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Legroux TM, Schymik HS, Gasparoni G, Mohammadi S, Walter J, Libert C, Diesel B, Hoppstädter J, Kiemer AK. Immunomodulation by glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper in macrophages: enhanced phagocytosis, protection from pyroptosis, and altered mitochondrial function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1396827. [PMID: 38855102 PMCID: PMC11157436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, which have long served as fundamental therapeutics for diverse inflammatory conditions, are still widely used, despite associated side effects limiting their long-term use. Among their key mediators is glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), recognized for its anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Here, we explore the immunomodulatory effects of GILZ in macrophages through transcriptomic analysis and functional assays. Bulk RNA sequencing of GILZ knockout and GILZ-overexpressing macrophages revealed significant alterations in gene expression profiles, particularly impacting pathways associated with the inflammatory response, phagocytosis, cell death, mitochondrial function, and extracellular structure organization activity. GILZ-overexpression enhances phagocytic and antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli, potentially mediated by increased nitric oxide production. In addition, GILZ protects macrophages from pyroptotic cell death, as indicated by a reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GILZ transgenic macrophages. In contrast, GILZ KO macrophages produced more ROS, suggesting a regulatory role of GILZ in ROS-dependent pathways. Additionally, GILZ overexpression leads to decreased mitochondrial respiration and heightened matrix metalloproteinase activity, suggesting its involvement in tissue remodeling processes. These findings underscore the multifaceted role of GILZ in modulating macrophage functions and its potential as a therapeutic target for inflammatory disorders, offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at optimizing the benefits of glucocorticoid therapy while minimizing adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry M. Legroux
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Hanna S. Schymik
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - Jörn Walter
- Department of Genetics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Claude Libert
- Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB) Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Britta Diesel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Hoppstädter
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Alexandra K. Kiemer
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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2
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Grychowska K, López-Sánchez U, Vitalis M, Canet G, Satała G, Olejarz-Maciej A, Gołębiowska J, Kurczab R, Pietruś W, Kubacka M, Moreau C, Walczak M, Blicharz-Futera K, Bento O, Bantreil X, Subra G, Bojarski AJ, Lamaty F, Becamel C, Zussy C, Chaumont-Dubel S, Popik P, Nury H, Marin P, Givalois L, Zajdel P. Superiority of the Triple-Acting 5-HT 6R/5-HT 3R Antagonist and MAO-B Reversible Inhibitor PZ-1922 over 5-HT 6R Antagonist Intepirdine in Alleviation of Cognitive Deficits in Rats. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14928-14947. [PMID: 37797083 PMCID: PMC10641814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The multifactorial origin and neurochemistry of Alzheimer's disease (AD) call for the development of multitarget treatment strategies. We report a first-in-class triple acting compound that targets serotonin type 6 and 3 receptors (5-HT-Rs) and monoamine oxidase type B (MAO-B) as an approach for treating AD. The key structural features required for MAO-B inhibition and 5-HT6R antagonism and interaction with 5-HT3R were determined using molecular dynamic simulations and cryo-electron microscopy, respectively. Bioavailable PZ-1922 reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits in the novel object recognition test. Furthermore, it displayed superior pro-cognitive properties compared to intepirdine (a 5-HT6R antagonist) in the AD model, which involved intracerebroventricular injection of an oligomeric solution of amyloid-β peptide (oAβ) in the T-maze test in rats. PZ-1922, but not intepirdine, restored levels of biomarkers characteristic of the debilitating effects of oAβ. These data support the potential of a multitarget approach involving the joint modulation of 5-HT6R/5-HT3R/MAO-B in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Grychowska
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Mathieu Vitalis
- Molecular
Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, 34-095 Montpellier, France
| | - Geoffrey Canet
- Faculty
of Medicine, Laval University, CR-CHUQ, G1 V 4G2 Québec
City (QC), Canada
| | - Grzegorz Satała
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Olejarz-Maciej
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Gołębiowska
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Kurczab
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Pietruś
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Maria Walczak
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudia Blicharz-Futera
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ophélie Bento
- IBMM,
Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34-293 Montpellier, France
- Institut
de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34-094 Montpellier, France
| | - Xavier Bantreil
- IBMM,
Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34-293 Montpellier, France
| | - Gilles Subra
- IBMM,
Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34-293 Montpellier, France
| | - Andrzej J. Bojarski
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Frédéric Lamaty
- IBMM,
Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34-293 Montpellier, France
| | - Carine Becamel
- Institut
de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34-094 Montpellier, France
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Molecular
Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, 34-095 Montpellier, France
| | - Séverine Chaumont-Dubel
- Institut
de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34-094 Montpellier, France
| | - Piotr Popik
- Maj
Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy
of Sciences, 12 Smętna Str., 31-324 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hugues Nury
- Univ.
Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Marin
- Institut
de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université
de Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34-094 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Givalois
- Molecular
Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia (MMDN) Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, 34-095 Montpellier, France
- Faculty
of Medicine, Laval University, CR-CHUQ, G1 V 4G2 Québec
City (QC), Canada
- CNRS, 75-016 Paris, France
| | - Paweł Zajdel
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical
College, 9 Medyczna Str., 30-688 Kraków, Poland
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3
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Melchiorri D, Merlo S, Micallef B, Borg JJ, Dráfi F. Alzheimer's disease and neuroinflammation: will new drugs in clinical trials pave the way to a multi-target therapy? Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1196413. [PMID: 37332353 PMCID: PMC10272781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1196413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, no disease-modifying therapeutic option, able to prevent, cure or halt the progression of Alzheimer's disease [AD], is currently available. AD, a devastating neurodegenerative pathology leading to dementia and death, is characterized by two pathological hallmarks, the extracellular deposits of amyloid beta (Aβ) and the intraneuronal deposits of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of altered hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Both have been widely studied and pharmacologically targeted for many years, without significant therapeutic results. In 2022, positive data on two monoclonal antibodies targeting Aβ, donanemab and lecanemab, followed by the 2023 FDA accelerated approval of lecanemab and the publication of the final results of the phase III Clarity AD study, have strengthened the hypothesis of a causal role of Aβ in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the magnitude of the clinical effect elicited by the two drugs is limited, suggesting that additional pathological mechanisms may contribute to the disease. Cumulative studies have shown inflammation as one of the main contributors to the pathogenesis of AD, leading to the recognition of a specific role of neuroinflammation synergic with the Aβ and NFTs cascades. The present review provides an overview of the investigational drugs targeting neuroinflammation that are currently in clinical trials. Moreover, their mechanisms of action, their positioning in the pathological cascade of events that occur in the brain throughout AD disease and their potential benefit/limitation in the therapeutic strategy in AD are discussed and highlighted as well. In addition, the latest patent requests for inflammation-targeting therapeutics to be developed in AD will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Melchiorri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - John-Joseph Borg
- Malta Medicines Authority, San Ġwann, Malta
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - František Dráfi
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Centre of Experimental Medicine SAS Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- State Institute for Drug Control, Bratislava, Slovakia
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4
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Canet G, Zub E, Zussy C, Hernandez C, Blaquiere M, Garcia V, Vitalis M, deBock F, Moreno-Montano M, Audinat E, Desrumaux C, Planel E, Givalois L, Marchi N. Seizure activity triggers tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloidogenic pathways. Epilepsia 2022; 63:919-935. [PMID: 35224720 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although epilepsies and neurodegenerative disorders show pathophysiological similarities, their direct functional associations are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that experimental seizures can induce tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloidogenic modifications over time, with intersections with neuroinflammation. METHODS We used a model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) where unilateral intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) in C57BL/6 mice elicits epileptogenesis and spontaneous focal seizures. We used a model of generalized status epilepticus (SE) obtained by intraperitoneal KA injection in C57BL/6 mice. We performed analyses and cross-comparisons according to a schedule of 72 h, 1 week, and 8 weeks after KA injection. RESULTS In experimental MTLE, we show AT100, PHF1, and CP13 tau hyperphosphorylation during epileptogenesis (72 h-1 week) and long-term (8 weeks) during spontaneous seizures in the ipsilateral hippocampi, the epileptogenic zone. These pathological modifications extended to the contralateral hippocampus, a seizure propagating zone with no histological lesion or sclerosis. Two kinases, Cdk5 and GSK3β, implicated in the pathological phosphorylation of tau, were activated. In this MTLE model, the induction of the amyloidogenic pathway (APP, C99, BACE1) was prominent and long-lasting in the epileptogenic zone. These Alzheimer's disease (AD)-relevant markers, established during seizure progression and recurrence, reciprocated an enduring glial (GFAP, Iba1) inflammation and the inadequate activation of the endogenous, anti-inflammatory, glucocorticoid receptor system. By contrast, a generalized SE episode provoked a predominantly transient induction of tau hyperphosphorylation and amyloidogenic markers in the hippocampus, along with resolving inflammation. Finally, we identified overlapping profiles of long-term hippocampal tau hyperphosphorylation by comparing MTLE to J20 mice, the latter a model relevant to AD. SIGNIFICANCE MTLE and a generalized SE prompt persistent and varying tau hyperphosphorylation or amyloidogenic modifications in the hippocampus. In MTLE, an AD-relevant molecular trajectory intertwines with neuroinflammation, spatiotemporally involving epileptogenic and nonlesional seizure propagating zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Canet
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, CR-CHU of Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Emma Zub
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, CR-CHU of Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Célia Hernandez
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Marine Blaquiere
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Valentin Garcia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Vitalis
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Frederic deBock
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Moreno-Montano
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Etienne Audinat
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Catherine Desrumaux
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuel Planel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, CR-CHU of Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Givalois
- Molecular Mechanisms in Neurodegenerative Dementia Laboratory, University of Montpellier, EPHE-PSL, INSERM U1198, Montpellier, France.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Laval University, CR-CHU of Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, UMR 5203 CNRS - U 1191 INSERM, Montpellier, France
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