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Cheng Q, Chen Y, Liu J, Jin L, Li Z, Ren A, Wang L. Inadvertent antibiotic exposure during pregnancy may increase the risk for neural tube defects in offspring. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 275:116271. [PMID: 38564868 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As emerging environmental contaminants, antibiotics pose potential threats to human health, in particular to pregnant women and infants. However, the potential harm of inadvertent antibiotic exposure (IAE) is often disregarded in light of the focus on intentional antibiotic use during pregnancy. Currently, little is known about the effects of IAE during pregnancy on fetal neural tube development. METHODS In this case-control study, we used questionnaire data from 855 subjects to investigate the effects of intentional antibiotic use in early pregnancy on neural tube defects (NTDs). Then we tested for placental antibiotics in mothers who had not intentionally used antibiotics, and the compounds were detected in 379 subjects; these were considered IAE cases. We assessed the association between IAE during pregnancy and fetal NTDs using both multivariable logistic and multi-pollutant exposure models. We also analyzed the correlation between maternal dietary habits and placental antibiotics to explore possible sources of IAE. RESULTS Only 50 of 855 participants (5.8%) intentionally used antibiotics and such use showed no significant association with NTD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.92, confidence interval [95%CI] = [0.66, 5.59]). However, 14 of 15 placental antibiotics were detected in 378 of 379 subjects (99.7%) and multivariable logistic analysis indicated that high levels of placental macrolides were significantly associated with increased NTD risk (4.42 [2.01-10.45]). Multi-pollutant exposure analysis suggested an increase in NTD risk with an increase in exposure to a mixture of placental antibiotics, among which macrolides were the most important contributor. In addition, the level of placental macrolides was positively correlated with the intake frequency of milk. Finally, mothers who drank river, well, or pond water had higher levels of placental macrolides than those who drank only tap water. CONCLUSIONS Intentional antibiotic use during early pregnancy may not be associated with NTDs, while IAE during pregnancy is associated with higher NTD risk in offspring. Macrolides are crucial risk factors. Milk, and river, well, or pond water may be important sources of IAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianhui Cheng
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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Maurya S, Mills RW, Kahnert K, Chiang DY, Bertoli G, Lundegaard PR, Duran MPH, Zhang M, Rothenberg E, George AL, MacRae CA, Delmar M, Lundby A. Outlining cardiac ion channel protein interactors and their signature in the human electrocardiogram. NATURE CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH 2023; 2:673-692. [PMID: 38666184 PMCID: PMC11041666 DOI: 10.1038/s44161-023-00294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are essential for normal cellular processes and signaling events. Defining these interaction networks is therefore crucial for understanding complex cellular functions and interpretation of disease-associated gene variants. We need to build a comprehensive picture of the interactions, their affinities and interdependencies in the specific organ to decipher hitherto poorly understood signaling mechanisms through ion channels. Here we report the experimental identification of the ensemble of protein interactors for 13 types of ion channels in murine cardiac tissue. Of these, we validated the functional importance of ten interactors on cardiac electrophysiology through genetic knockouts in zebrafish, gene silencing in mice, super-resolution microscopy and patch clamp experiments. Furthermore, we establish a computational framework to reconstruct human cardiomyocyte ion channel networks from deep proteome mapping of human heart tissue and human heart single-cell gene expression data. Finally, we integrate the ion channel interactome with human population genetics data to identify proteins that influence the electrocardiogram (ECG). We demonstrate that the combined channel network is enriched for proteins influencing the ECG, with 44% of the network proteins significantly associated with an ECG phenotype. Altogether, we define interactomes of 13 major cardiac ion channels, contextualize their relevance to human electrophysiology and validate functional roles of ten interactors, including two regulators of the sodium current (epsin-2 and gelsolin). Overall, our data provide a roadmap for our understanding of the molecular machinery that regulates cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Maurya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert W. Mills
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Kahnert
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - David Y. Chiang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Giorgia Bertoli
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Pia R. Lundegaard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mingliang Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Division of Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Alfred L. George
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Calum A. MacRae
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Mario Delmar
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Alicia Lundby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Wang L, Wada Y, Ballan N, Schmeckpeper J, Huang J, Rau CD, Wang Y, Gepstein L, Knollmann BC. Triiodothyronine and dexamethasone alter potassium channel expression and promote electrophysiological maturation of human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 161:130-138. [PMID: 34400182 PMCID: PMC9809541 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) have emerged as a promising tool for disease modeling and drug development. However, hiPSC-CMs remain functionally immature, which hinders their utility as a model of human cardiomyocytes. OBJECTIVE To improve the electrophysiological maturation of hiPSC-CMs. METHODS AND RESULTS On day 16 of cardiac differentiation, hiPSC-CMs were treated with 100 nmol/L triiodothyronine (T3) and 1 μmol/L Dexamethasone (Dex) or vehicle for 14 days. On day 30, vehicle- and T3 + Dex-treated hiPSC-CMs were dissociated and replated either as cell sheets or single cells. Optical mapping and patch-clamp technique were used to examine the electrophysiological properties of vehicle- and T3 + Dex-treated hiPSC-CMs. Compared to vehicle, T3 + Dex-treated hiPSC-CMs had a slower spontaneous beating rate, more hyperpolarized resting membrane potential, faster maximal upstroke velocity, and shorter action potential duration. Changes in spontaneous activity and action potential were mediated by decreased hyperpolarization-activated current (If) and increased inward rectifier potassium currents (IK1), sodium currents (INa), and the rapidly and slowly activating delayed rectifier potassium currents (IKr and IKs, respectively). Furthermore, T3 + Dex-treated hiPSC-CM cell sheets (hiPSC-CCSs) exhibited a faster conduction velocity and shorter action potential duration than the vehicle. Inhibition of IK1 by 100 μM BaCl2 significantly slowed conduction velocity and prolonged action potential duration in T3 + Dex-treated hiPSC-CCSs but had no effect in the vehicle group, demonstrating the importance of IK1 for conduction velocity and action potential duration. CONCLUSION T3 + Dex treatment is an effective approach to rapidly enhance electrophysiological maturation of hiPSC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Correspondence to: Lili Wang, Ph.D., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-0575 Or Bjorn C. Knollmann, MD, Ph.D., Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics (VanCART), Vanderbilt, University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Rm. 1265, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-0575,
| | - Yuko Wada
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nimer Ballan
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, Haifa 3109601, Israel
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jijun Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christoph Daniel Rau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lior Gepstein
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, POB 9649, Haifa 3109601, Israel,Cardiology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2 Efron St. POB 9649, Haifa, 3109601, Israel
| | - Bjorn C. Knollmann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232, USA,Correspondence to: Lili Wang, Ph.D., Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Rm.1275, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-0575 Or Bjorn C. Knollmann, MD, Ph.D., Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics (VanCART), Vanderbilt, University Medical Center, Medical Research Building IV, Rm. 1265, 2215B Garland Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-0575,
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4
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Leke AZ, Dolk H, Loane M, Casson K, Nelen V, Barišić I, Garne E, Rissman A, O'Mahony M, Neville AJ, Pierini A, Bergman JEH, Klungsøyr K, Materna-Kiryluk A, Bielenska AL, Carbonell CC, Addor MC, Tucker D. Macrolide and lincosamide antibiotic exposure in the first trimester of pregnancy and risk of congenital anomaly: A European case-control study. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 100:101-108. [PMID: 33454317 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the risk of congenital heart defects (CHD) and other congenital anomalies (CA) associated with first trimester use of macrolide antibiotics (mainly erythromycin, spiramycin, clarithromycin and azithromycin) and lincosamides (clindamycin) using a case-malformed control design. Data included 145,936 babies with a CA diagnosis (livebirths, stillbirths and terminations of pregnancy for CA) from 15 population-based EUROCAT registries in 13 European countries, covering 9 million births 1995-2012. Cases were babies with CHD, anencephaly, orofacial clefts, genital and limb reduction anomalies associated with antibiotic exposure in the literature. Controls were babies with other CA or genetic conditions. Main outcomes were odds ratios adjusted (AOR) for maternal age and registry, with 95 % Confidence Intervals (95 %CI). Macrolide and lincosamide exposure was recorded for 307 and 28 cases, 72 and 4 non-genetic controls, 57 and 7 genetic controls, respectively. AOR for CHD was not significantly raised (AOR 0.94, 95 %CI: 0.70-1.26 vs non-genetic controls; AOR 1.01, 95 %CI: 0.73-1.41 vs genetic controls), nor significantly raised for any specific macrolide. The risk of atrioventricular septal defect was significantly raised with exposure to any macrolide (AOR 2.98; 95 %CI: 1.48-6.01), erythromycin (AOR 3.68, 95 %CI: 1.28-10.61), and azithromycin (AOR 4.50, 95 %CI: 1.30-15.58). Erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, and clindamycin were associated with an increased risk of at least one other CA. Further research is needed on the risk of specific CA associated with macrolide and lincosamide use in the first trimester, particularly relevant for the potential use of azithromycin in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminkeng Zawuo Leke
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, United Kingdom.
| | - Helen Dolk
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Loane
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Casson
- Centre for Maternal, Fetal and Infant Research, Institute for Nursing and Health Research, Ulster University, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Nelen
- Provinciaal Instituut voor Hygiëne, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingeborg Barišić
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, Centre of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School University of Zagreb, Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ester Garne
- Paediatric Department Hospital, Lillebaelt Skovvangen, Kolding, Denmark
| | - Anke Rissman
- Malformation Monitoring Centre Saxony-Anhalt, Medical Faculty Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Mary O'Mahony
- Medicine Department of Public Health, St Finbarr's Hospital Douglas Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Amanda J Neville
- IMER Registry (Emila Romagna Registry of Birth Defects), Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University of Ferrara - Azienda Ospedaliero - Universitaria di Ferrara, Corso della Giovecca, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pierini
- Tuscany Registry of Congenital Defects, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology/Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jorieke E H Bergman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Klungsøyr
- Medical Birth Registry of Norway, Kalfarveien, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Materna-Kiryluk
- Polish Registry of Congenital Malformations, Department of Medical Genetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Latos Bielenska
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, 8 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806, Poznan, Poland
| | - Clara Cavero Carbonell
- Rare Diseases Research Unit, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marie-Claude Addor
- Registre Vaudois des Malformations EUROCAT Department of Woman-Mother-Child, Maternité, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Tucker
- Congenital Anomaly Register & Information Service, Level 3 West Wing, Singleton Hospital, Sketty Lane, Swansea, United Kingdom
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5
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Marchal GA, Verkerk AO, Mohan RA, Wolswinkel R, Boukens BJD, Remme CA. The sodium channel Na V 1.5 impacts on early murine embryonic cardiac development, structure and function in a non-electrogenic manner. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 230:e13493. [PMID: 32386467 PMCID: PMC7539970 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The voltage-gated sodium channel NaV 1.5, encoded by SCN5A, is essential for cardiac excitability and ensures proper electrical conduction. Early embryonic death has been observed in several murine models carrying homozygous Scn5amutations. We investigated when sodium current (INa ) becomes functionally relevant in the murine embryonic heart and how Scn5a/NaV 1.5 dysfunction impacts on cardiac development. METHODS Involvement of NaV 1.5-generated INa in murine cardiac electrical function was assessed by optical mapping in wild type (WT) embryos (embryonic day (E)9.5 and E10.5) in the absence and presence of the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin (30 µmol/L). INa was assessed by patch-clamp analysis in cardiomyocytes isolated from WT embryos (E9.5-17.5). In addition, cardiac morphology and electrical function was assessed in Scn5a-1798insD-/- embryos (E9.5-10.5) and their WT littermates. RESULTS In WT embryos, tetrodotoxin did not affect cardiac activation at E9.5, but slowed activation at E10.5. Accordingly, patch-clamp measurements revealed that INa was virtually absent at E9.5 but robustly present at E10.5. Scn5a-1798insD-/- embryos died in utero around E10.5, displaying severely affected cardiac activation and morphology. Strikingly, altered ventricular activation was observed in Scn5a-1798insD-/- E9.5 embryos before the onset of INa , in addition to reduced cardiac tissue volume compared to WT littermates. CONCLUSION We here demonstrate that NaV 1.5 is involved in cardiac electrical function from E10.5 onwards. Scn5a-1798insD-/- embryos displayed cardiac structural abnormalities at E9.5, indicating that NaV 1.5 dysfunction impacts on embryonic cardiac development in a non-electrogenic manner. These findings are potentially relevant for understanding structural defects observed in relation to NaV 1.5 dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard A. Marchal
- Department of Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Arie O. Verkerk
- Department of Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Rajiv A. Mohan
- Department of Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Rianne Wolswinkel
- Department of Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. D. Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Experimental Cardiology Amsterdam UMC (location Academic Medical Center) Amsterdam the Netherlands
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6
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Uchino T, Zheng MQ, Wang Y, Ono K. Cardiac specific transcription factor Csx/Nkx2.5 regulates transient-outward K + channel expression in pluripotent P19 cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:20. [PMID: 32213161 PMCID: PMC7096375 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00748-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The homeobox-containing gene Csx/Nkx2.5 codes several cardiac transcription factors and plays a critical role in early cardiogenesis. We investigated the effect of Csx/Nkx2.5 on the expression of cardiac ion channels using P19-derived cardiomyocytes. P19CL6 cells and P19CL6 cells with Csx/Nkx2.5 overexpression (P19CL6-Csx cells) were induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes by treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide. Action potentials and membrane currents were measured by whole cell patch clamp at different differentiation stage: the early stage (1–5 days after beating had begun) and the late stage (10–15 days after beating). Expression of Csx/Nkx2.5 mRNA was increased as the differentiation stages advanced in both P19CL6 and P19CL6-Csx cells. In action potential configuration, maximal diastolic potentials in P19CL6-Csx cells exhibited more hyperpolarized potential (‒ 64.2 mV) than those in P19CL6 cells (‒ 54.8 mV, p < 0.01) in the early stage. In P19CL6 cells, among 6 different voltage-gated and ligand-operated K+ channels expressed during the early stage, the transient-outward K+ channel was most predominant. By overexpression of Csx/Nkx2.5, developmental decrease in the transient-outward K+ channel was suppressed. Homeobox-containing gene Csx/Nkx2.5 modifies the amount of distinct ionic channels, during differentiation periods, predominantly changing the expression of the transient-outward K+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Uchino
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Ming-Qi Zheng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan
| | - Katsushige Ono
- Department of Pathophysiology, Oita University School of Medicine, Oita, Japan.
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Learn from Your Elders: Developmental Biology Lessons to Guide Maturation of Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40:1367-1387. [PMID: 31388700 PMCID: PMC6786957 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-019-02165-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a multifaceted platform to study cardiac developmental biology, understand disease mechanisms, and develop novel therapies. Remarkable progress over the last two decades has led to methods to obtain highly pure hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) with reasonable ease and scalability. Nevertheless, a major bottleneck for the translational application of hPSC-CMs is their immature phenotype, resembling that of early fetal cardiomyocytes. Overall, bona fide maturation of hPSC-CMs represents one of the most significant goals facing the field today. Developmental biology studies have been pivotal in understanding the mechanisms to differentiate hPSC-CMs. Similarly, evaluation of developmental cues such as electrical and mechanical activities or neurohormonal and metabolic stimulations revealed the importance of these pathways in cardiomyocyte physiological maturation. Those signals cooperate and dictate the size and the performance of the developing heart. Likewise, this orchestra of stimuli is important in promoting hPSC-CM maturation, as demonstrated by current in vitro maturation approaches. Different shades of adult-like phenotype are achieved by prolonging the time in culture, electromechanical stimulation, patterned substrates, microRNA manipulation, neurohormonal or metabolic stimulation, and generation of human-engineered heart tissue (hEHT). However, mirroring this extremely dynamic environment is challenging, and reproducibility and scalability of these approaches represent the major obstacles for an efficient production of mature hPSC-CMs. For this reason, understanding the pattern behind the mechanisms elicited during the late gestational and early postnatal stages not only will provide new insights into postnatal development but also potentially offer new scalable and efficient approaches to mature hPSC-CMs.
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8
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Abstract
Pregnancy is a period of increased cardiovascular risk in a woman's life. In the setting of an inherited arrhythmia syndrome (IAS), cardiologists and obstetricians may be unfamiliar with cardiovascular optimization and risk stratification in pregnancy. Historically, there were little data addressing the safety of pregnancy in these rare disorders. Recent advances suggest that no type of IAS represents an absolute contraindication to pregnancy. However, it is imperative that obstetric and cardiovascular clinicians understand the major forms of IAS and how they affect the risks and course of pregnancy. This includes any disease-specific proarrhythmic triggers unique to pregnancy, such as the postpartum period in long QT syndrome (especially type 2), which poses the greatest risk of arrhythmias, and the adrenergic nature of labor and delivery, which is relevant to catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia. Fortunately, several effective antiarrhythmic options exist that pose little fetal risk. IAS-specific optimization of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator algorithms, drug therapy, and a maternal cardiac plan addressing the antepartum, labor, and delivery and postpartum periods reduces the risk. Where evidence does not exist, there are plausible mechanistic considerations to guide clinicians. To achieve optimal outcomes, early involvement of an expert pregnancy heart team comprising obstetrics, genetics, cardiology, and anesthesiology team members and a shared decision-making approach to IAS issues in pregnancy are needed.
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9
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Sharf T, Hansma PK, Hari MA, Kosik KS. Non-contact monitoring of extra-cellular field potentials with a multi-electrode array. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:1448-1457. [PMID: 30887972 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00984h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing tools to enable non-invasive, high-throughput electrophysiology measurements of large functional-networks of electrogenic cells used as in vitro disease models for the heart and brain remains an outstanding challenge for preclinical drug discovery, where failures are costly and can prove to be fatal during clinical trials. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, that it is possible to perform non-contact monitoring of extra-cellular field potentials with a multi-electrode array (MEA). To do this preliminary demonstration we built a prototype with a custom mechanical stage to micro-position cells grown on conventional glass coverslips over the recording surface of a MEA sensor. The prototype can monitor extra-cellular fields generated by multi-cellular networks in a non-contact configuration, enabling a single MEA sensor to probe different cultures in succession, without fouling or degrading its sensitive electronic surface. This first demonstration with easy to culture cardiomyocyte cells and a prototype device points to the exciting possibility for instrument development leading to more efficient and cost-effective drug screening paradigms for cardiovascular and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Sharf
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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10
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Arcidiacono OA, Krejčí J, Suchánková J, Bártová E. Deacetylation of Histone H4 Accompanying Cardiomyogenesis is Weakened in HDAC1-Depleted ES Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082425. [PMID: 30115891 PMCID: PMC6121517 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes requires activation of differentiation-specific genes and epigenetic factors that contribute to these physiological processes. This study is focused on the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) induced into cardiomyocytes. The effects of clinically promising inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACi) on mESC cardiomyogenesis and on explanted embryonic hearts were also analyzed. HDAC1 depletion caused early beating of cardiomyocytes compared with those of the wild-type (wt) counterpart. Moreover, the adherence of embryonic bodies (EBs) was reduced in HDAC1 double knockout (dn) mESCs. The most important finding was differentiation-specific H4 deacetylation observed during cardiomyocyte differentiation of wt mESCs, while H4 deacetylation was weakened in HDAC1-depleted cells induced to the cardiac pathway. Analysis of the effect of HDACi showed that Trichostatin A (TSA) is a strong hyperacetylating agent, especially in wt mESCs, but only SAHA reduced the size of the beating areas in EBs that originated from HDAC1 dn mESCs. Additionally, explanted embryonic hearts (e15) responded to treatment with HDACi: all of the tested HDACi (TSA, SAHA, VPA) increased the levels of H3K9ac, H4ac, H4K20ac, and pan-acetylated lysines in embryonic hearts. This observation shows that explanted tissue can be maintained in a hyperacetylation state several hours after excision, which appears to be useful information from the view of transplantation strategy and the maintenance of gene upregulation via acetylation in tissue intended for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orazio Angelo Arcidiacono
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Sciences, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Krejčí
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Suchánková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Bártová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
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11
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Ritchie HE, Oakes DJ, Kennedy D, Polson JW. Early Gestational Hypoxia and Adverse Developmental Outcomes. Birth Defects Res 2018; 109:1358-1376. [PMID: 29105381 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a normal and essential part of embryonic development. However, this state may leave the embryo vulnerable to damage when oxygen supply is disturbed. Embryofetal response to hypoxia is dependent on duration and depth of hypoxia, as well as developmental stage. Early postimplantation rat embryos were resilient to hypoxia, with many surviving up to 1.5 hr of uterine clamping, while most mid-gestation embryos were dead after 1 hour of clamping. Survivors were small and many had a range of defects, principally terminal transverse limb reduction defects. Similar patterns of malformations occurred when embryonic hypoxia was induced by maternal hypoxia, interruption of uteroplacental flow, or perfusion and embryonic bradycardia. There is good evidence that high altitude pregnancies are associated with smaller babies and increased risk of some malformations, but these results are complicated by increased risk of pre-eclampsia. Early onset pre-eclampsia itself is associated with small for dates and increased risk of atrio-ventricular septal defects. Limb defects have clearly been associated with chorionic villus sampling, cocaine, and misoprostol use. Similar defects are also observed with increased frequency among fetuses who are homozygous for thalassemia. Drugs that block the potassium current, whether as the prime site of action or as a side effect, are highly teratogenic in experimental animals. They induce embryonic bradycardia, hypoxia, hemorrhage, and blisters, leading to transverse limb defects as well as craniofacial and cardiovascular defects. While evidence linking these drugs to birth defects in humans is not compelling, the reason may methodological rather than biological. Birth Defects Research 109:1358-1376, 2017.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Ritchie
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | - Diana J Oakes
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
| | | | - Jaimie W Polson
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW
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12
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Prestipino L, Polson JW, Brolin E, Ritchie HE. Long-term programming effects on blood pressure following gestational exposure to the I Kr blocker Dofetilide. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13621. [PMID: 29504284 PMCID: PMC5835481 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A slow embryonic heart rate in early-mid gestation is associated with increased risk of embryonic death and malformation, however, the long-term consequences remain unknown. We administered Dofetilide (Dof, 2.5 mg/kg), a drug that produces embryo-specific bradycardia, to pregnant rats from gestational days 11-14. Embryonic heart rate and rhythm were determined using embryo culture. Cardiovascular function was assessed in surviving adult offspring at rest, during acute psychological stress (air jet stress, AJS), and after 7 days of repeated AJS. Dof reduced embryonic HR by 40% for ~8 h on each of the treatment days. On postnatal day 3, Dof offspring were ~10% smaller. Blood pressure was elevated in adult Dof rats (systolic blood pressure, night: 103.8 ± 3.9 vs. 111.2 ± 3.0 mmHg, P = 0.01). While the pressor response to AJS was similar in both groups (control 17.7 ± 3.4; Dof 18.9 ± 0.9 mmHg, P = 0.74), after 7 days repeated AJS, clear habituation was present in control (P = 0.0001) but not Dof offspring (P = 0.48). Only Dof offspring showed a small increase in resting blood pressure after 7 days repeated stress (+3.9 ± 1.7 mmHg, P = 0.05). The results indicate that embryonic bradycardia programs hypertension and impaired stress adaptation, and have implications for the maternal use of cardioactive drugs during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Prestipino
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch InstituteSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Jaimie W. Polson
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch InstituteSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Elisabeth Brolin
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch InstituteSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Helen E. Ritchie
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch InstituteSydney Medical SchoolThe University of SydneySydneyNSWAustralia
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13
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Lemoine MD, Mannhardt I, Breckwoldt K, Prondzynski M, Flenner F, Ulmer B, Hirt MN, Neuber C, Horváth A, Kloth B, Reichenspurner H, Willems S, Hansen A, Eschenhagen T, Christ T. Human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes cultured in 3D engineered heart tissue show physiological upstroke velocity and sodium current density. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5464. [PMID: 28710467 PMCID: PMC5511281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) are a promising tool for drug testing and modelling genetic disorders. Abnormally low upstroke velocity is a current limitation. Here we investigated the use of 3D engineered heart tissue (EHT) as a culture method with greater resemblance to human heart tissue in comparison to standard technique of 2D monolayer (ML) format. INa was measured in ML or EHT using the standard patch-clamp technique. INa density was ~1.8 fold larger in EHT (-18.5 ± 1.9 pA/pF; n = 17) than in ML (-10.3 ± 1.2 pA/pF; n = 23; p < 0.001), approaching densities reported for human CM. Inactivation kinetics, voltage dependency of steady-state inactivation and activation of INa did not differ between EHT and ML and were similar to previously reported values for human CM. Action potential recordings with sharp microelectrodes showed similar upstroke velocities in EHT (219 ± 15 V/s, n = 13) and human left ventricle tissue (LV, 253 ± 7 V/s, n = 25). EHT showed a greater resemblance to LV in CM morphology and subcellular NaV1.5 distribution. INa in hiPSC-CM showed similar biophysical properties as in human CM. The EHT format promotes INa density and action potential upstroke velocity of hiPSC-CM towards adult values, indicating its usefulness as a model for excitability of human cardiac tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Lemoine
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kaja Breckwoldt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksymilian Prondzynski
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Flenner
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bärbel Ulmer
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc N Hirt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Neuber
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Benjamin Kloth
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Willems
- Department of Cardiology-Electrophysiology, University Heart Center, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Hansen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Sala L, Ward-van Oostwaard D, Tertoolen LGJ, Mummery CL, Bellin M. Electrophysiological Analysis of human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) Using Multi-electrode Arrays (MEAs). J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28570546 PMCID: PMC5607948 DOI: 10.3791/55587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes can now be derived with high efficiency from both human embryonic and human induced-Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSC). hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) are increasingly recognized as having great value for modeling cardiovascular diseases in humans, especially arrhythmia syndromes. They have also demonstrated relevance as in vitro systems for predicting drug responses, which makes them potentially useful for drug-screening and discovery, safety pharmacology and perhaps eventually for personalized medicine. This would be facilitated by deriving hPSC-CMs from patients or susceptible individuals as hiPSCs. For all applications, however, precise measurement and analysis of hPSC-CM electrical properties are essential for identifying changes due to cardiac ion channel mutations and/or drugs that target ion channels and can cause sudden cardiac death. Compared with manual patch-clamp, multi-electrode array (MEA) devices offer the advantage of allowing medium- to high-throughput recordings. This protocol describes how to dissociate 2D cell cultures of hPSC-CMs to small aggregates and single cells and plate them on MEAs to record their spontaneous electrical activity as field potential. Methods for analyzing the recorded data to extract specific parameters, such as the QT and the RR intervals, are also described here. Changes in these parameters would be expected in hPSC-CMs carrying mutations responsible for cardiac arrhythmias and following addition of specific drugs, allowing detection of those that carry a cardiotoxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sala
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center; Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, University of Twente
| | - Milena Bellin
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center;
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15
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Roston TM, Cunningham T, Lehman A, Laksman ZW, Krahn AD, Sanatani S. Beyond the Electrocardiogram: Mutations in Cardiac Ion Channel Genes Underlie Nonarrhythmic Phenotypes. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2017; 11:1179546817698134. [PMID: 28469493 PMCID: PMC5392026 DOI: 10.1177/1179546817698134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ion channelopathies are an important cause of sudden death in the young and include long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, idiopathic ventricular fibrillation, and short QT syndrome. Genes that encode ion channels have been implicated in all of these conditions, leading to the widespread implementation of genetic testing for suspected channelopathies. Over the past half-century, researchers have also identified systemic pathologies that extend beyond the arrhythmic phenotype in patients with ion channel gene mutations, including deafness, epilepsy, cardiomyopathy, periodic paralysis, and congenital heart disease. A coexisting phenotype, such as cardiomyopathy, can influence evaluation and management. However, prior to recent molecular advances, our understanding and recognition of these overlapping phenotypes were poor. This review highlights the systemic and structural heart manifestations of the cardiac ion channelopathies, including their phenotypic spectrum and molecular basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Roston
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Taylor Cunningham
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anna Lehman
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zachary W Laksman
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew D Krahn
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shubhayan Sanatani
- British Columbia Inherited Arrhythmia Program and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Children's Heart Centre, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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16
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Kennedy D, Webster WS, Hill M, Ritchie HE. Abnormal pregnancy outcome associated with high-dose maternal tranylcypromine therapy: Case report and literature review. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:146-149. [PMID: 28237611 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tranylcypromine is a non-selective inhibitor of monamine oxidase which also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. Spontaneous hypertensive reactions to the drug have been reported. In sheep tranylcypromine has been shown to cause a dose-dependent reduction in uterine blood flow. A similar effect in a pregnant woman might induce constriction of the uterine arteries and temporary fetal hypoxia. CASES MotherSafe is a state-based Teratogen Information service and currently provides counselling to around 22,000 consumers and healthcare professionals annually regarding exposures during pregnancy and breastfeeding We report on the outcome of 2 pregnancies in a patient treated with high dose tranylcypromine as well as pimozide, diazepam and alprazolam. The first pregnancy resulted in fetal death and autopsy revealed facial dysmorphism with ocular hypertelorism, cardiac defect and placental infarcts. The second pregnancy continued to term but the baby had similar dysmorphic features as well as an atrio-ventricular septal defect and craniosynostosis. CONCLUSIONS Due to their unpredictable interactions with many drugs and foods, MAO inhibitors such as tranylcypromine are not commonly used to treat depression and reports of use in pregnancy are rare. We report the outcome of 2 pregnancies with exposure to high doses of tranylcypromine resulting in children with a similar pattern of malformations. The aetiology is unknown but may relate to the vasoactive properties of the drug in above-therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra Kennedy
- Mothersafe, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia; University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia.
| | - William S Webster
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Majella Hill
- Mothersafe, Royal Hospital for Women, Randwick, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Helen E Ritchie
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2114, Australia
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17
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Barbuti A, Benzoni P, Campostrini G, Dell'Era P. Human derived cardiomyocytes: A decade of knowledge after the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1145-1158. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Barbuti
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Patrizia Benzoni
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Giulia Campostrini
- Department of Biosciences; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Patrizia Dell'Era
- Cellular Fate Reprogramming Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine; Università degli Studi di Brescia; Brescia Italy
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18
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Herron TJ, Rocha AMD, Campbell KF, Ponce-Balbuena D, Willis BC, Guerrero-Serna G, Liu Q, Klos M, Musa H, Zarzoso M, Bizy A, Furness J, Anumonwo J, Mironov S, Jalife J. Extracellular Matrix-Mediated Maturation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Monolayer Structure and Electrophysiological Function. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9:e003638. [PMID: 27069088 DOI: 10.1161/circep.113.003638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) monolayers generated to date display an immature embryonic-like functional and structural phenotype that limits their utility for research and cardiac regeneration. In particular, the electrophysiological function of hPSC-CM monolayers and bioengineered constructs used to date are characterized by slow electric impulse propagation velocity and immature action potential profiles. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we have identified an optimal extracellular matrix for significant electrophysiological and structural maturation of hPSC-CM monolayers. hPSC-CM plated in the optimal extracellular matrix combination have impulse propagation velocities ≈2× faster than previously reported (43.6±7.0 cm/s; n=9) and have mature cardiomyocyte action potential profiles, including hyperpolarized diastolic potential and rapid action potential upstroke velocity (146.5±17.7 V/s; n=5 monolayers). In addition, the optimal extracellular matrix promoted hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes and the expression of key mature sarcolemmal (SCN5A, Kir2.1, and connexin43) and myofilament markers (cardiac troponin I). The maturation process reported here relies on activation of integrin signaling pathways: neutralization of β1 integrin receptors via blocking antibodies and pharmacological blockade of focal adhesion kinase activation prevented structural maturation. CONCLUSIONS Maturation of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte monolayers is achieved in a 1-week period by plating cardiomyocytes on PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) coverslips rather than on conventional 2-dimensional cell culture formats, such as glass coverslips or plastic dishes. Activation of integrin signaling and focal adhesion kinase is essential for significant maturation of human cardiac monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J Herron
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.).
| | - Andre Monteiro Da Rocha
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Katherine F Campbell
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Daniela Ponce-Balbuena
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - B Cicero Willis
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Guadalupe Guerrero-Serna
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Qinghua Liu
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Matt Klos
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Hassan Musa
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Manuel Zarzoso
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Alexandra Bizy
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Jamie Furness
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Justus Anumonwo
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - Sergey Mironov
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
| | - José Jalife
- From the Center for Arrhythmia Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (T.J.H., A.M.D.R., K.C., D.P.-B., B.C.W., G.G.-S., Q.L., J.F., J.A., S.M., J.J.); Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (M.K.); Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (H.M.); Shanxi Medical University, Zhejiang, China (Q.L.); and University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (M.Z., A.B.)
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Radaszkiewicz KA, Sýkorová D, Karas P, Kudová J, Kohút L, Binó L, Večeřa J, Víteček J, Kubala L, Pacherník J. Simple non-invasive analysis of embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes beating in vitro. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:024301. [PMID: 26931869 DOI: 10.1063/1.4941776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of digital video output enables the non-invasive screening of various active biological processes. For the monitoring and computing of the beating parameters of cardiomyocytes in vitro, CB Analyser (cardiomyocyte beating analyser) software was developed. This software is based on image analysis of the video recording of beating cardiomyocytes. CB Analyser was tested using cardiomyocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells at different stages of cardiomyogenesis. We observed that during differentiation (from day 18), the beat peak width decreased, which corresponded to the increased speed of an individual pulse. However, the beating frequency did not change. Further, the effects of epinephrine modulating mature cardiomyocyte functions were tested to validate the CB Analyser analysis. In conclusion, data show that CB Analyser is a useful tool for evaluating the functions of both developing and mature cardiomyocytes under various conditions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominika Sýkorová
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Karas
- Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis, Faculty of Informatics, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Kudová
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kohút
- Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Binó
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Večeřa
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Víteček
- Institute of Biophysics ASCR v.v.i., Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Pacherník
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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20
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Liu J, Laksman Z, Backx PH. The electrophysiological development of cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:253-73. [PMID: 26788696 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has become an important resource for modeling human cardiac disease and for drug screening, and also holds significant potential for cardiac regeneration. Many challenges remain to be overcome however, before innovation in this field can translate into a change in the morbidity and mortality associated with heart disease. Of particular importance for the future application of this technology is an improved understanding of the electrophysiologic characteristics of CMs, so that better protocols can be developed and optimized for generating hPSC-CMs. Many different cell culture protocols are currently utilized to generate CMs from hPSCs and all appear to yield relatively “developmentally” immature CMs with highly heterogeneous electrical properties. These hPSC-CMs are characterized by spontaneous beating at highly variable rates with a broad range of depolarization-repolarization patterns, suggestive of mixed populations containing atrial, ventricular and nodal cells. Many recent studies have attempted to introduce approaches to promote maturation and to create cells with specific functional properties. In this review, we summarize the studies in which the electrical properties of CMs derived from stem cells have been examined. In order to place this information in a useful context, we also review the electrical properties of CMs as they transition from the developing embryo to the adult human heart. The signal pathways involved in the regulation of ion channel expression during development are also briefly considered.
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21
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Roger S, Gillet L, Le Guennec JY, Besson P. Voltage-gated sodium channels and cancer: is excitability their primary role? Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:152. [PMID: 26283962 PMCID: PMC4518325 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV) are molecular characteristics of excitable cells. Their activation, triggered by membrane depolarization, generates transient sodium currents that initiate action potentials in neurons and muscle cells. Sodium currents were discovered by Hodgkin and Huxley using the voltage clamp technique and reported in their landmark series of papers in 1952. It was only in the 1980's that sodium channel proteins from excitable membranes were molecularly characterized by Catterall and his collaborators. Non-excitable cells can also express NaV channels in physiological conditions as well as in pathological conditions. These NaV channels can sustain biological roles that are not related to the generation of action potentials. Interestingly, it is likely that the abnormal expression of NaV in pathological tissues can reflect the re-expression of a fetal phenotype. This is especially true in epithelial cancer cells for which these channels have been identified and sodium currents recorded, while it was not the case for cells from the cognate normal tissues. In cancers, the functional activity of NaV appeared to be involved in regulating the proliferative, migrative, and invasive properties of cells. This review is aimed at addressing the non-excitable roles of NaV channels with a specific emphasis in the regulation of cancer cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Tours, France ; Département de Physiologie Animale, UFR Sciences and Techniques, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
| | - Ludovic Gillet
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierre Besson
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours Tours, France
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22
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Ahir BK, Pratten MK. Developmental cardiotoxicity effects of four commonly used antiepileptic drugs in embryonic chick heart micromass culture and embryonic stem cell culture systems. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:948-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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23
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Rog-Zielinska EA, Richardson RV, Denvir MA, Chapman KE. Glucocorticoids and foetal heart maturation; implications for prematurity and foetal programming. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:R125-35. [PMID: 24299741 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones, essential in mammals to prepare for life after birth. Blood levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol in most mammals including humans; corticosterone in rats and mice) rise dramatically shortly before birth. This is mimicked clinically in the routine administration of synthetic glucocorticoids to pregnant women threatened by a preterm birth or to preterm infants to improve neonatal survival. Whilst effects on lung are well documented and essential for postnatal survival, those on heart are less well known. In this study, we review recent evidence for a crucial role of glucocorticoids in late gestational heart maturation. Either insufficient or excessive glucocorticoid exposure before birth may alter the normal glucocorticoid-regulated trajectory of heart maturation with potential life-long consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Rog-Zielinska
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
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24
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Lessons from the heart: mirroring electrophysiological characteristics during cardiac development to in vitro differentiation of stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 67:12-25. [PMID: 24370890 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to differentiate into any cell type of the three germ layers makes them a very promising cell source for multiple purposes, including regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and as a model to study disease mechanisms and progression. One of the first specialized cell types to be generated from hPSC was cardiomyocytes (CM), and differentiation protocols have evolved over the years and now allow for robust and large-scale production of hPSC-CM. Still, scientists are struggling to achieve the same, mainly ventricular, phenotype of the hPSC-CM in vitro as their adult counterpart in vivo. In vitro generated cardiomyocytes are generally described as fetal-like rather than adult. In this review, we compare the in vivo development of cardiomyocytes to the in vitro differentiation of hPSC into CM with focus on electrophysiology, structure and contractility. Furthermore, known epigenetic changes underlying the differences between adult human CM and CM differentiated from pluripotent stem cells are described. This should provide the reader with an extensive overview of the current status of human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte phenotype and function. Additionally, the reader will gain insight into the underlying signaling pathways and mechanisms responsible for cardiomyocyte development.
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25
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Nilsson MF, Ritchie H, Webster WS. The effect on rat embryonic heart rate of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channel blockers, and the human teratogen phenytoin, changes with gestational age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:416-27. [PMID: 24323366 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we compared the effects of four ion channel blockers on rat embryonic heart function during the organogenic period from gestational day (GD) 10 to 15, to determine the changes in dependence on ion channels during rat cardiac development. Rat embryos in culture were exposed to either the human ether-á-go-go-related gene potassium channel blocker, dofetilide (400 nM); the sodium channel blocker, lidocaine (250 μM); the L-type calcium channel blocker, nifedipine (1.8 μM); or the multichannel blocker, phenytoin (200 μM). Lidocaine slowed the heart rate (HR) with the effect becoming more severe with increasing GD. Dofetilide slowed the embryonic HR and caused arrhythmias with the most severe effect on GD 11 to 13. Nifedipine primarily caused a negative inotropic effect except on GD 10 when it stopped the heart in most embryos. Phenytoin stopped the heart of most GD 10 to 12 embryos while on GD 13 to 15 phenytoin slowed the heart. The results demonstrate that as the rat heart develops during the organogenic period its functional dependence on ion channels changes markedly. These changes are important for understanding drug effects on the embryo during pregnancy and the methodology used provides a simple procedure for assessing drug effects on the developing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats F Nilsson
- Drug Safety and Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Wang P, Tang M, Gao L, Luo H, Wang G, Ma X, Duan Y. Roles of I(f) and intracellular Ca2+ release in spontaneous activity of ventricular cardiomyocytes during murine embryonic development. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1852-62. [PMID: 23463619 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the contribution of I(f), an important pacemaker current, and intracellular Ca(2+) release (ICR) from sarcoplasmic reticulum to pacemaking and arrhythmia has been intensively studied. However, their functional roles in embryonic heart remain uncertain. Using patch clamp, Ca(2+) imaging, and RT-PCR, we found that I(f) regulated the firing rate in early and late stage embryonic ventricular cells, as ivabradine (30 µM), a specific blocker of I(f), slowed down action potential (AP) frequency. This inhibitory effect was even stronger in late stage cells, though I(f) was down-regulated. In contrast to I(f), ICR was found to be indispensable for the occurrence of APs in ventricular cells of different stages, because abolishment of ICR with ryanodine and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB), specific blockers of ryanodine receptors (RyRs) and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs), completely abolished APs. In addition, we noticed that RyR- and IP3R-mediated ICR coexisted in early-stage ventricular cells and RyRs functionally dominated. While at late stage RyRs, but not IP3Rs, mediated ICR. In both early and late stage ventricular cells, Na-Ca exchanger current (I(Na/Ca)) mediated ICR-triggered depolarization of membrane potential and resulted in the initiation of APs. We also observed that different from I(f), which presented as the substantial component of the earlier diastolic depolarization current, application of ryanodine, and/or 2-APB slowed the late phase of diastolic depolarization. Thus, we conclude that in murine embryonic ventricular cells I(f) regulates firing rate, while RyRs and IP3Rs (early stage) or RyRs (late stage)-mediated ICR determines the occurrence of APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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27
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Okubo C, Sano HI, Naito Y, Tomita M. Contribution of quantitative changes in individual ionic current systems to the embryonic development of ventricular myocytes: a simulation study. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63:355-67. [PMID: 23760774 PMCID: PMC3751412 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-013-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Early embryonic rodent ventricular cells exhibit spontaneous action potential (AP), which disappears in later developmental stages. Here, we used 3 mathematical models-the Kyoto, Ten Tusscher-Panfilov, and Luo-Rudy models-to present an overview of the functional landscape of developmental changes in embryonic ventricular cells. We switched the relative current densities of 9 ionic components in the Kyoto model, and 160 of 512 representative combinations were predicted to result in regular spontaneous APs, in which the quantitative changes in Na(+) current (I Na) and funny current (I f) made large contributions to a wide range of basic cycle lengths. In all three models, the increase in inward rectifier current (I K1) before the disappearance of I f was predicted to result in abnormally high intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations. Thus, we demonstrated that the developmental changes in APs were well represented, as I Na increased before the disappearance of I f, followed by a 10-fold increase in I K1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Okubo
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
| | - Hitomi I. Sano
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Naito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0882 Japan
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28
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Addis RC, Epstein JA. Induced regeneration--the progress and promise of direct reprogramming for heart repair. Nat Med 2013; 19:829-36. [PMID: 23836233 PMCID: PMC3862032 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of cardiac tissue has the potential to transform cardiovascular medicine. Recent advances in stem cell biology and direct reprogramming, or transdifferentiation, have produced powerful new tools to advance this goal. In this Review we examine key developments in the generation of new cardiomyocytes in vitro as well as the exciting progress that has been made toward in vivo reprogramming of cardiac tissue. We also address controversies and hurdles that challenge the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Addis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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29
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Bennett JS, Stroud DM, Becker JR, Roden DM. Proliferation of embryonic cardiomyocytes in zebrafish requires the sodium channel scn5Lab. Genesis 2013; 51:562-74. [PMID: 23650201 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In mice, homozygous deletion of the cardiac sodium channel Scn5a results in defects in cardiac morphology and embryonic death before robust sodium current can be detected. In zebrafish, morpholino knockdown of cardiac sodium channel orthologs scn5Laa and scn5Lab perturbs specification of precardiac mesoderm and inhibits growth of the embryonic heart. It is not known which developmental processes are perturbed by sodium channel knockdown and whether reduced cell number is from impaired migration of cardiac progenitors into the heart, impaired myocyte proliferation, or both. We found that embryos deficient in scn5Lab displayed defects in primary cardiogenesis specific to loss of nkx2.5, but not nkx2.7. We generated kaede reporter fish and demonstrated that embryos treated with anti-scn5Lab morpholino showed normal secondary differentiation of cardiomyocytes at the arterial pole between 30 and 48 h post-fertilization. However, while proliferating myocytes were readily detected at 48 hpf in wild type embryos, there were no BrdU-positive cardiomyocytes in embryos subjected to anti-scn5Lab treatment. Proliferating myocytes were present in embryos injected with anti-tnnt2 morpholino to phenocopy the silent heart mutation, and absent in embryos injected with anti-tnnt2 and anti-scn5Lab morpholinos, indicating cardiac contraction is not required for the loss of proliferation. These data demonstrate that the role of scn5Lab in later heart growth does not involve contribution of the secondary heart field, but rather proliferation of cardiomyocytes, and appears unrelated to the role of the channel in cardiac electrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Bennett
- Program in Human Genetics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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30
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Definitive Endoderm Formation from Plucked Human Hair-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and SK Channel Regulation. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:360573. [PMID: 23710194 PMCID: PMC3654369 DOI: 10.1155/2013/360573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells present an extraordinary powerful tool to investigate embryonic development in humans. Essentially, they provide a unique platform for dissecting the distinct mechanisms underlying pluripotency and subsequent lineage commitment. Modest information currently exists about the expression and the role of ion channels during human embryogenesis, organ development, and cell fate determination. Of note, small and intermediate conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels have been reported to modify stem cell behaviour and differentiation. These channels are broadly expressed throughout human tissues and are involved in various cellular processes, such as the after-hyperpolarization in excitable cells, and also in differentiation processes. To this end, human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) generated from plucked human hair keratinocytes have been exploited in vitro to recapitulate endoderm formation and, concomitantly, used to map the expression of the SK channel (SKCa) subtypes over time. Thus, we report the successful generation of definitive endoderm from hiPSCs of ectodermal origin using a highly reproducible and robust differentiation system. Furthermore, we provide the first evidence that SKCas subtypes are dynamically regulated in the transition from a pluripotent stem cell to a more lineage restricted, endodermal progeny.
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31
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Linta L, Stockmann M, Lin Q, Lechel A, Proepper C, Boeckers TM, Kleger A, Liebau S. Microarray-Based Comparisons of Ion Channel Expression Patterns: Human Keratinocytes to Reprogrammed hiPSCs to Differentiated Neuronal and Cardiac Progeny. Stem Cells Int 2013; 2013:784629. [PMID: 23690787 PMCID: PMC3649712 DOI: 10.1155/2013/784629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels are involved in a large variety of cellular processes including stem cell differentiation. Numerous families of ion channels are present in the organism which can be distinguished by means of, for example, ion selectivity, gating mechanism, composition, or cell biological function. To characterize the distinct expression of this group of ion channels we have compared the mRNA expression levels of ion channel genes between human keratinocyte-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and their somatic cell source, keratinocytes from plucked human hair. This comparison revealed that 26% of the analyzed probes showed an upregulation of ion channels in hiPSCs while just 6% were downregulated. Additionally, iPSCs express a much higher number of ion channels compared to keratinocytes. Further, to narrow down specificity of ion channel expression in iPS cells we compared their expression patterns with differentiated progeny, namely, neurons and cardiomyocytes derived from iPS cells. To conclude, hiPSCs exhibit a very considerable and diverse ion channel expression pattern. Their detailed analysis could give an insight into their contribution to many cellular processes and even disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonhard Linta
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marianne Stockmann
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Qiong Lin
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - André Lechel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Proepper
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Tobias M. Boeckers
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebau
- Institute for Anatomy Cell Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Ritchie HE, Ababneh DH, Oakes DJ, Power CA, Webster WS. The teratogenic effect of dofetilide during rat limb development and association with drug-induced bradycardia and hypoxia in the embryo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 98:144-53. [PMID: 23504928 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dofetilide is an antiarrhythmic drug that blocks the cardiac repolarizing current IKr ((IKr, rapid component of the delayed rectifying potassium current). Previous studies have shown that (a) IKr is essential for normal cardiac function of the embryonic heart and (b) dofetilide is teratogenic in rodents. This study was undertaken to examine the mechanism by which dofetilide causes limb defects on gestational day 13 (GD 13) in the rat. METHODS Rats were treated with dofetilide (single oral dose, 5 mg/kg) on GD 13 and embryonic heart rates assessed by ultrasound (Vevo770, VisualSonics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada) 2 hr later. Fetuses were examined for malformations on GD 20. In a separate experiment, dofetilide treatment of GD 13 rats was followed 2, 4, 12, or 24 hr with iv dosing with the hypoxia marker, pimonidazole (60 mg/kg). Embryos were collected and heart rates were assessed in vitro and hypoxia in embryo limbs analyzed. RESULTS A teratogenic dose of dofetilide at a susceptible stage of development (GD 13) resulted in a period of bradycardia and arrhythmia of the embryonic heart and hypoxia in the developing limbs (GD 13) resulting in limb malformations (GD 20). CONCLUSIONS Drugs that induce periods of bradycardia and/or arrhythmia of the embryonic heart and cause the embryo to become hypoxic are potential human teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Ritchie
- Discipline of Biomedical Science, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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33
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Truncation of murine CaV1.2 at Asp 1904 increases CaV1.3 expression in embryonic atrial cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2013; 465:955-64. [PMID: 23338940 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac CaV1.2 channels play a critical role in cardiac function. It has been proposed that the carboxyl-terminal intracellular tail of the CaV1.2 channel is the target of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent regulation of the channel. Recent studies on C-terminal truncated forms of the CaV1.2 channel reported neonatal death, reduced CaV1.2 current, and failure of β-adrenergic stimulation of these channels in ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs). Here, we used atrial CMs at embryonic day 18.5 that expressed a C-terminal truncated form of the CaV1.2 channel (Stop/Stop). Surprisingly, the atrial CMs showed robust L-type Ca(2+) currents which could be stimulated by forskolin, an activator of adenylyl cyclase. These currents exhibited a left-ward shift in the voltage-dependent activation curve and a reduced sensitivity to the Ca(2+) channel blocker isradipine as compared to currents in wild-type atrial CMs. RT-PCR analysis revealed normal levels of mRNA for the CaV1.2 channel but a twofold increase in the level of mRNA for the CaV1.3 channel in the Stop/Stop atrium as compared to wild-type atrium. A Western blot analysis indicated an increase of CaV1.3 protein in the Stop/Stop atrium. We suggest that, in contrast to Stop/Stop ventricular CMs, Stop/Stop atrial CMs can compensate the functional loss of the truncated CaV1.2 channel with an upregulation of the CaV1.3 channel.
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Ion flux dependent and independent functions of ion channels in the vertebrate heart: lessons learned from zebrafish. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:462161. [PMID: 23213340 PMCID: PMC3504466 DOI: 10.1155/2012/462161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ion channels orchestrate directed flux of ions through membranes and are essential for a wide range of physiological processes including depolarization and repolarization of biomechanical activity of cells. Besides their electrophysiological functions in the heart, recent findings have demonstrated that ion channels also feature ion flux independent functions during heart development and morphogenesis. The zebrafish is a well-established animal model to decipher the genetics of cardiovascular development and disease of vertebrates. In large scale forward genetics screens, hundreds of mutant lines have been isolated with defects in cardiovascular structure and function. Detailed phenotyping of these lines and identification of the causative genetic defects revealed new insights into ion flux dependent and independent functions of various cardiac ion channels.
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Gunnström M, Ababneh D, Webster W, Oakes D, Ritchie H. Antipsychotic drugs cause bradycardia in GD 13 rat embryos in vitro. Reprod Toxicol 2012; 34:443-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Sheng X, Reppel M, Nguemo F, Mohammad FI, Kuzmenkin A, Hescheler J, Pfannkuche K. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes: response to TTX and lidocain reveals strong cell to cell variability. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45963. [PMID: 23029342 PMCID: PMC3459939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell derived cardiomyocytes generated either from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-CMs) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) hold great promise for the investigation of early developmental processes in human cardiomyogenesis and future cell replacement strategies. We have analyzed electrophysiological properties of hESC-CMs (HES2) and hiPSC-CMs, derived from reprogrammed adult foreskin fibroblasts that have previously been found to be highly similar in terms of gene expression. In contrast to the similarity found in the expression profile we found substantial differences in action potentials (APs) and sodium currents at late stage (day 60) of in vitro differentiation with higher sodium currents in hiPSC-CMs. Sensitivity to lidocain was considerably reduced in hESC-CMs as compared to hiPSC-CMs, and the effect could not be explained by differences in beating frequency. In contrast, sensitivity to tetrodotoxin (TTX) was higher in hESC-CMs suggesting different contributions of TTX-sensitive and TTX-resistant sodium channels to AP generation. These data point to physiological differences that are not necessarily detected by genomics. We conclude that novel pharmacological screening-assays using hiPSC-CMs need to be applied with some caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowu Sheng
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Physiology and German-Chinese Stem Cell Center, Tongji, Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Filomain Nguemo
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Farooq Ibrahem Mohammad
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Biotechnology Research Center, Al Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Alexey Kuzmenkin
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kurt Pfannkuche
- Institute for Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Paedriatric Cardiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Danielsson C, Brask J, Sköld AC, Genead R, Andersson A, Andersson U, Stockling K, Pehrson R, Grinnemo KH, Salari S, Hellmold H, Danielsson B, Sylvén C, Elinder F. Exploration of human, rat, and rabbit embryonic cardiomyocytes suggests K-channel block as a common teratogenic mechanism. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:23-32. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Toib A, Zhang HX, Broekelmann TJ, Hyrc KL, Guo Q, Chen F, Remedi MS, Nichols CG. Cardiac specific ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP) overexpression results in embryonic lethality. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:437-45. [PMID: 22796573 PMCID: PMC3423334 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic mice overexpressing SUR1 and gain of function Kir6.2[∆N30, K185Q] K(ATP) channel subunits, under cardiac α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC) promoter control, demonstrate arrhythmia susceptibility and premature death. Pregnant mice, crossed to carry double transgenic progeny, which harbor high levels of both overexpressed subunits, exhibit the most extreme phenotype and do not deliver any double transgenic pups. To explore the fetal lethality and embryonic phenotype that result from K(ATP) overexpression, wild type (WT) and K(ATP) overexpressing embryonic cardiomyocytes were isolated, cultured and voltage-clamped using whole cell and excised patch clamp techniques. Whole mount embryonic imaging, Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) immunostaining were used to assess anatomy, histology and cardiac development in K(ATP) overexpressing and WT embryos. Double transgenic embryos developed in utero heart failure and 100% embryonic lethality by 11.5 days post conception (dpc). K(ATP) currents were detectable in both WT and K(ATP)-overexpressing embryonic cardiomyocytes, starting at early stages of cardiac development (9.5 dpc). In contrast to adult cardiomyocytes, WT and K(ATP)-overexpressing embryonic cardiomyocytes exhibit basal and spontaneous K(ATP) current, implying that these channels may be open and active under physiological conditions. At 9.5 dpc, live double transgenic embryos demonstrated normal looping pattern, although all cardiac structures were collapsed, probably representing failed, non-contractile chambers. In conclusion, K(ATP) channels are present and active in embryonic myocytes, and overexpression causes in utero heart failure and results in embryonic lethality. These results suggest that the K(ATP) channel may have an important physiological role during early cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Toib
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Paci M, Sartiani L, Del Lungo M, Jaconi M, Mugelli A, Cerbai E, Severi S. Mathematical modelling of the action potential of human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes. Biomed Eng Online 2012; 11:61. [PMID: 22929020 PMCID: PMC3477113 DOI: 10.1186/1475-925x-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cell derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) hold high potential for basic and applied cardiovascular research. The development of a reliable simulation platform able to mimic the functional properties of hESC-CMs would be of considerable value to perform preliminary test complementing in vitro experimentations. METHODS We developed the first computational model of hESC-CM action potential by integrating our original electrophysiological recordings of transient-outward, funny, and sodium-calcium exchanger currents and data derived from literature on sodium, calcium and potassium currents in hESC-CMs. RESULTS The model is able to reproduce basal electrophysiological properties of hESC-CMs at 15 40 days of differentiation (Early stage). Moreover, the model reproduces the modifications occurring through the transition from Early to Late developmental stage (50-110, days of differentiation). After simulated blockade of ionic channels and pumps of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+ transient amplitude was decreased by 12% and 33% in Early and Late stage, respectively, suggesting a growing contribution of a functional reticulum during maturation. Finally, as a proof of concept, we tested the effects induced by prototypical channel blockers, namely E4031 and nickel, and their qualitative reproduction by the model. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a novel modelling tool that may serve useful to investigate physiological properties of hESC-CMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Paci
- Biomedical Engineering Laboratory - D.E.I.S. University of Bologna, Via Venezia 52, Cesena, 47521, Italy
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Synnergren J, Améen C, Jansson A, Sartipy P. Global transcriptional profiling reveals similarities and differences between human stem cell-derived cardiomyocyte clusters and heart tissue. Physiol Genomics 2011; 44:245-58. [PMID: 22166955 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00118.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well documented that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. These cells constitute a promising source of material for use in drug development, toxicity testing, and regenerative medicine. To assess their utility as replacement or complement to existing models, extensive phenotypic characterization of the cells is required. In the present study, we used microarrays and analyzed the global transcription of hESC-derived cardiomyocyte clusters (CMCs) and determined similarities as well as differences compared with reference samples from fetal and adult heart tissue. In addition, we performed a focused analysis of the expression of cardiac ion channels and genes involved in the Ca(2+)-handling machinery, which in previous studies have been shown to be immature in stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Our results show that hESC-derived CMCs, on a global level, have a highly similar gene expression profile compared with human heart tissue, and their transcriptional phenotype was more similar to fetal than to adult heart. Despite the high similarity to heart tissue, a number of significantly differentially expressed genes were identified, providing some clues toward understanding the molecular difference between in vivo sourced tissue and stem cell derivatives generated in vitro. Interestingly, some of the cardiac-related ion channels and Ca(2+)-handling genes showed differential expression between the CMCs and heart tissues. These genes may represent candidates for future genetic engineering to create hESC-derived CMCs that better mimic the phenotype of the cardiomyocytes present in the adult human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Synnergren
- Systems Biology Research Center, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
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Rutland CS, Polo-Parada L, Ehler E, Alibhai A, Thorpe A, Suren S, Emes RD, Patel B, Loughna S. Knockdown of embryonic myosin heavy chain reveals an essential role in the morphology and function of the developing heart. Development 2011; 138:3955-66. [PMID: 21862559 PMCID: PMC3160091 DOI: 10.1242/dev.059063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression and function of embryonic myosin heavy chain (eMYH) has not been investigated within the early developing heart. This is despite the knowledge that other structural proteins, such as alpha and beta myosin heavy chains and cardiac alpha actin, play crucial roles in atrial septal development and cardiac function. Most cases of atrial septal defects and cardiomyopathy are not associated with a known causative gene, suggesting that further analysis into candidate genes is required. Expression studies localised eMYH in the developing chick heart. eMYH knockdown was achieved using morpholinos in a temporal manner and functional studies were carried out using electrical and calcium signalling methodologies. Knockdown in the early embryo led to abnormal atrial septal development and heart enlargement. Intriguingly, action potentials of the eMYH knockdown hearts were abnormal in comparison with the alpha and beta myosin heavy chain knockdowns and controls. Although myofibrillogenesis appeared normal, in knockdown hearts the tissue integrity was affected owing to apparent focal points of myocyte loss and an increase in cell death. An expression profile of human skeletal myosin heavy chain genes suggests that human myosin heavy chain 3 is the functional homologue of the chick eMYH gene. These data provide compelling evidence that eMYH plays a crucial role in important processes in the early developing heart and, hence, is a candidate causative gene for atrial septal defects and cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrin Sian Rutland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queens Medical Centre, Derby Road, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Automated Patch Clamp on mESC-Derived Cardiomyocytes for Cardiotoxicity Prediction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:910-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111413924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular side effects are critical in drug development and have frequently led to late-stage project terminations or even drug withdrawal from the market. Physiologically relevant and predictive assays for cardiotoxicity are hence strongly demanded by the pharmaceutical industry. To identify a potential impact of test compounds on ventricular repolarization, typically a variety of ion channels in diverse heterologously expressing cells have to be investigated. Similar to primary cells, in vitro–generated stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes simultaneously express cardiac ion channels. Thus, they more accurately represent the native situation compared with cell lines overexpressing only a single type of ion channel. The aim of this study was to determine if stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes are suited for use in an automated patch clamp system. The authors show recordings of cardiac ion currents as well as action potential recordings in readily available stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes. Besides monitoring inhibitory effects of reference compounds on typical cardiac ion currents, the authors revealed for the first time drug-induced modulation of cardiac action potentials in an automated patch clamp system. The combination of an in vitro cardiac cell model with higher throughput patch clamp screening technology allows for a cost-effective cardiotoxicity prediction in a physiologically relevant cell system.
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43
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Franco D, Chinchilla A, Daimi H, Dominguez JN, Aránega A. Modulation of conductive elements by Pitx2 and their impact on atrial arrhythmogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:223-31. [PMID: 21427120 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of the heart is a complex process during which different cell types progressively contribute to shape a four-chambered pumping organ. Over the last decades, our understanding of the specification and transcriptional regulation of cardiac development has been greatly augmented as has our understanding of the functional bases of cardiac electrophysiology during embryogenesis. The nascent heart gradually acquires distinct cellular and functional characteristics, such as the formation of contractile structures, the development of conductive capabilities, and soon thereafter the co-ordinated conduction of the electrical impulse, in order to fulfil its functional properties. Over the last decade, we have learnt about the consequences of impairing cardiac morphogenesis, which in many cases leads to congenital heart defects; however, we are not yet aware of the consequences of impairing electrical function during cardiogenesis. The most prevalent cardiac arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation (AF), although its genetic aetiology remains rather elusive. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic variants highly associated with AF. Among them are genetic variants located on chromosome 4q25 adjacent to PITX2, a transcription factor known to play a critical role in left-right asymmetry and cardiogenesis. Here, we review new insights into the cellular and molecular links between PITX2 and AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Development Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, CU Las Lagunillas B3-362, 23071 Jáen, Spain.
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44
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Itoh H, Naito Y, Tomita M. Simulation of developmental changes in action potentials with ventricular cell models. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2011; 1:11-23. [PMID: 19003434 PMCID: PMC2533146 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-006-9002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During cardiomyocyte development, early embryonic ventricular cells show spontaneous activity that disappears at a later stage. Dramatic changes in action potential are mediated by developmental changes in individual ionic currents. Hence, reconstruction of the individual ionic currents into an integrated mathematical model would lead to a better understanding of cardiomyocyte development. To simulate the action potential of the rodent ventricular cell at three representative developmental stages, quantitative changes in the ionic currents, pumps, exchangers, and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) kinetics were represented as relative activities, which were multiplied by conductance or conversion factors for individual ionic systems. The simulated action potential of the early embryonic ventricular cell model exhibited spontaneous activity, which ceased in the simulated action potential of the late embryonic and neonatal ventricular cell models. The simulations with our models were able to reproduce action potentials that were consistent with the reported characteristics of the cells in vitro. The action potential of rodent ventricular cells at different developmental stages can be reproduced with common sets of mathematical equations by multiplying conductance or conversion factors for ionic currents, pumps, exchangers, and SR Ca(2+) kinetics by relative activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-8520, Japan,
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45
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Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels, Cardiogenesis of Pluripotent Stem Cells, and Enrichment of Pacemaker-Like Cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2011; 21:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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46
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Abela D, Ritchie H, Ababneh D, Gavin C, Nilsson MF, Khan MK, Carlsson K, Webster WS. The effect of drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the early embryonic rat heart. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 89:429-40. [PMID: 20973055 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a range of pharmaceutical drugs with ion channel-blocking activity on the heart of gestation day 13 rat embryos in vitro. The general hypothesis was that the blockade of the I(Kr)/hERG channel, that is highly important for the normal functioning of the embryonic rat heart, would cause bradycardia and arrhythmia. Concomitant blockade of other channels was expected to modify the effects of hERG blockade. Fourteen drugs with varying degrees of specificity and affinity toward potassium, sodium, and calcium channels were tested over a range of concentrations. The rat embryos were maintained for 2 hr in culture, 1 hr to acclimatize, and 1 hr to test the effect of the drug. All the drugs caused a concentration-dependent bradycardia except nifedipine, which primarily caused a negative inotropic effect eventually stopping the heart. A number of drugs induced arrhythmias and these appeared to be related to either sodium channel blockade, which resulted in a double atrial beat for each ventricular beat, or I(Kr)/hERG blockade, which caused irregular atrial and ventricular beats. However, it is difficult to make a precise prediction of the effect of a drug on the embryonic heart just by looking at the polypharmacological action on ion channels. The results indicate that the use of the tested drugs during pregnancy could potentially damage the embryo by causing periods of hypoxia. In general, the effects on the embryonic heart were only seen at concentrations greater than those likely to occur with normal therapeutic dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Abela
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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47
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Fu Y, Westenbroek RE, Yu FH, Clark JP, Marshall MR, Scheuer T, Catterall WA. Deletion of the distal C terminus of CaV1.2 channels leads to loss of beta-adrenergic regulation and heart failure in vivo. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:12617-26. [PMID: 21216955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.175307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
L-type calcium currents conducted by CaV1.2 channels initiate excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle. In the heart, the distal portion of the C terminus (DCT) is proteolytically processed in vivo and serves as a noncovalently associated autoinhibitor of CaV1.2 channel activity. This autoinhibitory complex, with A-kinase anchoring protein-15 (AKAP15) bound to the DCT, is hypothesized to serve as the substrate for β-adrenergic regulation in the fight-or-flight response. Mice expressing CaV1.2 channels with the distal C terminus deleted (DCT-/-) develop cardiac hypertrophy and die prematurely after E15. Cardiac hypertrophy and survival rate were improved by drug treatments that reduce peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension, consistent with the hypothesis that CaV1.2 hyperactivity in vascular smooth muscle causes hypertension, hypertrophy, and premature death. However, in contrast to expectation, L-type Ca2+ currents in cardiac myocytes from DCT-/- mice were dramatically reduced due to decreased cell-surface expression of CaV1.2 protein, and the voltage dependence of activation and the kinetics of inactivation were altered. CaV1.2 channels in DCT-/- myocytes fail to respond to activation of adenylyl cyclase by forskolin, and the localized expression of AKAP15 is reduced. Therefore, we conclude that the DCT of CaV1.2 channels is required in vivo for normal vascular regulation, cell-surface expression of CaV1.2 channels in cardiac myocytes, and β-adrenergic stimulation of L-type Ca2+ currents in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280, USA
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48
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Yu L, Gao S, Nie L, Tang M, Huang W, Luo H, Hu X, Xi J, Zhu M, Zheng Y, Gao L, Zhang L, Song Y, Hescheler J, Liang H. Molecular and Functional Changes in Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels in Cardiomyocytes During Mouse Embryogenesis. Circ J 2011; 75:2071-9. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-10-1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liangzhu Yu
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Shijun Gao
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Li Nie
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Ming Tang
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Hongyan Luo
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Xinwu Hu
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaoya Xi
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Minjie Zhu
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yunjie Zheng
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Linlin Gao
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Lanqiu Zhang
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | - Yuanlong Song
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
| | | | - Huamin Liang
- Chinese-German Stem Cell Center, Department of Physiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
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Kim C, Majdi M, Xia P, Wei KA, Talantova M, Spiering S, Nelson B, Mercola M, Chen HSV. Non-cardiomyocytes influence the electrophysiological maturation of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes during differentiation. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:783-95. [PMID: 20001453 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of cardiomyocytes undergo changes in automaticity and electrical properties during fetal heart development. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), like fetal cardiomyocytes, are electrophysiologically immature and exhibit automaticity. We used hESC-CMs to investigate developmental changes in mechanisms of automaticity and to determine whether electrophysiological maturation is driven by an intrinsic developmental clock and/or is regulated by interactions with non-cardiomyocytes in embryoid bodies (EBs). We isolated pure populations of hESC-CMs from EBs by lentivirus-engineered Puromycin resistance at various stages of differentiation. Using pharmacological agents, calcium (Ca(2+)) imaging, and intracellular recording techniques, we found that intracellular Ca(2+)-cycling mechanisms developed early and contributed to dominant automaticity throughout hESC-CM differentiation. Sarcolemmal ion channels evolved later upon further differentiation within EBs and played an increasing role in controlling automaticity and electrophysiological properties of hESC-CMs. In contrast to the development of intracellular Ca(2+)-handling proteins, ion channel development and electrophysiological maturation of hESC-CMs did not occur when hESC-CMs were isolated from EBs early and maintained in culture without further interaction with non-cardiomyocytes. Adding back non-cardiomyocytes to early-isolated hESC-CMs rescued the arrest of electrophysiological maturation, indicating that non-cardiomyocytes in EBs drive electrophysiological maturation of early hESC-CMs. Non-cardiomyocytes in EBs contain most cell types present in the embryonic heart that are known to influence early cardiac development. Our study is the first to demonstrate that non-cardiomyocytes influence electrophysiological maturation of early hESC-CMs in cultures. Defining the nature of these extrinsic signals will aid in the directed maturation of immature hESC-CMs to mitigate arrhythmogenic risks of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsung Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Chopra SS, Stroud DM, Watanabe H, Bennett JS, Burns CG, Wells KS, Yang T, Zhong TP, Roden DM. Voltage-gated sodium channels are required for heart development in zebrafish. Circ Res 2010; 106:1342-50. [PMID: 20339120 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.213132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Voltage-gated sodium channels initiate action potentials in excitable tissues. Mice in which Scn5A (the predominant sodium channel gene in heart) has been knocked out die early in development with cardiac malformations by mechanisms which have yet to be determined. OBJECTIVE Here we addressed this question by investigating the role of cardiac sodium channels in zebrafish heart development. METHODS AND RESULTS Transcripts of the functionally-conserved Scn5a homologs scn5Laa and scn5Lab were detected in the gastrulating zebrafish embryo and subsequently in the embryonic myocardium. Antisense knockdown of either channel resulted in marked cardiac chamber dysmorphogenesis and perturbed looping. These abnormalities were associated with decreased expression of the myocardial precursor genes nkx2.5, gata4, and hand2 in anterior lateral mesoderm and significant deficits in the production of cardiomyocyte progenitors. These early defects did not appear to result from altered membrane electrophysiology, as prolonged pharmacological blockade of sodium current failed to phenocopy channel knockdown. Moreover, embryos grown in calcium channel blocker-containing medium had hearts that did not beat but developed normally. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify a novel and possibly nonelectrogenic role for cardiac sodium channels in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Chopra
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215B Garland Ave, 1275 MRBIV Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0575, USA
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