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Yang YW, Deng NH, Tian KJ, Liu LS, Wang Z, Wei DH, Liu HT, Jiang ZS. Development of hydrogen sulfide donors for anti-atherosclerosis therapeutics research: Challenges and future priorities. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:909178. [PMID: 36035922 PMCID: PMC9412017 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.909178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gas transmitter found in eukaryotic organisms, plays an essential role in several physiological processes. H2S is one of the three primary biological gas transmission signaling mediators, along with nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. Several animal and in vitro experiments have indicated that H2S can prevent coronary endothelial mesenchymal transition, reduce the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, and stabilize intravascular plaques, suggesting its potential role in the treatment of atherosclerosis (AS). H2S donors are compounds that can release H2S under certain circumstances. Development of highly targeted H2S donors is a key imperative as these can allow for in-depth evaluation of the anti-atherosclerotic effects of exogenous H2S. More importantly, identification of an optimal H2S donor is critical for the creation of H2S anti-atherosclerotic prodrugs. In this review, we discuss a wide range of H2S donors with anti-AS potential along with their respective transport pathways and design-related limitations. We also discuss the utilization of nano-synthetic technologies to manufacture H2S donors. This innovative and effective design example sheds new light on the production of highly targeted H2S donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Wei Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian-Hua Deng
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Kai-Jiang Tian
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Lu-Shan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zuo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dang-Heng Wei
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hui-Ting Liu
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerosis of Hunan Province, Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi-Sheng Jiang
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Lauver DA, Kuszynski DS, Christian BD, Bernard MP, Teuber JP, Markham BE, Chen YE, Zhang H. DT-678 inhibits platelet activation with lower tendency for bleeding compared to existing P2Y 12 antagonists. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00509. [PMID: 31372229 PMCID: PMC6658415 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel clopidogrel conjugate, DT-678, is an effective inhibitor of platelets and thrombosis in preclinical studies. However, a comparison of the bleeding risk with DT-678 and currently approved P2Y12 antagonists has yet to be determined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bleeding tendency of animals treated with clopidogrel, ticagrelor, and DT-678. Ninety-one New Zealand white rabbits were randomized to one of 13 treatment groups (n = 7). Platelet activation was assessed by flow cytometry and light transmission aggregometry before and after the administration of various doses of DT-678, clopidogrel, and ticagrelor. Tongue template bleeding times were also measured before and after drug treatment. Treatment with P2Y12 receptor antagonists caused a dose-dependent reduction in markers of platelet activation (P-selectin and integrin αIIbβ3) and aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate stimulation. At the same doses required for platelet inhibition, clopidogrel and ticagrelor significantly prolonged bleeding times, while DT-678 did not. DT-678 and the FDA-approved P2Y12 antagonists clopidogrel and ticagrelor are effective inhibitors of platelet activation and aggregation. However, unlike clopidogrel and ticagrelor, DT-678 did not prolong bleeding times at equally effective antiplatelet doses. The results suggest a more favorable benefit/risk ratio for DT-678 and potential utility as part of a dual antiplatelet therapy regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale A. Lauver
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Dawn S. Kuszynski
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Barbara D. Christian
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - Matthew P. Bernard
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | - James P. Teuber
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMIUSA
| | | | - Yuqing E. Chen
- Diapin Therapeutics, LLCAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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Marosfoi M, Clarencon F, Langan ET, King RM, Brooks OW, Tamura T, Wainwright JM, Gounis MJ, Vedantham S, Puri AS. Acute thrombus formation on phosphorilcholine surface modified flow diverters. J Neurointerv Surg 2017; 10:406-411. [PMID: 28689183 PMCID: PMC5869458 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Thromboembolic complications remain a limitation of flow diverting stents. We hypothesize that phosphorilcholine surface modified flow diverters (Pipeline Flex with Shield Technology, sPED) would have less acute thrombus formation on the device surface compared with the classic Pipeline Embolization device (cPED). Methods Elastase-induced aneurysms were created in 40 rabbits and randomly assigned to receive cPED or sPED devices with and without dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) (four groups, n=10/group). Angioplasty was performed to enhance apposition and create intimal injury for a pro-thrombotic environment. Both before and after angioplasty, the flow diverter was imaged with intravascular optical coherence tomography. The outcome measure was the number of predefined segments along the implant relative to the location of the aneurysm with a minimum of 0 (no clot formation) and maximum of 3 (all segments with thrombus). Clot formation over the device at ostia of branch arteries was assessed as either present or absent. Results Following angioplasty, the number of flow diverter segments with clots was significantly associated with the flow diverter (p<0.0001), but not with DAPT (p=0.3872) or aneurysm neck size (p=0.8555). The incidence rate for clots with cPED was 1.72 times more than with sPED. The clots on the flow diverter at the location corresponding to side branch ostia was significantly lower with sPED than with cPED (OR 0.180; 95% CI 0.044 to 0.734; p=0.0168), but was not associated with DAPT (p=0.3198). Conclusion In the rabbit model, phosphorilcholine surface modified flow diverters are associated with less thrombus formation on the surface of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Marosfoi
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frederic Clarencon
- Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Erin T Langan
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert M King
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia W Brooks
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Takamisu Tamura
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Wainwright
- Research and Development, Medtronic Neurovascular, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Matthew J Gounis
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Srinivasan Vedantham
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Arizona - Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ajit S Puri
- New England Center for Stroke Research, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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Grambow E, Leppin C, Leppin K, Kundt G, Klar E, Frank M, Vollmar B. The effects of hydrogen sulfide on platelet-leukocyte aggregation and microvascular thrombolysis. Platelets 2016; 28:509-517. [PMID: 27819526 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2016.1235693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The volatile transmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is known for its various functions in vascular biology. This study evaluates the effect of the H2S-donor GYY4137 (GYY) on thrombus stability and microvascular thrombolysis. Human whole blood served for all in vitro studies and was analyzed in a resting state, after stimulation with thrombin-receptor activating peptide (TRAP) and after incubation with 10 or 30 mM GYY or its vehicle DMSO following TRAP-activation, respectively. As a marker for thrombus stability, platelet-leukocyte aggregation was assessed using flow cytometry after staining of human whole blood against CD62P and CD45, respectively. Furthermore, morphology and quantity of platelet-leukocyte aggregation were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy (scanning EM). Therefore, platelets were stained for CD62P followed by immuno gold labeling. In vivo, the dorsal skinfold chamber preparation was performed for light/dye induction of thrombi in arterioles and venules using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Thrombolysis was assessed 10 and 22 h after thrombus induction and treatment with the vehicle, GYY, or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Flow cytometry revealed an increase of CD62P/CD45 positive aggregates after TRAP stimulation of human whole blood, which was significantly reduced by preincubation with 30 mM GYY. Scanning EM additionally showed a reduced platelet-leukocyte aggregation and a decreased leukocyte count within the aggregates after preincubation with GYY compared to TRAP stimulation alone. Further on, morphological signs of platelet activation were found markedly reduced upon treatment with GYY. In mice, both GYY and rtPA significantly accelerated arteriolar and venular thrombolysis compared to the vehicle control. In conclusion, GYY impairs thrombus stability by reducing platelet-leukocyte aggregation and thereby facilitates endogenous thrombolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Grambow
- a Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany.,b Department of General , Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Christian Leppin
- a Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Katja Leppin
- a Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Günther Kundt
- c Institute for Biostatistics and Informatics in Medicine and Aging Research, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Ernst Klar
- b Department of General , Thoracic, Vascular and Transplantation Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Marcus Frank
- d Medical Biology and Electron Microscopy Centre, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- a Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center , Rostock , Germany
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Zhang H, Lauver DA, Wang H, Sun D, Hollenberg PF, Chen YE, Osawa Y, Eitzman DT. Significant Improvement of Antithrombotic Responses to Clopidogrel by Use of a Novel Conjugate as Revealed in an Arterial Model of Thrombosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:11-7. [PMID: 27511819 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is a prodrug that requires bioactivation by cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes to a pharmacologically active metabolite for antiplatelet action. The clinical limitations of clopidogrel are in large part due to its poor pharmacokinetics resulting from inefficient bioactivation by P450s. In this study, we determined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel conjugate of clopidogrel, referred to as ClopNPT, in animal models and we evaluated its potential to overcome the limitations of clopidogrel. Results from pharmacokinetic (PK) studies showed that ClopNPT released the active metabolite with a time to maximal plasma concentration of <5 minutes in C57BL/6 mice after either oral or intravenous administration, and plasma concentrations of the active metabolite reached Cmax values of 1242 and 1100 ng/ml after a 10-mg/kg oral dose and a 5-mg/kg intravenous dose, respectively. Furthermore, ClopNPT was highly effective in preventing arterial thrombosis in rabbits and mice after vascular injuries. Formation of occlusive thrombi was prevented by ClopNPT at the 1-mg/kg dose with no significant increase in tongue bleeding time, whereas clopidogrel was ineffective at the same dose. These results suggest that ClopNPT has favorable PK/pharmacodynamic properties that can potentially overcome the attenuated PK properties of clopidogrel and thus significantly improve the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - D Adam Lauver
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Hui Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Duxin Sun
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Y Eugene Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yoichi Osawa
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel T Eitzman
- Departments of Pharmacology (H.Z., D.A.L., P.F.H., Y.O.) and Internal Medicine (H.W., Y.E.C., D.T.E.), University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.S.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Liu C, Chen Z, Zhong K, Li L, Zhu W, Chen X, Zhong D. Human Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Microsomal Thiol Methyltransferase Are Involved in the Stereoselective Formation and Methylation of the Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Clopidogrel. Drug Metab Dispos 2015. [PMID: 26220948 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel, a thienopyridine antiplatelet prodrug, is metabolized by oxidation to 2-oxo-clopidogrel, followed by conversion to its pharmacologically active thiol metabolite. After oral administration of clopidogrel to humans, two thiol isomers (H3 and H4) are observed in plasma, with similar concentrations, and only H4 is active in humans. In this work, the mechanism of stereoselectivity in the formation and S-methylation of H3 and H4 was investigated in vitro. The two diastereomers of 2-oxo-clopidogrel were epimerized rapidly at physiologic pH. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) for H3 formation from 2-oxo-clopidogrel in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was 3.1-fold higher than that for H4 formation, indicating stereoselective metabolism. Kinetic studies using expressed enzymes demonstrated that the contributions of CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 to the formation of H4 from 2-oxo-clopidogrel were 18.5%, 26.1%, and 53.5%, respectively. The CLint ratios of H3 formation to H4 formation from 2-oxo-clopidogrel by CYP2B6, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 were 2.2, 1.0, and 1.7, respectively. In HLMs, H3 and H4 were further S-methylated, and the S-methylation was inhibited by 2,3-dichloromethyl benzylamine, indicating the involvement of thiol S-methyltransferase. The CLint value for the S-methylation of H3 in HLMs was 98.1-fold higher than that for H4. The stereoselective formation of H3 from 2-oxo-clopidogrel and the stereoselective S-methylation of H3 may lead to the similar exposure levels of H3 and H4 previously reported in humans. The epimerization of 2-oxo-clopidogrel and the variations of thiol S-methyltransferase may affect the exposure to H4 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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