1
|
Savulescu-Fiedler I, Mihalcea R, Dragosloveanu S, Scheau C, Baz RO, Caruntu A, Scheau AE, Caruntu C, Benea SN. The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:856. [PMID: 39063610 PMCID: PMC11277997 DOI: 10.3390/life14070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important condition affecting the quality of life of numerous patients and increasing their associated risk for multiple diseases, including tumors and immune-mediated disorders. Inflammation appears to play a major role in the development of obesity and represents a central point for the activity of cellular and humoral components in the adipose tissue. Macrophages play a key role as the main cellular component of the adipose tissue regulating the chronic inflammation and modulating the secretion and differentiation of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation also involves a series of signaling pathways that might represent the focus for new therapies and interventions. Weight loss is essential in decreasing cardiometabolic risks and the degree of associated inflammation; however, the latter can persist for long after the excess weight is lost, and can involve changes in macrophage phenotypes that can ensure the metabolic adjustment. A clear understanding of the pathophysiological processes in the adipose tissue and the interplay between obesity and chronic inflammation can lead to a better understanding of the development of comorbidities and may ensure future targets for the treatment of obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Mihalcea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Dragosloveanu
- Department of Orthopaedics, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Octavian Baz
- Clinical Laboratory of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Nicolae Benea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Theodoridis X, Chourdakis M, Papaemmanouil A, Chaloulakou S, Georgakou AV, Chatzis G, Triantafyllou A. The Effect of Diet on Vascular Aging: A Narrative Review of the Available Literature. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:267. [PMID: 38398776 PMCID: PMC10890697 DOI: 10.3390/life14020267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Early vascular aging is related to various cardiovascular diseases including hypertension, coronary heart disease, and stroke. Healthful lifestyle practices and interventions, including dietary regimens and consistent aerobic exercise, exert favorable modulation on these processes, thereby diminishing the risk of cardiovascular disease with advancing age. The principal objective of this review was to conduct a comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of the available literature regarding the effectiveness of different diets on vascular health, such as arterial stiffness and endothelial function. To conduct this review, a thorough search of electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection was carried out. Based on the existing evidence, the Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, and low-calorie diets may have a beneficial effect on vascular health. However, more randomized controlled trials with sufficient sample sizes, longer follow-ups, rigorous methodologies, and, possibly, head-to-head comparisons between the different diets are needed to shed light on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xenophon Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (X.T.); (A.P.); (S.C.); (A.V.G.)
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michail Chourdakis
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (X.T.); (A.P.); (S.C.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Androniki Papaemmanouil
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (X.T.); (A.P.); (S.C.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Stavroula Chaloulakou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (X.T.); (A.P.); (S.C.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Athina Vasiliki Georgakou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social and Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (X.T.); (A.P.); (S.C.); (A.V.G.)
| | - Georgios Chatzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Areti Triantafyllou
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li A, Yan J, Zhao Y, Yu Z, Tian S, Khan AH, Zhu Y, Wu A, Zhang C, Tian XL. Vascular Aging: Assessment and Intervention. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:1373-1395. [PMID: 37609042 PMCID: PMC10441648 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s423373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging represents a collection of structural and functional changes in a blood vessel with advancing age, including increased stiffness, vascular wall remodeling, loss of angiogenic ability, and endothelium-dependent vasodilation dysfunction. These age-related alterations may occur earlier in those who are at risk for or have cardiovascular diseases, therefore, are defined as early or premature vascular aging. Vascular aging contributes independently to cardio-cerebral vascular diseases (CCVDs). Thus, early diagnosis and interventions targeting vascular aging are of paramount importance in the delay or prevention of CCVDs. Here, we review the direct assessment of vascular aging by examining parameters that reflect changes in structure, function, or their compliance with age including arterial wall thickness and lumen diameter, endothelium-dependent vasodilation, arterial stiffness as well as indirect assessment through pathological studies of biomarkers including endothelial progenitor cell, lymphocytic telomeres, advanced glycation end-products, and C-reactive protein. Further, we evaluate how different types of interventions including lifestyle mediation, such as caloric restriction and salt intake, and treatments for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia affect age-related vascular changes. As a single parameter or intervention targets only a certain vascular physiological change, it is recommended to use multiple parameters to evaluate and design intervention approaches accordingly to prevent systemic vascular aging in clinical practices or population-based studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Li
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Zhao
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Yu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shane Tian
- Department of Biochemistry/Chemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Haseeb Khan
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzheng Zhu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Andong Wu
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuntai Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Gerontology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Li Tian
- Aging and Vascular Diseases, Human Aging Research Institute (HARI) and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bruno RM, Varbiro S, Pucci G, Nemcsik J, Lønnebakken MT, Kublickiene K, Schluchter H, Park C, Mozos I, Guala A, Hametner B, Seeland U, Boutouyrie P. Vascular function in hypertension: does gender dimension matter? J Hum Hypertens 2023; 37:634-643. [PMID: 37061653 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-023-00826-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
Blood pressure and vascular ageing trajectories differ between men and women. These differences develop due to sex-related factors, attributable to sex chromosomes or sex hormones, and due to gender-related factors, mainly related to different sociocultural behaviors. The present review summarizes the relevant facts regarding gender-related differences in vascular function in hypertension. Among sex-related factors, endogenous 17ß-estradiol plays a key role in protecting pre-menopausal women from vascular ageing. However, as vascular ageing (preceding and inducing hypertension) has a steeper increase in women than in men starting already from the third decade, it is likely that gender-related factors play a prominent role, especially in the young. Among gender-related factors, psychological stress (including that one related to gender-based violence and discrimination), depression, some psychological traits, but also low socioeconomic status, are more common in women than men, and their impact on vascular ageing is likely to be greater in women. Men, on the contrary, are more exposed to the vascular adverse consequences of alcohol consumption, as well as of social deprivation, while "toxic masculinity" traits may result in lower adherence to lifestyle and preventive strategies. Unhealthy diet habits are more prevalent in men and smoking is equally prevalent in the two sexes, but have a disproportional negative effect on women's vascular health. In conclusion, given the major and complex role of gender-related factors in driving vascular alterations and blood pressure patterns, gender dimension should be systematically integrated into future research on vascular function and hypertension and to tailor cardiovascular prevention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa-Maria Bruno
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France.
- Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France.
| | - Szabolcs Varbiro
- Workgroup for Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Giacomo Pucci
- Internal Medicine Unit, "Santa Maria" Terni Hospital and Department of Medicine and Surgery-University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - János Nemcsik
- Department of Family Medicine and Health Service of Zuglo (ZESZ), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mai Tone Lønnebakken
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Institution for Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Department of Renal Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Schluchter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Chloe Park
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ioana Mozos
- Department of Functional Sciences-Pathophysiology, Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andrea Guala
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-CV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernhard Hametner
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health & Bioresources, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ute Seeland
- Institute of Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Boutouyrie
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, PARCC, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pharmacology Unit, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Patel PR, Armistead-Jehle P, Eltman NR, Heath KM, Cifu DX, Swanson RL. Brain Injury: How Dietary Patterns Impact Long-Term Outcomes. CURRENT PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION REPORTS 2023; 11:367-376. [PMID: 37732170 PMCID: PMC10506931 DOI: 10.1007/s40141-023-00413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Individuals with a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are at a much greater risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) compared to the general population. This review discusses dietary patterns as a means of addressing modifiable risk factors following TBI exposure. Evidence-based resources for practicing Physiatrists and Brain Injury Medicine specialists pertaining to nutrition education and counseling are also provided. Recent Findings We examined Mediterranean, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, plant-based, ketogenic, and intermittent fasting dietary patterns through publications of clinical trials and systematic reviews. While many reviews had significant positive findings, some were limited by generalizability. Summary While there is extensive literature on the immediate nutrition goals in the inpatient setting following an acute TBI exposure, there is limited literature discussing the nature of diet and nutrition in the post-acute setting. Fortunately, most individuals with TBI exposure survive their initial injury and continue into the recovery phase. The scientific literature supports increased morbidity and mortality with chronic TBI exposure compared to matched counterparts, most notably with CVD. A diet rich in fiber and nutrients but limited in added sugars, saturated fats, and excess calories would likely have the greatest cardiovascular and related neurologic protection. Future studies are needed to assess the specific impact of dietary interventions in the chronic phase of brain injury recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palak R. Patel
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Nicholas R. Eltman
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ USA
| | - Kelly M. Heath
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Rehab Medicine Service, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Mail Stop #117, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - David X. Cifu
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Central Virginia Veterans Health Care System, Richmond, USA
| | - Randel L. Swanson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration, and Restoration, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Rehab Medicine Service, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Avenue, Mail Stop #117, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Impact of Non-Pharmacological Interventions on the Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169097. [PMID: 36012362 PMCID: PMC9409393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide characterized by the deposition of lipids and fibrous elements in the form of atheroma plaques in vascular areas which are hemodynamically overloaded. The global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is steadily increasing and is considered the largest known non-infectious pandemic. The management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is increasing the cost of health care worldwide, which is a concern for researchers and physicians and has caused them to strive to find effective long-term strategies to improve the efficiency of treatments by managing conventional risk factors. Primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the preferred method to reduce cardiovascular risk. Fasting, a Mediterranean diet, and caloric restriction can be considered useful clinical tools. The protective impact of physical exercise over the cardiovascular system has been studied in recent years with the intention of explaining the mechanisms involved; the increase in heat shock proteins, antioxidant enzymes and regulators of cardiac myocyte proliferation concentration seem to be the molecular and biochemical shifts that are involved. Developing new therapeutic strategies such as vagus nerve stimulation, either to prevent or slow the disease’s onset and progression, will surely have a profound effect on the lives of millions of people.
Collapse
|
7
|
Mechanisms underlying the effects of caloric restriction on hypertension. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115035. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Guzel D, Kalkan EA, Eren F, Zengin O, Erel O, Sahiner ES, Inan O, Ates I. Can Serum Endocan Levels be Used as an Early Prognostic Marker for Endothelial Dysfunction in COVID-19? Angiology 2022; 73:438-444. [PMID: 34663109 PMCID: PMC8968391 DOI: 10.1177/00033197211050446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate whether degree of pneumonia and COVID-19 prognosis are associated with serum endocan levels at the early stage, when vascular damage has started. Patients between the ages of 18-85 years who were hospitalized and followed up with a diagnosis of COVID-19 were included in the study. A total of 80 patients were divided into 2 groups as mild/moderate pneumonia and severe pneumonia. Serum endocan levels were measured on the 8th day from the onset of symptoms in all patients. Of the 80 patients included in the study, 56.3% were female and 43.8% were male. There was no significant relationship between serum endocan levels and degree of pneumonia (P = .220) and prognosis of the disease (P = .761). The correlation analysis indicated a weak positive correlation between serum endocan levels and lactate level in venous blood gas (r = .270; P = .037). During the 28-day follow-up, the mortality rate was 3.75%. It was determined that the serum endocan levels was not associated with the degree of pneumonia and was not an early prognostic marker for COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Guzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emra Asfuroglu Kalkan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Eren
- Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oguzhan Zengin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Enes S. Sahiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Osman Inan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Ates
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gao H, Jin Z, Tang K, Ji Y, Suarez J, Suarez JA, Cunha e Rocha K, Zhang D, Dillmann WH, Mahata SK, Ying W. Microbial DNA Enrichment Promotes Adrenomedullary Inflammation, Catecholamine Secretion, and Hypertension in Obese Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e024561. [PMID: 35112881 PMCID: PMC9245808 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.024561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is an established risk factor for hypertension. Although obesity‐induced gut barrier breach leads to the leakage of various microbiota‐derived products into host circulation and distal organs, the roles of microbiota in mediating the development of obesity‐associated adrenomedullary disorders and hypertension have not been elucidated. We seek to explore the impacts of microbial DNA enrichment on inducing obesity‐related adrenomedullary abnormalities and hypertension. Methods and Results Obesity was accompanied by remarkable bacterial DNA accumulation and elevated inflammation in the adrenal glands. Gut microbial DNA containing extracellular vesicles (mEVs) were readily leaked into the bloodstream and infiltrated into the adrenal glands in obese mice, causing microbial DNA enrichment. In lean wild‐type mice, adrenal macrophages expressed CRIg (complement receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily) that efficiently blocks the infiltration of gut mEVs. In contrast, the adrenal CRIg+ cell population was greatly decreased in obese mice. In lean CRIg−/− or C3−/− (complement component 3) mice intravenously injected with gut mEVs, adrenal microbial DNA accumulation elevated adrenal inflammation and norepinephrine secretion, concomitant with hypertension. In addition, microbial DNA promoted inflammatory responses and norepinephrine production in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells treated with gut mEVs. Depletion of microbial DNA cargo markedly blunted the effects of gut mEVs. We also validated that activation of cGAS (cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase)/STING (cyclic GMP–AMP receptor stimulator of interferon genes) signaling is required for the ability of microbial DNA to trigger adrenomedullary dysfunctions in both in vivo and in vitro experiments. Restoring CRIg+ cells in obese mice decreased microbial DNA abundance, inflammation, and hypertension. Conclusions The leakage of gut mEVs leads to adrenal enrichment of microbial DNA that are pathogenic to induce obesity‐associated adrenomedullary abnormalities and hypertension. Recovering the CRIg+ macrophage population attenuates obesity‐induced adrenomedullary disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Gao
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Zhongmou Jin
- Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | | | - Yudong Ji
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
- Department of AnesthesiologyInstitute of Anesthesiology and Critical CareUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Jorge Suarez
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Jorge A. Suarez
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Karina Cunha e Rocha
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Dinghong Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Wolfgang H. Dillmann
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| | - Sushil K. Mahata
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan DiegoCA
| | - Wei Ying
- Division of Endocrinology & MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaCA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Virk D, Kumar A, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Ameliorative role of rolipram, PDE-4 inhibitor, against sodium arsenite-induced vascular dementia in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:63250-63262. [PMID: 34226994 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure to the population leads to serious health problems like neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and cardiovascular abnormality. In the present study, the work has been commenced to discover the prospect of rolipram a phosphodiestrase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitor against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction (EnDF) leading to dementia in rats. Wistar rats were treated with SA (5 mg/kg body weight/day orally) for 44 days for induction of vascular EnDF and dementia. Learning and memory were evaluated using Morris water maze (MWM) test. Vascular EnDF was evaluated using aortic ring preparation. Various biochemical parameters were also evaluated like brain oxidative stress (viz. reduced glutathione and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level), serum nitrite/nitrate activity, acetylcholinesterase activity, and inflammatory markers (viz. neutrophil infiltration in brain and myeloperoxidase). SA-treated rats showed poor performance in water maze trials indicating attenuated memory and ability to learn with significant rise (p < 0.05) in brain acetylcholinesterase activity, brain oxidative stress, neutrophil count, and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in serum nitrite/nitrate levels and vascular endothelial functions. Rolipram (PDE-4 inhibitor) treatment (0.03 mg/kg and 0.06 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally daily for 14 days) significantly improved memory and learning abilities, and restored various biochemical parameters and EnDF. It is concluded that PDE-4 modulator may be considered the prospective target for the treatment of SA-induced vascular EnDF and related dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divjot Virk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India.
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, CNS Research Lab., Pharmacology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, 147002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stojanovic S, Ilic MD, Ilic S, Tasic N, Ilic B, Petrovic D, Dragisic D, Djukic S, Jovanovic M. The Association Between Obesity and Visit-to-Visit Variability in Systolic Blood Pressure: A Prospective Study. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2017-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
With the prevalence of obesity and all accompanying health risks, both prevention and health education, as well as identifying predictors for the development of obesity-related diseases are primary. The pathophysiological relationship between obesity and visit-to-visit variability in systolic blood pressure (SBPV) has not been completely resolved. To investigate the association between obesity and SBPV in hypertensive patients. The prospective study comprised three visits was performed at the hypertension outpatient clinic during the follow up period of 22-months between March 2014 and January 2016. This study included 300 randomly selected hypertensive patients (average 67.76±9.84 years), who were divided in groups of obese/non-obese examinees. SBPV was defined as the standard deviation (SD) from three values of SBP. The values of SBP and SBP-SD were significantly higher in the group of obese hypertensive patients than in the group of non-obese patients (127.06±8.30 vs. 120.37±7.75; 11.29±5.67 vs. 7.37±3.94 mmHg; p<0.01). The highest SBPV was recorded in the 4th quartile in obese patients (43.13±7.50 mmHg). SBPV was strongly correlated with BMI and Waist cirumferences (WC) (ρo=0.425, ρo=0.356, p<0.01). During 22-months follow up there was a significant decrease of SBPV for 8.2 mmHg, BP for 31/5 mmHg, BMI for 3.8 kg/m2, WC for 10 cm and body weight for 8.24 kg. During 22-months follow-up, reduction of body weight was associated with reduction of blood pressure variability in hypertensive patients. Persistently decrease both body weight and long term visit-to-visit variability may explain lower cardiovascular risk in obese-related disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Stojanovic
- Institute of Cardiology “Niska Banja” , Medical Faculty University of Nis , Serbia
| | - Marina Deljanin Ilic
- Institute of Cardiology “Niska Banja” , Medical Faculty University of Nis , Serbia
| | - Stevan Ilic
- Institute of Cardiology “Niska Banja” , Medical Faculty University of Nis , Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Tasic
- University Hospital Center “Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje” , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Bojan Ilic
- Institute of Cardiology “Niska Banja” , Medical Faculty University of Nis , Serbia
| | - Dejan Petrovic
- Institute of Cardiology “Niska Banja” , Medical Faculty University of Nis , Serbia
| | - Dalibor Dragisic
- University Hospital Center “Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje” , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Svetlana Djukic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| | - Marina Jovanovic
- Faculty of Medical Sciences University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity increases the risk of hypertension. However, blood pressure decreases before any significant loss of body weight after bariatric surgery. We review the mechanisms of the temporal dissociation between blood pressure and body weight after bariatric surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Restrictive and bypass bariatric surgery lower blood pressure and plasma leptin levels within days of the procedure in both hypertensive and normotensive morbidly obese patients. Rapidly decreasing plasma leptin levels and minimal loss of body weight point to reduced sympathetic nervous system activity as the underlying mechanism of rapid blood pressure decline after bariatric surgery. After the early rapid decline, blood pressure does not decrease further in patients who, while still obese, experience a steady loss of body weight for the subsequent 12 months. The divergent effects of bariatric surgery on blood pressure and body weight query the role of excess body weight in the pathobiology of the obesity phenotype of hypertension. The decrease in blood pressure after bariatric surgery is moderate and independent of body weight. The lack of temporal relationship between blood pressure reduction and loss of body weight for 12 months after sleeve gastrectomy questions the nature of the mechanisms underlying obesity-associated hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samson
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Karnika Ayinapudi
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Thierry H Le Jemtel
- Section of Cardiology, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenuew, SL-48, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Suzanne Oparil
- Vascular Biology and Hypertension Program, Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The Effect of Low-Carbohydrate Diet on Macrovascular and Microvascular Endothelial Function is Not Affected by the Provision of Caloric Restriction in Women with Obesity: A Randomized Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061649. [PMID: 32498328 PMCID: PMC7352173 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity impairs both macro- and microvascular endothelial function due to decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide. Current evidence on the effect of low-carbohydrate (LC) diet on endothelial function is conflicting and confounded by the provision of caloric restriction (CR). We tested the hypothesis that LC without CR diet, but not LC with CR diet, would improve macro- and microvascular endothelial function in women with obesity. Twenty-one healthy women with obesity (age: 33 ± 2 years, body mass index: 33.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2; mean ± SEM) were randomly assigned to receive either a LC diet (~10% carbohydrate calories) with CR (n = 12; 500 calorie/day deficit) or a LC diet without CR (n = 9) and completed the 6-week diet intervention. After the intervention, macrovascular endothelial function, measured as brachial artery flow-mediated dilation did not change (7.3 ± 0.9% to 8.0 ± 1.1%, p = 0.7). On the other hand, following the LC diet intervention, regardless of CR, blocking nitric oxide production decreased microvascular endothelial function, measured by arteriolar flow-induced dilation (p ≤ 0.02 for both diets) and the magnitude was more than baseline (p ≤ 0.04). These data suggest improved NO contributions following the intervention. In conclusion, a 6-week LC diet, regardless of CR, may improve microvascular, but not macrovascular endothelial function, via increasing bioavailability of nitric oxide in women with obesity.
Collapse
|
14
|
Badreh F, Joukar S, Badavi M, Rashno M, Dehesh T. The Effects of Age and Fasting Models on Blood Pressure, Insulin/Glucose Profile, and Expression of Longevity Proteins in Male Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 23:224-236. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Firuzeh Badreh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tania Dehesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang M, Gong L, Zou Z, Jiang A, Wang H, Luo J, Zhang X, Luo C, Wang H, Zhao H, Pan D, Jing J, Wu Y, Wang R, Ma J, Ma Y, Chen Y. The relationship between long-term exposure to PM 2.5 and fasting plasma glucose levels in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-17 years: A national cross-sectional study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136211. [PMID: 32050359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies investigating the association between PM2.5 exposure and fasting plasma glucose levels (FPGLs) are mostly limited to short- and mid-term PM2.5 exposure and lack adjustments for key confounders in adult research. OBJECTIVES Exploring the relationship between seven years long-term PM2.5 exposure and FPGLs in Chinese children and adolescents aged 6-17 years. METHODS Between September 2013 and December 2013, 16,489 participants aged 6-17 years were recruited using a four-staged, stratified, cluster sampling strategy from 7 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities of mainland China. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to estimate the relationship between annual PM2.5 exposure (2007-2013) and FPGLs stratified by sex and one-year age increments. Sociodemographic characteristics, living with both parents, early-life factors, behaviours, and infection symptoms were gradually adjusted from the crude model to regression model 6, and BMI was adjusted for in model 7. RESULTS The annual concentration of PM2.5 was 56.23 (±12.99) μg/m3. The mean FPGLs in the 8551 boys (4.75 mmol/L ± 0.52) was significantly higher than that in the 8194 girls (4.63 mmol/L ± 0.48) (P < 0.0001). In model 6, for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure, the FPGLs in boys and girls increased by 0.048 (95% CIs 0.031 to 0.065) mmol/L (P < 0.0001) and 0.054 (95% CIs 0.039 to 0.069) mmol/L (P < 0.0001), respectively. The FPGLs were significantly positively associated with long-term PM2.5 exposure at the ages of 12, 15 and 16 years in both the boys and girls and exhibited age differences in model 7. The prevalence of impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFP) and diabetes decreased by 0.8% when the exposure concentration of PM2.5 was reduced by 10 μg/m3 in model 6, which assessed the negative effects of PM2.5 exposure and revealed that 1,298,920 children and adolescents could have been protected from IFP and diabetes in 2013 in China. CONCLUSIONS Long-term PM2.5 exposure may be an independent risk factor of elevated FPGLs. The adverse effect of PM2.5 exposure on FPGLs in children and adolescents could appear after 10 years of cumulative exposure. The precise intervention time was revealed as approximately 12 and 11 years in boys and girls, respectively. There are great public health implications associated with early prevention strategies for the eradication of the negative effects of long-term exposure to PM2.5 on FPGLs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Gong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Zou
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aili Jiang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haijun Wang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Luo
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai Institutes of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Dehong Pan
- Liaoning Health Supervision Bureau, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Jing
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinglin Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yajun Chen
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tucker WJ, Thomas BP, Puzziferri N, Samuel TJ, Zaha VG, Lingvay I, Almandoz J, Wang J, Gonzales EA, Brothers RM, Nelson MD. Impact of bariatric surgery on cerebral vascular reactivity and cognitive function: a non-randomized pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2020; 6:21. [PMID: 32082607 PMCID: PMC7017515 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-020-00569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bariatric surgery is an effective long-term weight loss strategy yielding improvements in neurocognitive function; however, the mechanism(s) responsible for these improvements remains unclear. Here, we assessed the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate whether cerebral vascular reactivity (CVR) is impaired in severely obese bariatric surgery candidates compared with normal weight healthy controls and whether CVR improves following bariatric surgery. We also investigated whether changes in CVR were associated with changes in cognitive function. Methods Bariatric surgery candidates (n = 6) were compared with normal weight healthy controls of a similar age (n = 10) at baseline, and then reassessed 2 weeks and 14 weeks following sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgery. Young reference controls (n = 7) were also studied at baseline to establish the range of normal for each outcome measure. Microvascular and macrovascular CVR to hypercapnia (5% CO2) were assessed using blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, and changes in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) cross-sectional area, respectively. Cognitive function was assessed using a validated neurocognitive software. Results Compliance with the CVR protocol was high. Both macro- and micro-cerebrovascular function were highest in the young reference controls. Cognitive function was lower in obese bariatric surgery candidates compared with normal weight controls, and improved by 17% at 2 weeks and 21% by 14 weeks following bariatric surgery. To our surprise, whole-brain CVR BOLD did not differ between obese bariatric surgery candidates and normal weight controls of similar age (0.184 ± 0.101 vs. 0.192 ± 0.034 %BOLD/mmHgCO2), and did not change after bariatric surgery. In contrast, we observed vasoconstriction of the MCA during hypercapnia in 60% of the obese patients prior to surgery, which appeared to be abolished following bariatric surgery. Improvements in cognitive function were not associated with improvements in either CVR BOLD or MCA vasodilation after bariatric surgery. Conclusions Assessing CVR responses to a hypercapnic challenge with MRI was feasible in severely obese bariatric patients. However, no changes in whole-brain BOLD CVR were observed following bariatric surgery despite improvements in cognitive function. We recommend that future large trials assess CVR responses to cognitive tasks (rather than hypercapnia) to better define the mechanisms responsible for cognitive function improvements following bariatric surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley J Tucker
- 1Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Science & Engineering Innovation & Research Building, 701 S. Nedderman Drive, Room 105, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.,2Department of Nutrition & Food Sciences, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX USA
| | - Binu P Thomas
- 3Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA.,4Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| | - Nancy Puzziferri
- 5Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - T Jake Samuel
- 1Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Science & Engineering Innovation & Research Building, 701 S. Nedderman Drive, Room 105, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Vlad G Zaha
- 3Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA.,6Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Ildiko Lingvay
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Jaime Almandoz
- 7Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Jing Wang
- 8College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| | - Edward A Gonzales
- 1Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Science & Engineering Innovation & Research Building, 701 S. Nedderman Drive, Room 105, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.,8College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| | - R Matthew Brothers
- 1Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Science & Engineering Innovation & Research Building, 701 S. Nedderman Drive, Room 105, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - Michael D Nelson
- 1Applied Physiology and Advanced Imaging Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Arlington, Science & Engineering Innovation & Research Building, 701 S. Nedderman Drive, Room 105, Arlington, TX 76019 USA.,4Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity, kidney dysfunction and hypertension: mechanistic links. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 15:367-385. [PMID: 31015582 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adiposity raises blood pressure and accounts for 65-75% of primary hypertension, which is a major driver of cardiovascular and kidney diseases. In obesity, abnormal kidney function and associated increases in tubular sodium reabsorption initiate hypertension, which is often mild before the development of target organ injury. Factors that contribute to increased sodium reabsorption in obesity include kidney compression by visceral, perirenal and renal sinus fat; increased renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA); increased levels of anti-natriuretic hormones, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone; and adipokines, particularly leptin. The renal and neurohormonal pathways of obesity and hypertension are intertwined. For example, leptin increases RSNA by stimulating the central nervous system proopiomelanocortin-melanocortin 4 receptor pathway, and kidney compression and RSNA contribute to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. Glucocorticoids and/or oxidative stress may also contribute to mineralocorticoid receptor activation in obesity. Prolonged obesity and progressive renal injury often lead to the development of treatment-resistant hypertension. Patient management therefore often requires multiple antihypertensive drugs and concurrent treatment of dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and inflammation. If more effective strategies for the prevention and control of obesity are not developed, cardiorenal, metabolic and other obesity-associated diseases could overwhelm health-care systems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Michael E Hall
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Mississippi Center for Obesity Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma L, Wang R, Wang H, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Long-term caloric restriction activates the myocardial SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in C57BL/6J male mice. Food Nutr Res 2020; 64:3668. [PMID: 32082101 PMCID: PMC7007760 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v64.3668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Caloric restriction (CR) can help in improving heart function. There is as yet no consensus on the mechanism of the effect of CR. Silent mating-type information regulation 1 (SIRT1), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and mTOR are key players in metabolic stress management. We aimed to explore the effect of CR on the myocardial SIRT1/AMPK/mTOR pathway in mice. Methods Thirty-six 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (NC group, n = 12), high-energy group (HE group, n = 12) and CR group (n = 12) according to different diets. After 11 months, western blot was used to examine proteins such as p-AMPK, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), SIRT1, and p-mTOR, whereas real-time PCR was used to examine the expression of AMPK, PGC-1α, and SIRT1 transcripts. Results Compared to the HE group, the CR group displayed increased expression of myocardial p-AMPK protein, SIRT1 protein and mRNA, and PGC-1a mRNA. However, no difference was observed in the expression of p-mTOR protein and mTOR mRNA in the myocardium among the three groups. Conclusions CR improves the SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway in mice myocardium with no effect on the mTOR pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ma
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Yanjing Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhao
- Central Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of Ministry of Education, Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ministrini S, Calzini L, Nulli Migliola E, Ricci MA, Roscini AR, Siepi D, Tozzi G, Daviddi G, Martorelli EE, Paganelli MT, Lupattelli G. Lysosomal Acid Lipase as a Molecular Target of the Very Low Carbohydrate Ketogenic Diet in Morbidly Obese Patients: The Potential Effects on Liver Steatosis and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050621. [PMID: 31067824 PMCID: PMC6571559 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (VLCKD) is an emerging technique to induce a significant, well-tolerated, and rapid loss of body weight in morbidly obese patients. The low activity of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) could be involved in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is a common feature in morbidly obese patients. Fifty-two obese patients suitable for a bariatric surgery intervention underwent a 25-day-long VLCKD. The biochemical markers of glucose and lipid metabolism, and flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery were measured before and after VLCKD. LAL activity was measured using the dried blood spot technique in 20 obese patients and in a control group of 20 healthy, normal-weight subjects. After VLCKD, we observed a significant reduction in body mass index, fasting glucose, insulinemia, and lipid profile parameters. No significant variation in FMD was observed. The number of patients with severe liver steatosis significantly decreased. LAL activity significantly increased, although the levels were not significantly different as compared to the control group. In conclusion, VLCKD induces the activity of LAL in morbidly obese subjects and reduces the secretion of all circulating lipoproteins. These effects could be attributed to the peculiar composition of the diet, which is particularly poor in carbohydrates and relatively rich in proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ministrini
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Lucia Calzini
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisa Nulli Migliola
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Anastasia Ricci
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Anna Rita Roscini
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Donatella Siepi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Giulia Tozzi
- Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit, IRCCS "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Daviddi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Eva-Edvige Martorelli
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Graziana Lupattelli
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
von Schnurbein J, Manzoor J, Brandt S, Denzer F, Kohlsdorf K, Fischer-Posovszky P, Weißenberger M, Frank-Podlech S, Mahmood S, Wabitsch M. Leptin Is Not Essential for Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Obes Facts 2019; 12:460-475. [PMID: 31357197 PMCID: PMC6758712 DOI: 10.1159/000501319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hyperleptinemia is supposed to play a causal role in the development of obesity-associated hypertension, possibly via increased sympathetic tone. Hence patients with congenital leptin deficiency should be hypotensive and their low blood pressure should increase under leptin substitution. SUBJECTS AND METHODS To test this assumption, we examined ambulatory blood pressure, resting heart rate, Schellong test results, cold pressor test results, heart rate variability, catecholamine metabolites, and aldosterone levels in 6 patients with congenital leptin deficiency before as well as 2-7 days and 7-14 months after the start of leptin substitution. Ambulatory blood pressure was also examined in 3 patients with biallelic disease-causing variants in the leptin receptor gene. RESULTS Contrary to our expectations, even before leptin substitution, 1 patient with biallelic leptin receptor gene variants and 4 patients with leptin deficiency had been suffering from hypertension. Short-term substitution with leptin increased blood pressure further in 3 out of 4 patients (from 127.0 ± 11.7 to 133.8 ± 10.6 mm Hg), concomitant with an increase in resting heart rate as well as in heart rate during the Schellong test in all patients (from 87.6 ± 7.7 to 99.9 ± 11.0 bpm, p = 0.031, and from 102.9 ± 13.5 to 115.6 ± 11.3 bpm, p = 0.031, respectively). Furthermore, the systolic blood pressure response during the cold pressor test increased in 4 out of 6 patients. Unexpectedly, catecholamine metabolites and aldosterone levels did not increase. After long-term leptin substitution and weight loss, the resting heart rate decreased in 4 out of 6 patients compared to baseline, and in all patients below the heart rate seen immediately after the start of therapy (from 99.9 ± 11.0 to 81.7 ± 5.4 bpm; p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS These results show that obesity-associated hypertension does not depend on the presence of leptin. However, short-term leptin substitution can increase the blood pressure and heart rate in obese humans with leptin deficiency, indicating that leptin plays at least an additive role in obesity-associated hypertension. The mechanisms behind this are not clear but might include an increase in regional sympathetic tone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
- *Dr. Julia von Schnurbein or Prof. Dr. Martin Wabitsch, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Ulm, Eythstrasse 24, DE–89075 Ulm (Germany), E-Mail or
| | - Jaida Manzoor
- The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Friederike Denzer
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Kohlsdorf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Mario Weißenberger
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Frank-Podlech
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Saqib Mahmood
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Barbosa-Yañez RL, Dambeck U, Li L, Machann J, Kabisch S, Pfeiffer AFH. Acute Endothelial Benefits of Fat Restriction over Carbohydrate Restriction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Beyond Carbs and Fats. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10121859. [PMID: 30513768 PMCID: PMC6316067 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the major cause of mortality in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM). The causes are embedded in a complex interplay between excess body fat, insulin resistance and serum lipid anomalies. Endothelial homeostasis is strongly affected by this pathogenic network. Even though metabolic changes and weight loss improve vascular endothelial function, the effect of different dietary approaches is still uncertain for type 2 diabetes patients. Objective: We aimed to compare the acute effects of a hypocaloric very low carbohydrate (VLC) diet versus a hypocaloric low fat (LF) diet on flow mediated dilation (FMD), intrahepatic lipid (IHL) accumulation and visceral adipose tissue as independent risk factors of CVD in T2DM patients. Design: 36 T2DM patients (age 63 ± 8 years, 60% females) were randomly assigned to the VLC diet (4–10% of total energy intake (E)) or to the LF diet (<30% E) for 3 weeks. Endothelial function was assessed by the flow mediated dilation (FMD) method. Adipose tissue depots and IHL were determined by magnetic resonance. Results: Both dietary strategies reduced body weight, body fat content and IHL. Unexpectedly, the LF group experienced significantly greater enhancement of FMD, compared to the VLC group. The FMD showed a positive correlation with protein intake and fat intake in the LF group, while it revealed a negative correlation with protein intake in the VLC diet group. Conclusions: Reduction of total and hepatic adiposity was shown to be successful using either the VLC or LF hypocaloric diets, however, improvements in FMD may be related to the interplay of fat and protein intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Luzía Barbosa-Yañez
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulrike Dambeck
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Linna Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Machann
- German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kabisch
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V.), Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ross MD. Endothelial Regenerative Capacity and Aging: Influence of Diet, Exercise and Obesity. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018; 14:233-244. [PMID: 30047332 PMCID: PMC6300798 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x14666180726112303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The endothelium plays an important role in cardiovascular regulation, from blood flow to platelet aggregation, immune cell infiltration and demargination. A dysfunctional endo-thelium leads to the onset and progression of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). The aging endothelium displays significant alterations in function, such as reduced vasomotor functions and reduced angio-genic capabilities. This could be partly due to elevated levels of oxidative stress and reduced endothe-lial cell turnover. Circulating angiogenic cells, such as Endothelial Progenitor Cells (EPCs) play a significant role in maintaining endothelial health and function, by supporting endothelial cell prolifera-tion, or via incorporation into the vasculature and differentiation into mature endothelial cells. Howev-er, these cells are reduced in number and function with age, which may contribute to the elevated CVD risk in this population. However, lifestyle factors, such as exercise, physical activity obesity, and dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, nitrates, and antioxidants, significantly af-fect the number and function of these circulating angiogenic cells. Conclusion: This review will discuss the effects of advancing age on endothelial health and vascular regenerative capacity, as well as the influence of diet, exercise, and obesity on these cells, the mecha-nistic links and the subsequent impact on cardiovascular health
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Ross
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Iwata T, Mori T, Tanno Y, Kasakura S, Yoshioka K. Impaired Brachial Flow-Mediated Dilatation May Predict Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Dissections. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:2691-2695. [PMID: 30033099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Spontaneous intracranial arterial dissections are characterized by the sudden disruption of the internal elastic lamina in the intracranial arteries. The purpose of our retrospective study was to investigate whether patients with nontraumatic intracranial arterial dissections had normal endothelial function. METHODS The study included symptomatic patients with nontraumatic intracranial arterial dissections who underwent an endothelial function test. Controls were selected from headache patients matched for sex and age. Endothelial function was assessed using flow-mediated dilatation. We investigated patients' ankle brachial index and pulse wave velocity to determine the degree of atherosclerosis. Patient characteristics, brachial flow-mediated dilatation, ankle brachial index, and pulse wave velocity were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS During the study period, there were 22 patients with nontraumatic intracranial arterial dissections matched with 22 controls. Clinical characteristics were compared between the groups. Although there were no significant differences in ankle brachial index or pulse wave velocity between the 2 groups, patients with intracranial arterial dissections had lower flow-mediated dilatation values than controls (median flow-mediated dilatation, 3.95% in dissection patients versus 7.3% in controls, P = .0035). Brachial flow-mediated dilatation was impaired in symptomatic patients with nontraumatic intracranial arterial dissections despite the normal ankle brachial index and pulse wave velocity. CONCLUSIONS Impaired brachial flow-mediated dilatation is a probable predictor of intracranial arterial dissections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Iwata
- Department of Neurology, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahisa Mori
- Department of Stroke Treatment, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Stroke Center, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Yuhei Tanno
- Department of Stroke Treatment, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Stroke Center, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigen Kasakura
- Department of Stroke Treatment, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Stroke Center, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshioka
- Department of Stroke Treatment, Shonan Kamakura General Hospital Stroke Center, Kamakura City, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu Y, Su SA, Xie Y, Shen J, Zhu W, Xiang M. Murine models of vascular endothelial injury: Techniques and pathophysiology. Thromb Res 2018; 169:64-72. [PMID: 30015230 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial injury (VEI) triggers pathological processes in various cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary heart disease and hypertension. To further elucidate the in vivo pathological mechanisms of VEI, many animal models have been established. For the easiness of genetic manipulation and feeding, murine models become most commonly applied for investigating VEI. Subsequently, countless valuable information concerning pathogenesis has been obtained and therapeutic strategies for VEI have been developed. This review will highlight some typical murine VEI models from the perspectives of pharmacological intervention, surgery and genetic manipulation. The techniques, pathophysiology, advantages, disadvantages and the experimental purpose of each model will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sheng-An Su
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Xie
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian Shen
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hang Zhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Effect of Intermittent Energy Restriction on Flow Mediated Dilatation, a Measure of Endothelial Function: A Short Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15061166. [PMID: 29867034 PMCID: PMC6025364 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent energy restriction is a popular alternative to daily energy restriction for weight loss; however, it is unknown if endothelial function, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is altered by periods of severe energy restriction. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of two consecutive very low energy intake days, which is the core component of the 5:2 intermittent energy restriction diet strategy, on endothelial function compared to consecutive ad libitum eating days. The secondary objective was to explore the effects of these dietary conditions on fasting glucose concentrations. This was a 4-week randomized, single-blinded, crossover study of 35 participants. Participants consumed a very low energy diet (500 calories for women, 600 calories for men) on two consecutive days per week and 5 days of habitual eating. In weeks 3 and 4 of the trial, participants had measurements of flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and blood samples taken following either 2 habitual eating days or 2 energy restricted days in a randomized order. FMD values were not different after the two eating states (8.6% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.7). All other outcome variables were unchanged. Endothelial function, as measured by flow mediated dilatation, was not altered by two consecutive very low energy intake days. Further investigations assessing the impact in specific population groups as well as different testing conditions would be beneficial.
Collapse
|
26
|
Nicoll R, Henein MY. Caloric Restriction and Its Effect on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate Variability and Arterial Stiffness and Dilatation: A Review of the Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E751. [PMID: 29518898 PMCID: PMC5877612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential hypertension, fast heart rate, low heart rate variability, sympathetic nervous system dominance over parasympathetic, arterial stiffness, endothelial dysfunction and poor flow-mediated arterial dilatation are all associated with cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. This review of randomised controlled trials and other studies demonstrates that caloric restriction (CR) is capable of significantly improving all these parameters, normalising blood pressure (BP) and allowing patients to discontinue antihypertensive medication, while never becoming hypotensive. CR appears to be effective regardless of age, gender, ethnicity, weight, body mass index (BMI) or a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes, but the greatest benefit is usually observed in the sickest subjects and BP may continue to improve during the refeeding period. Exercise enhances the effects of CR only in hypertensive subjects. There is as yet no consensus on the mechanism of effect of CR and it may be multifactorial. Several studies have suggested that improvement in BP is related to improvement in insulin sensitivity, as well as increased nitric oxide production through improved endothelial function. In addition, CR is known to induce SIRT1, a nutrient sensor, which is linked to a number of beneficial effects in the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Nicoll
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| | - Michael Y Henein
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine and Heart Centre, Umea University, 901 87 Umea, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hurr C, Patik JC, Kim K, Brothers RM. Blunted cerebral vascular responsiveness to hypercapnia in obese individuals. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:1300-1308. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chansol Hurr
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology; George Washington University; DC USA
| | - Jordan C. Patik
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - KiYoung Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
- Department of Pathology; University of Alabama at Birmingham; Birmingham AL USA
| | - R. Matthew Brothers
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education; University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX USA
- Department of Kinesiology; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Affiliation(s)
- Markku Ahotupa
- MCA Research Laboratory, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tiainen S, Luoto R, Ahotupa M, Raitanen J, Vasankari T. 6-mo aerobic exercise intervention enhances the lipid peroxide transport function of HDL. Free Radic Res 2016; 50:1279-1285. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2016.1252040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Tiainen
- Sports Institute of Finland, Vierumäki, Finland
- Department of Health and Exercise and Paavo Nurmi Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Luoto
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Ahotupa
- MCA Research Laboratory, Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jani Raitanen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hoddy KK, Bhutani S, Phillips SA, Varady KA. Effects of different degrees of insulin resistance on endothelial function in obese adults undergoing alternate day fasting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:63-71. [PMID: 28035343 PMCID: PMC5166513 DOI: 10.3233/nha-1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Obesity can have deleterious effects on insulin sensitivity leading to endothelial dysfunction. Whether alternate day fasting (ADF) can ameliorate insulin sensitivity in a way that improves endothelial function remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the impact of ADF on endothelium dependent flow mediated dilation (FMD) in obese subjects with different degrees of insulin resistance. METHODS: Obese non-diabetic adults (n = 54) participated in an 8-week ADF protocol (25% energy intake "fast day", alternated with ad libitum intake "feast day"). Subjects were divided into tertiles according to degree of insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR (Homeostatic model assessment-Insulin resistance): tertile 1 (0.8-2.4), tertile 2 (2.5-3.6), tertile 3 (3.7-12.4). RESULTS: Body weight decreased (P < 0.001) by 4% in each tertile. Fat mass, lean mass, and visceral fat mass also decreased (P < 0.001) similarly in each tertile. After 8 weeks of ADF, FMD and adiponectin differed (P < 0.05) between tertile 1 (3±0%; 26±23%) versus tertile 3 (-3±0%; -13±10%). Changes in leptin did not differ between tertiles (tertile 1: -23±7%; tertile 2: -20±7%; tertile 3: -9±7%). Fasting glucose did not change in any tertile. Fasting insulin and HOMA-IR differed (P < 0.05) between tertile 1 (10±11%; 11±11%) versus tertile 3 (-27±8%; -30±9%). Plasma lipids, blood pressure and heart rate did not change in any tertile. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that ADF may be effective for decreasing insulin resistance in insulin resistant subjects, but these changes have no effect on endothelial function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Hoddy
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Surabhi Bhutani
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xiao RY, Hao J, Ding YH, Che YY, Zou XJ, Liang B. Transcriptome Profile Reveals that Pu-Erh Tea Represses the Expression of Vitellogenin Family to Reduce Fat Accumulation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Molecules 2016; 21:E1379. [PMID: 27763516 PMCID: PMC6274137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to misbalanced energy surplus and expenditure, obesity has become a common chronic disorder that is highly associated with many metabolic diseases. Pu-erh tea, a traditional Chinese beverage, has been believed to have numerous health benefits, such as anti-obesity. However, the underlying mechanisms of its anti-obesity effect are yet to be understood. Here, we take the advantages of transcriptional profile by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) to view the global gene expression of Pu-erh tea. The model organism Caenorhabditis elegans was treated with different concentrations of Pu-erh tea water extract (PTE, 0 g/mL, 0.025 g/mL, and 0.05 g/mL). Compared with the control, PTE indeed decreases lipid droplets size and fat accumulation. The high-throughput RNA-Sequence technique detected 18073 and 18105 genes expressed in 0.025 g/mL and 0.05 g/mL PTE treated groups, respectively. Interestingly, the expression of the vitellogenin family (vit-1, vit-2, vit-3, vit-4 and vit-5) was significantly decreased by PTE, which was validated by qPCR analysis. Furthermore, vit-1(ok2616), vit-3(ok2348) and vit-5(ok3239) mutants are insensitive to PTE triggered fat reduction. In conclusion, our transcriptional profile by RNA-Sequence suggests that Pu-erh tea lowers the fat accumulation primarily through repression of the expression of vit(vitellogenin) family, in addition to our previously reported (sterol regulatory element binding protein) SREBP-SCD (stearoyl-CoA desaturase) axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yue Xiao
- Pharmaceutical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, #24Heping Road, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Junjun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolutionary & Functional Genomics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yi-Hong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| | - Yan-Yun Che
- Pharmaceutical College, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Xiao-Ju Zou
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development and Utilization of University in Yunnan Province, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China.
| | - Bin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Berk K, Oudshoorn T, Verhoeven A, Mulder M, Roks A, Dik W, Timman R, Sijbrands E. Diet-induced weight loss and markers of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation in treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2016; 15:101-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
33
|
García-Prieto CF, Fernández-Alfonso MS. Caloric Restriction as a Strategy to Improve Vascular Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060370. [PMID: 27314388 PMCID: PMC4924211 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) has proved to be the most effective and reproducible dietary intervention to increase healthy lifespan and aging. A reduction in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in obese subjects can be already achieved by a moderate and sustainable weight loss. Since pharmacological approaches for body weight reduction have, at present, a poor long-term efficacy, CR is of great interest in the prevention and/or reduction of CVD associated with obesity. Other dietary strategies changing specific macronutrients, such as altering carbohydrates, protein content or diet glycemic index have been also shown to decrease the progression of CVD in obese patients. In this review, we will focus on the positive effects and possible mechanisms of action of these strategies on vascular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Concha F García-Prieto
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17176, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pigłowska M, Kostka T, Drygas W, Jegier A, Leszczyńska J, Bill-Bielecka M, Kwaśniewska M. Body composition, nutritional status, and endothelial function in physically active men without metabolic syndrome--a 25 year cohort study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:84. [PMID: 27117476 PMCID: PMC4847354 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0249-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the relationship between body composition, metabolic parameters and endothelial function among physically active healthy middle-aged and older men. METHODS Out of 101 asymptomatic men prospectively tracked for traditional cardiovascular risk factors (mean observation period 25.1 years), 55 metabolically healthy individuals who maintained stable leisure time physical activity (LTPA) level throughout the observation and agreed to participate in the body composition assessment were recruited (mean age 60.3 ± 9.9 years). Body composition and raw bioelectrical parameters were measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Microvascular endothelial function was evaluated by means of the reactive hyperemia index (RHI) using Endo-PAT2000 system. RESULTS Strong correlations were observed between lifetime physical activity (PA), aerobic fitness and most of analyzed body composition parameters. The strongest inverse correlation was found for fat mass (p < 0.01) while positive relationship for fat-free mass (p < 0.01), total body water (p < 0.05 for current aerobic capacity and p < 0.01 for historical PA), body cell mass (p < 0.001), muscle mass (p < 0.001), calcium and potassium (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001 for current aerobic capacity and p < 0.001 and p < 0.01 for historical PA, respectively) and glycogen mass (p < 0.001). Among metabolic parameters, HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and uric acid were significantly associated with most body composition indicators. Regarding endothelial function, a negative correlation was found for RHI and body mass (p < 0.05) while positive relationship for RHI and body cell mass (p < 0.05), calcium (p < 0.05) and potassium mass (p < 0.05). Impaired endothelial function was observed among 8 subjects. Among bioelectrical parameters, impedance (Z) and resistance (R) normalized for subjects' height were negatively related with body mass, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (p < 0.001); while reactance (Xc) normalized for patients' height was negatively related with body mass (p < 0.05). The mean phase angle value was relatively high (8.83 ± 1.22) what reflects a good level of cellularity and cell function. Phase angle was positively related with body mass and BMI (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both fat mass and muscle mass components are important predictors of metabolic profile. Maintaining regular high PA level and metabolically healthy status through young and middle adulthood may have beneficial influence on body composition parameters and may prevent age-related decrease of fat-free mass and endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Kostka
- Department of Geriatrics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Drygas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland
- Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Jegier
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Leszczyńska
- Department of Sports Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-213, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Kwaśniewska
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Zeligowskiego 7/9, 90-752, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Farb MG, Gokce N. Visceral adiposopathy: a vascular perspective. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2015; 21:125-36. [PMID: 25781557 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2014-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has emerged as one of the most critical health care problems globally that is associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Central adiposity with intra-abdominal deposition of visceral fat, in particular, has been closely linked to cardiometabolic consequences of obesity. Increasing epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that both adipose tissue quantity and perturbations in its quality termed "adiposopathy" contribute to mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease. The current review discusses regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and highlights profound abnormalities in vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis that are manifest within the visceral adipose tissue milieu of obese individuals. Clinical data demonstrate up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in dysfunctional adipose tissue that may support pathological vascular changes not only locally in fat but also in multiple organ systems, including coronary and peripheral circulations, potentially contributing to mechanisms of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Blum A, Ginat-Maimon L, Yehuda H, Geron N, Ben Ami M, Tamir S. Inhibition of inflammation may enhance nitric oxide availability in patients undergoing bariatric surgery for weight loss. J Intern Med 2015; 278:401-9. [PMID: 26123268 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight loss surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial cardiovascular effects are poorly understood, although inhibition of inflammatory markers has been demonstrated. We hypothesized that anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress reactions are responsible for the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery that have been shown in clinical trials. METHODS The inflammatory system was studied by measuring mRNA levels of E-selectin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and in a cell line (HUVEC-CS) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells that were incubated for 4 h with pools of serum, collected before and 3 months after surgery, from 20 women who underwent bariatric surgery for weight loss. The oxidative stress pathway was examined by mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase (P22(phox) ), paraoxonase (PON2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase following incubation of the cells for 4 h with serum pools. The nitric oxide (NO) pathway was studied by measuring mRNA levels of inducible NOS and endothelial NOS and by determining nitrite and nitrate levels. To study the functional behaviour of endothelial cells under stress, primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (PECs) were incubated with the serum pools for 48 h, with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for the last 4 h. RESULTS The inflammatory system: incubation of HUVEC-CS cells with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery led to a significant decrease in mRNA expression of E-selectin and IL-6 postsurgery. Stimulation of PECs with LPS in the presence of serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery caused a more significant difference in E-selectin and TNF-α mRNA expression before and after surgery. The antioxidant system: incubation of HUVEC-CS cells with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery did not lead to any difference in mRNA expression of P22(phox) , PON2, SOD2, GPx or catalase. Stimulation of PECs with LPS showed that obese women had higher levels of P22(phox) , PON2 and the antioxidant enzymes SOD2, GPx and catalase before and after surgery, compared to the control group. The NO pathway: HUVEC-CS cells incubated with serum from women who underwent bariatric surgery secreted higher nitrite/nitrate levels compared to presurgery serum (P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of inflammation and enhanced availability of NO 3 months after bariatric surgery could partly explain the beneficial effects of surgery for weight loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Blum
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - H Yehuda
- Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| | - N Geron
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - M Ben Ami
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center, Poriya and Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - S Tamir
- Tel Hai College, Upper Galilee, Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Laboratory of Human Health and Nutrition Sciences, MIGAL Galilee Research Institute, Kiryat Shmona, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hall JE, do Carmo JM, da Silva AA, Wang Z, Hall ME. Obesity-induced hypertension: interaction of neurohumoral and renal mechanisms. Circ Res 2015; 116:991-1006. [PMID: 25767285 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excess weight gain, especially when associated with increased visceral adiposity, is a major cause of hypertension, accounting for 65% to 75% of the risk for human primary (essential) hypertension. Increased renal tubular sodium reabsorption impairs pressure natriuresis and plays an important role in initiating obesity hypertension. The mediators of abnormal kidney function and increased blood pressure during development of obesity hypertension include (1) physical compression of the kidneys by fat in and around the kidneys, (2) activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and (3) increased sympathetic nervous system activity. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is likely due, in part, to renal compression, as well as sympathetic nervous system activation. However, obesity also causes mineralocorticoid receptor activation independent of aldosterone or angiotensin II. The mechanisms for sympathetic nervous system activation in obesity have not been fully elucidated but may require leptin and activation of the brain melanocortin system. With prolonged obesity and development of target organ injury, especially renal injury, obesity-associated hypertension becomes more difficult to control, often requiring multiple antihypertensive drugs and treatment of other risk factors, including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, and inflammation. Unless effective antiobesity drugs are developed, the effect of obesity on hypertension and related cardiovascular, renal and metabolic disorders is likely to become even more important in the future as the prevalence of obesity continues to increase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
| | - Jussara M do Carmo
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Alexandre A da Silva
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Zhen Wang
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| | - Michael E Hall
- From the Departments of Physiology and Biophysics (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), Medicine (M.E.H.), Mississippi Center for Obesity Research (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), and Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center (J.E.H., J.M.d.C., A.A.d.S., Z.W., M.E.H.), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Joint scientific statement of the European Association for the Study of Obesity and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens 2015; 33:425-34. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
39
|
Linna MS, Ahotupa M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Fogelholm M, Vasankari TJ. Co-existence of insulin resistance and high concentrations of circulating oxidized LDL lipids. Ann Med 2015; 47:394-8. [PMID: 26300237 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2015.1043939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insulin metabolism has been previously linked to oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), but corroborating intervention studies are lacking. We investigated whether changes in ox-LDL levels are accompanied by changes in insulin sensitivity in a 32-month life-style intervention study. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 2-month weight reduction was followed by 6-month diet and exercise counselling and a 2-year follow-up period. Men of 35-50 years of age, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2), and waist circumference > 100 cm were recruited via newspapers in the city of Tampere, Finland. Of the 90 men meeting the inclusion criteria, 67 (76%) completed the study. Ox-LDL was estimated as the presence of oxidized lipids in LDL. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), ox-LDL, and ratio of ox-LDL and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (ox-LDL/HDL-c) were used as the main outcome measures. RESULTS The detected changes in HOMA-IR were strikingly similar to those in ox-LDL and ox-LDL/HDL-c. Compared to the first HOMA-IR quartile, the fourth quartile had 23%-51% higher concentrations in ox-LDL and ox-LDL/HDL-c at all time points (P < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSION This weight reduction intervention study adds evidence to support the connection between insulin metabolism and oxidized LDL, possibly contributing to the higher incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases among diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meri S Linna
- a Paavo Nurmi Centre, Department of Physical Activity and Health , University of Turku , Turku , Finland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Joris PJ, Zeegers MP, Mensink RP. Weight loss improves fasting flow-mediated vasodilation in adults: a meta-analysis of intervention studies. Atherosclerosis 2014; 239:21-30. [PMID: 25568949 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. Effects of weight loss on endothelial function are however not clear. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to quantify effects of weight loss on flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, a measurement of endothelial function. METHODS Studies with experimental (RCTs) and quasi-experimental designs published before June 2014 were identified by a systematic search. Changes in FMD were defined as the difference between measurements before and after the study. For RCTs, changes were corrected for those in the no-weight loss control group. Summary estimates of weighted mean differences (WMDs) in FMD and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effect meta-analyses. The impact of subject characteristics, type of weight-loss treatment, and dietary composition on changes in FMD was also investigated. RESULTS Four RCTs involving 265 subjects were included. Weight loss increased FMD vs. control by 3.29% (95% CI: 0.98-5.59%; P = 0.005; mean weight loss: 8.6 kg). A total of 1517 subjects participated in 33 studies with 49 relevant study arms. It was estimated that each 10 kg decrease in body weight increased fasting FMD by 1.11% (95% CI: 0.47-1.76%; P = 0.001). Effects were more pronounced when participants had coexisting obesity-related morbidities. Also, effects may be larger when subjects received low-fat diets or weight-reduction regimens including exercise therapy or weight-loss medication. CONCLUSION Weight loss significantly improves fasting FMD in adults, which is a risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Effects may depend on subject characteristics, type of weight-loss treatment, and dietary composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Joris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Maurice P Zeegers
- Department of Complex Genetics, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Top Institute of Food and Nutrition (TIFN), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
High Density Lipoprotein Level is Negatively Associated With the Increase of Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Lipids After a Fatty Meal. Lipids 2014; 49:1225-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3963-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
42
|
Kim YH, Hwang JH, Kim KS, Noh JR, Gang GT, Oh WK, Jeong KH, Kwak TH, Choi HS, Lee IK, Lee CH. Enhanced activation of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 attenuates spontaneous hypertension by improvement of endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling via tumor suppressor kinase liver kinase B1/adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated guanosine 5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 preservation. J Hypertens 2014; 32:306-17. [PMID: 24241058 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Guanosine 5'-triphosphate cyclohydrolase-1 (GTPCH-1) is a rate-limiting enzyme in de-novo synthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) coupling. Adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is crucial for GTPCH-1 preservation, and tumor suppressor kinase liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK, is activated by NAD-dependent class III histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-mediated deacetylation. β-Lapachone has been shown to increase cellular NAD/NADH ratio via NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) activation. In this study, we have evaluated whether β-lapachone-induced NQO1 activation modulates blood pressure (BP) through preservation of GTPCH-1 in a hypertensive animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), primary aortic endothelial cells, and endothelial cell line were used to investigate the hypotensive effect of β-lapachone and its action mechanism. β-Lapachone treatment dramatically lowered BP and vascular tension in SHRs and induced eNOS activation in endothelial cells. Consistent with these effects, β-lapachone treatment also elevated levels of both aortic cGMP and plasma nitric oxide in SHRs. Meanwhile, β-lapachone-treated SHRs showed significantly increased levels of aortic NAD, LKB1 deacetylation, and AMPK Thr phosphorylation followed by increased GTPCH-1 and tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrobiopterin ratio. In-vitro study revealed that AMPK inhibition by overexpression of dominant-negative AMPK nearly abolished GTPCH-1 protein conservation. Enhanced LKB1 deacetylation and AMPK activation were also elicited by β-lapachone in endothelial cells. However, inhibition of LKB1 deacetylation by blocking of NQO1 or SIRT1 blunted AMPK activation by β-lapachone. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating that eNOS coupling can be regulated by NQO1 activation via LKB1/AMPK/GTPCH-1 modulation, which is possibly correlated with relieving hypertension. These findings provide strong evidence to suggest that NQO1 might be a new therapeutic target for hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hoon Kim
- aLaboratory Animal Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon bKorea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul cDiabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer & Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine, Incheon dKT&G Life Sciences Corporation/R&D Center, Suwon eHormone Research Center, School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju fDepartment of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Franklin NC, Ali M, Goslawski M, Wang E, Phillips SA. Reduced vasodilator function following acute resistance exercise in obese women. Front Physiol 2014; 5:253. [PMID: 25071598 PMCID: PMC4083188 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity contributes to stress induced impairments in endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDV), a precursor to atherosclerosis. Since obesity is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, we sought to determine if a single bout of strenuous weight lifting (SWL) reduces EDV among sedentary obese adults. Participants included 9 obese (OB) (BMI 30.0–40.0 kg/m2) and 8 lean (LN) (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) sedentary young women. All participants underwent a single bout of SWL using a progressive leg-press protocol. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) (an index of EDV) was determined using ultrasonography before and after SWL. Sublingual nitroglycerin (NTG) was used to determine brachial artery endothelium-independent vasodilation following SWL. Brachial artery FMD was significantly reduced in OB and LN women (LN: 6.4 ± 1.6%, p = 0.22) after SWL. There was no difference in the magnitude of change pre- and post-SWL between groups (OB: −2.4 ± 0.6% and LN: −2.2 ± 1.6%, p = 0.84). Dilation to NTG was lower in OB (21.6 ± 1.3%) compared to LN women (27.6 ± 2.1%, p = 0.02) and associated with body weight (r = −0.70, p = 0.01). These data suggest that EDV is reduced in woman after acute resistance exercise. Dilations to NTG were lower in obese compared to lean woman and associated with body weight suggesting that changes in sensitivity of blood vessels to NO occurs during obesity. These findings may be important for understanding vascular risk following acute exercise in obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Franklin
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melissa Goslawski
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Edward Wang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Information Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Viler D, Jakus T, Viler K, Poklar Vatovec T. Vpliv prehranskih terapij na preprečevanje presnovnega sindroma. OBZORNIK ZDRAVSTVENE NEGE 2014. [DOI: 10.14528/snr.2014.48.2.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uvod: Namen raziskave je z uporabo pregleda literature predstaviti in analizirati rezultate raziskav, ki so proučevale vpliv prehranskih terapij na preprečevanje presnovnega sindroma.
Metode: Za pregled literature in analizo so bile uporabljene primerjalne, presečne in longitudinalne raziskave, ki so bile objavljene od leta 2002 do 2012 v elektronskih bazah podatkov Medline in CINAHL. Skupno število zadetkov je bilo 166, v nadaljnjo analizo pa je bilo vključenih pet raziskav. Kriterij pri izboru raziskav je bil, da raziskave vključujejo podatke za vseh pet rizičnih dejavnikov presnovnega sindroma in prehransko terapijo.
Rezultati: V raziskavah, ki so vključevale različne prehranske terapije, so največji poudarek na spremembo življenjskega sloga podale: zdrava uravnotežena prehrana, mediteranska prehrana, mediteranska prehrana z nižjim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov, konvencionalna prehrana za diabetike in lakto-vegetarijanska prehrana. Dieta z nizkim vnosom ogljikovih hidratov, nizkokalorična dieta in dieta z visoko vsebnostjo ogljikovih hidratov in manjšim energijskim vnosom so bile bolj osredotočene na prehransko terapijo in niso podale ustreznih smernic za spremembo življenjskega sloga. Izbranih pet raziskav kaže statistično pomemben vpliv prehranskih terapij na znižanje telesne mase (p < 0,001).
Diskusija in zaključek: Do sedaj so izvedene raziskave obravnavale le posamezen dejavnik presnovnega sindroma na zdravje in niso raziskovale vpliva vseh petih dejavnikov v kombinaciji s prehransko terapijo.
Collapse
|
45
|
Silver HJ, Kang H, Keil CD, Muldowney JA, Kocalis H, Fazio S, Vaughan DE, Niswender KD. Consuming a balanced high fat diet for 16 weeks improves body composition, inflammation and vascular function parameters in obese premenopausal women. Metabolism 2014; 63:562-73. [PMID: 24559846 PMCID: PMC4306330 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammation, insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction characterize obesity and predict development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although women experience CVD events at an older age, vascular dysfunction is evident 10years prior to coronary artery disease. Questions remain whether replacing SFA entirely with MUFA or PUFA is the optimal approach for cardiometabolic benefits. This study tested the hypotheses that: a) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve with a high fat diet (HFD) when type of fat is balanced as 1/3 SFA, 1/3 MUFA and 1/3 PUFA; and b) body composition, inflammation and vascular function would improve more when balanced HFD is supplemented with 18C fatty acids, in proportion to the degree of 18C unsaturation. METHODS Obese premenopausal women were stabilized on balanced HFD and randomized to consume 9g/d of encapsulated stearate (18:0), oleate (18:1), linoleate (18:2) or placebo. RESULTS Significant improvements occurred in fat oxidation rate (↑6%), body composition (%fat: ↓2.5±2.1%; %lean: ↑2.5±2.1%), inflammation (↓ IL-1α, IL-1β, 1L-12, Il-17, IFNγ, TNFα, TNFβ) and vascular function (↓BP, ↓PAI-1, ↑tPA activity). When compared to HFD+placebo, HFD+stearate had the greatest effect on reducing IFNγ (↓74%) and HFD+linoleate had the greatest effect on reducing PAI-1 (↓31%). CONCLUSIONS Balancing the type of dietary fat consumed (SFA/MUFA/PUFA) is a feasible strategy to positively affect markers of CVD risk. Moreover, reductions in inflammatory molecules involved in vascular function might be enhanced when intake of certain 18C fatty acids is supplemented. Long term effects need to be determined for this approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Silver
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Hakmook Kang
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles D Keil
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Heidi Kocalis
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Cardiology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Kevin D Niswender
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Clinical evaluation of extracellular ADMA concentrations in human blood and adipose tissue. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:1189-200. [PMID: 24445256 PMCID: PMC3907863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, has been proposed as a biomarker for clinical outcome. Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is the main enzyme responsible for ADMA metabolism and elimination. Adipose tissue ADMA concentrations and DDAH activity and their role in diabetes and obesity have not yet been investigated. In this study, we evaluated clinical microdialysis in combination with a sensitive analytical method (GC-MS/MS) to measure ADMA concentrations in extracellular fluid. Adipose tissue ADMA concentrations were assessed before and during an oral glucose tolerance test in lean healthy subjects and subjects with diabetes (n = 4 each), and in morbidly obese subjects before and after weight loss of 30 kg (n = 7). DDAH activity was determined in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue obtained during laparoscopic surgery (n = 5 paired samples). Mean interstitial ADMA concentrations did not differ between study populations (healthy 0.17 ± 0.03 μM; diabetic 0.21 ± 0.03 μM; morbidly obese 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.17 ± 0.01 μM before and after weight loss, respectively). We did not observe any response of interstitial ADMA concentrations to the oral glucose challenge. Adipose tissue DDAH activity was negligible compared to liver tissue. Thus, adipose tissue ADMA plays a minor role in NO-dependent regulation of adipose tissue blood flow and metabolism.
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of metabolic and vascular abnormalities that include central obesity, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hypercoagulability and an increased risk of coronary and cerebral vascular disease. These metabolic and vascular abnormalities are the main cause of cardiovascular mortality in western societies. Endothelial dysfunction, an early step in the development of atherosclerosis, has been reported in obese nondiabetic individuals and in patients with Type 2 diabetes. It has also been observed in individuals at high risk for Type 2 diabetes, including those with impaired glucose tolerance and the normoglycemic first-degree relatives of Type 2 diabetic patients. Recent evidence points to adipocytes as a complex and active endocrine tissue whose secretory products, including free fatty acids and several cytokines (i.e., leptin, adiponectin, tissue necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and resistin) play a major role in the regulation of human metabolic and vascular biology. These adipocytokines have been claimed to be the missing link between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Interventions designed to improve endothelial and/or adipose-tissue functions may reduce cardiovascular events in obese individuals with either the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modification in the form of caloric restriction and increased physical activity are the most common modalities used for treating those individuals at risk and is unanimously agreed to be the initial step in managing Type 2 diabetes. Several recent studies have demonstrated favorable impacts of lifestyle modifications in improving endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, in addition to altering serum levels of adipocytokines and possibly reducing cardiovascular events. This review discusses current knowledge of the role of lifestyle modifications in ameliorating cardiovascular risk in obese subjects with either the metabolic syndrome or Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osama Hamdy
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, 1 Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tschoner A, Sturm W, Gelsinger C, Ress C, Laimer M, Engl J, Laimer E, Mühlmann G, Mittermair R, Kaser S, Tilg H, Ebenbichler CF. Long-term effects of weight loss after bariatric surgery on functional and structural markers of atherosclerosis. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:1960-5. [PMID: 23512491 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pronounced weight loss after bariatric surgery was demonstrated to have significant beneficial effects on surrogates of early atherosclerosis. The aim of this prospective examination was to investigate whether these improvements of endothelial function and vascular structure are persistent in the long-term. DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 52 obese adults were examined before and 5 years after bariatric surgery. Carotid intima media thickness (IMT), brachial flow-mediated dilation (FMD), abdominal fat distribution, and metabolic parameters were determined. Additional 18 months data were available from 27 patients. RESULTS After 5 years, mean weight loss ± SD of 25% ± 12 in all subjects was accompanied by known improvements in metabolism. Change in IMT was -0.02 mm ± 0.007, whereas FMD improved by +1.5% ± 0.5. In the subgroup IMT decreased by 0.04 mm ± 0.06 within the first 18 months, whereas no significant change was observed between 18 month and 5 years. FMD improved by 3.8% ± 0.6 after 18 months followed by a nonsignificant decrease of -1.4% ± 0.9. CONCLUSIONS These long-term results demonstrate that bariatric surgery-induced weight loss improves both functional and structural markers of early atherosclerosis providing further evidence for the beneficial effects of weight loss on obesity-associated alterations of the vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tschoner
- Department for Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
AbstractObesity, particularly abdominal obesity, is associated with increased risks of arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, sleep apnea, coronary artery disease, stroke and mortality. Weight loss surgery is the most effective treatment for morbid obesity, mainly because medical and dietary treatments have been proven insufficient in the long run. Our primary end point was to study the gender effect on vascular responsiveness (endothelial function and the ankle brachial index [ABI]) 3 months post bariatric surgery. Our secondary end points were to study the effect of gender on antropometric parameters (BMI, waist circumference) and chronic diseases (diabetes mellitus type II, arterial hypertension) 3 months following bariatric surgery, and to find independent variables that may affect and predict the post-operative clinical outcome. Methods: In this prospective study, patients were evaluated one day before surgery and 3 months afterwards. Ankle brachial index was measured while the patient was supine after 15 minutes rest and measurement of the systolic blood pressure in all four extremities was done. The brachial artery method was used to measure endothelial function expressed as flow mediated diameter percent change (FMD %). FMD% more than 10% is considered a normal response. Results: Compared with diabetic females, diabetic males had a higher postoperative BMI (men with diabetes mellitus did not lose weight as much as diabetic women) (β=-0.299; P=0.04), while women with diabetes mellitus had a more significant reduction in BMI postoperatively (β=+0.287; P=0.04). Following bariatric surgery, 12 of the 21 patients with diabetes mellitus type II did not need any medications for diabetes (kept HbA1c% less than 6.5%). All other diabetic patients improved their diabetes mellitus status. Women significantly improved their ABI (average increase of 0.07, p=0.04) and their endothelial function (FMD% change was improved from -3.5±9.0% to 14.8±8.1%, an improvement of 18.3%, p<0.001). Systolic blood pressure was decreased significantly (by 6.6 mmHg, p=0.04). Men improved their endothelial function (FMD% change was improved from -1.3±10.1% to 11.7±6.2%, p<0.001), but no significant change was observed in systolic blood pressure (p=0.29) nor in ABI (P=0.8). A linear regression analysis found that a higher baseline FMD% significantly predicted a higher postoperative FMD% (β=0.294, P=0.03). In obese males, the higher the baseline BMI the worse the post operative endothelial function (β=-0.921, Pd<0.001) and the same adverse effect was documented for hypertensive men (β=-0.380, P=0.05). For females, the higher the baseline FMD% the higher the postoperative FMD% (β=+0.397; P=0.01) [a favorable outcome]. Discussion: Our study has demonstrated a possible mechanistic insight into gender effects observed in epidemiological studies through improvement in vascular response in females undergoing this operation including a better reduction in systolic blood pressure and a better weight reduction in diabetic women with improvement in ABI; unlike males, who did not improve their ABI and did not decrease systolic blood pressure, and the finding that obese diabetic males and obese hypertensive males did the worst.
Collapse
|
50
|
Docosahexaenoic acid improves vascular function via up-regulation of SIRT1 expression in endothelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:114-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|