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Falcão-Pires I, Ferreira AF, Trindade F, Bertrand L, Ciccarelli M, Visco V, Dawson D, Hamdani N, Van Laake LW, Lezoualc'h F, Linke WA, Lunde IG, Rainer PP, Abdellatif M, Van der Velden J, Cosentino N, Paldino A, Pompilio G, Zacchigna S, Heymans S, Thum T, Tocchetti CG. Mechanisms of myocardial reverse remodelling and its clinical significance: A scientific statement of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function. Eur J Heart Fail 2024; 26:1454-1479. [PMID: 38837573 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbimortality in Europe and worldwide. CVD imposes a heterogeneous spectrum of cardiac remodelling, depending on the insult nature, that is, pressure or volume overload, ischaemia, arrhythmias, infection, pathogenic gene variant, or cardiotoxicity. Moreover, the progression of CVD-induced remodelling is influenced by sex, age, genetic background and comorbidities, impacting patients' outcomes and prognosis. Cardiac reverse remodelling (RR) is defined as any normative improvement in cardiac geometry and function, driven by therapeutic interventions and rarely occurring spontaneously. While RR is the outcome desired for most CVD treatments, they often only slow/halt its progression or modify risk factors, calling for novel and more timely RR approaches. Interventions triggering RR depend on the myocardial insult and include drugs (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors), devices (cardiac resynchronization therapy, ventricular assist devices), surgeries (valve replacement, coronary artery bypass graft), or physiological responses (deconditioning, postpartum). Subsequently, cardiac RR is inferred from the degree of normalization of left ventricular mass, ejection fraction and end-diastolic/end-systolic volumes, whose extent often correlates with patients' prognosis. However, strategies aimed at achieving sustained cardiac improvement, predictive models assessing the extent of RR, or even clinical endpoints that allow for distinguishing complete from incomplete RR or adverse remodelling objectively, remain limited and controversial. This scientific statement aims to define RR, clarify its underlying (patho)physiologic mechanisms and address (non)pharmacological options and promising strategies to promote RR, focusing on the left heart. We highlight the predictors of the extent of RR and review the prognostic significance/impact of incomplete RR/adverse remodelling. Lastly, we present an overview of RR animal models and potential future strategies under pre-clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Falcão-Pires
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Filipa Ferreira
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fábio Trindade
- UnIC@RISE, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pôle of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
- WELBIO, Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Valeria Visco
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Department of Cellular and Translational Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institut für Forschung und Lehre (IFL), Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- HCEMM-SU Cardiovascular Comorbidities Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht University Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Division Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Inserm, Université Paul Sabatier, UMR 1297-I2MC, Toulouse, France
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ida G Lunde
- Oslo Center for Clinical Heart Research, Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevaal, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Cardiac Biomarkers, Campus Ahus, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter P Rainer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
- St. Johann in Tirol General Hospital, St. Johann in Tirol, Austria
| | - Mahmoud Abdellatif
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Nicola Cosentino
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Cardiovascular Section, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessia Paldino
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Pompilio
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Cardiovascular Biology Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Cardiovascular Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center of Clinical and Translational Sciences (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
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2
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Identification of a Hydrogen-Sulfide-Releasing Isochroman-4-One Hybrid as a Cardioprotective Candidate for the Treatment of Cardiac Hypertrophy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134114. [PMID: 35807360 PMCID: PMC9268299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac pathological hypertrophy is associated with undesirable epigenetic changes and causes maladaptive cardiac remodeling and heart failure, leading to high mortality rates. Specific drugs for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy are still in urgent need. In the present study, a hydrogen-sulfide-releasing hybrid 13-E was designed and synthesized by appending p-hydroxythiobenzamide (TBZ), an H2S-releasing donor, to an analog of our previously discovered cardioprotective natural product XJP, 7,8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-isochromanone-4. This hybrid 13-E exhibited excellent H2S-generating ability and low cellular toxicity. The 13-E protected against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy In Vitro and reduced the induction of Anp and Bnp. More importantly, 13-E could reduce TAC-induced cardiac hypertrophy In Vivo, alleviate cardiac interstitial fibrosis and restore cardiac function. Unbiased transcriptomic analysis showed that 13-E regulated the AMPK signaling pathway and influenced fatty acid metabolic processes, which may be attributed to its cardioprotective activities.
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3
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Gavina C, Falcão-Pires I, Santos-Faria J, Marinho B, Almeida J, Rodrigues J, Pinho P, Rocha-Gonçalves F, Leite-Moreira A. Prognostic implications of fibrosis in low risk aortic stenosis patients. Rev Port Cardiol 2022; 41:3-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2021.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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4
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Privat E, Baert V, Escutnaire J, Dumont C, Recher M, Genin M, Leclerc F, Hubert H, Leteurtre S. Impact of puberty as threshold to differentiate outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest care groups: a nationwide observational study in France. Emerg Med J 2021; 39:363-369. [PMID: 34373265 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2020-210447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2005, the international guidelines for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) use puberty to differentiate paediatric and adult care. This threshold is mainly relied on the more frequent respiratory aetiologies in children. Hitherto, to the best of our knowledge, no study has compared the characteristics and outcomes of non-pubescent children, adolescents and adult patients with OHCA. In this study, we intended to describe the characteristics, outcome and factors associated with survival of patients who experienced OHCA in the three groups: children, adolescents (pubescent<18 years) and adults (<65 years), to assess the pertinence of the guidelines. METHODS Data from the French national cardiac arrest registry (2012-2017) were used in this nationwide observational study. Victims of OHCA who were <65 years old were included. The characteristics and outcomes of children and adolescents, and adolescents and adults were compared. Logistic regression was performed in each group to identify factors associated with survival at day 30. RESULTS We included 934 children, 433 adolescents and 26 952 adults. Respiratory aetiology was more frequent and shockable rhythm less frequent in children compared with adolescents (25.5% vs 17.2%, p=0.025 and 2.4% vs 6.8%, p<0.001, respectively). However, these differences were not observed between adolescents and adults (17.2% vs 14.1%, p=0.266 and 6.8% vs 10%, p=0.055, respectively). Between children and adolescents, and adolescents and adults, there was no significant difference in survival at day 30 (8.6%vs 9.8% and 9.8% vs 8.5%, respectively). For all groups, shockable initial rhythm was a factor of survival. CONCLUSION Frequency of respiratory aetiologies and shockable rhythm were common in adolescents and adults and different between children and adolescents. These results indicate that puberty as a threshold in international guidelines seems to be relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Privat
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Valentine Baert
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France.,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Joséphine Escutnaire
- French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Cyrielle Dumont
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France.,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Morgan Recher
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France.,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Michael Genin
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France.,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Francis Leclerc
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Hervé Hubert
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France.,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
| | - Stephane Leteurtre
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694-METRICS: Évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France .,French National Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Registry-Registre électronique des Arrêts Cardiaques (RéAC), Lille University Hospital Center, Lille, France
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5
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Nguyen ITN, Wiggenhauser LM, Bulthuis M, Hillebrands JL, Feelisch M, Verhaar MC, van Goor H, Joles JA. Cardiac Protection by Oral Sodium Thiosulfate in a Rat Model of L-NNA-Induced Heart Disease. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:650968. [PMID: 33935760 PMCID: PMC8082682 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.650968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension contributes to cardiac damage and remodeling. Despite the availability of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and other antihypertensive therapies, some patients still develop heart failure. Novel therapeutic approaches are required that are effective and without major adverse effects. Sodium Thiosulfate (STS), a reversible oxidation product of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), is a promising pharmacological entity with vasodilator and anti-oxidant potential that is clinically approved for the treatment of calciphylaxis and cyanide poisoning. We hypothesized that Sodium Thiosulfate improves cardiac disease in an experimental hypertension model and sought to investigate its cardioprotective effects by direct comparison to the ACE-inhibitor lisinopril, alone and in combination, using a rat model of chronic nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. Systemic nitric oxide production was inhibited in Sprague Dawley rats by administering N-ω-nitro-l-arginine (L-NNA) with the food for three weeks, leading to progressive hypertension, cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. We observed that STS, orally administered via the drinking water, ameliorated L-NNA-induced heart disease. Treatment with STS for two weeks ameliorated hypertension and improved systolic function, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and oxidative stress, without causing metabolic acidosis as is sometimes observed following parenteral administration of this drug. STS and lisinopril had similar protective effects that were not additive when combined. Our findings indicate that oral intervention with a H2S donor such as STS has cardioprotective properties without noticeable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel T N Nguyen
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lucas M Wiggenhauser
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marian Bulthuis
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Luuk Hillebrands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A Joles
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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6
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Chen JS, Pei Y, Li CE, Li YN, Wang QY, Yu J. Comparative efficacy of different types of antihypertensive drugs in reversing left ventricular hypertrophy as determined with echocardiography in hypertensive patients: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2020; 22:2175-2183. [PMID: 33190366 DOI: 10.1111/jch.14047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reversing left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) can reduce the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. However, there is no clear superiority-inferiority differentiation between angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), beta-blockers (BB), calcium channel blockers (CCB), and diuretics in reversing LVH in hypertensive patients. To provide further evidence for choosing the optimal antihypertensive drug for improving LVH, we performed a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) based on the Cochrane library database, Embase, and Pubmed, and identified 49 studies involving 5402 patients that were eligible for inclusion. It was found that ARB could improve LVH in hypertensive patients more effectively than CCB (MD -4.07, 95%CI -8.03 to -0.24) and BB (MD -4.57, 95%CI -8.07 to -1.12). Matched comparison of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) showed that the effect of ACEI in reducing left ventricular mass index (LVMi) was not effective as that of ARB (MD -3.72, 95%CI -7.52 to -0.11). The surface under the cumulative ranking for each intervention indicated that the use of ARB was more effective among the different types of antihypertensive drugs (97%). This network meta-analysis revealed that the use of ARB in antihypertensive therapy could achieve better efficacy in reversing LVH in hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Shu Chen
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Pei
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cai-E Li
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yin-Ning Li
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Ying Wang
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Lanzhou University Second College of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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7
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Li Y, Ruan X, Xu X, Li C, Qiang T, Zhou H, Gao J, Wang X. Shengmai Injection Suppresses Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy and Apoptosis via Activation of the AMPK Signaling Pathway Through Energy-Dependent Mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1095. [PMID: 31616303 PMCID: PMC6764192 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shengmai injection (SMI), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine extracted from Panax ginseng C.A. Mey., Ophiopogon japonicus (Thunb.) Ker Gawl., and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill., has been used to treat acute and chronic heart failure. This study aimed to further clarify the effects of SMI on energy metabolism. SMI could improve cell-survival rate and also reduce myocardial cell hypertrophy and apoptosis. Mitochondria are important sites of cellular energy metabolism, and SMI protects mitochondrial function which was evaluated by mitochondrial ultrastructure, mitochondrial respiratory control ratio (RCR), and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in this study. The expression levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and phosphocreatine (PCr) increased. The expression levels of free fatty acid oxidation [carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT-1)], glucose oxidation [glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4)], and mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α [PGC-1α]) were upregulated after SMI treatment. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important signaling pathway regulating energy metabolism and also can regulate the above-mentioned indicators. In the present study, SMI was found to promote phosphorylation of AMPK. However, the effects of SMI on fatty acid, glucose oxidation, mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as inhibiting apoptosis of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were partly blocked by AMPK inhibitor–compound C. Moreover, decreased myocardial hypertrophy and apoptosis treated by SMI were inhibited by AMPK knockdown with shAMPK to a certain degree and AMPK knockdown almost abolished the SMI-induced increase in the expression of GLUT-4, CPT-1, and PGC-1α. These data suggest that SMI suppressed Ang II–induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis via activation of the AMPK signaling pathway through energy-dependent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Li
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofen Ruan
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cha Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Qiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Gao
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Cardiovascular Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Mhatre KN, Wakula P, Klein O, Bisping E, Völkl J, Pieske B, Heinzel FR. Crosstalk between FGF23- and angiotensin II-mediated Ca 2+ signaling in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:4403-4416. [PMID: 30062428 PMCID: PMC11105615 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) manifestation and progression are driven by systemic activation of neuroendocrine signaling cascades, such as the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS). Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), an endocrine hormone, is linked to HF and cardiovascular mortality. It is also a mediator of left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). In vivo, high circulating levels of FGF23 are associated with an altered systemic RAAS response. FGF23 is proposed to trigger pathological signaling mediated by Ca2+-regulated transcriptional pathways. In the present study, we investigated Ca2+-dependent signaling of FGF23 in ventricular cardiomyocytes and its association with angiotensin II (ATII). In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs), both ATII and FGF23 induced hypertrophy as observed by an increase in cell area and hypertrophic gene expression. Furthermore, FGF23 activates nuclear Ca2+-regulated CaMKII-HDAC4 pathway, similar to ATII. In addition to a global increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+, FGF23, like ATII, induced inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release from the nucleoplasmic Ca2+ store, associated with cellular hypertrophy. Interestingly, ATII receptor antagonist, losartan, significantly attenuated FGF23-induced changes in Ca2+ homeostasis and cellular hypertrophy suggesting an involvement of ATII receptor-mediated signaling. In addition, application of FGF23 increased intracellular expression of ATII peptide and its secretion in NRVMs, confirming the participation of ATII. In conclusion, FGF23 and ATII share a common mechanism of IP3-nuclear Ca2+-dependent cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. FGF23-mediated cellular hypertrophy is associated with increased production and secretion of ATII by cardiomyocytes. These findings indicate a pathophysiological role of the cellular angiotensin system in FGF23-induced hypertrophy in ventricular cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki N Mhatre
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulina Wakula
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Egbert Bisping
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Jakob Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, German Heart Center, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Charité University Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany.
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9
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Kim YH, Lee JH, Cho KW, Lee DW, Kang MJ, Lee KY, Byun JH, Lee YH, Hwang SY, Lee NK. Verification of the Optimal Chest Compression Depth for Children in the 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines: Computed Tomography Study. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2018; 19:e1-e6. [PMID: 29135701 DOI: 10.1097/pcc.0000000000001369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 2015 American Heart Association guidelines recommended pediatric rescue chest compressions of at least one-third the anteroposterior diameter of the chest, which equates to approximately 5 cm. This study evaluated the appropriateness of these two types by comparing their safeties in chest compression depth simulated by CT. DESIGN Retrospective study with data analysis conducted from January 2005 to June 2015 SETTING:: Regional emergency center in South Korea. PATIENTS Three hundred forty-nine pediatric patients 1-9 years old who had a chest CT scan. INTERVENTIONS Simulation of chest compression depths by CT. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Internal and external anteroposterior diameter of the chest and residual internal anteroposterior diameter after simulation were measured from CT scans. The safe cutoff levels were differently applied according to age. One-third external anteroposterior diameters were compared with an upper limit of chest compression depth recommended for adults. Primary outcomes were the rates of overcompression to evaluate safety. Overcompression was defined as a negative value of residual internal anteroposterior diameter-age-specific cutoff level. Using a compression of 5-cm depth simulated by chest CT, 16% of all children (55/349) were affected by overcompression. Those 1-3 years old were affected more than those 4-9 years old (p < 0.001). Upon one-third compression of chest anteroposterior depth, only one subject (0.3%) was affected by overcompression. Rate of one-third external anteroposterior diameter greater than 6 cm in children 8 and 9 years old was 16.1% and 33.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A chest compression depth of one-third anteroposterior might be more appropriate than the 5-cm depth chest compression for younger Korean children. But, one-third anteroposterior depth chest compression might induce deep compressions greater than an upper limit of compression depth for adults in older Korean children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hwan Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Kwang Won Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Mun Ju Kang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Yul Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungnam University, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Joung Hun Byun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Changwon Hospital, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, South Korea
| | - Seong Youn Hwang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Changwon, South Korea
| | - Na Kyoung Lee
- Department of Nursing, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Zhang CC, Gu WL, Wu XM, Li YM, Chen CX, Huang XY. Active components from Radix Scrophulariae inhibits the ventricular remodeling induced by hypertension in rats. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:358. [PMID: 27066371 PMCID: PMC4801831 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background In the previous study, active extract of Radix Scrophularia (ACRS) demonstrated beneficial effects on ventricular remodeling induced by coronary artery ligation and lowered blood pressure in rats. And ACRS also exhibited the effect on lowering the blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The aim of this study is to explore the effects of ACRS on ventricular remodeling in SHRs and underlying mechanisms. Results ACRS significantly lowered the blood pressure, decreased the heart mass indexes, inhibited the deposition of perivascular and interstitial, attenuated the accumulation of types I and III collagen, reduced the tissue angiotensin II, serum norepinephrine and tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations. The underlying mechanisms may be related to downregulating the mRNA expressions of collagen type I, transforming growth factor-β1 and angiotensin converting enzyme, suppressing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK/SAPK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK). Conclusion Continuous treatment of SHRs with ACRS for 21 weeks reduced blood pressure, myocardial hypertrophy and the amount of interstitial and perivascular collagen, which indicated that ACRS could prevent hypertensive ventricular remodeling. This can be attributed to suppression of the sympathetic nervous and renin angiotensin aldosterone system through the inhibition of ERK 1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chao Zhang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Min Wu
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ming Li
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Xun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Yan Huang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203 People's Republic of China
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Rodrigues PG, Leite-Moreira AF, Falcão-Pires I. Myocardial reverse remodeling: how far can we rewind? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1402-22. [PMID: 26993225 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00696.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a systemic disease that can be divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). HFpEF accounts for over 50% of all HF patients and is typically associated with high prevalence of several comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary hypertension, obesity, and atrial fibrillation. Myocardial remodeling occurs both in HFrEF and HFpEF and it involves changes in cardiac structure, myocardial composition, and myocyte deformation and multiple biochemical and molecular alterations that impact heart function and its reserve capacity. Understanding the features of myocardial remodeling has become a major objective for limiting or reversing its progression, the latter known as reverse remodeling (RR). Research on HFrEF RR process is broader and has delivered effective therapeutic strategies, which have been employed for some decades. However, the RR process in HFpEF is less clear partly due to the lack of information on HFpEF pathophysiology and to the long list of failed standard HF therapeutics strategies in these patient's outcomes. Nevertheless, new proteins, protein-protein interactions, and signaling pathways are being explored as potential new targets for HFpEF remodeling and RR. Here, we review recent translational and clinical research in HFpEF myocardial remodeling to provide an overview on the most important features of RR, comparing HFpEF with HFrEF conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia G Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adelino F Leite-Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Cardiac remodeling includes alterations in molecular, cellular, and interstitial systems contributing to changes in size, shape, and function of the heart. This may be the result of injury, alterations in hemodynamic load, neurohormonal effects, electrical abnormalities, metabolic changes, etc. Thyroid hormones (THs) serve as master regulators for diverse remodeling processes of the cardiovascular system-from the prenatal period to death. THs promote a beneficial cardiomyocyte shape and improve contractility, relaxation, and survival via reversal of molecular remodeling. THs reduce fibrosis by decreasing interstitial collagen and reduce the incidence and duration of arrhythmias via remodeling ion channel expression and function. THs restore metabolic function and also improve blood flow both by direct effects on the vessel architecture and decreasing atherosclerosis. Optimal levels of THs both in the circulation and in cardiac tissues are critical for normal homeostasis. This review highlights TH-based remodeling and clinically translatable strategies for diverse cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viswanathan Rajagopalan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Northern Blvd, PO Box 8000, Old Westbury, NY, 11568-8000, USA,
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Abstract
Careful review of the literature of the last 20 years since the appearance of the first positive trials in heart failure indicates an evolution in the mode of death moving from sudden death to a predominance of pump failure death (i.e., death due to progression of heart failure). Pump failure is becoming a leading cause of mortality in a range of patient profiles, including patients with newly diagnosed or severe heart failure, patients with devices, and patients with heart failure associated with Chagas' disease. Indeed, the evidence suggests that modern management strategies, such as beta-blockers and devices, are successful in preventing sudden death. However, this means that optimally treated patients are at greater risk for the consequences of pump failure (death, hospitalization, and reduced quality of life). This highlights a new important unmet need in heart failure, and a priority for current research should be therapies that reduce pump failure death and hospitalization for more cost-effective management of the disease. Insofar as one-third of heart failure patients do not survive more than 3 years after diagnosis, properly addressing pump failure is an essential target in heart failure.
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Dai P, Wang J, Lin L, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Renoprotective effects of berberine as adjuvant therapy for hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Evaluation via biochemical markers and color Doppler ultrasonography. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:869-876. [PMID: 26622407 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes and hypertension are complex and serious diseases that may ultimately lead to renal complications. Adequate control of blood glucose and blood pressure contributes to decreased renal risks, but may not be sufficient for certain patients. The current study was undertaken to investigate the renoprotective effects of berberine as an adjuvant therapy to standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic treatment in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this 2-year clinical study, 69 hypertensive patients with T2DM, whose blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were adequately controlled by hypotensive and oral hypoglycemic agents prior to the study, were enrolled and randomly assigned into control (33 cases) and add-on (36 cases) groups. Berberine was orally administrated to the patients in the add-on group concomitantly with standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic treatment. Baseline characteristics, including the levels of FPG, glycated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, urinary albumin-to-creatine ratio (UACR), urinary osteopontin and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) were determined. Furthermore, the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde, urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and total-antioxidant capacity, and the inflammatory parameters vascular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein and high molecular weight-adiponectin were evaluated. In addition, ultrasonographic parameters, including peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity and renal arterial resistance index were determined. After treatment, it was observed that the control and add-on treatments were able to adequately control blood pressure and blood glucose. Patients in the add-on group exhibited significant reductions in renal damage biochemical markers (UACR, urinary osteopontin and KIM-1) and improved renal hemodynamics, in addition to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress. The present results suggest that berberine is beneficial for hypertensive patients with T2DM as add-on therapy to standard hypotensive and hypoglycemic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Dai
- Department of Ultrasound, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Zhengping Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Weifang People's Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P.R. China
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Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ventricular Remodelling. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12410-015-9335-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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16
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Gerdes AM. Restoration of thyroid hormone balance: a game changer in the treatment of heart failure? Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H1-10. [PMID: 25380818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00704.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The link between low thyroid hormone (TH) function and heart failure is reviewed in the present report. The idea that TH dysfunction may contribute to diseases leading to HF has been discussed for over 60 yr. A growing body of evidence from animal and human studies, particularly in recent years, suggests that TH treatment may improve clinical outcomes. Indeed, if a similar amount of positive information were available for a newly developed heart drug, there is little doubt that large-scale clinical trials would be underway with considerable excitement. THs offer the promise of improving ventricular contraction and relaxation, improving coronary blood flow, and inhibiting atherosclerosis, and new results suggest they may even reduce the incidence of arrhythmias in heart diseases. Are the potential clinical benefits worth the risk of possible overdosing? After so many years, why has this question not been answered? Clearly, the concept has not been disproven. This review explores the body of clinical evidence related to TH dysfunction and heart failure, discuss insights into pathophysiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms provided by animal research, and discuss what is needed to resolve this long-standing issue in cardiology and move forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martin Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York
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18
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Age and the effectiveness of anti-hypertensive therapy on improvement in diastolic function. J Hypertens 2014; 32:174-80. [PMID: 24309488 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e32836586da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Diastolic dysfunction is associated with adverse outcomes and is highly prevalent among older adults with hypertension. Lowering SBP with antihypertensive therapy has been shown to improve diastolic function, but whether or not age influences this effect is unknown. METHODS In the Exforge Intensive Control of Hypertension to Evaluate Efficacy in Diastolic Dysfunction trial, 189 patients (age range 45-93 years) with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction underwent echocardiography before and after 24 weeks of intensive versus standard antihypertensive therapy titrated to a goal SBP below 135 versus below 140 mmHg. We performed linear regression analyses to examine the association between age and improvement in diastolic function achieved with SBP reduction. RESULTS Antihypertensive therapy reduced SBP by 28 ± 19 mmHg overall, and this was not significantly different across age strata. However, percentage improvement in diastolic relaxation velocity (lateral E' peak velocity) for every 10 mmHg reduction in SBP was lower in older compared to younger patients. In analyses adjusting for age stratum, sex, treatment arm, baseline relaxation velocity, and baseline blood pressure, older age was associated with reduced improvement in diastolic relaxation velocity per 10 mmHg of SBP reduction (β -1.64, P = 0.009). In contrast, the degree of change in left ventricular mass index per 10 mmHg reduction in SBP was not influenced by age (P = 0.89). CONCLUSIONS In our sample of individuals with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction, older compared to younger adults experienced less improvement in diastolic function in response to similar reductions in SBP.
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Ozeki A, Amiya E, Watanabe M, Hosoya Y, Takata M, Watanabe A, Kawarasaki S, Nakao T, Watanabe S, Omori K, Yamada N, Tahara Y, Hirata Y, Nagai R. Effect of Add-on Aliskiren to Type 1 Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy on Endothelial Function and Autonomic Nervous System in Hypertensive Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014; 16:591-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ozeki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Eisuke Amiya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Masafumi Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yumiko Hosoya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Munenori Takata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Aya Watanabe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shuichi Kawarasaki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoko Nakao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Graduate School of Medicine; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kazuko Omori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Namie Yamada
- Department of Translational Research Center; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yukiko Tahara
- Department of Translational Research Center; the University of Tokyo; Tokyo Japan
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Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula inhibits vascular remodeling by reducing proliferation and secretion of adventitial fibroblast after balloon injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:849167. [PMID: 24987435 PMCID: PMC4058465 DOI: 10.1155/2014/849167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling occurs in atherosclerosis, hypertension, and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Adventitial remodeling may be a potential therapeutic target. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula uses therapeutic principles from Chinese medicine to supplement Qi, activate blood circulation, and resolve toxin and it has been shown to inhibit vascular stenosis. To investigate effects and mechanisms of the formula on inhibiting vascular remodeling, especially adventitial remodeling, rats with a balloon injury to their common carotid artery were used and were treated for 7 or 28 days after injury. The adventitial area and α -SMA expression increased at 7 days after injury, which indicated activation and proliferation of adventitial fibroblasts. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula reduced the adventitial areas at 7 days, attenuated the neointima and vessel wall area, stenosis percent, and α -SMA expression in the neointima, and reduced collagen content and type I/III collagen ratio in the adventitia at 28 days. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula had more positive effects than Captopril in reducing intimal proliferation and diminishing stenosis, although Captopril lowered neointimal α -SMA expression and reduced the collagen content at 28 days. Yiqihuoxuejiedu formula has inhibitory effects on positive and negative remodeling by reducing adventitial and neointimal proliferation, reducing content, and elevating adventitial compliance.
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21
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Weltman NY, Ojamaa K, Savinova OV, Chen YF, Schlenker EH, Zucchi R, Saba A, Colligiani D, Pol CJ, Gerdes AM. Restoration of cardiac tissue thyroid hormone status in experimental hypothyroidism: a dose-response study in female rats. Endocrinology 2013; 154:2542-52. [PMID: 23594789 PMCID: PMC3689280 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis. To provide a better understanding of the coordinated processes that govern cardiac TH bioavailability, this study investigated the influence of serum and cardiac TH status on the expression of TH transporters and cytosolic binding proteins in the myocardium. In addition, we sought to determine whether the administration of T(3) (instead of T(4)) improves the relationship between THs in serum and cardiac tissue and cardiac function over a short-term treatment period. Adult female Sprague Dawley rats were made hypothyroid by 7 weeks treatment with the antithyroid drug 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU). After establishing hypothyroidism, rats were assigned to 1 of 5 graded T(3) dosages plus PTU for a 2-week dose-response experiment. Untreated, age-matched rats served as euthyroid controls. PTU was associated with depressed serum and cardiac tissue T(3) and T(4) levels, arteriolar atrophy, altered TH transporter and cytosolic TH binding protein expression, fetal gene reexpression, and cardiac dysfunction. Short-term administration of T(3) led to a mismatch between serum and cardiac tissue TH levels. Normalization of serum T(3) levels was not associated with restoration of cardiac tissue T(3) levels or cardiac function. In fact, a 3-fold higher T(3) dosage was necessary to normalize cardiac tissue T(3) levels and cardiac function. Importantly, this study provides the first comprehensive data on the relationship between altered TH status (serum and cardiac tissue), cardiac function, and the coordinated in vivo changes in cardiac TH membrane transporters and cytosolic TH binding proteins in altered TH states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Y Weltman
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
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Chen YF, Weltman NY, Li X, Youmans S, Krause D, Gerdes AM. Improvement of left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction with eight weeks L-thyroxine treatment in rats. J Transl Med 2013; 11:40. [PMID: 23409791 PMCID: PMC3576349 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular (LV) remodeling following large transmural myocardial infarction (MI) remains a pivotal clinical issue despite the advance of medical treatment over the past few decades. Identification of new medications to improve the remodeling process and prevent progression to heart failure after MI is critical. Thyroid hormones (THs) have been shown to improve LV function and remodeling in animals post-MI and in the human setting. However, changes in underlying cellular remodeling resulting from TH treatment are not clear. Methods MI was produced in adult female Sprague–Dawley rats by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. L-thyroxine (T4) pellet (3.3 mg, 60 days sustained release) was used to treat MI rats for 8 weeks. Isolated myocyte shape, arterioles, and collagen deposition in the non-infarcted area were measured at terminal study. Results T4 treatment improved LV ±dp/dt, normalized TAU, and increased myocyte cross-sectional area without further increasing myocyte length in MI rats. T4 treatment increased the total LV tissue area by 34%, increased the non-infarcted tissue area by 41%, and increased the thickness of non-infarcted area by 36% in MI rats. However, myocyte volume accounted for only ~1/3 of the increase in myocyte mass in the non-infarct area, indicating the presence of more myocytes with treatment. T4 treatment tended to increase the total length of smaller arterioles (5 to 15 μm) proportional to LV weight increase and also decreased collagen deposition in the LV non-infarcted area. A tendency for increased metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) -1 to −4 expression was also observed in T4 treated MI rats. Conclusions These results suggest that long-term T4 treatment after MI has beneficial effects on myocyte, arteriolar, and collagen matrix remodeling in the non-infarcted area. Most importantly, results suggest improved survival of myocytes in the peri-infarct area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA
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Weltman NY, Wang D, Redetzke RA, Gerdes AM. Longstanding hyperthyroidism is associated with normal or enhanced intrinsic cardiomyocyte function despite decline in global cardiac function. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46655. [PMID: 23056390 PMCID: PMC3464244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play a pivotal role in cardiac homeostasis. TH imbalances alter cardiac performance and ultimately cause cardiac dysfunction. Although short-term hyperthyroidism typically leads to heightened left ventricular (LV) contractility and improved hemodynamic parameters, chronic hyperthyroidism is associated with deleterious cardiac consequences including increased risk of arrhythmia, impaired cardiac reserve and exercise capacity, myocardial remodeling, and occasionally heart failure. To evaluate the long-term consequences of chronic hyperthyroidism on LV remodeling and function, we examined LV isolated myocyte function, chamber function, and whole tissue remodeling in a hamster model. Three-month-old F1b hamsters were randomized to control or 10 months TH treatment (0.1% grade I desiccated TH). LV chamber remodeling and function was assessed by echocardiography at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 months of treatment. After 10 months, terminal cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and LV hemodynamics. Hyperthyroid hamsters exhibited significant cardiac hypertrophy and deleterious cardiac remodeling characterized by myocyte lengthening, chamber dilatation, decreased relative wall thickness, increased wall stress, and increased LV interstitial fibrotic deposition. Importantly, hyperthyroid hamsters demonstrated significant LV systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Despite the aforementioned remodeling and global cardiac decline, individual isolated cardiac myocytes from chronically hyperthyroid hamsters had enhanced function when compared with myocytes from untreated age-matched controls. Thus, it appears that long-term hyperthyroidism may impair global LV function, at least in part by increasing interstitial ventricular fibrosis, in spite of normal or enhanced intrinsic cardiomyocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Y. Weltman
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine at the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Dajun Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Redetzke
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - A. Martin Gerdes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine at New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Post-myocardial infarction left ventricular myocyte remodeling: are there gender differences in rats? Cardiovasc Pathol 2010; 20:e189-95. [PMID: 21081276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown gender differences in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction. Results are varied, however, and reliable, comprehensive data for changes in cardiac myocyte shape are not available. METHODS Young adult female and male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study and randomly assigned to the myocardial infarction and sham myocardial infarction groups. Myocardial infarction was produced by ligation of the left descending coronary artery. Four weeks after surgery, left ventricular echocardiography and hemodynamics were performed before isolating myocytes for size determination. RESULTS In general, left ventricular functional changes after myocardial infarction were comparable. Females developed slightly, but significantly, more left ventricular hypertrophy than males, and this was reflected by the relative increases in left ventricular myocyte volume. In both males and females, however, myocyte hypertrophy was due exclusively to lengthening of myocytes with no change in myocyte cross-sectional area. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that post-myocardial infarction changes in LV function and myocyte remodeling are remarkably similar in young adult male and female rats.
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Chronic inhibition of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase attenuates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 79:399-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Chen YF, Redetzke RA, Said S, Beyer AJ, Gerdes AM. Changes in left ventricular function and remodeling after myocardial infarction in hypothyroid rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H259-62. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00755.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that hypothyroidism may lead to delayed wound healing after experimental myocardial infarction (MI) in rats and increased infarct size in dogs. However, the long-term effect of hypothyroidism on left ventricular (LV) remodeling after MI has not been determined. Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats with and without surgical thyroidectomy (TX) were used in the study. Four weeks after TX, MI or sham MI was performed on TX and non-TX rats. Rats from all groups were examined 4 wk later. Four weeks after TX, hypothyroid-induced LV dysfunction was confirmed by echocardiography. In terminal experiments 4 wk after MI, TX sham-MI rats showed smaller hearts and impaired LV function compared with non-TX sham-MI controls. TX + MI rats showed smaller hearts with bigger infarct areas, higher LV end-diastolic pressures, and greater impairment of relaxation (−dP/d t) compared with non-TX MI rats. Relative changes after MI between TX and non-TX rats for most other hemodynamic and echocardiographic indexes were similar. These results suggest that preexisting hypothyroidism exaggerates post-MI remodeling and worsens LV function, particularly diastolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Feng Chen
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Rebecca A. Redetzke
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Suleman Said
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - April J. Beyer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - A. Martin Gerdes
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research/University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
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Lumbers ER, Kim MY, Burrell JH, Kumarasamy V, Boyce AC, Gibson KJ, Gatford KL, Owens JA. Effects of intrafetal IGF-I on growth of cardiac myocytes in late-gestation fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2009; 296:E513-9. [PMID: 19126787 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90497.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intrafetal insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I promotes cardiac hypertrophy in the late-gestation fetal sheep; whether these effects are sustained is unknown. IGF-I was infused for 4 days at 80 microg/h from 121 to 125 days of gestation, and its effects at 128 days, 3 days after the infusion stopped, were determined by comparison with untreated fetal sheep. After IGF-I treatment, fetal weights were similar to those in control fetuses but kidney weights were bigger (P < 0.05), as were spleen weights of male fetuses (P < 0.05). Cardiac myocytes were larger in female than male fetal sheep (P < 0.001). IGF-I increased male (P < 0.001) but not female myocyte volumes. IGF-I did not alter the proportions of uni- or binucleated right or left ventricular myocytes. Female fetal sheep had a greater proportion of binucleated cardiac myocytes than males (P < 0.05). IGF-I-treated fetuses had a slightly greater proportion of right ventricular nuclei in cell cycle phase G(2)/M and a reduced proportion of G(0)/G(1) phase nuclei (P < 0.1). Therefore, evidence for IGF-I-stimulated cardiac cell hyperplasia in fetal sheep in late gestation was limited. In conclusion, the greater sizes and larger proportion of binucleated cardiac myocytes in female fetal sheep suggest that myocyte maturation may occur earlier in females than in males. This may explain in part the male sex-specific responsiveness of cardiac hypertrophy to IGF-I in late gestation. If IGF-I-stimulated cardiomyocyte growth is accompanied by maturation of contractile function, IGF-I may be a potential therapeutic agent for maintaining cardiac output in preterm males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R Lumbers
- Department of Physiology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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RNA interference targeting the ACE gene reduced blood pressure and improved myocardial remodelling in SHRs. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 116:249-55. [PMID: 18605985 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on blood pressure and myocardial hypertrophy in SHRs (spontaneously hypertensive rats) of RNAi (RNA interference) targeting ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme). SHRs were treated with normal saline as vehicle controls, with Ad5-EGFP as vector controls, and with recombinant adenoviral vectors Ad5-EGFP-ACE-shRNA, carrying shRNA (small hairpin RNA) for ACE as ACE-RNAi. WKY (Wistar-Kyoto) rats were used as normotensive controls treated with normal saline. The systolic blood pressure of the caudal artery was recorded. Serum levels of ACE and AngII (angiotensin II) were determined using ELISA. ACE mRNA and protein levels were determined in aorta, myocardium, kidney and lung. On day 32 of the experiment, the heart was pathologically examined. The ratios of heart weight/body weight and left ventricular weight/body weight were calculated. The serum concentration of ACE was lower in ACE-RNAi rats (16.37+/-3.90 ng/ml) compared with vehicle controls and vector controls (48.26+/-1.50 ng/ml and 46.67+/-2.82 ng/ml respectively; both P<0.05), but comparable between ACE-RNAi rats and WKY rats (14.88+/-3.15 ng/ml; P>0.05). The serum concentration of AngII was also significantly lower in ACE-RNAi rats (18.24+/-3.69 pg/ml) compared with vehicle controls and vector controls (46.21+/-5.06 pg/ml and 44.93+/-4.12 pg/ml respectively; both P<0.05), but comparable between ACE-RNAi rats and WKY rats (16.06+/-3.11 pg/ml; P>0.05). The expression of ACE mRNA and ACE protein were significantly reduced in the myocardium, aorta, kidney and lung in ACE-RNAi rats compared with that in vehicle controls and in vector controls (all P<0.05). ACE-RNAi treatment resulted in a reduction in systolic blood pressure by 22+/-3 mmHg and the ACE-RNAi-induced reduction lasted for more than 14 days. In contrast, blood pressure was continuously increased in the vehicle controls as well as in the vector controls. The ratios of heart weight/body weight and left ventricular weight/body weight were significantly lower in ACE-RNAi rats (3.12+/-0.23 mg/g and 2.24+/-0.19 mg/g) compared with the vehicle controls (4.29+/-0.24 mg/g and 3.21+/-0.13 mg/g; P<0.05) and the vector controls (4.43+/-0.19 mg/g and 3.13+/-0.12 mg/g; P<0.05). The conclusion of the present study is that ACE-silencing had significant antihypertensive effects and reversed hypertensive-induced cardiac hypertrophy in SHRs, and therefore RNAi might be a new strategy in controlling hypertension.
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Kundu S, Kumar M, Sen U, Mishra PK, Tyagi N, Metreveli N, Lominadze D, Rodriguez W, Tyagi SC. Nitrotyrosinylation, remodeling and endothelial-myocyte uncoupling in iNOS, cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) knockouts and iNOS/CBS double knockout mice. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:119-26. [PMID: 19021146 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of homocysteine (Hcy), recognized as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), were associated with cardiovascular diseases. There was controversy regarding the detrimental versus cardio protective role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the Hcy generated nitrotyrosine by inducing the endothelial nitric oxide synthase, causing endothelial-myocyte (E-M) coupling. To differentiate the role of iNOS versus constitutive nitric oxide synthase (eNOS and nNOS) in Hcy-mediated nitrotyrosine generation and matrix remodeling in cardiac dysfunction, left ventricular (LV) tissue was analyzed from cystathionine beta synthase (CBS) heterozygote knockout, iNOS homozygote knockout, CBS-/+/iNOS-/- double knockout, and wild-type (WT) mice. The levels of nitrotyrosine, MMP-2 and -9 (zymographic analysis), and fibrosis (by trichrome stain) were measured. The endothelial-myocyte function was determined in cardiac rings. In CBS-/+ mice, homocysteine was elevated and in iNOS-/- mice, nitric oxide was significantly reduced. The nitrotyrosine and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels were elevated in double knockout and CBS-/+ as compared to WT mice. Although MMP-2 levels were similar in CBS-/+, iNOS-/-, and CBS-/+/iNOS-/-, the levels were three- to fourfold higher than WT. The levels of collagen were similar in CBS-/+ and iNOS-/-, but they were threefold higher than WT. Interesting, the levels of collagen increased sixfold in double knockouts, compared to WT, suggesting synergism between high Hcy and lack of iNOS. Left ventricular hypertrophy was exaggerated in the iNOS-/- and double knockout, and mildly increased in the CBS-/+, compared to WT mice. The endothelial-dependent relaxation was attenuated to the same extent in the CBS-/+ and iNOS-/-, compared to WT, but it was robustly blunted in double knockouts. The results concluded that homocysteine generated nitrotyrosine in the vicinity of endothelium, caused MMP activation and endothelium-myocyte uncoupling. The generation of nitrotyrosine was independent of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Kundu
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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Abstract
Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) activity using angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) is beneficial in patient populations with left ventricular dysfunction or systolic heart failure (HF) and other forms of heart disease. In high-risk patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), treatment with these agents reduces the mortality rate and improves secondary outcomes. Individuals with stable CHD who are at lower risk benefit less from treatment. RAS inhibition also provides some clinical benefit to patients with diastolic HF and preserved left ventricular function. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension. Treatment with an ARB reduces the risk for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension and LVH. The benefits correlate with regression of LVH, and the effect is independent of the degree of blood pressure lowering. Finally, studies indicate that a history of hypertension in patients who have not had a myocardial infarction (MI) increases the risk for HF after MI; the risk is decreased in patients with hypertension who receive treatment with a RAS inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michael Prisant
- Hypertension and Pharmacology Unit, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA.
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Short term triiodo-L-thyronine treatment inhibits cardiac myocyte apoptosis in border area after myocardial infarction in rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2007; 44:180-7. [PMID: 17964598 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2007.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) levels decline after a myocardial infarction (MI). Treatment with TH has been shown to improve left ventricular (LV) function in MI and other cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanisms are not clear. We have previously shown that TH can prevent myocyte apoptosis via Akt signaling in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. In this study, the effects of triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) on LV function and myocyte apoptosis after MI was examined in rats. After surgery, MI rats were treated with T3 for 3 days. Compared with sham-operated rats, MI rats showed significantly increased LV chamber dimension during systole and decreased LV function. T3 treatment increased LV +/-dP/dt but did not change LV chamber dimensions. MI rats also showed significantly increased myocyte apoptosis in the border area as assessed by DNA laddering and TUNEL assay. T3 treatment decreased the amount of DNA laddering, and reduced TUNEL positive myocytes in the border area, which was associated with phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473. These results suggest that T3 can protect myocytes against ischemia-induced apoptosis, which may be mediated by Akt signaling.
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Okada T, Nagai M, Taniguchi I, Kuno M, Imamoto S, Seki S, Taniguchi M, Mochizuki S. Combined treatment with valsartan and spironolactone prevents cardiovascular remodeling in renovascular hypertensive rats. Int Heart J 2007; 47:783-93. [PMID: 17106149 DOI: 10.1536/ihj.47.783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with an angiotensin blocker (ARB) and an aldosterone blocker has been shown to have beneficial effects on cardiac remodeling in several cardiac diseases. It is still not clear whether the combination of these drugs is more effective against cardiac remodeling than the use of either agent alone. We examined the effects of combined treatment with valsartan, an ARB, and spironolactone, an aldosterone blocker, on cardiac remodeling in the renovascular hypertensive (RHT) rat. The RHT rats were divided into 4 groups administered valsartan (3 mg/kg/day, ARB group), spironolactone (4 mg/kg/day, SPRL group), both drugs at these doses (combined group), or neither drug (untreated RHT group). After 5 weeks, systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced in the 3 treatment groups, however, there were no significant differences in the extent of blood pressure reduction among the 3 treatment groups. The heart weight/body weight ratio in each of the 3 treatment groups was significantly lower than that in the untreated RHT group. The degree of cardiac and perivascular fibrosis in the SPRL group and the combined group were significantly lower than that in the untreated RHT group. Myocyte remodeling in the ARB group and in the combined group was significantly smaller than that in the untreated RHT group. These results suggest that SPRL treatment prevents cardiac and perivascular fibrosis and ARB treatment suppresses the cellular hypertrophy of myocytes, and that, therefore, combined treatment with both drugs prevents cardiac remodeling by acting against both myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in RHT rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Okada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Dávila DF, Donis JH, Odreman R, Gonzalez M, Landaeta A. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension: should echocardiography guide the pharmacological treatment? Int J Cardiol 2007; 124:134-8. [PMID: 17467083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 01/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The experimental design of clinical studies, on the pharmacological treatment of essential hypertension, has ignored a fundamental issue: Hypertensive patients are not a homogenous population. The adaptation of the cardiovascular system to hypertension is structurally and functionally heterogeneous. Recent clinical investigations suggest that this heterogeneity can be minimized by echocardiography. Thus, when the hemodynamic and neurohormonal profiles of untreated hypertensive patients are considered, in the particular context of the cardiac morphologic adaptation to high blood pressure, distinct common denominators emerge. Concentric and eccentric hypertrophy, the two most common patterns of ventricular hypertrophy, are at the extremes of the geometric spectrum. Concentric hypertrophy is characterized by an elliptic left ventricle, normal stroke volume and high peripheral vascular resistance. Its predominant neurohormonal profile includes elevated plasma renin and natriuretic peptide levels. Conversely, most patients with eccentric hypertrophy have a spheric left ventricle, increased stroke volume and low peripheral vascular resistance. Its corresponding neurohormonal profile shows low serum renin and enhanced sympathetic nervous activity. The therapeutic response, to angiotensin II antagonists and to beta-adrenergic blockers, of these two geometric patterns is also different. Concentric hypertrophy is substantially reversed by losartan, whereas, eccentric hypertrophy is refractory to both, losartan and atenolol. These facts raise a relevant question: Should ventricular geometry be considered when deciding which antihypertensive drug is to be prescribed?
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F Dávila
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares. Universidad de Los Andes. Mérida, Venezuela.
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Cerisano G, Pucci PD, Sulla A, Tommasi M, Raspanti S, Santoro GM, Antoniucci D. Relation between plasma brain natriuretic peptide, serum indexes of collagen type I turnover, and left ventricular remodeling after reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:651-6. [PMID: 17317366 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), collagen type I turnover, and left ventricular (LV) remodeling after primary angioplasty. Echo-Doppler, BNP, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of procollagen type I (ICTP), C-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PICP), and their ratio PICP/ICTP (as an index of coupling between the synthesis and degradation of collagen type I) were evaluated at days 1 and 3 and months 1 and 6 after primary angioplasty in 56 consecutive patients with a first large acute myocardial infarction (AMI). During the 6 months after AMI, a direct relation was shown between BNP and ICTP (day 1, r = 0.54, p = 0.000; day 3, r = 0.64, p = 0.000; month 1, r = 0.64, p = 0.000; month 6, r = 0.41, p = 0.005) and BNP and PICP/ICTP (day 1, r = -0.54, p = 0.003; day 3, r = -0.58, p = 0.000; month 1, r = -0.50, p = 0.000; month 6, r = -0.30, p = 0.043), but not between BNP and PICP. Using analysis of covariance, relations between BNP and ICTP and PICP/ICTP were independent from infarct size. Patients with LV remodeling had significantly higher plasma ICTP and BNP levels and lower PICP/ICTP than patients without LV remodeling. Day-1 ICTP independently predicted 6-month remodeling (exp beta = 2.14, 95% confidence interval 1,120 to 3,550, p = 0.01). In conclusion, a relation exists between plasma BNP collagen type I turnover and LV remodeling after reperfused AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Cerisano
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy.
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Laviolle B, Pape D, Turlin B, Bellissant E. Direct effects of 3 combinations of enalapril, metoprolol, and spironolactone on cardiac remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters. J Card Fail 2007; 12:752-8. [PMID: 17174238 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.08.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In congestive heart failure, enalapril (E), metoprolol (M), and spironolactone (S) improve survival. Their direct effects on cardiac remodeling, when administered in combination, remain to be assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS One hundred and five cardiomyopathic hamsters were divided into 5 groups (control, E, E-M, E-S, E-M-S) and treated from 150 to 240 days of age (E: 3 mg/kg, M: 1 mg/kg, S: 20 mg/kg). Cardiac and systemic hemodynamics, and cardiac remodeling were investigated. There was no difference between groups on blood pressure. Compared with C, both S-treated groups significantly increased cardiac index (E-S: +49%; E-M-S: +46%). Compared with C, E significantly decreased left ventricular (LV) cavity area (-10%). Compared with E, all combinations significantly decreased LV cavity area (E-M: -13%, E-S: -22%, E-M-S: -19%) and right ventricular (RV) collagen density (E-M: -18%, E-S: -30%, E-M-S: -34%), and the tri-therapy significantly decreased LV collagen density (-18%). Compared with bi-therapies, the tri-therapy significantly decreased LV (-19% vs. E-M, -16% vs. E-S) and RV (-20% vs. E-M) collagen densities. CONCLUSION At subdepressor doses, both bi-therapies induced similar effects on myocardial remodeling, enhancing the effects of E on LV cavity area and reducing RV collagen density. Compared with bi-therapies, the tri-therapy induced additional effects on LV and RV collagen densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laviolle
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Expérimentale et Clinique, UPRES EA 3194 Groupe de Recherche Cardio-Vasculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Rennes, France
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Liang Q, Elson AC, Gerdes AM. p38 MAP kinase activity is correlated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker-induced left ventricular reverse remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats. J Card Fail 2006; 12:479-86. [PMID: 16911916 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 03/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker L-158,809 (ARB) induces reverse left ventricular (LV) remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats. However, the signaling mechanism that mediates ARB-induced reverse LV remodeling remains unclear. The present study was to determine if changes in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK, including ERK, JNK, and p38) signaling correlate with ARB-elicited reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in SHHF rats. METHODS AND RESULTS In 1 set of experiments, 5-month-old lean female SHHF rats were treated with L-158,809 (ARB) or the vasodilator hydralazine (HYD) for 1 month, respectively. In a second set of experiments, 5-month-old SHHF rats were treated with ARB for 6 months or 1 month and then with HYD for 5 months. Either ARB or HYD normalized left ventricular end systolic pressure in SHHF rats relative to normotensive control Wistar Furth (WF) rats at both 6 and 11 months of age, but only ARB reduced heart-to-body weight ratio in SHHF rats to control level. Western blot analysis showed that cardiac p38 MAPK activity was markedly increased in 6-month-old SHHF rats, but dramatically reduced in 11-month-old SHHF rats compared with WF rats, as indicated by the levels of phosphorylated form of p38. The alterations in p38 activity were completely reversed by ARB treatment but not by HYD treatment. CONCLUSION ARB restored normal cardiac p38 activity, which coincided with ARB-induced reverse LV remodeling in SHHF rats, suggesting a strong correlation between p38 signaling and cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangrong Liang
- University of South Dakota, School of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute-South Dakota Health Research Foundation, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
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Nakai T, Chandy J, Nakai K, Bellows WH, Flachsbart K, Lee RJ, Leung JM. Histologic assessment of right atrial appendage myocardium in patients with atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Cardiology 2006; 108:90-6. [PMID: 17008797 DOI: 10.1159/000095936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 07/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common complication after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Despite the prevalence of AF occurring after cardiac surgery, its pathophysiology is incompletely understood. Our previous study demonstrated that age and left atrial enlargement were independent predictors of postoperative AF. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether cellular changes such as fibrosis and/or hypertrophy occurred in the atrium in patients who subsequently developed postoperative AF. Right atrial appendage tissue was obtained during atriotomy in patients undergoing elective CABG surgery. Quantitative assessment of atrial fibrosis was performed with Sirius red stain, and atrial cell diameter was measured with the HE stain. Linear regression, t test, chi2 test or Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis. Sixty-one patients (mean age 71 +/- 8 years) were studied. Increasing age was significantly associated with fibrosis (beta 0.3, 95% CI: 0.06-0.55, p = 0.017). The amount of right atrial fibrosis tended to correlate with the incidence of postoperative AF (p = 0.08). Cell diameter was not significantly different between patients with versus without postoperative AF (p = 0.85). These results suggest that the age-related atrial fibrosis rather than cellular hypertrophy may be important in the pathogenesis of AF after CABG surgery and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiko Nakai
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sridhar A, Dech SJ, Lacombe VA, Elton TS, McCune SA, Altschuld RA, Carnes CA. Abnormal diastolic currents in ventricular myocytes from spontaneous hypertensive heart failure rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2192-8. [PMID: 16766638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01146.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a common cause of heart failure, and ventricular arrhythmias are a major cause of death in heart failure. The spontaneous hypertension heart failure (SHHF) rat model was used to study altered ventricular electrophysiology in hypertension and heart failure. We hypothesized that a reduction in the inward rectifier K(+) current (I(K1)) and expression of pacemaker current (I(f)) would favor abnormal automaticity in the SHHF ventricle. SHHF ventricular myocytes were isolated at 2 and 8 mo of age and during end-stage heart failure (>/=17 mo); myocytes from age-matched rats served as controls. Inward I(K1) was significantly reduced at both 8 and >/=17 mo in SHHF rats compared with controls. There was a reduction in inward I(K1) due to aging in the controls only at >/=17 mo. We found a significant increase in I(f) at all ages in the SHHF rats, compared with young controls. In controls, there was an age-dependent increase in I(f). Action potential recordings in the SHHF rats demonstrated abnormal automaticity, which was abolished by the addition of an I(f) blocker (10 muM zatebradine). Increased I(f) during hypertension alone or combined increases in I(f) with reduced I(K1) during the progression to hypertensive heart failure contribute to a substrate for arrhythmogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Sridhar
- Ohio State Univ., College of Pharmacy, 500 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Shimizu M, Tanaka R, Uchida M, Orito K, Shimamura S, Yamane Y. Effect of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker on Cardiac Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Chymase-Like Activities, and Cardiac Fibrosis in Cardiomyopathic Hamsters. J Vet Med Sci 2006; 68:227-33. [PMID: 16598165 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.68.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that cardiac chymase has an effect on cardiac fibrosis through the Angiotensin (Ang) II formation and an Ang II-independent mechanism. In the present study, Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (candesartan cilexetil) was administered to dilated cardiomyopathic (DCM; Bio TO2) hamsters for 4 weeks to study the effect of AT1 receptor blocker on cardiac chymase-like activity and cardiac fibrosis. Echocardiography, histological examination, and assessment of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/chymase-like activities were conducted. Hamsters showed cardiac dysfunction due to increased left ventricular dimensions and decreased ventricular wall thickness, significant increase in cardiac chymase-like activity, and fibrosis. This result indicates that the cardiac chymase-like activity is responsible for cardiac fibrosis. When candesartan cilexetil was administered to Bio TO2 hamsters, cardiac chymase-like activity increased significantly, whereas cardiac fibrosis decreased significantly. Cardiac ACE and chymase-like activities were unchanged in non-DCM hamsters with candesartan cilexetil. This suggests that the cardiac Ang II formation mechanism was stimulated by suppressing the effect of cardiac Ang II, and cardiac chymase-like activity could be increased. Moreover, this mechanism may be more highly activated if cardiac Ang II is activated in the heart. In conclusion, we demonstrated that AT1 receptor blocker reduced cardiac fibrosis, although cardiac chymase-like activity increased. Because the Ang II-forming pathway and the effect of chymase in hamsters is similar to that in dogs, the results of the present study may supplement the available information for dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Shimizu
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchushi, Tokyo 183-0054, Japan
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Johnsen DD, Kacimi R, Anderson BE, Thomas TA, Said S, Gerdes AM. Protein kinase C isozymes in hypertension and hypertrophy: insight from SHHF rat hearts. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 270:63-9. [PMID: 15792354 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-3781-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypertension results in cardiac hypertrophy and may lead to congestive heart failure. The protein kinase C (PKC) family has been identified as a signaling component promoting cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that PKC activation may play a role mediating hypertrophy in the spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rat heart. Six-month-old SHHF and normotensive control Wistar Furth (WF) rats were used. Hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy were confirmed in SHHF rats. PKC expression and activation were analyzed by Western blots using isozyme-specific antibodies. Compared to WF, untreated SHHF rats had increased phospho-active alpha (10-fold), delta (4-fold), and epsilon (3-fold) isozyme expression. Furthermore, we analyzed the effect of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker (ARB) and hydralazine (Hy) on PKC regulation in SHHF rat left ventricle (LV). Both the ARB and Hy normalized LV blood pressure, but only the ARB reduced heart mass. Neither treatment affected PKC expression or activity. Our data show differential activation of PKC in the hypertensive, hypertrophic SHHF rat heart. Regression of hypertrophy elicited by an ARB in this model occurred independently of changes in the expression and activity of the PKC isoforms examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin D Johnsen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South Dakota and Sioux Valley Hospital and Health Systems, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
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Thompson LO, Skrabal CA, Loebe M, Lafuente JA, Roberts RR, Akgul A, Jones V, Bruckner BA, Thohan V, Noon GP, Youker KA. Plasma neurohormone levels correlate with left ventricular functional and morphological improvement in LVAD patients1. J Surg Res 2005; 123:25-32. [PMID: 15652947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2004.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) have been shown to be markers of left ventricular (LV) function. To determine the feasibility of using serial assays of these neurohormones in the assessment of cardiac status in the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) setting, we examined the relationship between LV function, myocardial morphology, and plasma levels of these hormones in LVAD recipients. METHODS Plasma BNP and ET-1 levels were serially assayed in 19 end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF) patients before and after LVAD implantation with various devices (i.e., MicroMed DeBakeyVAD/DVAD, Novacor/NVAD, TCI Heartmate/TCI, Thoratec/TVAD). Echocardiography performed correspondingly at the time points of the hormonal assays and immunohistochemical collagen staining of left ventricular tissue samples, derived from six non-failing hearts as well as from LVAD patients at the time of device insertion and removal, were then contrasted. Patients were grouped according to device used and etiology of heart disease (ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy, ICM/DCM). RESULTS LVAD therapy significantly improved LV ejection fraction (EF%: 21 +/- 3.8% to 28.11 +/- 3.57%), cardiac output (CO: 3.49 +/- 1.3 to 7.3 +/- 0.2 l/m), and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD: 6.68 +/- 0.92 versus 4.79 +/- 1.54 cm, P < 0.0001) in all patients. Absolute BNP and ET-1 plasma levels remained significantly lower in all patients after LVAD implantation (both P < 0.001). The NVAD group exhibited the most BNP reduction and EF% increase (P < 0.0004 and P < 0.038, respectively). Average collagen levels were reduced in all patients (P < 0.0005). Among the devices, the NVAD group demonstrated the most evident change (P < 0.0036), while there was comparable reduction in the DCM and ICM groups (both P < 0.03). In general, postoperative BNP and ET-1 trends exhibited a notable parallelism with both manifesting bi-phasic tendencies and an inverse proportionality to corresponding EF% measurements. CONCLUSIONS Device selection appears to influence the cardiac morphological and neurohormonal expressive tendencies exhibited by recipients. Plasma BNP and ET-1 levels correlate with both LV function and myocardial morphological improvement. Alterations in the levels of these hormones during LVAD support may be real-time indicators of prevailing myocardial autocrine/paracrine activity and as such may be of potential use in future algorithms of cardiac assessment and therapeutic decision-making with regard to transplant urgency and/or possible device explantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry O Thompson
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery and Assist Devices, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Singh HJ, Rahman A, Larmie ET, Nila A. Raised prorenin and renin concentrations in pre-eclamptic placentae when measured after acid activation. Placenta 2004; 25:631-6. [PMID: 15193869 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to ascertain if there was any difference in the levels of prorenin and active renin between pre-eclamptic and normotensive feto-placental tissues. METHODS Supernatants of homogenates from fresh, vaginally delivered placentae from 15 normotensive and 15 pre-eclamptic women were measured for renin concentration (RC), prorenin concentration and renin activity (RA). RA and RC were measured in the absence and presence of nephrectomised sheep plasma, respectively. Prorenin was estimated as the difference between renin concentration in the sample before and after acid activation. All concentrations are expressed as rate of angiotensin generation (ng/ml/h). Angiotensin I was measured by radioimmunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's 't' test for unpaired samples. All results are presented as mean+/-SEM. RESULTS The concentrations of renin and prorenin were highest in the chorion laeve when compared to amnion and placenta (p < 0.01) in both the groups. Furthermore, the concentrations of renin and prorenin were significantly higher in all the tissues from women with pre-eclampsia (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Renin and prorenin levels are raised in the placental tissues from women with pre-eclampsia. With recent evidence suggesting that both prorenin and renin may have cellular effects independent of angiotensin II generation, there is a need for further study into its role in placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Singh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, 16150 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Thomas TA, Kuzman JA, Anderson BE, Andersen SMK, Schlenker EH, Holder MS, Gerdes AM. Thyroid hormones induce unique and potentially beneficial changes in cardiac myocyte shape in hypertensive rats near heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H2118-22. [PMID: 15604125 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01000.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of thyroid hormones (THs) on left ventricular (LV) function and myocyte remodeling in rats with spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF). SHHF rats were treated with three different TH doses from 20-21 mo of age. In terminal experiments, LV function (as determined by echocardiography and catheterization) and isolated myocyte shape were examined in SHHF rat groups and age-matched Wistar-Furth control animals. Compared with Wistar-Furth rats, the ratio of alpha- to beta-myosin was reduced in untreated SHHF rats. The alpha-to-beta-myosin ratio increased in all TH groups, which suggests a reversal of the fetal gene program. Low-dose TH produced no changes in LV myocyte size or function, but high-dose TH produced signs of hyperthyroidism (e.g., increased heart weight, tachycardia). The chamber diameter-to-wall thickness ratio declined with increasing dose due to reduced chamber diameter and increased wall thickness. This resulted in a 38% reduction in LV systolic wall stress in the middle- and high-dose groups despite sustained hypertension. Isolated myocyte data indicated that chamber remodeling and reduced wall stress were due to a unique alteration in myocyte transverse shape (e.g., reduced major diameter and increased minor diameter). Based on our present understanding of ventricular remodeling and wall stress, we believe these changes are likely beneficial. Results suggest that TH may be an important regulator of myocyte transverse shape in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy A Thomas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of South Dakota School of Medicine and Sioux Valley Hospitals and Health Systems, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57105, USA
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Berg RA. Attenuated adult biphasic shocks for prolonged pediatric ventricular fibrillation: support for pediatric automated defibrillators. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:S352-5. [PMID: 15508658 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000134225.42482.dc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate published data regarding the treatment of prolonged pediatric defibrillation, with special emphasis on the use of attenuated adult biphasic shocks for pediatric defibrillation. DESIGN Review relevant human and animal literature. RESULTS Rhythm analysis algorithms from two manufacturers of automated external defibrillators can accurately distinguish shockable from nonshockable rhythms in children. Theoretical considerations and transthoracic impedance data from animals and children suggest that pediatric defibrillation doses should not necessarily vary in a simple weight-based manner. Two piglet studies have established that an attenuated adult biphasic dosage can be successfully used for 3.5- to 24-kg animals in ventricular fibrillation. One study established that the attenuated adult biphasic dosage was at least as safe and effective as the standard monophasic weight-based dosing. CONCLUSION This review supports the American Heart Association's new guidelines for pediatric automated external defibrillator usage: "Automated external defibrillators may be used for children 1 to 8 yrs of age who have no signs of circulation. Ideally the device should deliver a pediatric dose. The arrhythmia detection system used in the device should demonstrate high specificity for pediatric shockable rhythms, i.e., it will not recommend delivery of a shock for nonshockable rhythms."
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Berg
- University of Arizona Steele Memorial Children's Research Center and Sarver Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Takai S, Jin D, Sakaguchi M, Miyazaki M. Significant target organs for hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Hypertens Res 2004; 27:213-9. [PMID: 15080380 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.27.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the mechanisms by which angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors lower blood pressure or inhibit cardiac hypertrophy, we analyzed the correlations among tissue ACE activities, blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy. In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), blood pressure, heart weight and ACE activities in plasma and various tissues were measured 3, 24 and 48 h after repeated daily treatment for 2 weeks with the ACE inhibitors trandolapril, perindopril, temocapril and enalapril. For all four ACE inhibitors, blood pressure and ACE activities in the plasma, aorta and kidney were significantly reduced 3 h after the last treatment. Although hypotensive effects were maintained at 24 h, ACE activities in plasma were not suppressed by temocapril and enalapril. Even at 3 h, enalapril could not suppress ACE activity in the brain, and temocapril and enalapril could not inhibit ACE activities in the heart. Significant correlations between ACE activity in the aorta and blood pressure were observed for all four ACE inhibitors, while the ACE activities in the heart and brain were not correlated with changes in blood pressure. Significant decreases in the ratio of heart weight to body weight were observed in SHR treated with trandolapril and perindopril, whereas they were not observed with temocapril and enalapril. The ratio of heart weight to body weight was significantly correlated with ACE activity in the heart. ACE activities in vascular tissues and the heart may be important targets in terms of the ability of ACE inhibitors to lower blood pressure or inhibit cardiac hypertrophy, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Takai
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan.
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Florea VG, Moon J, Pennell DJ, Doehner W, Coats AJS, Anker SD. Wasting of the left ventricle in patients with cardiac cachexia: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Int J Cardiol 2004; 97:15-20. [PMID: 15336800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 05/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "cachectic heart" has been described as a pathologic decrease in the size and mass of the heart, but no in vivo studies have shown changes in cardiac dimensions or left ventricular (LV) mass over time in chronic heart failure (CHF) associated with body wasting (cardiac cachexia). Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has high reproducibility and is more sensitive than other techniques. METHODS CMR studies of LV volumes and mass were performed at baseline and a mean of 15 months later in nine CHF patients with cardiac cachexia and 28 matched CHF controls without cachexia (mass index 23 +/- 1 vs. 29 +/- 5 kg/m2, P=0.0005). RESULTS At baseline, LV end-diastolic volume (197 +/- 78 vs. 203 +/- 65 ml), end-systolic volume (131 +/- 75 vs. 126 +/- 63 ml), LV mass (213 +/- 44 vs. 222 +/- 62 g), and LV ejection fraction (38 +/- 19% vs. 40 +/- 16%) did not differ between cachectic patients and controls (all P>0.10). During follow-up, there was a significant decrease in LV mass in patients with cachexia (-16 g, P<0.05) and a trend to increase in LV mass in patients without cachexia (+7 g, P=0.12, comparison between groups: P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS The direction of changes over time in LV mass differs in CHF patients with cachexia as compared with non-cachectic controls. A significant decrease in LV mass occurs in patients with cardiac cachexia. This study documents in vivo the occurrence of wasting of the left ventricle in patients with CHF who demonstrate general body wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viorel G Florea
- Department of Clinical Cardiology, Imperial College of Science, National Heart and Lung Institute, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK
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Majahalme S. Demographics, Treatment Regimens and the Use of Angiotensin-Receptor Blockers in Heart Failure: Findings from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial. J Int Med Res 2003; 31:351-61. [PMID: 14587301 DOI: 10.1177/147323000303100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is the only major cardiovascular disease with an incidence and prevalence that continue to increase in the developed world. Early identification and correct treatment of the condition are of paramount importance. In recent years, there has been growing interest in identifying the differences between patients in terms of their risk of heart failure and response to treatment. Differences between men and women, different age groups, patients with varying aetiologies or co-morbidities and differences between ethnic groups are only some of the factors that have been identified. This review surveys the available data on differences in responses to treatment, and discusses the use of angiotensin-receptor blockers in heart failure in light of the recent Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT). Conclusion: Heart failure is a complex syndrome, a fact that is reflected in the wide spectrum of patient characteristics and breadth of treatments available to physicians. Recommendations will keep evolving as we learn more about the changing aetiology and manifestations of the disease, and as new data become available on old and emerging treatments. The recent addition of ARBs (or at least valsartan) to the list of drugs of benefit in HF is a welcome development. Perhaps the most important message from Val-HeFT is that valsartan significantly reduced the risk of a first morbid event, irrespective of most underlying physiological and demographic parameters. This implies that valsartan will be beneficial in most patients, whether they are old or young, male or female and whatever the aetiology of their HF. As polypharmacy will continue to be the therapy of choice in HF and as no wonder-drug seems to be on the horizon to make the concept obsolete, further blocking the RAS by adding a well-tolerated agent would seem a very welcome expansion of our current treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majahalme
- Cardiology Department, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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