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Saber SH, Ali HEA, Gaballa R, Gaballah M, Ali HI, Zerfaoui M, Abd Elmageed ZY. Exosomes are the Driving Force in Preparing the Soil for the Metastatic Seeds: Lessons from the Prostate Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E564. [PMID: 32121073 PMCID: PMC7140426 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-membrane vesicles that various cell types secrete during physiological and pathophysiological conditions. By shuttling bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids to target cells, exosomes serve as key regulators for multiple cellular processes, including cancer metastasis. Recently, microvesicles have emerged as a challenge in the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa), encountered either when the number of vesicles increases or when the vesicles move into circulation, potentially with an ability to induce drug resistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Notably, the exosomal cargo can induce the desmoplastic response of PCa-associated cells in a tumor microenvironment (TME) to promote PCa metastasis. However, the crosstalk between PCa-derived exosomes and the TME remains only partially understood. In this review, we provide new insights into the metabolic and molecular signatures of PCa-associated exosomes in reprogramming the TME, and the subsequent promotion of aggressive phenotypes of PCa cells. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of TME reprogramming by exosomes draws more practical and universal conclusions for the development of new therapeutic interventions when considering TME in the treatment of PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber H. Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Hamdy E. A. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Rofaida Gaballa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mohamed Gaballah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Hamed I. Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
| | - Mourad Zerfaoui
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Zakaria Y. Abd Elmageed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (H.E.A.A.); (R.G.); (M.G.); (H.I.A.)
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2
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Sakaue T, Nakaoka H, Shikata F, Aono J, Kurata M, Uetani T, Hamaguchi M, Kojima A, Uchita S, Yasugi T, Higashi H, Suzuki J, Ikeda S, Higaki J, Higashiyama S, Izutani H. Biochemical and histological evidence of deteriorated bioprosthetic valve leaflets: the accumulation of fibrinogen and plasminogen. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.034009. [PMID: 30089611 PMCID: PMC6124578 DOI: 10.1242/bio.034009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcification of bioprosthetic valves (BVs) implanted in aortic position can result in gradual deterioration and necessitate aortic valve replacement. The molecular mechanism of calcium deposition on BV leaflets has been investigated, but remains to be fully elucidated. The present study aimed to identify explanted bioprosthetic valve (eBV)-specific proteins using a proteomics approach and to unveil their biochemical and histological involvements in calcium deposition on BV leaflets. Calcification, fibrosis, and glycosylation of the valves were histologically assessed using Von Kossa, Masson's Trichrome and Alcian Blue staining, as well as immunostaining. Protein expression in the explanted biological valves was analysed using proteomics and western blotting. In a histological evaluation, αSMA-positive myofibroblasts were not observed in eBV, whereas severe fibrosis occurred around calcified areas. SDS-PAGE revealed three major bands with considerably increased intensity in BV leaflets that were identified as plasminogen and fibrinogen gamma chain (100 kDa), and fibrinogen beta chain (50 and 37 kDa) by mass analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that fibrinogen β-chain was distributed throughout the valve tissue. On the contrary, plasminogen was strongly stained in CD68-positive macrophages, as evidenced by immunofluorescence. The results suggest that two important blood coagulation-related proteins, plasminogen and fibrinogen, might affect the progression of BV degeneration. Summary: Fibrinogen was specifically deposited on whole deteriorated tissue valve leaflets, and plasminogen-positive macrophages strongly invaded the areas around calcified bioprosthetic and native tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Sakaue
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan .,Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Nakaoka
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Shikata
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, NSW 791-0295, Australia
| | - Jun Aono
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Pathology, Division of Analytical Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Uetani
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Mika Hamaguchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Ai Kojima
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shunji Uchita
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Takumi Yasugi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Higashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ikeda
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Jitsuo Higaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Hypertension, and Nephrology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Shigeki Higashiyama
- Department of Cell Growth and Tumor Regulation, Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Hironori Izutani
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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Sulniute R, Shen Y, Guo YZ, Fallah M, Ahlskog N, Ny L, Rakhimova O, Broden J, Boija H, Moghaddam A, Li J, Wilczynska M, Ny T. Plasminogen is a critical regulator of cutaneous wound healing. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:1001-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th15-08-0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWound healing is a complicated biological process that consist of partially overlapping inflammatory, proliferation and tissue remodelling phases. A successful wound healing depends on a proper activation and subsequent termination of the inflammatory phase. The failure to terminate the inflammation halts the completion of wound healing and is a known reason for formation of chronic wounds. Previous studies have shown that wound closure is delayed in plasminogendeficient mice, and a role for plasminogen in dissection of extracellular matrix was suggested. However, our finding that plasminogen is transported to the wound by inflammatory cells early during the healing process, where it potentiates inflammation, indicates that plasminogen may also have other roles in the wound healing process. Here we report that plasminogen-deficient mice have extensive fibrin and neutrophil depositions in the wounded area long after re-epithelialisation, indicating inefficient debridement and chronic inflammation. Delayed formation of granulation tissue suggests that fibroblast function is impaired in the absence of plasminogen. Therefore, in addition to its role in the activation of inflammation, plasminogen is also crucial for subsequent steps, including resolution of inflammation and activation of the proliferation phase. Importantly, supplementation of plasminogen-deficient mice with human plasminogen leads to a restored healing process that is comparable to that in wild-type mice. Besides of being an activator of the inflammatory phase during wound healing, plasminogen is also required for the subsequent termination of inflammation. Based on these results, we propose that plasminogen may be an important future therapeutic agent for wound treatment.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
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Kassaar O, McMahon SA, Thompson R, Botting CH, Naismith JH, Stewart AJ. Crystal structure of histidine-rich glycoprotein N2 domain reveals redox activity at an interdomain disulfide bridge: implications for angiogenic regulation. Blood 2014; 123:1948-55. [PMID: 24501222 PMCID: PMC3962167 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-535963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) is a plasma protein consisting of 6 distinct functional domains and is an important regulator of key cardiovascular processes, including angiogenesis and coagulation. The protein is composed of 2 N-terminal domains (N1 and N2), 2 proline-rich regions (PRR1 and PRR2) that flank a histidine-rich region (HRR), and a C-terminal domain. To date, structural information of HRG has largely come from sequence analysis and spectroscopic studies. It is thought that an HRG fragment containing the HRR, released via plasmin-mediated cleavage, acts as a negative regulator of angiogenesis in vivo. However, its release also requires cleavage of a disulphide bond suggesting that its activity is mediated by a redox process. Here, we present a 1.93 Å resolution crystal structure of the N2 domain of serum-purified rabbit HRG. The structure confirms that the N2 domain, which along with the N1 domain, forms an important molecular interaction site on HRG, possesses a cystatin-like fold composed of a 5-stranded antiparallel β-sheet wrapped around a 5-turn α-helix. A native N-linked glycosylation site was identified at Asn184. Moreover, the structure reveals the presence of an S-glutathionyl adduct at Cys185, which has implications for the redox-mediated release of the antiangiogenic cleavage product from HRG.
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Massey PG, Tanaka S, Buckler JM, Jiang B, McCourtie A, Qian K, Tom C, Stempien-Otero A, Wen S, Luttrell I, Chitaley K, Dichek DA. Constriction of carotid arteries by urokinase-type plasminogen activator requires catalytic activity and is independent of NH(2)-terminal domains. Thromb Haemost 2010; 102:983-92. [PMID: 19888538 DOI: 10.1160/th09-03-0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is expressed at increased levels in stenotic, atherosclerotic human arteries. However, the biological roles of uPA in the artery wall are poorly understood. Previous studies associate uPA with both acute vasoconstriction and chronic vascular remodeling and attribute uPA-mediated vasoconstriction to the kringle - not the catalytic - domain of uPA. We used an in-vivo uPA overexpression model to test the hypothesis that uPA-induced vasoconstriction is a reversible vasomotor process that can be prevented - and uPA fibrinolytic activity preserved - by: 1) removing the growth factor and kringle domains; or 2) anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface. To test this hypothesis we constructed adenoviral vectors that express: wild-type rabbit uPA (AduPA); a uPA mutant lacking the NH(2)-terminal growth-factor and kringle domains (AduPAdel); a mutant lacking catalytic activity (AduPAS-->A), and a cell-surface anchored mutant (AdTMuPA). uPA mutants were expressed and characterised in vitro and in carotid arteries in vivo. uPAS-->A had no plasminogen activator activity. Activity was similar for uPA and uPAdel, whereas AdTMuPA had only cell-associated activity. AduPAS-->A arteries were not constricted. AduPA, AduPAdel, and AdTM-uPA arteries were constricted (approximately 30% smaller lumens; p< or =0.008 vs. AdNull arteries). Papaverine reversed constriction of AduPA arteries. uPA-mediated arterial constriction is a vasomotor process that is mediated by uPA catalytic activity, not by the NH(2)-terminal domains. Anchoring uPA to the endothelial surface does not prevent vasoconstriction. uPA catalytic activity, generated by artery wall cells, may contribute to lumen loss in human arteries. Elimination of uPA vasoconstrictor activity requires concomitant loss of fibrinolytic activity.
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6
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Emeis JJ, Jirouskova M, Muchitsch EM, Shet AS, Smyth SS, Johnson GJ. A guide to murine coagulation factor structure, function, assays, and genetic alterations. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:670-9. [PMID: 17403201 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02408.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Murine blood coagulation factors and function are quite similar to those of humans. Because of this similarity and the adaptability of mice to genetic manipulation, murine coagulation factors and inhibitors have been extensively studied. These studies have provided significant insights into human hemostasis. They have also provided useful experimental models for evaluation of the pathophysiology and treatment of thrombosis. This review contains recommendations for obtaining, processing and assaying mouse blood hemostatic components, and it summarizes the extensive literature on murine coagulation factor structure and function, assays and genetic alteration. It is intended to be a convenient reference source for investigators of hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Emeis
- Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, TNO--Prevention and Health, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Abstract
During wound healing, cells recreate functional structures to regenerate the injured tissue. Understanding the healing process is essential for the development of new concepts and the design of novel biomimetic approaches for delivery of cells, genes and growth factors to accelerate tissue regeneration. To this end, realistic experimental models and high-throughput diagnostics are necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms of healing and reveal the genetic networks that determine tissue repair versus regeneration. Following a brief overview of the biology of wound healing, this review covers the in vitro and in vivo models that are employed at present to study the healing process. Discussion then covers the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in epithelial development, living skin substitutes and wound healing. Finally, this review provides a perspective on novel technologies that should be developed to facilitate the understanding of wound healing complications and the design of therapeutics that target the underlying deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stelios T Andreadis
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 908 Furnas Hall, Amherst, NY 14260-4200, USA.
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8
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Hoover-Plow J, Shchurin A, Hart E, Sha J, Hill AE, Singer JB, Nadeau JH. Genetic background determines response to hemostasis and thrombosis. BMC HEMATOLOGY 2006; 6:6. [PMID: 17022820 PMCID: PMC1617083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2326-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Thrombosis is the fatal and disabling consequence of cardiovascular diseases, the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Western countries. Two inbred mouse strains, C57BL/6J and A/J, have marked differences in susceptibility to obesity, atherosclerosis, and vessel remodeling. However, it is unclear how these diverse genetic backgrounds influence pathways known to regulate thrombosis and hemostasis. The objective of this study was to evaluate thrombosis and hemostasis in these two inbred strains and determine the phenotypic response of A/J chromosomes in the C57BL/6J background. Methods A/J and C57Bl/6J mice were evaluated for differences in thrombosis and hemostasis. A thrombus was induced in the carotid artery by application of the exposed carotid to ferric chloride and blood flow measured until the vessel occluded. Bleeding and rebleeding times, as surrogate markers for thrombosis and hemostasis, were determined after clipping the tail and placing in warm saline. Twenty-one chromosome substitution strains, A/J chromosomes in a C57BL/6J background, were screened for response to the tail bleeding assay. Results Thrombus occlusion time was markedly decreased in the A/J mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Tail bleeding time was similar in the two strains, but rebleeding time was markedly increased in the A/J mice compared to C57BL/6J mice. Coagulation times and tail morphology were similar, but tail collagen content was higher in A/J than C57BL/6J mice. Three chromosome substitution strains, B6-Chr5A/J, B6-Chr11A/J, and B6-Chr17A/J, were identified with increased rebleeding time, a phenotype similar to A/J mice. Mice heterosomic for chromosomes 5 or 17 had rebleeding times similar to C57BL/6J mice, but when these two chromosome substitution strains, B6-Chr5A/J and B6-Chr17A/J, were crossed, the A/J phenotype was restored in these doubly heterosomic progeny. Conclusion These results indicate that susceptibility to arterial thrombosis and haemostasis is remarkably different in C57BL/and A/J mice. Three A/J chromosome substitution strains were identified that expressed a phenotype similar to A/J for rebleeding, the C57Bl/6J background could modify the A/J phenotype, and the combination of two A/J QTL could restore the phenotype. The diverse genetic backgrounds and differences in response to vascular injury induced thrombosis and the tail bleeding assay, suggest the potential for identifying novel genetic determinants of thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Hoover-Plow
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aleksey Shchurin
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Erika Hart
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jingfeng Sha
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Annie E Hill
- Department of Genetics, Case University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan B Singer
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph H Nadeau
- Department of Genetics, Case University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Ström A, Fredrikson GN, Schiopu A, Ljungcrantz I, Söderberg I, Jansson B, Carlsson R, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Nilsson J. Inhibition of injury-induced arterial remodelling and carotid atherosclerosis by recombinant human antibodies against aldehyde-modified apoB-100. Atherosclerosis 2006; 190:298-305. [PMID: 16677655 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2005] [Revised: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immune system plays an important regulatory role in the development of atherosclerotic plaques and neointima formation following various types of angioplasty. In the present study we investigated the effect of antibodies against aldehyde-modified apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), a component of oxidized LDL, on atherosclerosis and response to arterial injury in mice. METHODS The ability of a high affinity human recombinant antibody (2D03), specific for malondialdehyde-modified apoB-100, to influence formation of atherosclerosis as well as remodelling and neointima formation after a collar-induced injury of the carotid artery was studied in LDL receptor(-/-) mice over-expressing human apoB-100. RESULTS The antibody recognized epitopes present in mouse plasma and reduced the plasma level of oxidized LDL by 34%. Antibody treatment inhibited injury-induced restrictive vascular remodelling but did not influence the size of the neointima. Atherosclerosis in the uninjured contra lateral carotid artery was determined by computerized image analysis and the mean plaque area in animals given control IgG1 was 7608+/-10,336 micro m(2). In contrast, essentially no plaques were present in animals treated with the 2D03 antibody (397+/-235 micro m(2), P<0.01 versus control IgG1). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with antibodies against aldehyde-modified apoB-100 dramatically reduces atherosclerosis and inhibits restrictive vascular remodelling in mice expressing human apoB-100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asa Ström
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC, C12, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden.
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Sha J, McCullough B, Hart E, Nassir F, Davidson NO, Hoover-Plow J. Apo(a) promotes thrombosis in a vascular injury model by a mechanism independent of plasminogen. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2281-9. [PMID: 16150044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Structural similarity between apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], the unique apoprotein of lipoprotein(a), and plasminogen (Plg), the zymogen for plasmin, results in inhibition of functions of Plg by apo(a) in vitro. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction of Plg and apo(a) in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Vascular injury was induced in the carotid artery with a perivascular cuff in: (i) wild-type (WT); (ii) Plg deficient (Plg-/-); (iii) apo(a) (6 KIV construct) transgenic [apo(a)tg]; and (iv) apo(a) transgenic and Plg deficient [apo(a):Plg-/-] mice. At 10 days after cuff placement, the media and adventitia area were increased in the injured carotids compared with the uninjured carotids, and collagen deposition was greater in apo(a)tg, Plg-/- and apo(a):Plg-/- mice compared with WT mice. The incidence of a thrombus was greater (P < 0.05) in apo(a):Plg-/- mice (83%) than WT (20%), Plg-/- (12%), and apo(a)tg mice (9%). In the thrombi from apo(a)tg and apo(a):Plg-/- mice, P-selectin and von Willebrand factor immunostaining, indicating a platelet-rich thrombi, was greater than in WT and Plg-/- mice. The presence of fibrin(ogen) in the thrombi was greater in Plg-/- and apo(a):Plg-/- mice than apo(a)tg and WT mice. Of the four genotypes, only the apo(a):Plg-/- mice had both increased platelet and increased fibrin(ogen) deposition. CONCLUSIONS The major finding of this study is the high incidence of thrombosis after vascular injury in apo(a)transgenic mice in a Plg deficient background, providing strong evidence for a prothrombotic role of apo(a) independent of Plg in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sha
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, The Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Almholt K, Lund LR, Rygaard J, Nielsen BS, Danø K, Rømer J, Johnsen M. Reduced metastasis of transgenic mammary cancer in urokinase-deficient mice. Int J Cancer 2005; 113:525-32. [PMID: 15472905 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A prominent phenotype of plasmin deficiency in mice is reduced metastasis in the MMTV-PymT transgenic breast cancer model. Proteolytically active plasmin is generated from inactive plasminogen by one of 2 activators, uPA or tPA. We now find that uPA deficiency alone significantly reduces metastasis >7-fold in the MMTV-PymT model. We studied a cohort of 55 MMTV-PymT transgenic mice, either uPA-deficient or wild-type controls. Tumor incidence, latency, growth rate and final primary tumor burden were not significantly affected by uPA deficiency. In contrast, average lung metastasis volume was reduced from 1.58 mm(3) in wild-type controls to 0.21 mm(3) in uPA-deficient mice (p = 0.023). Tumor cell dissemination to brachial lymph nodes was also reduced from 53% (28/53) in wild-type controls to 31% (17/54) in uPA-deficient mice (p = 0.032). Mice without plasminogen display a severe pleiotropic phenotype. By comparison, spontaneous phenotypes are modest in uPA-deficient mice, probably because they still have active tPA. We show that metastasis is strongly and selectively decreased in uPA-deficient mice, suggesting that uPA-directed antimetastatic therapy would be efficacious and have limited side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Almholt
- Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet 8621, Strand-boulevarden 49, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) and its derivative serine protease, plasmin, together with the activators, inhibitors, modulators, and substrates of the Plg network, are postulated to regulate a wide variety of biologic responses that could influence cardiovascular disease. The development of Plg-deficient mice has provided an incisive approach to test these proposed functions in vivo. Several different models of atherosclerosis, restenosis, aneurysm, and thrombosis have been analyzed in these mice and have demonstrated profound effects of Plg on these events as well as on the inflammatory response, which contributes to these cardiovascular diseases. Plasmin (ogen) may influence the progression of cardiovascular diseases through its degradation of matrix proteins, including fibrin; its activation of matrix metalloproteinases; its regulation of growth factor and chemokine pathways; or its influence on directed cell migration. Dissection of these mechanisms represents a future challenge toward understanding the roles of Plg in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Plow
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Joseph J. Jacobs Center for Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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13
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Tucker HM, Simpson J, Kihiko-Ehmann M, Younkin LH, McGillis JP, Younkin SG, Degen JL, Estus S. Plasmin deficiency does not alter endogenous murine amyloid beta levels in mice. Neurosci Lett 2004; 368:285-9. [PMID: 15364412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 07/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid beta (A beta) into extracellular plaques is a pathologic characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Plasmin, neprilysin, endothelin-converting enzyme and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) have each been implicated in A beta degradation; data supporting the role of the latter three enzymes have included increased levels of endogenous murine A beta in mice genetically deficient for the respective enzyme. In this study, we sought to determine if plasminogen deficiency increases endogenous A beta. We report that plasminogen deficiency did not result in an A beta increase in the brain or in the plasma of adult mice. Hence, although plasmin is potentially important in the degradation of A beta aggregates, we interpret these data as suggesting that plasmin does not regulate steady-state A beta levels in non-pathologic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Michael Tucker
- Department of Physiology, Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, 800 S. Limestone St., Lexington, KY 40536-0230, USA
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Gabison E, Chang JH, Hernández-Quintela E, Javier J, Lu PCS, Ye H, Kure T, Kato T, Azar DT. Anti-angiogenic role of angiostatin during corneal wound healing. Exp Eye Res 2004; 78:579-89. [PMID: 15106938 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to determine whether angiostatin is involved in maintaining corneal avascularity after wounding. We generated polyclonal rabbit anti-mouse angiostatin antibodies directed against each of the five kringle domains, (K1-5) and anti-mouse plasmin B chain antibodies. Mouse corneas were immunostained with anti-K1 angiostatin antibody after excimer laser keratectomy. Corneal epithelial cell lysate was harvested and angiostatin was isolated using lysine sepharose. Purified plasminogen was incubated with lysate of mouse corneal epithelial cells from wild type mice in the presence or absence of MMP inhibitors. Angiostatin activity was determined using calf pulmonary artery endothelial (CPAE) cell proliferation assay with and without angiostatin immunoprecipitation; and corneal neovascularization was assayed by intrastromal injection of anti-plasminogen, anti-K1-3 or anti-B chain antibodies after corneal wounding. Using the anti-mouse angiostatin antibodies that we generated, we confirmed that angiostatin-like molecules were expressed in the corneal epithelium and in cultured corneal epithelial cells. Western blotting after incubation of scraped corneal epithelial cell lysate with purified plasminogen showed reduction of the plasminogen bands at 6, 12, and 24 hr, respectively. Complete cleavage of plasminogen occurred by 48 hr. Functional assays in which corneal epithelial cell extracts were incubated with CPAE cells resulted in inhibition of vascular endothelial cell proliferation. Depletion experiments using anti-angiostatin (K1) antibodies resulted in a 25 +/- 1.2% increase in vascular endothelial cell proliferation as compared to 12 +/- 1.8% using the protein A control (p < 0.05). Corneal neovascularization was observed after excimer laser keratectomy when anti-angiostatin antibodies were injected into the cornea (65 +/- 13%) which was significantly higher than when plasmin B chain antibodies were injected (10 +/- 2.6%; p < 0.05). Plasminogen and angiostatin are produced in the cornea. They may play a role in preventing vascularization and may contribute to the maintenance of corneal avascularity after excimer laser keratectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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15
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Hattori N, Mizuno S, Yoshida Y, Chin K, Mishima M, Sisson TH, Simon RH, Nakamura T, Miyake M. The plasminogen activation system reduces fibrosis in the lung by a hepatocyte growth factor-dependent mechanism. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 164:1091-8. [PMID: 14982862 PMCID: PMC1614722 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2003] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice deficient in the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene (PAI-1-/- mice) are relatively protected from developing pulmonary fibrosis from bleomycin administration. We hypothesized that one of the protective mechanisms may be the ability of the plasminogen system to enhance hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) effects, which have been reported to be anti-fibrotic in the lung. HGF is known to be sequestered in tissues by binding to extracellular matrix components. Following bleomycin administration, we found that HGF protein levels were higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from PAI-1-/- mice compared to wild-type (PAI-1+/+) mice. This increase could be suppressed by administering tranexamic acid, which inhibits plasmin activity. Conversely, intratracheal instillation of urokinase into bleomycin-injured PAI-1+/+ mice to activate plasminogen caused a significant increase in HGF within bronchoalveolar lavage and caused less collagen accumulation in the lungs. Administration of an anti-HGF neutralizing antibody markedly increased collagen accumulation in the lungs of bleomycin-injured PAI-1-/- mice. These results support the hypothesis that increasing the availability of HGF, possibly by enhancing its release from extracellular matrix by a plasmin-dependent mechanism, is an important means by which activation of the plasminogen system can limit pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Hattori
- Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Department V of Oncology, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan.
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16
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Kerlin B, Cooley BC, Isermann BH, Hernandez I, Sood R, Zogg M, Hendrickson SB, Mosesson MW, Lord S, Weiler H. Cause-effect relation between hyperfibrinogenemia and vascular disease. Blood 2003; 103:1728-34. [PMID: 14615369 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen are associated with the presence of cardiovascular disease, but it is controversial whether elevated fibrinogen causally imparts an increased risk, and as such is a true modifier of cardiovascular disease, or is merely associated with disease. By investigating a transgenic mouse model of hyperfibrinogenemia, we show that elevated plasma fibrinogen concentration (1) elicits augmented fibrin deposition in specific organs, (2) interacts with an independent modifier of hemostatic activity to regulate fibrin turnover/deposition, (3) exacerbates neointimal hyperplasia in an experimental model of stasis-induced vascular remodeling, yet (4) may suppress thrombin generation in response to a procoagulant challenge. These findings provide direct experimental evidence that hyperfibrinogenemia is more than a by-product of cardiovascular disease and may function independently or interactively to modulate the severity and/or progression of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Kerlin
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of SE Wisconsin, Milwaukee 53226, USA
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17
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Razzaq TM, Bass R, Vines DJ, Werner F, Whawell SA, Ellis V. Functional regulation of tissue plasminogen activator on the surface of vascular smooth muscle cells by the type-II transmembrane protein p63 (CKAP4). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42679-85. [PMID: 12913003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m305695200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) binds specifically to human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in a functionally relevant manner, both increasing plasminogen activation and decreasing tPA inhibition (Ellis, V., and Whawell, S. A. (1997) Blood 90, 2312-2322; Werner, F., Razzaq, T. M., and Ellis, V. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 21555-21561). To further understand this system we have now identified and characterized the protein responsible for this binding. Rat VSMC were surface-labeled with 125I, and cell lysates were subjected to an affinity chromatography scheme based on the previously identified tPA binding characteristics. A single radiolabeled protein of 63 kDa bound specifically and was eluted at low pH. This protein was isolated from large scale preparations of VSMC and unambiguously identified as the rat homologue of the human type-II transmembrane protein p63 (CKAP4) by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and nano-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of tryptic fragments. In confirmation of this, a monoclonal antibody raised against authentic human p63 recognized the isolated protein in Western blotting. Immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that p63 was located principally in the endoplasmic reticulum but was also detected in significant quantities on the surface of human VSMC. In support of the hypothesis that p63 is the functional tPA binding site on VSMC, an anti-p63 monoclonal antibody was found to block tPA binding. Furthermore, heterologous expression of an N-terminally truncated mutant of p63, which targets exclusively to the plasma membrane, led to an increase in tPA-catalyzed plasminogen activation. Therefore, p63 on the surface of VSMC may contribute to the functional regulation of the plasminogen activation system in the vessel wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir M Razzaq
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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18
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Sugawara T, Fujii S, Zaman AKMT, Goto D, Furumoto T, Imagawa S, Dong J, Sakuma I, Jesmin S, Togashi H, Yoshioka M, Koyama T, Kitabatake A. Coronary capillary network remodeling and hypofibrinolysis in aged obese diabetic rats: implications for increased myocardial vulnerability to ischemia. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 248:165-70. [PMID: 12870669 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024196504666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the known abnormalities of cardiac function in patients with overt non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) the temporal changes of coronary capillary network remodeling leading to potential microcirculatory dysfunction have not been elucidated. To this end, left ventricular subendocardial capillary network of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, characterized by hypertension, obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and mild NIDDM, and control Long-Evans Tokushima (LETO) rats were investigated. Total capillary density in OLETF was significantly higher than that in LETO at 20 weeks, suggesting compensatory improvement of O2 transport at early stages of NIDDM. The increase in capillary density in OLETF was lost at 40 and 60 weeks due to the decreases of intermediate capillary portions and venular capillary portions. Although capillary domain area (area innervated by single capillary) in OLETF was lower than that in LETO at 20 weeks, the values were similar between OLETF and LETO at 40 and 60 weeks, suggesting that adaptive improvement in the capacity for 02 transport with a high perfusion was lost in late stages of NIDDM. Activity of plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the major physiologic inhibitor of proteo(fibrino)lysis, in OLETF was higher than that in LETO at 40 and 60 weeks, suggesting that increase of PAI-1 may downregulate compensatory adaptive capillary network remodeling by inhibiting proteolysis and angiogenesis in the cardiac interstitium. Loss of adaptive myocardial microcirculation may therefore contribute to increased vulnerability in ischemic injury and to cardiac dysfunction in NIDDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeko Sugawara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kitaku, Sapporo, Japan
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Hoffmeister A, Rothenbacher D, Khuseyinova N, Brenner H, Koenig W. Plasminogen levels and risk of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90:1168-70. [PMID: 12423728 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Albrecht Hoffmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Bannach FG, Gutierrez A, Fowler BJ, Bugge TH, Degen JL, Parmer RJ, Miles LA. Localization of regulatory elements mediating constitutive and cytokine-stimulated plasminogen gene expression. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:38579-88. [PMID: 12149246 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m202509200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for dissolving fibrin clots, is regulated by plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator inhibitors, alpha(2)-antiplasmin, and inflammatory mediators. Recent studies suggest that plasmin activity can be regulated also at the level of plasminogen gene expression. In this study, we characterized the murine plasminogen promoter and 5'-flanking region. The major transcription start site was identified at -83 bp relative to the ATG translational initiation codon. A series of 5'-flanking sequences up to 2400 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site were fused to the luciferase reporter gene and transfected into hepatocytic cells. A 106-bp 5'-flanking region of the murine plasminogen gene demonstrated sufficient functional promoter activity in plasminogen-expressing cells. IL-6 treatment stimulated luciferase activity driven by the 5'-flanking region and an intact consensus IL-6-responsive element at -791, was required for maximal stimulation by this cytokine. These results indicate the presence of regulatory elements in the 5'-flanking region of the murine plasminogen promoter that may regulate murine plasminogen gene expression and, hence, plasmin activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizabel Garcia Bannach
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Vascular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Degen JL, Drew AF, Palumbo JS, Kombrinck KW, Bezerra JA, Danton MJ, Holmbäck K, Suh TT. Genetic manipulation of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001; 936:276-90. [PMID: 11460484 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vascular integrity is maintained by a sophisticated system of circulating and cell associated hemostatic factors that control local platelet deposition, the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to an insoluble fibrin polymer, and the dissolution of fibrin matrices. However, hemostatic factors are likely to be biologically more important than merely maintaining vascular patency and controlling blood loss. Specific hemostatic factors have been associated with a wide spectrum of physiological processes, including development, reproduction, tissue remodeling, wound repair, angiogenesis, and the inflammatory response. Similarly, it has been proposed that hemostatic factors are important determinants of a variety of pathological processes, including vessel wall disease, tumor dissemination, infectious disease, and inflammatory diseases of the joint, lung, and kidney. The development of gene targeted mice either lacking or expressing modified forms of selected hemostatic factors has provided a valuable opportunity to test prevailing hypotheses regarding the biological roles of key coagulation and fibrinolytic system components in vivo. Genetic analyses of fibrin(ogen) and its interacting factors in transgenic mice have proven to be particularly illuminating, often challenging long standing concepts. This review summarizes the key findings made in recent studies of gene targeted mice with single and combined deficits in fibrinogen and fibrinolytic factors. Studies illustrating the role and interplay of these factors in disease progression are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Degen
- Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Children's Hospital Medical Center, IDR-NRB Room 2042, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
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