E, Borghi A. Cranial bone microarchitecture in a mouse model for syndromic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 39096036 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Crouzon syndrome is a congenital craniofacial disorder caused by mutations in the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 (FGFR2). It is characterized by the premature fusion of cranial sutures, leading to a brachycephalic head shape, and midfacial hypoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the FGFR2 mutation on the microarchitecture of cranial bones at different stages of postnatal skull development, using the FGFR2C342Y mouse model. Apart from craniosynostosis, this model shows cranial bone abnormalities. High-resolution synchrotron microtomography images of the frontal and parietal bone were acquired for both FGFR2C342Y/+ (Crouzon, heterozygous mutant) and FGFR2+/+ (control, wild-type) mice at five ages (postnatal days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21, n = 6 each). Morphometric measurements were determined for cortical bone porosity: osteocyte lacunae and canals. General linear model to assess the effect of age, anatomical location and genotype was carried out for each morphometric measurement. Histological analysis was performed to validate the findings. In both groups (Crouzon and wild-type), statistical difference in bone volume fraction, average canal volume, lacunar number density, lacunar volume density and canal volume density was found at most age points, with the frontal bone generally showing higher porosity and fewer lacunae. Frontal bone showed differences between the Crouzon and wild-type groups in terms of lacunar morphometry (average lacunar volume, lacunar number density and lacunar volume density) with larger, less dense lacunae around the postnatal age of P7-P14. Histological analysis of bone showed marked differences in frontal bone only. These findings provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of Crouzon syndrome and will contribute to computational models that predict postoperative changes with the aim to improve surgical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ajami
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zoe Van den Dam
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Julia Hut
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dawn Savery
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Milton Chin
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Koudstaal
- Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda Steacy
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Carriero
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Y-M Chang
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, UK
| | - Christoph Rau
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | | | - David Dunaway
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Noor Ul Owase Jeelani
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Silvia Schievano
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alessandro Borghi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, Durham, UK
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2
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Schuurman T, Bruner E. An inclusive anatomical network analysis of human craniocerebral topology. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38822698 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The human brain's complex morphology is spatially constrained by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic physical interactions. Spatial constraints help to identify the source of morphological variability and can be investigated by employing anatomical network analysis. Here, a model of human craniocerebral topology is presented, based on the bony elements of the skull at birth and a previously designed model of the brain. The goal was to investigate the topological components fundamental to the craniocerebral geometric balance, to identify underlying phenotypic patterns of spatial arrangement, and to understand how these patterns might have influenced the evolution of human brain morphology. Analysis of the craniocerebral network model revealed that the combined structure of the body and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the parietal and ethmoid bones are susceptible to sustain and apply major spatial constraints that are likely to limit or channel their morphological evolution. The results also showcase a high level of global integration and efficient diffusion of biomechanical forces across the craniocerebral system, a fundamental aspect of morphological variability in terms of plasticity. Finally, community detection in the craniocerebral system highlights the concurrence of a longitudinal and a vertical modular partition. The former reflects the distinct morphogenetic environments of the three endocranial fossae, while the latter corresponds to those of the basicranium and calvaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schuurman
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
| | - Emiliano Bruner
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana, Burgos, Spain
- Alzheimer's Centre Reina Sofía-CIEN Foundation-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Didziokas M, Jones D, Alazmani A, Steacy M, Pauws E, Moazen M. Multiscale mechanical characterisation of the craniofacial system under external forces. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2024; 23:675-685. [PMID: 38217747 PMCID: PMC10963580 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-023-01799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Premature fusion of craniofacial joints, i.e. sutures, is a major clinical condition. This condition affects children and often requires numerous invasive surgeries to correct. Minimally invasive external loading of the skull has shown some success in achieving therapeutic effects in a mouse model of this condition, promising a new non-invasive treatment approach. However, our fundamental understanding of the level of deformation that such loading has induced across the sutures, leading to the effects observed is severely limited, yet crucial for its scalability. We carried out a series of multiscale characterisations of the loading effects on normal and craniosynostotic mice, in a series of in vivo and ex vivo studies. This involved developing a custom loading setup as well as software for its control and a novel in situ CT strain estimation approach following the principles of digital volume correlation. Our findings highlight that this treatment may disrupt bone formation across the sutures through plastic deformation of the treated suture. The level of permanent deformations observed across the coronal suture after loading corresponded well with the apparent strain that was estimated. This work provides invaluable insight into the level of mechanical forces that may prevent early fusion of cranial joints during the minimally invasive treatment cycle and will help the clinical translation of the treatment approach to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Didziokas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Dominic Jones
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ali Alazmani
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Miranda Steacy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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4
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Hoshino Y, Takechi M, Moazen M, Steacy M, Koyabu D, Furutera T, Ninomiya Y, Nuri T, Pauws E, Iseki S. Synchondrosis fusion contributes to the progression of postnatal craniofacial dysmorphology in syndromic craniosynostosis. J Anat 2023; 242:387-401. [PMID: 36394990 PMCID: PMC9919486 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis (CS) patients exhibit early, bony fusion of calvarial sutures and cranial synchondroses, resulting in craniofacial dysmorphology. In this study, we chronologically evaluated skull morphology change after abnormal fusion of the sutures and synchondroses in mouse models of syndromic CS for further understanding of the disease. We found fusion of the inter-sphenoid synchondrosis (ISS) in Apert syndrome model mice (Fgfr2S252W/+ ) around 3 weeks old as seen in Crouzon syndrome model mice (Fgfr2cC342Y/+ ). We then examined ontogenic trajectories of CS mouse models after 3 weeks of age using geometric morphometrics analyses. Antero-ventral growth of the face was affected in Fgfr2S252W/+ and Fgfr2cC342Y/+ mice, while Saethre-Chotzen syndrome model mice (Twist1+/- ) did not show the ISS fusion and exhibited a similar growth pattern to that of control littermates. Further analysis revealed that the coronal suture synostosis in the CS mouse models induces only the brachycephalic phenotype as a shared morphological feature. Although previous studies suggest that the fusion of the facial sutures during neonatal period is associated with midface hypoplasia, the present study suggests that the progressive postnatal fusion of the cranial synchondrosis also contributes to craniofacial dysmorphology in mouse models of syndromic CS. These morphological trajectories increase our understanding of the progression of syndromic CS skull growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Hoshino
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Office of New Drug V, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takechi
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mehran Moazen
- Department of UCL Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
| | - Miranda Steacy
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, Tsukuba University, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiko Furutera
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youichirou Ninomiya
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, National Institute of Informatics, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Nuri
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Mechanical loading of cranial joints minimizes the craniofacial phenotype in Crouzon syndrome. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9693. [PMID: 35690633 PMCID: PMC9188582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13807-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with syndromic forms of craniosynostosis undergo a plethora of surgical interventions to resolve the clinical features caused by the premature fusion of cranial sutures. While surgical correction is reliable, the need for repeated rounds of invasive treatment puts a heavy burden on the child and their family. This study explores a non-surgical alternative using mechanical loading of the cranial joints to prevent or delay craniofacial phenotypes associated with Crouzon syndrome. We treated Crouzon syndrome mice before the onset of craniosynostosis by cyclical mechanical loading of cranial joints using a custom designed set-up. Cranial loading applied to the frontal bone partially restores normal skull morphology, significantly reducing the typical brachycephalic appearance. This is underpinned by the delayed closure of the coronal suture and of the intersphenoidal synchondrosis. This study provides a novel treatment alternative for syndromic craniosynostosis which has the potential to be an important step towards replacing, reducing or refining the surgical treatment of all craniosynostosis patients.
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6
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Stanton E, Urata M, Chen JF, Chai Y. The clinical manifestations, molecular mechanisms and treatment of craniosynostosis. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049390. [PMID: 35451466 PMCID: PMC9044212 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a major congenital craniofacial disorder characterized by the premature fusion of cranial suture(s). Patients with severe craniosynostosis often have impairments in hearing, vision, intracranial pressure and/or neurocognitive functions. Craniosynostosis can result from mutations, chromosomal abnormalities or adverse environmental effects, and can occur in isolation or in association with numerous syndromes. To date, surgical correction remains the primary treatment for craniosynostosis, but it is associated with complications and with the potential for re-synostosis. There is, therefore, a strong unmet need for new therapies. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of craniosynostosis, including typical craniosynostosis types, their clinical manifestations, cranial suture development, and genetic and environmental causes. Based on studies from animal models, we present a framework for understanding the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis, with an emphasis on the loss of postnatal suture mesenchymal stem cells as an emerging disease-driving mechanism. We evaluate emerging treatment options and highlight the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-based suture regeneration as a therapeutic approach for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Stanton
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mark Urata
- Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jian-Fu Chen
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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7
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Holmes G, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Saturne M, Motch Perrine SM, Zhou X, Borges AC, Shewale B, Richtsmeier JT, Zhang B, van Bakel H, Jabs EW. Single-cell analysis identifies a key role for Hhip in murine coronal suture development. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7132. [PMID: 34880220 PMCID: PMC8655033 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development depends on formation and maintenance of sutures between bones of the skull. In sutures, growth occurs at osteogenic fronts along the edge of each bone, and suture mesenchyme separates adjacent bones. Here, we perform single-cell RNA-seq analysis of the embryonic, wild type murine coronal suture to define its population structure. Seven populations at E16.5 and nine at E18.5 comprise the suture mesenchyme, osteogenic cells, and associated populations. Expression of Hhip, an inhibitor of hedgehog signaling, marks a mesenchymal population distinct from those of other neurocranial sutures. Tracing of the neonatal Hhip-expressing population shows that descendant cells persist in the coronal suture and contribute to calvarial bone growth. In Hhip-/- coronal sutures at E18.5, the osteogenic fronts are closely apposed and the suture mesenchyme is depleted with increased hedgehog signaling compared to those of the wild type. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Hhip is required for normal coronal suture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Ana S. Gonzalez-Reiche
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Madrikha Saturne
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Susan M. Motch Perrine
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ana C. Borges
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Bhavana Shewale
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Joan T. Richtsmeier
- grid.29857.310000 0001 2097 4281Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA ,grid.21107.350000 0001 2171 9311Department of Genetic Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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8
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Wang MM, Haveles CS, Zukotynski BK, Reid RR, Lee JC. Facial Suture Pathology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: Human and Animal Studies. Ann Plast Surg 2021; 87:589-599. [PMID: 34699435 PMCID: PMC8667083 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial deformities in syndromic craniosynostosis are not only functionally, psychosocially, and aesthetically impairing but also notoriously challenging to reconstruct. Whether facial suture synostosis plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of these deformities is inadequately studied in human patients. METHODS The MEDLINE database was queried using a methodologically generated search term inventory. Article inclusion was adjudicated by 2 authors after independent review. Articles provided insight into facial suture involvement in either syndromic craniosynostosis patients or animal models of disease. RESULTS Comprehensive review yielded 19 relevant articles meeting inclusion criteria. Mid-20th century craniofacial biologists characterized how patent facial sutures are essential for normal postnatal facial development. They also posited that premature ossification disrupts growth vectors, causing significant dysmorphologies. Recently, facial suture synostosis was found to cause midfacial deformities independent of cranial base pathology in mouse models of syndromic craniosynostosis. Few recent studies have begun exploring facial suture involvement in patients, and although they have paved the way for future research, they bear significant limitations. CONCLUSIONS The hypothesis that facial suture synostosis acts in conjunction with cranial base pathology to produce the prominent, multifocal facial deformities in syndromic craniosynostosis may fundamentally alter surgical management and warrants further investigation. Methodically evaluating the literature, this review synthesizes all basic science and human clinical research thus far on the role of facial sutures in syndromic craniosynostosis and elucidates important topics for future research. We ultimately identify the need for rigorous imaging studies that longitudinally evaluate facial osteology across patients with various craniosynostosis syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell M. Wang
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christos S. Haveles
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Brian K. Zukotynski
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Russell R. Reid
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Justine C. Lee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery; University of California, Los Angeles, California
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9
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Farmer DT, Mlcochova H, Zhou Y, Koelling N, Wang G, Ashley N, Bugacov H, Chen HJ, Parvez R, Tseng KC, Merrill AE, Maxson RE, Wilkie AOM, Crump JG, Twigg SRF. The developing mouse coronal suture at single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4797. [PMID: 34376651 PMCID: PMC8355337 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Sutures separate the flat bones of the skull and enable coordinated growth of the brain and overlying cranium. The coronal suture is most commonly fused in monogenic craniosynostosis, yet the unique aspects of its development remain incompletely understood. To uncover the cellular diversity within the murine embryonic coronal suture, we generated single-cell transcriptomes and performed extensive expression validation. We find distinct pre-osteoblast signatures between the bone fronts and periosteum, a ligament-like population above the suture that persists into adulthood, and a chondrogenic-like population in the dura mater underlying the suture. Lineage tracing reveals an embryonic Six2+ osteoprogenitor population that contributes to the postnatal suture mesenchyme, with these progenitors being preferentially affected in a Twist1+/-; Tcf12+/- mouse model of Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome. This single-cell atlas provides a resource for understanding the development of the coronal suture and the mechanisms for its loss in craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D'Juan T Farmer
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hana Mlcochova
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Nils Koelling
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Guanlin Wang
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- MRC WIMM Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Neil Ashley
- Single cell facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Helena Bugacov
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Hung-Jhen Chen
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Riana Parvez
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kuo-Chang Tseng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Amy E Merrill
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Robert E Maxson
- Department of Biochemistry, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Stephen R F Twigg
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.
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10
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White HE, Goswami A, Tucker AS. The Intertwined Evolution and Development of Sutures and Cranial Morphology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653579. [PMID: 33842480 PMCID: PMC8033035 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic variation across mammals is extensive and reflects their ecological diversification into a remarkable range of habitats on every continent and in every ocean. The skull performs many functions to enable each species to thrive within its unique ecological niche, from prey acquisition, feeding, sensory capture (supporting vision and hearing) to brain protection. Diversity of skull function is reflected by its complex and highly variable morphology. Cranial morphology can be quantified using geometric morphometric techniques to offer invaluable insights into evolutionary patterns, ecomorphology, development, taxonomy, and phylogenetics. Therefore, the skull is one of the best suited skeletal elements for developmental and evolutionary analyses. In contrast, less attention is dedicated to the fibrous sutural joints separating the cranial bones. Throughout postnatal craniofacial development, sutures function as sites of bone growth, accommodating expansion of a growing brain. As growth frontiers, cranial sutures are actively responsible for the size and shape of the cranial bones, with overall skull shape being altered by changes to both the level and time period of activity of a given cranial suture. In keeping with this, pathological premature closure of sutures postnatally causes profound misshaping of the skull (craniosynostosis). Beyond this crucial role, sutures also function postnatally to provide locomotive shock absorption, allow joint mobility during feeding, and, in later postnatal stages, suture fusion acts to protect the developed brain. All these sutural functions have a clear impact on overall cranial function, development and morphology, and highlight the importance that patterns of suture development have in shaping the diversity of cranial morphology across taxa. Here we focus on the mammalian cranial system and review the intrinsic relationship between suture development and morphology and cranial shape from an evolutionary developmental biology perspective, with a view to understanding the influence of sutures on evolutionary diversity. Future work integrating suture development into a comparative evolutionary framework will be instrumental to understanding how developmental mechanisms shaping sutures ultimately influence evolutionary diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather E White
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Biosciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Siismets EM, Hatch NE. Cranial Neural Crest Cells and Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Craniofacial Anomalies and Coronal Craniosynostosis. J Dev Biol 2020; 8:jdb8030018. [PMID: 32916911 PMCID: PMC7558351 DOI: 10.3390/jdb8030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies are among the most common of birth defects. The pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies frequently involves defects in the migration, proliferation, and fate of neural crest cells destined for the craniofacial skeleton. Genetic mutations causing deficient cranial neural crest migration and proliferation can result in Treacher Collins syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, and cleft palate. Defects in post-migratory neural crest cells can result in pre- or post-ossification defects in the developing craniofacial skeleton and craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial bones/cranial sutures). The coronal suture is the most frequently fused suture in craniosynostosis syndromes. It exists as a biological boundary between the neural crest-derived frontal bone and paraxial mesoderm-derived parietal bone. The objective of this review is to frame our current understanding of neural crest cells in craniofacial development, craniofacial anomalies, and the pathogenesis of coronal craniosynostosis. We will also discuss novel approaches for advancing our knowledge and developing prevention and/or treatment strategies for craniofacial tissue regeneration and craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M. Siismets
- Oral Health Sciences PhD Program, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA;
| | - Nan E. Hatch
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-647-6567
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12
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Holmes G, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Lu N, Zhou X, Rivera J, Kriti D, Sebra R, Williams AA, Donovan MJ, Potter SS, Pinto D, Zhang B, van Bakel H, Jabs EW. Integrated Transcriptome and Network Analysis Reveals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Calvarial Suturogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107871. [PMID: 32640236 PMCID: PMC7379176 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial abnormalities often involve sutures, the growth centers of the skull. To characterize the organization and processes governing their development, we profile the murine frontal suture, a model for sutural growth and fusion, at the tissue- and single-cell level on embryonic days (E)16.5 and E18.5. For the wild-type suture, bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis identifies mesenchyme-, osteogenic front-, and stage-enriched genes and biological processes, as well as alternative splicing events modifying the extracellular matrix. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis distinguishes multiple subpopulations, of which five define a mesenchyme-osteoblast differentiation trajectory and show variation along the anteroposterior axis. Similar analyses of in vivo mouse models of impaired frontal suturogenesis in Saethre-Chotzen and Apert syndromes, Twist1+/- and Fgfr2+/S252W, demonstrate distinct transcriptional changes involving angiogenesis and ribogenesis, respectively. Co-expression network analysis reveals gene expression modules from which we validate key driver genes regulating osteoblast differentiation. Our study provides a global approach to gain insights into suturogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Holmes
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Na Lu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Xianxiao Zhou
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Joshua Rivera
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Divya Kriti
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Anthony A Williams
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael J Donovan
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - S Steven Potter
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Dalila Pinto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Psychiatry, and Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ethylin Wang Jabs
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology and Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Lonsdale S, Yong R, Khominsky A, Mihailidis S, Townsend G, Ranjitkar S, Anderson PJ. Craniofacial abnormalities in a murine model of Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome. Ann Anat 2019; 225:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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14
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Lee KKL, Peskett E, Quinn CM, Aiello R, Adeeva L, Moulding DA, Stanier P, Pauws E. Overexpression of Fgfr2c causes craniofacial bone hypoplasia and ameliorates craniosynostosis in the Crouzon mouse. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm035311. [PMID: 30266836 PMCID: PMC6262810 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFR2c regulates many aspects of craniofacial and skeletal development. Mutations in the FGFR2 gene are causative of multiple forms of syndromic craniosynostosis, including Crouzon syndrome. Paradoxically, mouse studies have shown that the activation (Fgfr2cC342Y; a mouse model for human Crouzon syndrome), as well as the removal (Fgfr2cnull), of the FGFR2c isoform can drive suture abolishment. This study aims to address the downstream effects of pathogenic FGFR2c signalling by studying the effects of Fgfr2c overexpression. Conditional overexpression of Fgfr2c (R26RFgfr2c;βact) results in craniofacial hypoplasia as well as microtia and cleft palate. Contrary to Fgfr2cnull and Fgfr2cC342Y, Fgfr2c overexpression is insufficient to drive onset of craniosynostosis. Examination of the MAPK/ERK pathway in the embryonic sutures of Fgfr2cC342Y and R26RFgfr2c;βact mice reveals that both mutants have increased pERK expression. The contrasting phenotypes between Fgfr2cC342Y and R26RFgfr2c;βact mice prompted us to assess the impact of the Fgfr2c overexpression allele on the Crouzon mouse (Fgfr2cC342Y), in particular its effects on the coronal suture. Our results demonstrate that Fgfr2c overexpression is sufficient to partially rescue craniosynostosis through increased proliferation and reduced osteogenic activity in E18.5 Fgfr2cC342Y embryos. This study demonstrates the intricate balance of FGF signalling required for correct calvarial bone and suture morphogenesis, and that increasing the expression of the wild-type FGFR2c isoform could be a way to prevent or delay craniosynostosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K L Lee
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Emma Peskett
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Charlotte M Quinn
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Rosanna Aiello
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Liliya Adeeva
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Dale A Moulding
- ICH GOSH Light Microscopy Core Facility, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Philip Stanier
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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