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Wang L, Huang S, Liang X, Zhou J, Han Y, He J, Xu D. Immuno-modulatory role of baicalin in atherosclerosis prevention and treatment: current scenario and future directions. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1377470. [PMID: 38698839 PMCID: PMC11063305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1377470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is recognized as a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the accumulation of lipids and inflammatory cells within the damaged walls of arterial vessels. It is a significant independent risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease, ischemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Despite the availability of current treatments such as statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, and lifestyle modifications for prevention, AS remains a leading cause of morbidity and economic burden worldwide. Thus, there is a pressing need for the development of new supplementary and alternative therapies or medications. Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [SBG]), a traditional Chinese medicine, exerts a significant immunomodulatory effect in AS prevention and treatment, with baicalin being identified as one of the primary active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine. Baicalin offers a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including the regulation of immune balance, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and improvement of lipid metabolism dysregulation. Consequently, it exerts beneficial effects in both AS onset and progression. This review provides an overview of the immunomodulatory properties and mechanisms by which baicalin aids in AS prevention and treatment, highlighting its potential as a clinical translational therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiangshan He
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Danping Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Tabares-Guevara JH, Villa-Pulgarin JA, Hernandez JC. Atherosclerosis: immunopathogenesis and strategies for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:1231-1244. [PMID: 34382409 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2021-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory condition in which atheroma accumulates within the intima of the arterial wall, is a life-threatening manifestation of cardiovascular disease, due to atheroma rupture, chronic luminal narrowing and thrombosis. Current knowledge of the role of a protective immune response in atherosclerotic lesions has provided promising opportunities to develop new immunotherapeutic strategies. In particular, Tregs exert an atheroprotective role by releasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10/TGF-β) and suppressing autoreactive T lymphocytes. In vivo animal experiments have shown that this can be achieved by developing vaccines that stimulate immunological tolerance to atheroma antigens. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of the proatherogenic immune response, and we discuss the strategies currently used as immunoregulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janny A Villa-Pulgarin
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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3
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Wang F, Liang S, Hu J, Xu Y. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor connects dysregulated immune cells to atherosclerosis. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:55-63. [PMID: 33053378 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As a chronic inflammatory disease with autoimmune components, atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have revealed that the development of atherosclerosis is strongly linked to the functional activities of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a chemical sensor that is also important for the development, maintenance, and function of a variety of immune cells. In this review, we focus on the impact of AHR signaling on the different cell types that are closely related to the atherogenesis, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, foam cells, and hematopoietic stem cells in the arterial walls, and summarize the latest development on the interplay between this environmental sensor and immune cells in the context of atherosclerosis. Hopefully, elucidation of the role of AHR in atherosclerosis will facilitate the understanding of case variation in disease prevalence and may aid in the development of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengge Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Shuangchao Liang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Jiqiong Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, 241000, China
| | - Yuekang Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Conservation and Exploitation of Biological Resources, School of Life Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241000, China.
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4
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Švajger U, Rožman PJ. Recent discoveries in dendritic cell tolerance-inducing pharmacological molecules. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106275. [PMID: 32044665 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent one of the most important biological tools for cellular immunotherapy purposes. There are an increasing number of phase I and II studies, where regulatory or tolerogenic DCs (TolDCs) are utilized as negative vaccines, with the aim of inducing tolerogenic outcomes in patients with various autoimmune or chronic-inflammatory diseases, as well as in transplant settings. The induction of tolerogenic properties in DCs can be achieved by altering their activation state toward expression of immunosuppressive elements and/or by achieving resistance to maturation, which leads to insufficient co-stimulatory signal delivery and inability to efficiently present antigens. In the past, one of the most efficient ways to induce DC tolerance has been the application of selected pharmacological agents which actively induce a tolerogenic transcription program or inhibit major pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as Nf-κB. Important examples include immunosuppressants such as different corticosteroids, vitamin D3, rapamycin and others. The quality of TolDCs induced by different approaches is becoming a vital issue and recent evidence suggests substantial heterogeneity between variously-generated TolDCs as evidenced by their transcriptomic profile and function. The possibility of various "flavors" of TolDCs encourages future research in discovery of Tol-DC inducing agents to enrich various ways of DC manipulation. This would enable a broader range of tools to manipulate DC toward specific characteristics desirable in different disease settings. In recent years, several novel small molecules have been identified with the capacity to promote DC tolerogenic characteristics. In this review, we will present and discuss these novel findings and also highlight novel understandings of tolerogenic mechanisms by which DC tolerogenicity is induced by already established agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Primož J Rožman
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Šlajmerjeva 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Kremers BMM, Ten Cate H, Spronk HMH. Pleiotropic effects of the hemostatic system. J Thromb Haemost 2018; 16:S1538-7836(22)02208-5. [PMID: 29851288 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Atherothrombosis is characterized by the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis combined with a hypercoagulable state leading to superimposed thrombus formation. In atherosclerotic plaques, cell signaling can occur via protease-activated receptors (PARs), four of which have been identified so far (PAR1-PAR4). Proteases that are able to activate PARs can be produced systemically, but also at the sites of lesions, and they include thrombin and activated factor X. After PAR activation, downstream signaling can lead to both proinflammatory effects and a hypercoagulable state. Which specific effect occurs depends on the type of protease and activated PAR, and the site of activation. Hypercoagulable effects are mainly exerted through PAR1 and PAR4, whereas proinflammatory responses are mostly seen after PAR1 and PAR2 activation. PAR signaling pathways contribute to atherothrombosis, suggesting that inhibition of these pathways possibly prevents cardiovascular events based on this pathophysiological mechanism. In this review, we highlight the pathways by which PAR activation leads to proinflammatory responses and a hypercoagulable state. Furthermore, we give an overview of potential pharmacological treatment targets that promote vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M M Kremers
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H Ten Cate
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - H M H Spronk
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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6
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Berbée JFP, Mol IM, Milne GL, Pollock E, Hoeke G, Lütjohann D, Monaco C, Rensen PCN, van der Ploeg LHT, Shchepinov MS. Deuterium-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids protect against atherosclerosis by lowering lipid peroxidation and hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2017; 264:100-107. [PMID: 28655430 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oxidative modification of lipoproteins is a crucial step in atherosclerosis development. Isotopic-reinforced polyunsaturated fatty acids (D-PUFAs) are more resistant to reactive oxygen species-initiated chain reaction of lipid peroxidation than regular hydrogenated (H-)PUFAs. We aimed at investigating the effect of D-PUFA treatment on lipid peroxidation, hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis development. METHODS Transgenic APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism, were pre-treated with D-PUFAs or control H-PUFAs-containing diet (1.2%, w/w) for 4 weeks. Thereafter, mice were fed a Western-type diet (containing 0.15% cholesterol, w/w) for another 12 weeks, while continuing the D-/H-PUFA treatment. RESULTS D-PUFA treatment markedly decreased hepatic and plasma F2-isoprostanes (approx. -80%) and prostaglandin F2α (approx. -40%) as compared to H-PUFA treatment. Moreover, D-PUFAs reduced body weight gain during the study (-54%) by decreasing body fat mass gain (-87%) without altering lean mass. D-PUFAs consistently reduced plasma total cholesterol levels (approx. -25%), as reflected in reduced plasma non-HDL-cholesterol (-28%). Additional analyses of hepatic cholesterol metabolism indicated that D-PUFAs reduced the hepatic cholesterol content (-21%). Sterol markers of intestinal cholesterol absorption and cholesterol breakdown were decreased. Markers of cholesterol synthesis were increased. Finally, D-PUFAs reduced atherosclerotic lesion area formation throughout the aortic root of the heart (-26%). CONCLUSIONS D-PUFAs reduce body weight gain, improve cholesterol handling and reduce atherosclerosis development by reducing lipid peroxidation and plasma cholesterol levels. D-PUFAs, therefore, represent a promising new strategy to broadly reduce rates of lipid peroxidation, and combat hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Isabel M Mol
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
| | - Erik Pollock
- University of Arkansas, Stable Isotope Laboratory, 850 W Dickson Street, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Geerte Hoeke
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Dept. of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Dept. of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Metabolic Research Services, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Rai V, Rao VH, Shao Z, Agrawal DK. Dendritic Cells Expressing Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 Correlate with Plaque Stability in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients with Carotid Stenosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154802. [PMID: 27148736 PMCID: PMC4858252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease with atherosclerotic plaques containing inflammatory cells, including T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages that are responsible for progression and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Stressed cells undergoing necrosis release molecules that act as endogenous danger signals to alert and activate innate immune cells. In atherosclerotic tissue the number of DCs increases with the progression of the lesion and produce several inflammatory cytokines and growth factors. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 plays a crucial role in inflammation. However, relationship of DCs and the role of TREM-1 with the stability of atherosclerotic plaques have not been examined. In this study, we investigated the heterogeneity of the plaque DCs, myeloid (mDC1 and mDC2) and plasmacytoid (pDCs), and examined the expression of TREM-1 and their co-localization with DCs in the plaques from symptomatic (S) and asymptomatic (AS) patients with carotid stenosis. We found increased expression of HLA-DR, fascin, and TREM-1 and decreased expression of TREM-2 and α-smooth muscle actin in S compared to AS atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Both TREM-1 and fascin were co-localized suggesting increased expression of TREM-1 in plaque DCs of S compared to AS patients. These data were supported by increased mRNA transcripts of TREM-1 and decreased mRNA transcripts of TREM-2 in carotid plaques of S compared to AS patients. There was higher density of both CD1c+ mDC1 and CD141+ mDC2 in the carotid plaques from AS compared to S patients, where as the density of CD303+ pDCs were higher in the carotid plaques of S compared to AS patients. These findings suggest a potential role of pDCs and TREM-1 in atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability. Thus, newer therapies could be developed to selectively block TREM-1 for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant Rai
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Velidi H. Rao
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Zhifei Shao
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
| | - Devendra K. Agrawal
- Department of Clinical and Translational Science, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Jian L, Jian D, Chen Q, Zhang L. Long Noncoding RNAs in Atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 2015; 23:376-84. [PMID: 26699715 DOI: 10.5551/jat.33167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were a group of non-protein-coding RNAs >200 nucleotides and participated in biological processes and pathophysiological conditions in vivo or in vitro. Recently, more and more lncRNAs interfering with the progress of atherosclerosis were identified and characterized in the atherogenic cells such as vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and monocytes/macrophages showing that lncRNAs play an important role in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. In this review, we summarized and highlighted the lncRNAs that play a role in the process of atherosclerosis. This study may provide helpful insights regarding further study of lncRNAs associated with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Jian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University
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9
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Li HQ, Zhang Q, Chen L, Yin CS, Chen P, Tang J, Rong R, Li TT, Hu LQ. Captopril inhibits maturation of dendritic cells and maintains their tolerogenic property in atherosclerotic rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:715-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 25798138 PMCID: PMC4351644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contribute to processes beyond thrombus formation and may play a so far underestimated role as an immune cell in various circumstances. This review outlines immune functions of platelets in host defense, but also how they may contribute to mechanisms of infectious diseases. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction of platelets with other immune cells. Furthermore, this article outlines the features of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular disease highlighting the role of platelet crosstalk with cellular and soluble factors involved in atheroprogression. Understanding, how platelets influence these processes of vascular remodeling will shed light on their role for tissue homeostasis beyond intravascular thrombosis. Finally, translational implications of platelet-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Nording
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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11
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Zernecke A. Dendritic cells in atherosclerosis: evidence in mice and humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:763-70. [PMID: 25675999 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease is driven by chronic inflammation involving both innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs) are found in healthy arteries and accumulate in atherosclerotic lesions and engage in diverse pathogenic and protective mechanisms during atherogenesis. DCs contribute to early foam cell formation, regulate lipid metabolism, and control pro- and antiatherosclerotic T-cell responses by multifarious mechanisms. We, here, review the roles of DCs and plasmacytoid DCs in experimental models of atherosclerosis and the approaches to target DCs in therapeutic vaccination strategies. We, furthermore, discuss the evidence of the potential function of DCs in human atherosclerosis, and dissect the efforts to harness DC subsets as biomarkers of disease. Finally, we discuss necessary future steps that will help to understand the specific contribution of bona fide DCs in atherosclerosis to move toward novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- From the Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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12
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Koch M, Zernecke A. The hemostatic system as a regulator of inflammation in atherosclerosis. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:735-44. [PMID: 25491152 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial vessel wall. As part of a tightly connected cross-talk between inflammation and coagulation, there is growing evidence that the coagulation system plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. We here discuss the presence of coagulation factors in atherosclerotic lesions and the overall effects of hypercoagulability and hypocoagulability on atherosclerotic lesion formation. Moreover, we focus on the unifying common pathway of coagulation, which can be initiated by the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation, and discuss the functions of the coagulation factors FX, thrombin, and FXIII as regulators of inflammation in atherosclerosis. In particular, we review the non-hemostatic and immune-modulatory functions of these factors in endothelial and smooth muscle cells, as well as monocytes/macrophages, but also other cells, such as dendritic cells and T cells, that may control the inflammatory process of atherosclerosis. Their multiple roles in coagulation, but also their non-hemostatic functions in different cell types in inflammation and immunity, may harbor great potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches for treating cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Koch
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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13
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Gremmel T, Koppensteiner R, Kaider A, Eichelberger B, Mannhalter C, Panzer S. Impact of variables of the P-selectin - P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 axis on leukocyte-platelet interactions in cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2014; 113:806-12. [PMID: 25428141 DOI: 10.1160/th14-08-0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The formation of leukocyte-platelet aggregates (LPA), through the P-selectin - P-selectin glycoprotein ligand (PSGL)-1 axis, plays a pivotal role in atherothrombosis. In order to investigate the influence of platelet (pP-selectin) and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), and of variations in the genes encoding for P-selectin (SELP) and PSGL-1 (SELPLG) on LPA formation, we assessed monocyte (MPA)- and neutrophil-platelet aggregates (NPA) as well as pP-selectin by flow cytometry in 263 patients undergoing angioplasty and stenting. sP-selectin was determined by ELISA, the SELP Pro715 allele and the SELPLG Ile62 allele were determined by allele specific PCR. The Pro715 allele was significantly associated with lower levels of in vivo pP-selectin and sP-selectin, while agonists´ inducible pP-selectin was not influenced by the Pro715 allele. PP-selectin was significantly associated with MPA and NPA formation. The in vivo formation of MPA and NPA depended to 19 % and 7.4 %, respectively, on in vivo pP-selectin, irrespective of the Pro715 allele and the Ile62 allele carrier status. TRAP-6 inducible MPA and NPA depended to 34 % and 27 %, respectively, on TRAP-6 inducible pP-selectin, but were independent of the Pro715 allele carrier status. Carriers of the Ile62 allele showed a stronger correlation between TRAP-6 inducible pP-selectin and TRAP-6 inducible MPA/NPA than non-carriers. Furthermore, TRAP-6 inducible NPA were higher in Ile62 allele carriers, which suggests higher thrombin sensitivity. In conclusion, our findings point to the significant role of pP-selectin for MPA and NPA formation, while other variables like sP-selectin, the SELP Pro715 allele and the SELPLG Ile62 allele have less influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gremmel
- Thomas Gremmel, MD, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria, Tel.: +431 40400 4671, Fax: +431 40400 4665, E-mail:
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14
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Cochain C, Zernecke A. Noncoding RNAs in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis: recent advances toward therapeutic applications. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:380-6. [PMID: 25051497 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We here highlight recent studies that in vivo demonstrate an involvement of microRNAs in atherosclerotic lesion formation and provide important preclinical evidence of their therapeutic targeting in atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on endothelial cells and macrophages. We also briefly discuss the emerging role of long noncoding RNAs herein. RECENT FINDINGS Noncoding RNAs have received considerable attention as regulators of different cell types and functions that dictate the inflammatory response in atherosclerosis. In particular, microRNAs have emerged to control endothelial cell functions by acting as mechanosensors that are regulated by flow, determinants of inflammation in the context of cytokine exposure and hypercholesterolemia and guardians of endothelial homeostasis. In addition, microRNAs control macrophage-driven cytokine production and polarization, and regulate cholesterol metabolism and foam cell formation. By these (cell specific) effects, microRNAs contain or drive atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression in animal models of disease and can be harnessed for therapeutic targeting. SUMMARY Given their multifaceted and specific contribution to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis, and proven amenability for successful modulation in preclinical murine models of atheroscleorosis and large animal studies, miRNAs appear as promising therapeutic targets for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cochain
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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15
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Association of TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms with risk of coronary artery disease in a Russian population. Gene 2014; 550:101-9. [PMID: 25128583 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, manifesting itself as acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and peripheral arterial diseases, is a chronic progressive inflammatory disease which is driven by responses of both innate and adaptive immunity. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells-1 (TREM-1) are important effectors of the innate immune system, and polymorphisms within genes encoding them may increase risk of occurrence of various pathologies including cardiovascular disorders. Thus, we carried out a genetic association study on the sample of 702 consecutive Caucasian (Russian) patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and 300 age-, sex-, and ethnicity-matched healthy controls. We revealed that the C/C genotype of the TLR1 rs5743551 polymorphism was significantly associated with a reduced risk of CAD according to the recessive model (OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.20-0.84, P=0.017, adjusted by age and gender). Concerning TREM-1 gene polymorphisms, we found that A/A genotype of the rs2234237 polymorphism, the G/G genotype of the rs6910730 polymorphism, the C/C genotype of the rs9471535 polymorphism, and the T/T genotype of the rs4711668 polymorphism were significantly associated with elevated CAD risk according to the recessive model (OR=5.52, 95% CI=1.17-25.98, P=0.011; OR=4.28, 95% CI=1.09-16.81, P=0.021; OR=5.55, 95% CI=1.18-26.09, P=0.011, and OR=1.66, 95% CI=1.10-2.52, P=0.014, respectively, adjusted by age and gender). Conversely, the G allele of the rs1817537 polymorphism, the T allele of the rs2234246 polymorphism, and the T allele of the rs3804277 polymorphism significantly correlated with similarly decreased risk of CAD according to the dominant model (OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.40-0.81, P=0.0013; OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.42-0.84, P=0.003, and OR=0.58, 95% CI=0.41-0.81, P=0.0014, respectively, adjusted by age and gender). We conclude that certain TLR and TREM-1 gene polymorphisms may be associated with CAD in Russian population; however, their significance as predictive and pathogenic markers of CAD should be interpreted with caution in other populations.
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Mundkur L, Ponnusamy T, Philip S, Rao LN, Biradar S, Deshpande V, Kumar R, Lu X, Kakkar VV. Oral dosing with multi-antigenic construct induces atheroprotective immune tolerance to individual peptides in mice. Int J Cardiol 2014; 175:340-51. [PMID: 24962340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory immune response to self-antigens plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis. Restoring immune tolerance to self-proteins reduces the pro-inflammatory response. We previously showed that oral tolerance to a combination of two peptides is atheroprotective. In the present study we expressed epitopes from apolipoprotein B 100 (ApoB), human heat shock protein (HSP60) and Chlamydia pneumonia outer membrane protein (Cpn) in a single protein scaffold and used this multi-antigenic construct to induce tolerance to individual peptides by oral route in ApoBtm2Sgy/Ldlrtm1Her/J mice. Antigen specific tolerance to individual peptides was observed in treated animals as seen by an increase in regulatory T cells. Tolerance to the peptides resulted in a 46.5% (p=0.002) reduction in the development of atherosclerosis compared with control. Atheroprotection was associated with a significant (p<0.05) decrease in plaque inflammation and an increase in the expression of immune regulatory markers in the aorta. CD11c+ cells coexpressing CD11b and CD103 increased in lymphoid organs and were found to activate regulatory T cells and reduce effector T-cell response. Adoptive transfer of CD11c+ cells was atheroprotective. Our results suggest that atheroprotection by oral tolerance to a multi-antigenic construct is mediated by antigen specific regulatory T cells and CD11c+ cells with immune regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mundkur
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India.
| | - Thiruvelselvan Ponnusamy
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Sheena Philip
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Lakshmi Narasimha Rao
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Suryakant Biradar
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Vrushali Deshpande
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India
| | - Xinjie Lu
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vijay V Kakkar
- Mary and Gary Western and Tata Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, Bangalore, India; Molecular Immunology Unit, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom.
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Dendritic cells in atherosclerotic inflammation: the complexity of functions and the peculiarities of pathophysiological effects. Front Physiol 2014; 5:196. [PMID: 24904430 PMCID: PMC4034414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is considered as a chronic disease of arterial wall, with a strong contribution of inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a crucial role in the initiation of proatherogenic inflammatory response. Mature DCs present self-antigens thereby supporting differentiation of naïve T cells to effector cells that further propagate atherosclerotic inflammation. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) can suppress proinflammatory function of mature DCs. In contrast, immature DCs are able to induce Tregs and prevent differentiation of naïve T cells to proinflammatory effector T cells by initiating apoptosis and anergy in naïve T cells. Indeed, immature DCs showed tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, DCs play a double role in atherosclerosis: mature DCs are proatherogenic while immature DCs appear to be anti-atherogenic. Tolerogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity of immature DCs can be therefore utilized for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia ; Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander N Orekhov
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Skolkovo Innovative Center, Institute for Atherosclerosis Research Moscow, Russia ; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney NSW, Australia
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Zernecke A. Distinct functions of specialized dendritic cell subsets in atherosclerosis and the road ahead. SCIENTIFICA 2014; 2014:952625. [PMID: 24818041 PMCID: PMC4003768 DOI: 10.1155/2014/952625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic vascular disease is modulated by immune mechanisms. Dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells are present within atherosclerotic lesions and function as central players in the initiation and modulation of adaptive immune responses. In previous years, we have studied the functional contribution of distinct DC subsets in disease development, namely, that of CCL17-expressing DCs as well as that of plasmacytoid DCs that play specialized roles in disease development. This review focuses on important findings gathered in these studies and dissects the multifaceted contribution of CCL17-expressing DCs and pDCs to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, an outlook on future challenges faced when studying DCs in this detrimental disease are provided, and hurdles that will need to be overcome in order to enable a better understanding of the contribution of DCs to atherogenesis are discussed, a prerequisite for their therapeutic targeting in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Zernecke
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Hospital Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Dendritic cell subset distributions in the aorta in healthy and atherosclerotic mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88452. [PMID: 24551105 PMCID: PMC3925240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can be sub-divided into various subsets that play specialized roles in priming of adaptive immune responses. Atherosclerosis is regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall and DCs can be found in non-inflamed and diseased arteries. We here performed a systematic analyses of DCs subsets during atherogenesis. Our data indicate that distinct DC subsets can be localized in the vessel wall. In C57BL/6 and low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (Ldlr−/−) mice, CD11c+ MHCII+ DCs could be discriminated into CD103− CD11b+F4/80+, CD11b+F4/80− and CD11b−F4/80− DCs and CD103+ CD11b−F4/80− DCs. Except for CD103− CD11b− F4/80− DCs, these subsets expanded in high fat diet-fed Ldlr−/− mice. Signal-regulatory protein (Sirp)-α was detected on aortic macrophages, CD11b+ DCs, and partially on CD103− CD11b− F4/80− but not on CD103+ DCs. Notably, in FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand-deficient (Flt3l−/−) mice, a specific loss of CD103+ DCs but also CD103− CD11b+ F4/80− DCs was evidenced. Aortic CD103+ and CD11b+ F4/80− CD103− DCs may thus belong to conventional rather than monocyte-derived DCs, given their dependence on Flt3L-signalling. CD64, postulated to distinguish macrophages from DCs, could not be detected on DC subsets under physiological conditions, but appeared in a fraction of CD103− CD11b+ F4/80− and CD11b+ F4/80+ cells in atherosclerotic Ldlr−/− mice. The emergence of CD64 expression in atherosclerosis may indicate that CD11b+ F4/80− DCs similar to CD11b+ F4/80+ DCs are at least in part derived from immigrated monocytes during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Our data advance our knowledge about the presence of distinct DC subsets and their accumulation characteristics in atherosclerosis, and may help to assist in future studies aiming at specific DC-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic vascular inflammation.
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Foks AC, Ran IA, Frodermann V, Bot I, van Santbrink PJ, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GHM. Agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment inhibits T cell responses in LDLr deficient mice without affecting atherosclerotic lesion development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83134. [PMID: 24376654 PMCID: PMC3869776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules are mainly expressed on T cells and antigen presenting cells and strongly orchestrate adaptive immune responses. Whereas co-stimulatory molecules enhance immune responses, signaling via co-inhibitory molecules dampens the immune system, thereby showing great therapeutic potential to prevent cardiovascular diseases. Signaling via co-inhibitory T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) directly inhibits T cell activation and proliferation, and therefore represents a novel therapeutic candidate to specifically dampen pro-atherogenic T cell reactivity. In the present study, we used an agonistic anti-TIGIT antibody to determine the effect of excessive TIGIT-signaling on atherosclerosis. Methods and Results TIGIT was upregulated on CD4+ T cells isolated from mice fed a Western-type diet in comparison with mice fed a chow diet. Agonistic anti-TIGIT suppressed T cell activation and proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. However, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment of LDLr−/− mice fed a Western-type diet for 4 or 8 weeks did not affect atherosclerotic lesion development in comparison with PBS and Armenian Hamster IgG treatment. Furthermore, elevated percentages of dendritic cells were observed in the blood and spleen of agonistic anti-TIGIT-treated mice. Additionally, these cells showed an increased activation status but decreased IL-10 production. Conclusions Despite the inhibition of splenic T cell responses, agonistic anti-TIGIT treatment does not affect initial atherosclerosis development, possibly due to increased activity of dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid A. Ran
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Frodermann
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lewis JS, Dolgova N, Chancellor T, Acharya AP, Karpiak JV, Lele TP, Keselowsky BG. The effect of cyclic mechanical strain on activation of dendritic cells cultured on adhesive substrates. Biomaterials 2013; 34:9063-70. [PMID: 24008042 PMCID: PMC4120880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), key regulators of tolerance and immunity, have been found to reside in mechanically active tissues such as the interior layers of the arterial wall, which experience cyclic radial wall strain due to pulsatile blood flow. Although experimentally difficult to determine in vivo, it is reasonable to postulate DCs experience the mechanical forces in such mechanically active tissues. However, it is currently unknown how DCs respond to cyclic mechanical strain. In order to explore the hypothesis that DCs are responsive to mechanical strain, DCs were cultured in vitro on pre-adsorbed adhesive proteins (e.g., laminin, collagen, fibrinogen) and 1 Hz cyclic strain was applied for various durations and strain magnitudes. It was determined that a strain magnitude of 10% and 24 h duration adversely affected DC viability compared to no-strain controls, but culture on certain adhesive substrates provided modest protection of viability under this harsh strain regime. In contrast, application of 1 h of 1 Hz cyclic 3% strain did not affect DC viability and this strain regime was used for the remaining experiments for quantifying DC activation and T-cell priming capability. Application of 3% strain increased expression of stimulatory (MHC-II) and costimulatory molecules (CD86, CD40), and this effect was generally increased by culture on pre-coated adhesive substrates. Interestingly, the cytokine secretion profile of DCs was not significantly affected by strain. Lastly, strained DCs demonstrated increased stimulation of allogeneic T-cell proliferation, in a manner that was independent of the adhesive substrate. These observations indicate generation of a DC consistent with what has been described as a semi-mature phenotype. This work begins elucidating a potential role for DCs in tissue environments exposed to cyclic mechanical forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal S. Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Natalia Dolgova
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - T.J. Chancellor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Abhinav P. Acharya
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Jerome V. Karpiak
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Tanmay P. Lele
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
| | - Benjamin G. Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 U.S
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Kong L, Shen X, Lin L, Leitges M, Rosario R, Zou YS, Yan SF. PKCβ promotes vascular inflammation and acceleration of atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE null mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1779-87. [PMID: 23766264 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjects with diabetes mellitus are at high risk for developing atherosclerosis through a variety of mechanisms. Because the metabolism of glucose results in production of activators of protein kinase C (PKC)β, it was logical to investigate the role of PKCβ in modulation of atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. APPROACH AND RESULTS ApoE(-/-) and PKCβ(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin. Quantification of atherosclerosis, gene expression profiling, or analysis of signaling molecules was performed on aortic sinus or aortas from diabetic mice. Diabetes mellitus-accelerated atherosclerosis increased the level of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Jun-N-terminus kinase mitogen-activated protein kinases and augmented vascular expression of inflammatory mediators, as well as increased monocyte/macrophage infiltration and CD11c(+) cells accumulation in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice, processes that were diminished in diabetic PKCβ(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of PKCβ reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in diabetic ApoE(-/-) mice. In vitro, the inhibitors of PKCβ and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, as well as small interfering RNA to Egr-1, significantly decreased high-glucose-induced expression of CD11c (integrin, alpha X 9 complement component 3 receptor 4 subunit]), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, and interleukin-1β in U937 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS These data link enhanced activation of PKCβ to accelerated diabetic atherosclerosis via a mechanism that includes modulation of gene transcription and signal transduction in the vascular wall, processes that contribute to acceleration of vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis in diabetes mellitus. Our results uncover a novel role for PKCβ in modulating CD11c expression and inflammatory response of macrophages in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis. These findings support PKCβ activation as a potential therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of diabetic atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Kong
- Diabetes Research Program, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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23
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. WITHDRAWN: Dendritic cells: A double-edge sword in atherosclerotic inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2013:S0021-9150(13)00190-1. [PMID: 23578357 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
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Grassia G, MacRitchie N, Platt AM, Brewer JM, Garside P, Maffia P. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells: biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets in atherosclerosis? Pharmacol Ther 2012; 137:172-82. [PMID: 23059425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a unique subset of dendritic cells that play distinct and critical roles in the immune response. Importantly, pDCs play a pivotal role in several chronic autoimmune diseases strongly characterized by an increased risk of vascular pathology. Clinical studies have shown that pDCs are detectable in atherosclerotic plaques and others have suggested an association between reduced numbers of circulating pDCs and cardiovascular events. Although the causal relationship between pDCs and atherosclerosis is still uncertain, recent results from mouse models are starting to define the specific role(s) of pDCs in the disease process. In this review, we will discuss the role of pDCs in innate and adaptive immunity, the emerging evidence demonstrating the contribution of pDCs to vascular pathology and we will consider the possible impact of pDCs on the acceleration of atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Finally, we will discuss how pDCs could be targeted for therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Grassia
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Carotid Plaque Vulnerability: Impact on Ischemic Stroke. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:431-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0192-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Transcript and protein analysis reveals better survival skills of monocyte-derived dendritic cells compared to monocytes during oxidative stress. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43357. [PMID: 22916248 PMCID: PMC3419731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cells (DCs), professional antigen-presenting cells with the unique ability to initiate primary T-cell responses, are present in atherosclerotic lesions where they are exposed to oxidative stress that generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). A large body of evidence indicates that cell death is a major modulating factor of atherogenesis. We examined antioxidant defence systems of human monocyte-derived (mo)DCs and monocytes in response to oxidative stress. Methods Oxidative stress was induced by addition of tertiary-butylhydroperoxide (tert-BHP, 30 min). Cellular responses were evaluated using flow cytometry and confocal live cell imaging (both using 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, CM-H2DCFDA). Viability was assessed by the neutral red assay. Total RNA was extracted for a PCR profiler array. Five genes were selected for confirmation by Taqman gene expression assays, and by immunoblotting or immunohistochemistry for protein levels. Results Tert-BHP increased CM-H2DCFDA fluorescence and caused cell death. Interestingly, all processes occurred more slowly in moDCs than in monocytes. The mRNA profiler array showed more than 2-fold differential expression of 32 oxidative stress–related genes in unstimulated moDCs, including peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2), an enzyme reducing hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides. PRDX2 upregulation was confirmed by Taqman assays, immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. Silencing PRDX2 in moDCs by means of siRNA significantly increased CM-DCF fluorescence and cell death upon tert-BHP-stimulation. Conclusions Our results indicate that moDCs exhibit higher intracellular antioxidant capacities, making them better equipped to resist oxidative stress than monocytes. Upregulation of PRDX2 is involved in the neutralization of ROS in moDCs. Taken together, this points to better survival skills of DCs in oxidative stress environments, such as atherosclerotic plaques.
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Matusik P, Guzik B, Weber C, Guzik TJ. Do we know enough about the immune pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes to improve clinical practice? Thromb Haemost 2012; 108:443-56. [PMID: 22872109 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Morbidities related to atherosclerosis, such as acute coronary syndromes (ACS) including unstable angina and myocardial infarction, remain leading causes of mortality. Unstable plaques are inflamed and infiltrated with macrophages and T lymphocytes. Activated dendritic cells interact with T cells, yielding predominantly Th1 responses involving interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), while the role of interleukin 17 (IL-17) is questionable. The expansion of CD28nullCD4 or CD8 T cells as well as pattern recognition receptors activation (especially Toll-like receptors; TLR2 and TLR4) is characteristic for unstable plaque. Inflammation modifies platelet and fibrin clot characteristics, which are critical for ACS. Understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms of atherothrombosis, bridging inflammation, oxidative stress and immune regulation, will allow for the detection of subjects at risk, through the use of novel biomarkers and imaging techniques including intravascular ultrasound, molecular targeting, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). Moreover, understanding the specific inflammatory pathways of plaque rupture and atherothrombosis may allow for immunomodulation of ACS. Statins and anti-platelet drugs are anti-inflammatory, but importance of immune events in ACS warrants the introduction of novel, specific treatments directed either on cytokines, TLRs or inflammasomes. While the prime time for the introduction of immunologically inspired diagnostic tests and treatments for atherosclerosis have not come yet, we are closer than ever before to finally being able to benefit from this vast body of experimental and clinical evidence. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the role of the immune system and inflammation in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Matusik
- Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Kracow, Poland
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Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in Vascular Inflammation. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:508416. [PMID: 22888436 PMCID: PMC3409528 DOI: 10.1155/2012/508416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular inflammation plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis, and its regulation is important to prevent cerebrovascular and coronary artery disease. The inflammatory process in atherogenesis involves a variety of immune cells including monocytes/macrophages, lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which all express peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ). PPAR-γ is a nuclear receptor and transcription factor in the steroid superfamily and is known to be a key regulator of adipocyte differentiation. Increasing evidence from mainly experimental studies has demonstrated that PPAR-γ activation by endogenous and synthetic ligands is involved in lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, recent clinical studies have shown a beneficial effect of thiazolidinediones, synthetic PPAR-γ ligands, on cardiovascular disease beyond glycemic control. These results suggest that PPAR-γ activation is an important regulator in vascular inflammation and is expected to be a therapeutic target in the treatment of atherosclerotic complications. This paper reviews the recent findings of PPAR-γ involvement in vascular inflammation and the therapeutic potential of regulating the immune system in atherosclerosis.
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Araujo JA, Zhang M, Yin F. Heme oxygenase-1, oxidation, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 22833723 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00119.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process of the vascular wall characterized by the infiltration of lipids and inflammatory cells. Oxidative modifications of infiltrating low-density lipoproteins and induction of oxidative stress play a major role in lipid retention in the vascular wall, uptake by macrophages and generation of foam cells, a hallmark of this disorder. The vasculature has a plethora of protective resources against oxidation and inflammation, many of them regulated by the Nrf2 transcription factor. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a Nrf2-regulated gene that plays a critical role in the prevention of vascular inflammation. It is the inducible isoform of HO, responsible for the oxidative cleavage of heme groups leading to the generation of biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and release of ferrous iron. HO-1 has important antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects in vascular cells, most of which play a significant role in the protection against atherogenesis. HO-1 may also be an important feature in macrophage differentiation and polarization to certain subtypes. The biological effects of HO-1 are largely attributable to its enzymatic activity, which can be conceived as a system with three arms of action, corresponding to its three enzymatic byproducts. HO-1 mediated vascular protection may be due to a combination of systemic and vascular local effects. It is usually expressed at low levels but can be highly upregulated in the presence of several proatherogenic stimuli. The HO-1 system is amenable for use in the development of new therapies, some of them currently under experimental and clinical trials. Interestingly, in contrast to the HO-1 antiatherogenic actions, the expression of its transcriptional regulator Nrf2 leads to proatherogenic effects instead. This suggests that a potential intervention on HO-1 or its byproducts may need to take into account any potential alteration in the status of Nrf2 activation. This article reviews the available evidence that supports the antiatherogenic role of HO-1 as well as the potential pathways and mechanisms mediating vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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30
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Araujo JA, Zhang M, Yin F. Heme oxygenase-1, oxidation, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:119. [PMID: 22833723 PMCID: PMC3400084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process of the vascular wall characterized by the infiltration of lipids and inflammatory cells. Oxidative modifications of infiltrating low-density lipoproteins and induction of oxidative stress play a major role in lipid retention in the vascular wall, uptake by macrophages and generation of foam cells, a hallmark of this disorder. The vasculature has a plethora of protective resources against oxidation and inflammation, many of them regulated by the Nrf2 transcription factor. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a Nrf2-regulated gene that plays a critical role in the prevention of vascular inflammation. It is the inducible isoform of HO, responsible for the oxidative cleavage of heme groups leading to the generation of biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and release of ferrous iron. HO-1 has important antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory effects in vascular cells, most of which play a significant role in the protection against atherogenesis. HO-1 may also be an important feature in macrophage differentiation and polarization to certain subtypes. The biological effects of HO-1 are largely attributable to its enzymatic activity, which can be conceived as a system with three arms of action, corresponding to its three enzymatic byproducts. HO-1 mediated vascular protection may be due to a combination of systemic and vascular local effects. It is usually expressed at low levels but can be highly upregulated in the presence of several proatherogenic stimuli. The HO-1 system is amenable for use in the development of new therapies, some of them currently under experimental and clinical trials. Interestingly, in contrast to the HO-1 antiatherogenic actions, the expression of its transcriptional regulator Nrf2 leads to proatherogenic effects instead. This suggests that a potential intervention on HO-1 or its byproducts may need to take into account any potential alteration in the status of Nrf2 activation. This article reviews the available evidence that supports the antiatherogenic role of HO-1 as well as the potential pathways and mechanisms mediating vascular protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A. Araujo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Min Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Fen Yin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
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31
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Feig JE, Feig JL. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and regression of atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:286. [PMID: 22934038 PMCID: PMC3429058 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the number one cause of death in the Western world. It results from the interaction between modified lipoproteins and cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, and other cellular elements present in the arterial wall. This inflammatory process can ultimately lead to the development of complex lesions, or plaques, that protrude into the arterial lumen. Ultimately, plaque rupture and thrombosis can occur leading to the clinical complications of myocardial infarction or stroke. Although each of the cell types plays roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, the focus of this review will be primarily on the macrophages and DCs. The role of these two cell types in atherosclerosis is discussed, with a particular emphasis on their involvement in atherosclerosis regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Feig
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Medical Center NY, USA
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32
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Lo J, Plutzky J. The biology of atherosclerosis: general paradigms and distinct pathogenic mechanisms among HIV-infected patients. J Infect Dis 2012; 205 Suppl 3:S368-74. [PMID: 22577210 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Complications of atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction and stroke, are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Recent data strongly implicate cardiovascular death as a contributor to mortality among patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, with evidence suggesting increased incidence of atherosclerosis among these patients. Therefore, greater understanding of atherosclerotic mechanisms and how these responses may be similar or distinct in HIV-infected patients is needed. Key concepts in atherosclerosis are reviewed, including the evidence that inflammation and abnormal metabolism are major drivers of atherosclerosis, and connected to the current literature regarding atherosclerosis in the context of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Lo
- Program in Nutritional Metabolism, Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
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33
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Weih F, Gräbner R, Hu D, Beer M, Habenicht AJR. Control of dichotomic innate and adaptive immune responses by artery tertiary lymphoid organs in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:226. [PMID: 22783198 PMCID: PMC3390894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) emerge in tissues in response to non-resolving inflammation such as chronic infection, graft rejection, and autoimmune disease. We identified artery TLOs (ATLOs) in the adventitia adjacent to atherosclerotic plaques of aged hyperlipidemic ApoE−/− mice. ATLOs are structured into T cell areas harboring conventional dendritic cells and monocyte-derived DCs; B cell follicles containing follicular dendritic cells within activated germinal centers; and peripheral niches of plasma cells. ATLOs also show extensive neoangiogenesis, aberrant lymphangiogenesis, and high endothelial venule (HEV) neogenesis. Newly formed conduit networks connect the external lamina of the artery with HEVs in T cell areas. ATLOs recruit and generate lymphocyte subsets with opposing activities including activated CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cells, natural and induced CD4+ T regulatory (nTregs; iTregs) cells as well as B-1 and B-2 cells at different stages of differentiation. These data indicate that ATLOs organize dichotomic innate and adaptive immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review we discuss the novel concept that dichotomic immune responses toward atherosclerosis-specific antigens are carried out by ATLOs in the adventitia of the arterial wall and that malfunction of the tolerogenic arm of ATLO immunity triggers transition from silent autoimmune reactivity to clinically overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Weih
- Leibniz-Institute for Age Research, Fritz-Lipmann-Institute Jena, Germany
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34
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Döring Y, Soehnlein O, Drechsler M, Shagdarsuren E, Chaudhari SM, Meiler S, Hartwig H, Hristov M, Koenen RR, Hieronymus T, Zenke M, Weber C, Zernecke A. Hematopoietic Interferon Regulatory Factor 8-Deficiency Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:1613-23. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.236539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Inflammatory leukocyte accumulation drives atherosclerosis. Although monocytes/macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMN) contribute to lesion formation, sequelae of myeloproliferative disease remain to be elucidated.
Methods and Results—
We used mice deficient in interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8
−/−
) in hematopoietic cells that develop a chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype. Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice reconstituted with IRF8
−/−
or IRF8
−/−
apolipoprotein E-deficient bone marrow displayed an exacerbated atherosclerotic lesion formation compared with controls. The chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype in mice with IRF8
−/−
bone marrow, reflected by an expansion of PMN in the circulation, was associated with an increased lesional accumulation and apoptosis of PMN, and enlarged necrotic cores. IRF8
−/−
compared with IRF8
+/+
PMN displayed unaffected reactive oxygen species formation and discharge of PMN granule components. In contrast, accumulating in equal numbers at sites of inflammation, IRF8
−/−
macrophages were defective in efferocytosis, lipid uptake, and interleukin-10 cytokine production. Importantly, depletion of PMN in low-density lipoprotein receptor or apolipoprotein E-deficient mice with IRF8
−/−
or IRF8
−/−
apolipoprotein E-deficient bone marrow abrogated increased lesion formation.
Conclusion—
These findings indicate that a chronic myelogenous leukemia-like phenotype contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. Among proatherosclerotic effects of other cell types, this, in part, is linked to an expansion of functionally intact PMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Maik Drechsler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Erdenechimeg Shagdarsuren
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Sweena M. Chaudhari
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Svenja Meiler
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Helene Hartwig
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Mihail Hristov
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Rory R. Koenen
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Thomas Hieronymus
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Martin Zenke
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Christian Weber
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
| | - Alma Zernecke
- From the Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich (Y.D., O.S., M.D., H.H., M.H., R.R.K., C.W.); Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University (Y.D., T.H., M.Z.); Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen (O.S., E.S., S.M., H.H., A.Z.); Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (M.D., S.M.C., A.Z.)
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35
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Döring Y, Zernecke A. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells in atherosclerosis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:230. [PMID: 22754539 PMCID: PMC3385355 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall and the underlying cause of cardiovascular disease, is initiated and maintained by innate and adaptive immunity. Accumulating evidence suggests an important contribution of autoimmune responses to this disease. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a specialized cell type known to produce large amounts of type I interferons (IFNs) in response to bacterial and viral infections, have recently been revealed to play important roles in atherosclerosis. For example, the development of autoimmune complexes consisting of self-DNA and antimicrobial peptides, which trigger chronic type I IFN production by pDCs, promote early atherosclerotic lesion formation. pDCs and pDC-derived type I IFNs can also induce the maturation of conventional DCs and macrophages, and the development of autoreactive B cells and antibody production. These mechanisms, known to play a role in the pathogenesis of other autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and psoriasis, may also affect the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesion formation. This review discusses emerging evidence showing a contribution of pDCs in the onset and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Döring
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
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36
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Lievens D, Habets KL, Robertson AK, Laouar Y, Winkels H, Rademakers T, Beckers L, Wijnands E, Boon L, Mosaheb M, Ait-Oufella H, Mallat Z, Flavell RA, Rudling M, Binder CJ, Gerdes N, Biessen EAL, Weber C, Daemen MJAP, Kuiper J, Lutgens E. Abrogated transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFβRII) signalling in dendritic cells promotes immune reactivity of T cells resulting in enhanced atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 2012; 34:3717-27. [PMID: 22613345 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehs106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The importance of transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) as an immune regulatory cytokine in atherosclerosis has been established. However, the role of TGFβ signalling in dendritic cells (DCs) and in DC-mediated T cell proliferation and differentiation in atherosclerosis is unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we investigated the effect of disrupted TGFβ signalling in DCs on atherosclerosis by using mice carrying a transgene resulting in functional inactivation of TGFβ receptor II (TGFβRII) signalling in CD11c(+) cells (Apoe(-/-)CD11cDNR). Apoe(-/-)CD11cDNR mice exhibited an over two-fold increase in the plaque area compared with Apoe(-/-) mice. Plaques of Apoe(-/-)CD11cDNR mice showed an increase in CD45(+) leucocyte content, and specifically in CD3(+), CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells, whereas macrophage content was not affected. In lymphoid organs, Apoe(-/-)CD11cDNR mice had equal amounts of CD11c(+) cells, and CD11c(+)CD8(+) and CD11c(+)CD8(-) subsets, but showed a subtle shift in the CD11c(+)CD8(-) population towards the more inflammatory CD11c(+)CD8(-)CD4(-) DC subset. In addition, the number of plasmacytoid-DCs decreased. Maturation markers such as MHCII, CD86 and CD40 on CD11c(hi) cells did not change, but the CD11cDNR DCs produced more TNFα and IL-12. CD11c(+) cells from CD11cDNR mice strongly induced T-cell proliferation and activation, resulting in increased amounts of effector T cells producing high amounts of Th1 (IFN-γ), Th2 (IL-4, IL-10), Th17 (IL-17), and Treg (IL-10) cytokines. CONCLUSION Here, we show that loss of TGFβRII signalling in CD11c(+) cells induces subtle changes in DC subsets, which provoke uncontrolled T cell activation and maturation. This results in increased atherosclerosis and an inflammatory plaque phenotype during hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Lievens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Pettenkoferstr. 9, 80336 Munich, Germany
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37
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Butcher MJ, Galkina EV. Phenotypic and functional heterogeneity of macrophages and dendritic cell subsets in the healthy and atherosclerosis-prone aorta. Front Physiol 2012; 3:44. [PMID: 22457649 PMCID: PMC3307136 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis continues to be the leading cause of cardiovascular disease. Development of atherosclerosis depends on chronic inflammation in the aorta and multiple immune cells are involved in this process. Importantly, resident macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are present within the healthy aorta, but the functions of these cells remain poorly characterized. Local inflammation within the aortic wall promotes the recruitment of monocytes and DC precursors to the aorta and micro-environmental factors direct the differentiation of these emigrated cells into multiple subsets of macrophages and DCs. Recent data suggest that several populations of macrophages and DCs can co-exist within the aorta. Although the functions of M1, M2, Mox, and M4 macrophages are well characterized in vitro, there is a limited set of data on the role of these populations in atherogenesis in vivo. Recent studies on the origin and the potential role of aortic DCs provide novel insights into the biology of aortic DC subsets and prospective mechanisms of the immune response in atherosclerosis. This review integrates the results of experiments analyzing heterogeneity of DCs and macrophage subsets in healthy and diseased vessels and briefly discusses the known and potential functions of these cells in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Butcher
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School Norfolk, VA, USA
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38
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Schober A, Thum T, Zernecke A. MicroRNAs in vascular biology--metabolism and atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:603-4. [PMID: 22398634 DOI: 10.1160/th12-02-0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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39
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Zernecke A. MicroRNAs in the regulation of immune cell functions--implications for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:626-33. [PMID: 22318366 DOI: 10.1160/th11-08-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall, the development of atherosclerotic lesions is shaped by immune responses and their regulation. Macrophages and dendritic cells are positioned at the crossroad of innate and adaptive immune responses by sensing atherogenic danger signals and by taking up and presenting antigens. T helper cells and auto-antibodies produced by B cells, together with their cytokine responses in turn modulate atheroprogression. In addition, platelets contribute to atherosclerosis by multiple pathways. microRNAs (miRNAs) that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression may thus critically control immune cell differentiation and functions during plaque evolution. This review summarises the role of miRNAs in regulating lipid uptake and expression of inflammatory mediators in monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, in lymphocyte functions with a focus on T helper cell responses, as well as in platelet biology, and the implications of altering these functions in vascular pathology and atherosclerosis. T systematically survey miRNA functions in controlling molecular mechanisms and immune responses in atherosclerosis holds potential for the development of novel miRNA-based strategies for therapies targeting inflammation and immunity in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zernecke
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 2, Haus D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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40
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Busch M, Zernecke A. microRNAs in the regulation of dendritic cell functions in inflammation and atherosclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:877-85. [PMID: 22307520 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-012-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis has been established as a chronic inflammatory disease of the vessel wall. Among the mononuclear cell types recruited to the lesions, specialized dendritic cells (DCs) have gained increasing attention, and their secretory products and interactions shape the progression of atherosclerotic plaques. The regulation of DC functions by microRNAs (miRNAs) may thus be of primary importance in disease. We here systematically summarize the biogenesis and functions of miRNAs and provide an overview of miRNAs in DCs, their targets, and potential implications for atherosclerosis, with a particular focus on the best characterized miRNAs in DCs, namely, miR-155 and miR-146. MiRNA functions in DCs range from regulation of lipid uptake to cytokine production and T cell responses with a complex picture emerging, in which miRNAs cooperate or antagonize DC behavior, thereby promoting or counterbalancing inflammatory responses. As miRNAs regulate key functions of DCs known to control atherosclerotic vascular disease, their potential as a therapeutic target holds promise and should be attended to in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Busch
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center/DFG Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider Str. 2, Haus D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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41
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Lutgens E, Binder CJ. Immunology of atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2011; 106:755-6. [PMID: 22011700 DOI: 10.1160/th11-10-0683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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