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Rief W, Wilhelm M. Nocebo and Placebo Effects and Their Implications in Psychotherapy. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2024:1-6. [PMID: 39217983 DOI: 10.1159/000540791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Rief
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Wilhelm
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany,
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Fava GA, Patierno C, Sonino N, Cosci F. Key psychosocial issues in medical care. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2024; 149:368-377. [PMID: 38303125 DOI: 10.1111/acps.13667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to illustrate an innovative framework for assessing the psychosocial aspects of medical disorders within the biopsychosocial model. It is based on clinimetrics, the science of clinical measurements. It may overcome the limitations of DSM-5 in identifying highly individualized responses at the experiential, behavioral, and interpersonal levels. METHOD A critical review of the clinimetric formulations of the biopsychosocial model in the setting of medical disease was performed. References were identified through searches from PubMed for English articles on human subjects published from January 1982 to October 2023. RESULTS Clinimetric methods of classification have been found to deserve special attention in four major areas: allostatic load (the cumulative cost of fluctuating and heightened neural or neuroendocrine responses to environmental stressors); health attitudes and behavior; persistent somatization; demoralization and irritable mood. This type of assessment, integrated with traditional psychiatric nosography, may disclose pathophysiological links and provide clinical characterizations that demarcate major prognostic and therapeutic differences among patients who otherwise seem deceptively similar because they have the same medical diagnosis. It may be of value in a number of medical situations, such as: high level of disability or compromised quality of life in relation to what is expected by disease status; delayed or partial recovery; insufficient participation in self-management and/or rehabilitation; failure to resume healthy role after convalescence; unhealthy lifestyle; high attendance of medical facilities disproportionate to detectable disease; lack of treatment adherence; illness denial. CONCLUSIONS The clinimetric approach to the assessment of key psychosocial variables may lead to unique individual profiles, that take into account both biology and biography. It may offer new opportunities for integrating psychosocial and medical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Fava
- Department of Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Chiara Patierno
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Sonino
- Department of Psychiatry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Brailovskaia J, Margraf J, Ceccatelli S, Cosci F. The relationship among psychological distress, well-being and excessive social media use during the outbreak of Covid-19: A longitudinal investigation. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1013-1019. [PMID: 37056167 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The corona pandemic has been a life event causing negative consequences on mental health. Mental health consists of positive and negative dimensions. The present longitudinal study investigated how positive and negative dimensions changed over 15 months after the Covid-19 outbreak. Potential changes of excessive social media use (SMU) and its relationship with mental health were also investigated. METHOD Data (N = 189) on distress (measured overall and as depression, anxiety, and stress), well-being and excessive SMU were collected at three time points (baseline, BL; 3-month follow-up, FU1; 15-month follow-up, FU2) via online surveys in Italy. Repeated analyses of variance were used to test differences among the three measurement time points. Mediational models were applied. RESULTS Distress did not change over time, well-being decreased and excessive SMU increased significantly. The relationship between distress at BL and excessive SMU at FU2 was significant (total effect, c: p < .001). The relationship between distress at BL and well-being at FU1 (a: p < .001), and between well-being at FU1and excessive SMU at FU2 (b: p = .004) was significant. Including FU1 well-being in the model, the relationship between distress at BL and excessive SMU at FU2 was not significant (direct effect, c': p = .078). The indirect effect (ab) was significant. CONCLUSION Well-being mediated the relationship between baseline stress and excessive SMU. Enhanced stress may reduce well-being which, in turn, increases the risk of excessive SMU. This emphasizes the urgency of programmes that foster well-being, especially during stressful events such as a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brailovskaia
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Juergen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sara Ceccatelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Alhakami A, Salem V, Alateeq D, Nikčević AV, Marci T, Palmieri S, Spada MM, Mansueto G. The Arab COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS): COVID-19 anxiety syndrome and psychological symptoms in the Saudi Arabian population. Clin Psychol Psychother 2023; 30:1083-1094. [PMID: 37183315 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS) is a reliable scale assessing dysfunctional coping strategies activated in response to COVID-19 fear and threat. The present study aimed to provide a validation of the Arabic version of the C-19ASS and to explore the association between the C-19ASS and psychological symptoms syndrome. METHOD In Study 1, a community sample of 404 participants completed the Arabic version of the C-19ASS and results were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis. In Study 2, a community sample of 903 participants completed the Arabic version of the C-19ASS and a series of measures assessing depressed mood and anhedonia, generalized anxiety and health anxiety. Internal consistency, construct validity and incremental validity were assessed. Associations between C-19ASS and psychological symptoms were assessed. RESULTS Factor analysis identified a two-factor solution (i.e., C-19ASS-Perseveration and C-19ASS-Avoidance), and confirmatory factor analysis suggested a two-factor model best fits the data. The Arabic version of the C-19ASS showed good internal consistency, good construct and incremental validity. COVID-19 anxiety syndrome was associated with more severe anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and health anxiety. Females had higher levels of COVID-19 anxiety syndrome than males. Participants diagnosed with COVID-19, and those who had experienced loss as a consequence of COVID-19, had higher levels of COVID-19 anxiety syndrome (Perseveration). CONCLUSIONS The Arabic version of the C-19ASS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome. The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome could be a suitable therapeutic target to improve psychological recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic among Arabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Alhakami
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Victoria Salem
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Deemah Alateeq
- Department of Clinical Science, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ana V Nikčević
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Kingston University, Kingston, UK
| | - Tatiana Marci
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Sara Palmieri
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
- Studi Cognitivi, Cognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
- School of Applied Sciences, London South Bank University, London, UK
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Busili A, Makrami A, Keni A, Khardily A, Alzahrani D, Busaily I, Busayli F. COVID-19 exposure and depression-anxiety levels among Saudi adults in the Jazan region: a study with a predominantly female and undergraduate sample. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1200052. [PMID: 37645641 PMCID: PMC10462401 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant mental health challenges worldwide, as evidenced by numerous studies indicating high levels of depression and anxiety among individuals. However, the extent of mental health disorders following the pandemic and the association between anxiety and depression and COVID-19 exposure levels in the Jazan region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia have received little research attention. Methods A convenience sample of 377 participants, predominantly female (85.4%) with undergraduate education (74.5%) and Saudi nationality (92.8%), was included in the study. The study utilized a self-administered questionnaire to collect data from participants between 1st August and 8th September 2022. The questionnaire consisted of four parts, including demographic characteristics, COVID-19 exposure, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression assessment, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7) for anxiety evaluation. Statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), and regression analysis were employed to analyze the collected data. Results The mean age of the study participants was 30.97 years (SD = 9.072). The mean score for COVID-19 exposure was 2.98 (SD = 1.48). The mean level of depression was 7.83 (SD = 6.43), with 20% of participants experiencing moderate to severe depression. Additionally, the study found that the mean score of anxiety level among participants was 6.75 (SD = 6.57), with 26% of the participants experiencing moderate to severe anxiety. Independent t-test revealed significant differences in mean depression and anxiety scores between participants with varying COVID-19 exposure levels (p = 0.001). The regression analysis demonstrated that anxiety levels were significant predictors of depression (p < 0.001). There is a significant difference in the depression mean between participants with high levels of anxiety (≥10) compared to others with levels <10. Furthermore, significant predictors of anxiety levels included either student or unemployment status (p < 0.001), increased age (≥35) (p = 0.049), female gender (p = 0.009), marital status of not being married, divorced, or widowed (p = 0.004), low monthly income (p = 0.019), and increased depression level (p < 0.001). Conclusion This study provides evidence of significant depression and anxiety levels among participants, with higher COVID-19 infection exposure correlating with increased scores for both. Anxiety was identified as a significant predictor of depression. Demographic factors, such as employment status, age, gender, and marital status, played a role in influencing anxiety levels. The findings highlight the need for targeted mental health interventions to address the psychological impact of COVID-19 infection exposure and support affected individuals effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Busili
- College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Nursing College, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amnah Keni
- Damad General Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Khardily
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Idris Busaily
- Dental College, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
Individual attitudes and behavior related to health and disease are major components of clinical encounters. These factors shape lifestyle, presentation of symptoms, access to patient care, interactions between patients and physicians, adherence to medical advice, and response to treatment. Health attitudes and behavior may range from anxiety and worry about illness to various forms of denial, such as delay of seeking care and lack of adherence to treatment. When attitudes result in health-damaging behavior, they may be particularly difficult to understand and become a source of frustration to both physicians and patients. Devising appropriate responses by health care providers may contribute to improving final outcomes and decrease health care costs. In particular, health behavior is likely to play a major role in the process of convalescence, in self-management of chronic conditions, in determining a state of recovery, and whenever a rehabilitation process is involved. Understanding the spectrum of health attitudes and behavior is also crucial for motivating people to make beneficial changes (lifestyle medicine), as well as for implementing safety procedures in the community.
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Heckendorf H, Lehr D, Boß L. Effectiveness of an Internet-Based Self-Help Intervention versus Public Mental Health Advice to Reduce Worry during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Pragmatic, Parallel-Group, Randomized Controlled Trial. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022; 91:398-410. [PMID: 35051939 DOI: 10.1159/000521302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mental health burden for the general population due to the COVID-19 pandemic has been highlighted. Evidence on effective, easily accessible public health interventions to reduce worry, a major transdiagnostic risk-factor for, e.g., anxiety and depression, is scarce. OBJECTIVE In a pragmatic randomized controlled trial, we aimed to assess whether an internet cognitive-behavioral self-help intervention could reduce worry more than public mental health advice in the general population. METHODS Eligible internet users above the age of 18 were recruited from the German general population and randomly assigned, to either get.calm-move.on (GCMO), a 10-day unguided, internet-based self-help intervention, or mental health advice waiting group (MHA-W, receiving officially endorsed mental health recommendations). The primary outcome was level of worry, using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), 2 weeks after randomization. Baseline assessment and 2-month and 6-month follow-ups were conducted. The trial was registered at the German Clinical Trials Registry (DRKS00021153). RESULTS Between April 7, 2020 and December 11, 2020, we randomly assigned 351 individuals to receive either GCMO (n = 175) or MHA-W (n = 176). Participants receiving GCMO (PSWQ = 46.6; change -10.3) reported significantly less worrying at post-intervention (F1,219 = 12.9; p < 0.001; d = 0.38) than MHA-W controls (PSWQ = 51.6; change -5.1). Improvements were also seen on most secondary outcomes, including symptoms of anxiety and depression, general well-being, resiliency, and emotion regulation skills. Improvements made from baseline were stable until the 6-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS This internet-based self-help intervention providing cognitive-behavioral techniques to cope with the threatening pandemic situation is effective in reducing worry in the general population and should complement existing and potentially effective mental health recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Heckendorf
- Department of Health Psychology and Applied Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Lehr
- Department of Health Psychology and Applied Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Leif Boß
- Department of Health Psychology and Applied Biological Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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Mansueto G, Palmieri S, Marino C, Caselli G, Sassaroli S, Ruggiero GM, Nikčević AV, Spada MM. The Italian COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale: Investigation of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome and its association with psychological symptoms in an Italian population. Clin Psychol Psychother 2022; 29:1972-1990. [PMID: 35771682 PMCID: PMC9350361 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 Anxiety Syndrome Scale (C-19ASS) is a quick and reliable scale assessing dysfunctional coping strategies activated in response to COVID-19 fear and threat. The present study aimed to provide a preliminary validation of the Italian version of the C-19ASS and investigated whether the C-19ASS would mediate the relationship between the Big Five personality traits and psychological outcomes. METHOD In Study 1, a community sample of 271 participants completed the Italian version of the C-19ASS and results were subjected to a Principal Component Analysis. In study 2, a community sample of 484 participants completed the Italian version of the C-19ASS and a series of measures assessing COVID-19 anxiety, COVID-19 fear, functional impairment, personality traits, depression, generalized anxiety and health anxiety. Internal consistency, concurrent and incremental validity were assessed. Path analyses were run. RESULTS Factor analysis identified a two-factor solution (i.e., C-19ASS Perseveration and C-19ASS Avoidance) and confirmatory factor analysis suggested a two-factor model best fits the data. The Italian version of the C-19ASS showed good internal consistency. There was also evidence of convergent validity and incremental validity. Path analyses showed that C-19ASS Perseveration mediates the relationship between emotional stability and psychological symptoms (depression, generalized anxiety and health anxiety). CONCLUSION The Italian version of the C-19ASS appears to be a reliable and valid measure of the COVID-19 anxiety syndrome. The COVID-19 anxiety syndrome could be a suitable therapeutic target to reduce psychological symptoms typically linked to pandemic events, such as depression generalized anxiety and health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
- Studi CognitiviCognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center MilanMilanItaly
| | - Sara Palmieri
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Studi CognitiviCognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center MilanMilanItaly
- School of Applied SciencesLondon South Bank UniversityLondonUK
| | - Claudia Marino
- School of Applied SciencesLondon South Bank UniversityLondonUK
- Department of Developmental and Social PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
| | - Gabriele Caselli
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Studi CognitiviCognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center MilanMilanItaly
| | - Sandra Sassaroli
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Studi CognitiviCognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center MilanMilanItaly
| | - Giovanni Maria Ruggiero
- Department of PsychologySigmund Freud UniversityMilanItaly
- Studi CognitiviCognitive Psychotherapy School and Research Center MilanMilanItaly
| | - Ana V. Nikčević
- Department of Psychology, School of Law, Social and Behavioural SciencesKingston UniversityKingstonUK
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Psychological and Psychiatric Events Following Immunization with Five Different Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081297. [PMID: 36016185 PMCID: PMC9415094 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the high number of vaccines administered against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide, the information on the psychological/psychiatric adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with these newly developed vaccines remains scarce. Objective: To describe the frequency of psychological/psychiatric symptoms among recipients of five different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and to explore the factors associated with their development reported in the nationwide Mexican registry of AEFI against SARS-CoV-2. Methods: Descriptive study of all the psychological/psychiatric symptoms, including anxiety, panic attacks, insomnia, and agitation reported to the Mexican Epidemiological Surveillance System from 21 December 2020 to 27 April 2021, among adult (≥18 years old) recipients of 7,812,845 doses of BNT162b2, ChAdOx1 nCov-19, rAd26-rAd5, Ad5-nCoV, or CoronaVac. The factors associated with their development are determined by multivariate regression analysis. Results: There were 19,163 AEFI reports during the study period; amongst them, 191 (1%) patients had psychological/psychiatric symptoms (median age of 41 years, interquartile range of 32–54; 149 [78%] women) for an observed incidence of 2.44 cases per 100,000 administered doses (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.12–2.82), 72.8% of psychiatric AEFIs were reported among recipients of BNT162b2. The median time from vaccination to symptom onset was 35 min (interquartile range: 10–720). Overall, the most common psychological/psychiatric symptoms were anxiety in 129 (67.5%) patients, panic attacks in 30 (15.7%), insomnia in 25 (13%), and agitation in 11 (5.7%). After adjusting for the confounding factors, the odds for developing psychological/psychiatric symptoms were higher for those concurrently reporting syncope (odds ratio [OR]: 4.73, 95% CI: 1.68–13.33); palpitations (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.65–3.70), and dizziness (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.10–2.28). Conclusion: In our population, psychological/psychiatric symptoms were extremely infrequent AEFIs. No severe psychiatric AEFIs were reported. Immunization stress-related responses might explain most of the detected cases.
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Escaping the Reality of the Pandemic: The Role of Hopelessness and Dissociation in COVID-19 Denialism. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12081302. [PMID: 36013251 PMCID: PMC9410015 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12081302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Denialism of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severely affected governments’ attempts to contain the spread of the virus. Indeed, groups of deniers showed scepticism and misinformation toward the causes of the virus, leading to less adherence to official guidelines and vaccination campaigns. The present study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic and psychological factors associated with COVID-19 denialism, expressed in the forms of scepticism, nonadherence to guidelines, and negative attitudes toward vaccination. Methods: Four hundred and sixty-one volunteers completed an online survey composed of the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Dissociative Experiences Scale-II, the Sense of Community Index, and a questionnaire about COVID-19 denialism. Results: The multiple regression analyses showed that higher age and a lower level of education were positive predictors of COVID-19 denialism. Furthermore, the structural equation model showed that hopelessness positively predicted dissociation and negatively predicted the sense of community. In turn, only dissociation was found to positively predict COVID-19 denialism. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggested that hopelessness could exacerbate a defensive dissociative response that could be associated with greater COVID-19 denialism. Moreover, older and less educated people showed a greater propensity to engage in COVID-19 denialism.
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Harris MG, Wood E, Anggoro FK. Mental Models of Illness during the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116894. [PMID: 35682476 PMCID: PMC9180819 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its profound global effects may be changing the way we think about illness. In summer 2020, 120 American adults were asked to diagnose symptoms of COVID-19, a cold, and cancer, and to answer questions related to the diagnosis, treatment, prevention, time-course, and transmission of each disease. Results showed that participants were more likely to correctly diagnose COVID-19 (91% accuracy) compared to a cold (58% accuracy) or cancer (52% accuracy). We also found that 7% of participants misdiagnosed cold symptoms as COVID-19, and, interestingly, over twice as many participants (16%) misdiagnosed symptoms of cancer as COVID-19. Our findings suggest a distinct mental model for COVID-19 compared to other illnesses. Further, the prevalence of COVID-19 in everyday discourse—especially early in the pandemic—may lead to biased responding, similar to errors in medical diagnosis that result from physicians’ expertise. We also discuss how the focus of public-health messaging on prevention of COVID-19 might contribute to participants’ mental models.
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Burkova VN, Butovskaya ML, Randall AK, Fedenok JN, Ahmadi K, Alghraibeh AM, Allami FBM, Alpaslan FS, Al-Zu’bi MAA, Al-Mseidin KIM, Biçer DF, Cetinkaya H, David OA, Donato S, Dural S, Erickson P, Ermakov AM, Ertuğrul B, Fayankinnu EA, Fisher ML, Al Gharaibeh F, Hocker L, Hromatko I, Kasparova E, Kavina A, Khatatbeh YM, Khun-Inkeeree H, Kline KM, Koç F, Kolodkin V, MacEacheron M, Maruf IR, Meskó N, Mkrtchyan R, Nurisnaeny PS, Ojedokun O, Adebayo D, Omar-Fauzee MSB, Özener B, Ponciano ELT, Rizwan M, Sabiniewicz A, Spodina VI, Stoyanova S, Tripathi N, Upadhyay S, Weisfeld C, Yaakob MFM, Yusof MR, Zinurova RI. Factors Associated With Highest Symptoms of Anxiety During COVID-19: Cross-Cultural Study of 23 Countries. Front Psychol 2022; 13:805586. [PMID: 35664191 PMCID: PMC9162123 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 restrictions have impacted people's lifestyles in all spheres (social, psychological, political, economic, and others). This study explored which factors affected the level of anxiety during the time of the first wave of COVID-19 and subsequent quarantine in a substantial proportion of 23 countries, included in this study. The data was collected from May to August 2020 (5 June 2020). The sample included 15,375 participants from 23 countries: (seven from Europe: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Russia; 11 from West, South and Southeast Asia: Armenia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Turkey; two African: Nigeria and Tanzania; and three from North, South, and Central America: Brazil, Canada, United States). Level of anxiety was measured by means of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) and the 20-item first part of The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). Respondents were also asked about their personal experiences with COVID-19, attitudes toward measures introduced by governments, changes in attitudes toward migrants during a pandemic, family income, isolation conditions, etc. The factor analysis revealed that four factors explained 45.08% of variance in increase of anxiety, and these components were interpreted as follows: (1) personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, (2) personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, (3) personal trust in official sources, (4) personal experience with COVID-19. Three out of four factors demonstrated strong associations with both scales of anxiety: high level of anxiety was significantly correlated with high level of personal awareness of the threat of COVID-19, low level of personal reaction toward officially undertaken measures and attitudes to foreigners, and high level of presence of personal experience with COVID-19. Our study revealed significant main effects of sex, country, and all four factors on the level of anxiety. It was demonstrated that countries with higher levels of anxiety assessed the real danger of a pandemic as higher, and had more personal experience with COVID-19. Respondents who trusted the government demonstrated lower levels of anxiety. Finally, foreigners were perceived as the cause of epidemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina N. Burkova
- Center of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- International Centre of Anthropology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Butovskaya
- Center of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- International Centre of Anthropology, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ashley K. Randall
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Julija N. Fedenok
- Center of Cross-Cultural Psychology and Human Ethology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Khodabakhsh Ahmadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Derya Fatma Biçer
- Department of Business Administration, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Hakan Cetinkaya
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, Yaşar University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Oana Alexandra David
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Silvia Donato
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
| | - Seda Dural
- Department of Psychology, İzmir University of Economics, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Paige Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Alexey M. Ermakov
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Veterinary Medicine, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Berna Ertuğrul
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Maryanne L. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax Regional Municipality, NS, Canada
| | - Fakir Al Gharaibeh
- Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences and Department of Sociology, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lauren Hocker
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Ivana Hromatko
- Department of Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Elena Kasparova
- Department of Pedagogy and Problems of Education Development, Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Alexander Kavina
- Department of History, St John’s University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Yahya M. Khatatbeh
- Department of Psychology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kai M. Kline
- Counseling and Counseling Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Fırat Koç
- Department of Anthropology, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Vladimir Kolodkin
- Faculty of Media Communications and Multimedia Technologies, Don State Technical University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Melanie MacEacheron
- School of Social & Behavioral Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | | | - Norbert Meskó
- Department for General and Evolutionary Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ruzan Mkrtchyan
- Department of Cultural Studies, Faculty of History, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Oluyinka Ojedokun
- Department of Pure & Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria
| | - Damilola Adebayo
- Department of Pure & Applied Psychology, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba, Nigeria
| | | | - Barıs Özener
- Department of Anthropology, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Edna Lúcia Tinoco Ponciano
- Institute of Psychology, University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centre for Social Studies, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Psychology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Agnieszka Sabiniewicz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Victoriya I. Spodina
- Department of History and Ethnology, Ob-Ugric Institute of Applied Researches and Development, Pasundan University, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Stanislava Stoyanova
- Department of Psychology, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
| | - Nachiketa Tripathi
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Satwik Upadhyay
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Carol Weisfeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Mat Rahimi Yusof
- School of Education, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia
| | - Raushaniia I. Zinurova
- Institute of Innovation Management, Kazan National Research Technological University, Kazan, Russia
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13
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Reilly ED, Chamberlin ES, Duarte BA, Harris JI, Shirk SD, Kelly MM. The Impact of COVID-19 on Self-Reported Substance Use, Well-Being, and Functioning Among United States Veterans: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:812247. [PMID: 35478735 PMCID: PMC9035845 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic sweeps the globe, many veterans with substance use issues have faced the closure of treatment facilities, mandates to shelter in place, and social distancing measures. To better understand their pandemic experiences, substance use changes, and functioning, a survey was nationally administered to a sample of United States veterans reporting substance use issues during the pandemic. The purpose of this cross-sectional online survey for veterans (N = 409) was to report on COVID-19 experiences, safety behaviors, and infection experiences while also investigating the relationship among addictive behaviors, mental and physical health, and COVID-19 impact. Measures also assessed specific substance use concerns, pandemic-related loneliness, and functioning. Though few veterans reported personally receiving a confirmed COVID-19 medical diagnosis (10.5%), the impact of pandemic stressors was evident, with a majority reporting anxiety related to contracting COVID-19 (61.4%) or fear of a family member or close friend contracting COVID-19 (58.7%). Participants reported increased use of alcohol (45.3%), sedatives (36.6%), inhalants (35.7%), tobacco (35.0%), and cannabis (34.9%), attributed specifically to the pandemic. Regression analyses revealed that even when controlling for the contribution of problematic substance use issues, negative pandemic impacts and self-reported COVID-19 related loneliness were related to more impaired physical and mental health functioning during the pandemic. Findings from this sample of veterans with addiction issues add to the growing literature suggesting unique and adverse effects of COVID-19 stressors on functioning while also revealing specific pandemic impacts for this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin D. Reilly
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- The Department of Psychiatry and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Erin D. Reilly,
| | - Elizabeth S. Chamberlin
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
| | | | - J. Irene Harris
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Steven D. Shirk
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- The Department of Psychiatry and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Megan M. Kelly
- Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, United States
- The Department of Psychiatry and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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14
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Bryant RA, Dawson KS, Keyan D, Azevedo S, Yadav S, Tran J, Rawson N, Harvey S. Effectiveness of a Videoconferencing-Delivered Psychological Intervention for Mental Health Problems during COVID-19: A Proof-of-Concept Randomized Clinical Trial. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2022; 91:63-72. [PMID: 34875669 PMCID: PMC8820421 DOI: 10.1159/000520283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety and depression have increased markedly during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a lack of evidence-based strategies to address these mental health needs during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE We aim to conduct a proof-of-concept trial of the efficacy of a brief group-based psychological intervention delivered via videoconferencing for adults in Australia distressed by the pandemic. METHODS In this single-blind, parallel, randomised controlled trial, adults who screened positive for COVID-related psychological distress across Australia were randomly allocated to either a 6-session group-based program based on behavioural principles (n = 120) or enhanced usual care (EUC, n = 120). Primary outcome was total score on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HADS) anxiety and depression subscales assessed at baseline, 1 week posttreatment, 2 months (primary outcome time point), and 6 months after treatment, as well as secondary outcome measures of worry, sleep impairment, anhedonia, mood, and COVID-19-related stress. RESULTS Between May 20, 2020, and October 20, 2020, 240 patients were enrolled into the trial. Relative to EUC, at 2 months participants receiving intervention showed greater reduction on anxiety (mean difference, 1.4 [95% CI, 0.3 to 2.6], p = 0.01; effect size, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.1 to 0.7]) and depression (mean difference, 1.6 [95% CI, 0.4 to 2.8], p = 0.009; effect size, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2 to 0.7]) scales. These effects were maintained at 6 months. There were also greater reductions of worry, anhedonia, COVID-19-related fears, and contamination fears. CONCLUSIONS This trial provides initial evidence that brief group-based behavioural intervention delivered via videoconferencing results in moderate reductions in common psychological problems arising during the COVID-19 pandemic. This program may offer a viable and scalable means to mitigate the rising mental health problems during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Bryant
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,*Richard A. Bryant,
| | - Katie S. Dawson
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dharani Keyan
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanna Azevedo
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Srishti Yadav
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Tran
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natasha Rawson
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel Harvey
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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15
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Romanazzo S, Mansueto G, Cosci F. Anxiety in the Medically Ill: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:873126. [PMID: 35722552 PMCID: PMC9203680 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.873126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although anxiety is highly represented in the medically ill and its occurrence has relevant clinical implications, it often remains undetected and not properly treated. This systematic review aimed to report on anxiety, either symptom or disorder, in patients who suffer from a medical illness. METHODS English-language papers reporting on anxiety in medically ill adults were evaluated. PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched from inception to June 2021. Search term was "anxiety" combined using the Boolean "AND" operator with "medically ill/chronic illness/illness/disorder/disease." Risk of bias was assessed via the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools-Checklist for Prevalence Studies. The PRISMA guidelines were followed. RESULTS Of 100,848 citations reviewed, 329 studies met inclusion criteria. Moderate or severe anxious symptoms were common among patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous system, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, endocrine, musculoskeletal system or connective tissue, dermatological diseases, cancer, AIDS and COVID-19 infections. The most common anxiety disorder was generalized anxiety disorder, observed among patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, central nervous system, dermatologic diseases, cancer, primary aldosteronism, amenorrhea, and COVID-19 infection. Panic disorder was described for cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatology diseases. Social anxiety was found for cardiovascular, respiratory, rheumatoid diseases. Specific phobias were relatively common in irritable bowel syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux, end-stage renal disease. CONCLUSION Anxiety is a major challenge in medical settings. Recognition and proper assessment of anxiety in patients who suffer from a medical illness is necessary for an appropriate management. Future reviews are warranted in order also to clarify the causal and temporal relationship between anxiety and organic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Romanazzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacopsychology Laboratory, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacopsychology Laboratory, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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16
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Artificial Intelligence-Driven Digital Technologies to the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals: A Perspective from Brazil and Portugal. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Innovativeness is a characteristic of digital technologies (DT), and they have been assuming an important role in economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Therefore, DT are relevant contributors for sustainable development goal (SDG) achievements. This study aims to compare the preference for artificial intelligence-driven digital technologies (AI-Driven DT) to achieve SDGs in Brazil and Portugal. An independent sample t-test analysis and Levene test are performed to identify potential artificial intelligence-driven digital technologies (AI-Driven DT) as favorable facilitators for SDG achievements in Brazil and Portugal. Based on the findings, a broader analysis is provided, to (i) indicate potential favorable SDGs, (ii) discuss differences between the countries in AI-Driven DT preferences in each SDG, and (iii) make recommendations for potential technologies that could receive more attention and investments in both regions to make emergent digital technologies succeed, with a particular emphasis on cleaner production. The analysis is organized into three dimensions: economic, social, and environment. At the end, a closing discussion is provided about the key guidelines and prospects that could be adopted to keep a strong and positive shift of AI-Driven DT developments and applications towards fully supporting the attainment of the SDG of United Nations Organization (ONU) Agenda 2030.
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Geers AL, Clemens KS, Faasse K, Colagiuri B, Webster R, Vase L, Sieg M, Jason E, Colloca L. Psychosocial Factors Predict COVID-19 Vaccine Side Effects. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021; 91:136-138. [PMID: 34736267 PMCID: PMC8678245 DOI: 10.1159/000519853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L. Geers
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly S. Clemens
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Kate Faasse
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben Colagiuri
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Webster
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, South Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lene Vase
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Sieg
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Emily Jason
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Luana Colloca
- Departments of Pain Translational Symptoms Science, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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18
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Cosci F. Clinimetric Perspectives in Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry. PSYCHOTHERAPY AND PSYCHOSOMATICS 2021; 90:217-221. [PMID: 34052804 DOI: 10.1159/000517028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacopsychology Lab, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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19
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Mansueto G, Lopes FL, Grassi L, Cosci F. Impact of COVID-19 outbreak on Italian healthcare workers versus general population: Results from an online survey. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1334-1345. [PMID: 34255890 PMCID: PMC8426916 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective COVID‐19 pandemic has been a stressful condition. We explored life changes and health‐related consequences of COVID‐19 outbreak in Italian healthcare workers in comparison to the general population. Methods A total of 593 subjects participated to the online CoRonavIruS Health Impact Survey. Life events and changes, physical health and worries were evaluated referring to 2 weeks prior to the survey. Mood states and daily behaviour were retrospectively evaluated referring to 3 months before COVID‐19 (T1) and 2 weeks prior to the survey (T2). Student t test, Mann–Whitney test and multivariate logistic regression analyses were run. Results Five hundred and twenty‐one subjects were analysed (healthcare workers: n = 163, 31.84%; general population: n = 349, 68.16%). Healthcare workers were more likely to report fatigue and have spent more time outside home during the 2 weeks prior to the survey than the general population (χ2(df) = 266.03(17), p < 0.001, R2 = 0.57). From T1 to T2, healthcare workers had a significant increase in negative mood, worry, restlessness, loneliness and a decrease in happiness, while subjects from the general population had a statistically significant increase in negative mood, worry, attention, concentration difficulties and a decrease in happiness, pleasure related to daily activities, time spent outdoors and alcohol use. Conclusion In the framework of a growing literature on healthcare workers' status during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the present study allowed to identify fatigue and loneliness as psychosomatic modifiable variables in need of being monitored and, possibly managed, to ameliorate the health status of healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Mansueto
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabiana Leão Lopes
- Human Genetics Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Integrated Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addictions, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Cosci
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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