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Yan W, Wang C, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Sun M. Involvement of Calpain in Neurovascular Unit Damage through Up-regulating PARP-NF-κB Signaling during Experimental Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:8104-8122. [PMID: 38472651 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04092-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Calpain and PARP-NF-κB signaling are reported to participate in the ischemic brain injury. In this study, it was investigated whether calpain was contributed to the neurovascular unit (NVU) damage through up-regulating PARP-NF-κB signaling during experimental ischemic stroke. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were suffered from 90 min of middle cerebral artery occlusion, followed by reperfusion. The NVU damage was evaluated by the permeability of blood-brain barrier (BBB), the degradation of proteins in extracellular matrix and tight junctions, and ultrastructural changes. The inflammatory response was determined by the expression of inflammatory genes driven by PARP-NF-κB signaling and the activities of myeloperoxidase (MPO). Treatment with MDL 28,170, a calpain inhibitor, improved neurological functions, reduced TUNEL staining index, lessened brain swelling, and decreased infarct volume in ischemic rats. Moreover, it reduced the BBB permeability, enhanced the levels of laminin, collagen IV and occludin, and attenuated the ultrastructural damage of NVU in penumbra and core after induction of ischemia. Meanwhile, it enhanced the levels of cytosolic IκBα, lessened the levels of nuclear PARP and NF-κB p65, reduced the levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-9, and MMP-2,and suppressed the activities of MPO in penumbra and core. These data showed that calpain inhibition suppressed PARP-NF-κB signaling-mediated inflammatory response, reduced NVU damage, and protected brain against ischemic stroke, suggesting the involvement of calpain in the NVU damage through up-regulating PARP-NF-κB signaling during brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yumei Zhao
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yingying Jiang
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, 119 South Fourth Ring West Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China.
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2
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Madias MI, Stessman LN, Warlof SJ, Kudryashev JA, Kwon EJ. Spatial Measurement and Inhibition of Calpain Activity in Traumatic Brain Injury with an Activity-Based Nanotheranostic Platform. ACS NANO 2024; 18:25565-25576. [PMID: 39236689 PMCID: PMC11411711 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health concern that can result in long-term neurological impairments. Calpain is a calcium-dependent cysteine protease that is activated within minutes after TBI, and sustained calpain activation is known to contribute to neurodegeneration and blood-brain barrier dysregulation. Based on its role in disease progression, calpain inhibition has been identified as a promising therapeutic target. Efforts to develop therapeutics for calpain inhibition would benefit from the ability to measure calpain activity with spatial precision within the injured tissue. In this work, we designed an activity-based nanotheranostic (ABNT) that can both sense and inhibit calpain activity in TBI. To sense calpain activity, we incorporated a peptide substrate of calpain flanked by a fluorophore/quencher pair. To inhibit calpain activity, we incorporated calpastatin peptide, an endogenous inhibitor of calpain. Both sensor and inhibitor peptides were scaffolded onto a polymeric nanoscaffold to create our ABNT. We show that in the presence of recombinant calpain, our ABNT construct is able to sense and inhibit calpain activity. In a mouse model of TBI, systemically administered ABNT can access perilesional brain tissue through passive accumulation and inhibit calpain activity in the cortex and hippocampus. In an analysis of cellular calpain activity, we observe the ABNT-mediated inhibition of calpain activity in neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia of the cortex. In a comparison of neuronal calpain activity by brain structure, we observe greater ABNT-mediated inhibition of calpain activity in cortical neurons compared to that in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, we found that apoptosis was dependent on both calpain inhibition and brain structure. We present a theranostic platform that can be used to understand the regional and cell-specific therapeutic inhibition of calpain activity to help inform drug design for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne I Madias
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lilyane N Stessman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sophia J Warlof
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julia A Kudryashev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Ester J Kwon
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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3
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Liu Y, Liu Q, Shang H, Li J, Chai H, Wang K, Guo Z, Luo T, Liu S, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Wu C, Song SJ, Yang J. Potential application of natural compounds in ischaemic stroke: Focusing on the mechanisms underlying "lysosomocentric" dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 263:108721. [PMID: 39284368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke (IS) is the second leading cause of death and a major cause of disability worldwide. Currently, the clinical management of IS still depends on restoring blood flow via pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, with accompanying disadvantages of narrow therapeutic time window and risk of haemorrhagic transformation. Thus, novel pathophysiological mechanisms and targeted therapeutic candidates are urgently needed. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP), as a dynamic cellular lysosome-based degradative process, has been comprehensively studied in recent decades, including its upstream regulatory mechanisms and its role in mediating neuronal fate after IS. Importantly, increasing evidence has shown that IS can lead to lysosomal dysfunction, such as lysosomal membrane permeabilization, impaired lysosomal acidity, lysosomal storage disorder, and dysfunctional lysosomal ion homeostasis, which are involved in the IS-mediated defects in ALP function. There is tightly regulated crosstalk between transcription factor EB (TFEB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and lysosomal function, but their relationship remains to be systematically summarized. Notably, a growing body of evidence emphasizes the benefits of naturally derived compounds in the treatment of IS via modulation of ALP function. However, little is known about the roles of natural compounds as modulators of lysosomes in the treatment of IS. Therefore, in this context, we provide an overview of the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying IS-mediated ALP dysfunction, from a lysosomal perspective. We also provide an update on the effect of natural compounds on IS, according to their chemical structural types, in different experimental stroke models, cerebral regions and cell types, with a primary focus on lysosomes and autophagy initiation. This review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of natural compounds that target lysosomal and ALP function for IS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hanxiao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Jichong Li
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - He Chai
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Zhenkun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Tianyu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Hangyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Chunfu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine Active Molecule Research & Development, Liaoning Province; Key Laboratory of Natural Bioactive Compounds Discovery & Modification, Shenyang; School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
| | - Jingyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of New Drug Candidate, Liaoning Province; Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China.
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Chukai Y, Ito G, Miki Y, Wakabayashi K, Itoh K, Sugano E, Tomita H, Fukuda T, Ozaki T. Role of calpain-5 in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2024; 1868:130506. [PMID: 37949151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2023.130506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury exacerbate the prognosis of ischemic diseases. The cause of this exacerbation is partly a mitochondrial cell death pathway. Mitochondrial calpain-5 is proteolyzed/autolyzed under endoplasmic reticulum stress, resulting in inflammatory caspase-4 activation. However, the role of calpain-5 in I/R injury remains unclear. We hypothesized that calpain-5 is involved in ischemic brain disease. METHODS Mitochondria from C57BL/6J mice were extracted via centrifugation with/without proteinase K treatment. The expression and proteolysis/autolysis of calpain-5 were determined using western blotting. The mouse and human brains with I/R injury were analyzed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry. HT22 cells were treated with tunicamycin and CAPN5 siRNA. RESULTS Calpain-5 was expressed in the mitochondria of mouse tissues. Mitochondrial calpain-5 in mouse brains was responsive to calcium earlier than cytosolic calpain-5 in vitro calcium assays and in vivo bilateral common carotid artery occlusion model mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed that neurons were positive for calpain-5 in the normal brains of mice and humans. The expression of calpain-5 was increased in reactive astrocytes at human infarction sites. The knockdown of calpain-5 suppressed of cleaved caspase-11. CONCLUSIONS The neurons of human and mouse brains express calpain-5, which is proteolyzed/autolyzed in the mitochondria in the early stage of I/R injury and upregulated in reactive astrocytes in the end-stage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying I/R injury. Targeting the expression or activity of mitochondrial calpain-5 may suppress the inflammation during I/R injuries such as cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Chukai
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Ginga Ito
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miki
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koichi Wakabayashi
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Eriko Sugano
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tomita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Fukuda
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Taku Ozaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan.
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5
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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6
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Potjewyd FM, Annor‐Gyamfi JK, Aubé J, Chu S, Conlon IL, Frankowski KJ, Guduru SKR, Hardy BP, Hopkins MD, Kinoshita C, Kireev DB, Mason ER, Moerk CT, Nwogbo F, Pearce KH, Richardson TI, Rogers DA, Soni DM, Stashko M, Wang X, Wells C, Willson TM, Frye SV, Young JE, Axtman AD. Use of AD Informer Set compounds to explore validity of novel targets in Alzheimer's disease pathology. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH & CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS 2022; 8:e12253. [PMID: 35434254 PMCID: PMC9005681 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Introduction A chemogenomic set of small molecules with annotated activities and implicated roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) called the AD Informer Set was recently developed and made available to the AD research community: https://treatad.org/data‐tools/ad‐informer‐set/. Methods Small subsets of AD Informer Set compounds were selected for AD‐relevant profiling. Nine compounds targeting proteins expressed by six AD‐implicated genes prioritized for study by Target Enablement to Accelerate Therapy Development for Alzheimer's Disease (TREAT‐AD) teams were selected for G‐protein coupled receptor (GPCR), amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau, and pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. Four non‐overlapping compounds were analyzed in microglial cytotoxicity and phagocytosis assays. Results The nine compounds targeting CAPN2, EPHX2, MDK, MerTK/FLT3, or SYK proteins were profiled in 46 to 47 primary GPCR binding assays. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived neurons were treated with the same nine compounds and secretion of Aβ peptides (Aβ40 and Aβ42) as well as levels of phosphophorylated tau (p‐tau, Thr231) and total tau (t‐tau) peptides measured at two concentrations and two timepoints. Finally, CD1 mice were dosed intravenously to determine preliminary PK and/or brain‐specific penetrance values for these compounds. As a final cell‐based study, a non‐overlapping subset of four compounds was selected based on single‐concentration screening for analysis of both cytotoxicity and phagocytosis in murine and human microglia cells. Discussion We have demonstrated the utility of the AD Informer Set in the validation of novel AD hypotheses using biochemical, cellular (primary and immortalized), and in vivo studies. The selectivity for their primary targets versus essential GPCRs in the brain was established for our compounds. Statistical changes in tau, p‐tau, Aβ40, and/or Aβ42 and blood–brain barrier penetrance were observed, solidifying the utility of specific compounds for AD. Single‐concentration phagocytosis results were validated as predictive of dose–response findings. These studies established workflows, validated assays, and illuminated next steps for protein targets and compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Potjewyd
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Structural Genomics Consortium Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Joel K. Annor‐Gyamfi
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Structural Genomics Consortium Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Shaoyou Chu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Ivie L. Conlon
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Kevin J. Frankowski
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Shiva K. R. Guduru
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Brian P. Hardy
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Megan D. Hopkins
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Chizuru Kinoshita
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Dmitri B. Kireev
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Emily R. Mason
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - Charles T. Moerk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Felix Nwogbo
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Kenneth H. Pearce
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Timothy I. Richardson
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - David A. Rogers
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Disha M. Soni
- Department of Medicine Division of Clinical Pharmacology Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis Indiana USA
| | - Michael Stashko
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Carrow Wells
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Structural Genomics Consortium Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Timothy M. Willson
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Structural Genomics Consortium Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Jessica E. Young
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Alison D. Axtman
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Structural Genomics Consortium Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
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7
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Huo Y, Feng X, Niu M, Wang L, Xie Y, Wang L, Ha J, Cheng X, Gao Z, Sun Y. Therapeutic time windows of compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways for ischemic stroke. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:3204-3221. [PMID: 34676594 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence has proved that excitotoxicity induced by excessive release of glutamate contributes largely to damage caused by ischemia. In view of the key role played by NMDA receptors in mediating excitotoxicity, compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways have become the most promising type of anti-stroke candidate compounds. However, the limited therapeutic time window for neuroprotection is a key factor preventing NMDA receptor-related compounds from showing efficacy in all clinical trials for ischemic stroke. In this perspective, the determination of therapeutic time windows of these kinds of compounds is useful in ensuring a therapeutic effect and accelerating clinical application. This mini-review discussed the therapeutic time windows of compounds against NMDA receptors signaling pathways, described related influence factors and the status of clinical studies. The purpose of this review is to look for compounds with wide therapeutic time windows and better clinical application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexiang Huo
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Menghan Niu
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Technological Innovation Center of Chiral Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yinghua Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jing Ha
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaokun Cheng
- Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zibin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongjun Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, China.,State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, China
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8
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Knopp RC, Jastaniah A, Dubrovskyi O, Gaisina I, Tai L, Thatcher GRJ. Extending the Calpain-Cathepsin Hypothesis to the Neurovasculature: Protection of Brain Endothelial Cells and Mice from Neurotrauma. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:372-385. [PMID: 33615187 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The calpain-cathepsin hypothesis posits a key role for elevated calpain-1 and cathepsin-B activity in the neurodegeneration underlying neurotrauma and multiple disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD clinical trials were recently halted on alicapistat, a selective calpain-1 inhibitor, because of insufficient exposure of neurons to the drug. In contrast to neuroprotection, the ability of calpain-1 and cathepsin-B inhibitors to protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), is understudied. Since cerebrovascular dysfunction underlies vascular dementia, is caused by ischemic stroke, and is emerging as an early feature in the progression of AD, we studied protection of brain endothelial cells (BECs) by selective and nonselective calpain-1 and cathepsin-B inhibitors. We show these inhibitors protect both neurons and murine BECs from ischemia-reperfusion injury. Cultures of primary BECs from ALDH2 -/- mice that manifest enhanced oxidative stress were sensitive to ischemia, leading to reduced cell viability and loss of tight junction proteins; this damage was rescued by calpain-1 and cathepsin-B inhibitors. In ALDH2 -/- mice 24 h after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), BBB damage was reflected by significantly increased fluorescein extravasation and perturbation of tight junction proteins, eNOS, MMP-9, and GFAP. Both calpain and cathepsin-B inhibitors alleviated BBB dysfunction caused by mTBI. No clear advantage was shown by selective versus nonselective calpain inhibitors in these studies. The lack of recognition of the ability of calpain inhibitors to protect the BBB may have led to the premature abandonment of this therapeutic approach in AD clinical trials and requires further mechanistic studies of cerebrovascular protection by calpain-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Knopp
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Ammar Jastaniah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Oleksii Dubrovskyi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Irina Gaisina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States.,UICentre (Drug Discovery @ UIC), University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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9
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Choi DW. Excitotoxicity: Still Hammering the Ischemic Brain in 2020. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:579953. [PMID: 33192266 PMCID: PMC7649323 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.579953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in excitotoxicity expanded following its implication in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury in the 1980s, but waned subsequent to the failure of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists in high profile clinical stroke trials. Nonetheless there has been steady progress in elucidating underlying mechanisms. This review will outline the historical path to current understandings of excitotoxicity in the ischemic brain, and suggest that this knowledge should be leveraged now to develop neuroprotective treatments for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis W Choi
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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Ko YU, Song HY, Kim WK, Yune TY, Yun N, Oh YJ. Calpain-mediated cleavage of Fbxw7 during excitotoxicity. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135265. [PMID: 32707070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal cell death induced by ischemic injury has been attributed to glutamate receptor-mediated excitotoxicity, which is known to be accompanied by Ca2+ overload in the cytoplasm with concomitant activation of calcium-dependent mechanisms. More specifically, the overactivation of calpains, calcium-dependent cysteine proteases, have been associated with neuronal cell death following glutamate treatment. Previously, we observed decreased expression levels of F-box/WD repeat domain-containing protein 7 (Fbxw7) after the hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in cortical neurons challenged with glutamate. As determined using in vitro calpain cleavage assays, we demonstrated that the cleavage of Fbxw7 was mediated by activated calpain and attenuated in the presence of the calpain inhibitor, calpeptin. Using the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model, we confirmed that Fbxw7 was indeed cleaved by activated calpain in the ipsilateral cortex. Based on our data, we hypothesize that the negative regulation of Fbxw7 by calpain may contribute to neuronal cell death and that the preservation of Fbxw7 by the inhibition of calpain, Cdk5, or both composes a novel protective mechanism following excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Uk Ko
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Hwa Young Song
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, South Korea
| | - Nuri Yun
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
| | - Young J Oh
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Seoul 03722, South Korea.
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11
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LRRC8A-dependent volume-regulated anion channels contribute to ischemia-induced brain injury and glutamatergic input to hippocampal neurons. Exp Neurol 2020; 332:113391. [PMID: 32598930 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Volume-regulated anion channels (VRACs) are critically involved in regulating cell volume, and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein 8A (LRRC8A, SWELL1) is an obligatory subunit of VRACs. Cell swelling occurs early after brain ischemia, but it is unclear whether neuronal LRRC8a contributes to ischemia-induced glutamate release and brain injury. We found that Lrrc8a conditional knockout (Lrrc8a-cKO) mice produced by crossing NestinCre+/- with Lrrc8aflox+/+ mice died 7-8 weeks of age, indicating an essential role of neuronal LRRC8A for survival. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) caused an early increase in LRRC8A protein levels in the hippocampus in wild-type (WT) mice. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording in brain slices revealed that oxygen-glucose deprivation significantly increased the amplitude of VRAC currents in hippocampal CA1 neurons in WT but not in Lrrc8a-cKO mice. Hypotonicity increased the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in hippocampal CA1 neurons in WT mice, and this was abolished by DCPIB, a VRAC blocker. But in Lrrc8a-cKO mice, hypotonic solution had no effect on the frequency of sEPSCs in these neurons. Furthermore, the brain infarct volume and neurological severity score induced by MCAO were significantly lower in Lrrc8a-cKO mice than in WT mice. In addition, MCAO-induced increases in cleaved caspase-3 and calpain activity, two biochemical markers of neuronal apoptosis and death, in brain tissues were significantly attenuated in Lrrc8a-cKO mice compared with WT mice. These new findings indicate that cerebral ischemia increases neuronal LRRC8A-dependent VRAC activity and that VRACs contribute to increased glutamatergic input to hippocampal neurons and brain injury caused by ischemic stroke.
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Plantier V, Sanchez-Brualla I, Dingu N, Brocard C, Liabeuf S, Gackière F, Brocard F. Calpain fosters the hyperexcitability of motoneurons after spinal cord injury and leads to spasticity. eLife 2019; 8:e51404. [PMID: 31815668 PMCID: PMC6927741 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of the persistent sodium current (INaP) and down-regulation of the potassium/chloride extruder KCC2 lead to spasticity after spinal cord injury (SCI). We here identified calpain as the driver of the up- and down-regulation of INaP and KCC2, respectively, in neonatal rat lumbar motoneurons. Few days after SCI, neonatal rats developed behavioral signs of spasticity with the emergence of both hyperreflexia and abnormal involuntary muscle contractions on hindlimbs. At the same time, in vitro isolated lumbar spinal cords became hyperreflexive and displayed numerous spontaneous motor outputs. Calpain-I expression paralleled with a proteolysis of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels and KCC2. Acute inhibition of calpains reduced this proteolysis, restored the motoneuronal expression of Nav and KCC2, normalized INaP and KCC2 function, and curtailed spasticity. In sum, by up- and down-regulating INaP and KCC2, the calpain-mediated proteolysis of Nav and KCC2 drives the hyperexcitability of motoneurons which leads to spasticity after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Plantier
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Irene Sanchez-Brualla
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Nejada Dingu
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Cécile Brocard
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Sylvie Liabeuf
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Florian Gackière
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
| | - Frédéric Brocard
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone (UMR7289), Aix-Marseille Université and CNRSMarseilleFrance
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González MI. Calpain-dependent cleavage of GABAergic proteins during epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Res 2019; 157:106206. [PMID: 31585309 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.106206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epileptogenesis is the processes by which a normal brain transforms and becomes capable of generate spontaneous seizures. In acquired epilepsy, it is thought that epileptogenesis can be triggered by a brain injury but the understanding of the cellular or molecular changes unraveling is incomplete. In the CA1 region of hippocampus less GABAergic activity precede the appearance of spontaneous seizures and calpain overactivation has been detected after chemoconvulsant-induced status epilepticus (SE). Inhibition of calpain overactivation following SE ameliorates seizure burden, suggesting a role for calpain dysregulation in epileptogenesis. The current study analyzed if GABAergic proteins (i.e., gephyrin, the vesicular GABA transporter and the potassium chloride co-transporter 2) undergo calpain-dependent cleavage during epileptogenesis. A time-dependent generation of break down products (BDPs) for these proteins was observed in the CA1 region of hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced SE. Generation of these BDPs was partially blocked by treatment with the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170. These findings suggest that calpain-dependent loss of GABAergic proteins might promote the erosion of inhibitory drive and contribute to hyperexcitability during epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Luo Y, Ma H, Zhou JJ, Li L, Chen SR, Zhang J, Chen L, Pan HL. Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Induce Brain Injury Through α2δ-1-Bound NMDA Receptors. Stroke 2019; 49:2464-2472. [PMID: 30355118 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.118.022330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose- Glutamate NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) play a major role in the initiation of ischemic brain damage. However, NMDAR antagonists have no protective effects in stroke patients, possibly because they impair physiological functions of NMDARs. α2δ-1 (encoded by Cacna2d1) is strongly expressed in many brain regions. We determined the contribution of α2δ-1 to NMDAR hyperactivity and brain injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion. Methods- Mice were subjected to 90 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. Neurological deficits, brain infarct volumes, and calpain/caspase-3 activity in brain tissues were measured. NMDAR activity of hippocampal CA1 neurons was measured in an in vitro ischemic model. Results- Middle cerebral artery occlusion increased α2δ-1 protein glycosylation in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. Coimmunoprecipitation showed that ischemia rapidly enhanced the α2δ-1-NMDAR physical interaction in the mouse brain tissue. Inhibiting α2δ-1 with gabapentin, uncoupling the α2δ-1-NMDAR interaction with an α2δ-1 C terminus-interfering peptide, or genetically ablating Cacna2d1 had no effect on basal NMDAR currents but strikingly abolished oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced NMDAR hyperactivity in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Systemic treatment with gabapentin or α2δ-1 C-terminus-interfering peptide or Cacna2d1 genetic knock-out reduced middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced infarct volumes, neurological deficit scores, and calpain/caspase-3 activation in brain tissues. Conclusions- α2δ-1 is essential for brain ischemia-induced neuronal NMDAR hyperactivity, and α2δ-1-bound NMDARs mediate brain damage caused by cerebral ischemia. Targeting α2δ-1-bound NMDARs, without impairing physiological α2δ-1-free NMDARs, may be a promising strategy for treating ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.).,Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (Y.L.)
| | - Huijie Ma
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.).,Department of Physiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (H.M.)
| | - Jing-Jing Zhou
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Lingyong Li
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Jixiang Zhang
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Lin Chen
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- From the Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Y.L., H.M., J.-J.Z., L.L., S.-R.C., J.Z., L.C., H.-L.P.)
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15
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Giakoumettis D, Pourzitaki C, Vavilis T, Tsingotjidou A, Kyriakoudi A, Tsimidou M, Boziki M, Sioga A, Foroglou N, Kritis A. Crocus sativus L. Causes a Non Apoptotic Calpain Dependent Death in C6 Rat Glioma Cells, Exhibiting a Synergistic Effect with Temozolomide. Nutr Cancer 2018; 71:491-507. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1506493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Giakoumettis
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, ΑHΕPΑ University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Chryssa Pourzitaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Theofanis Vavilis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
- cGMP Regenerative Medicine facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Histology and Anatomy, Faculty of Health Science, Veterinary school Aristotle university of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kyriakoudi
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle university of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Tsimidou
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemistry, Aristotle university of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- 2nd Neurological Clinic, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonia Sioga
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Foroglou
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, ΑHΕPΑ University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristeidis Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
- cGMP Regenerative Medicine facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Thessaloniki, Greece
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16
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Calpain-2 Regulates TNF-α Expression Associated with Neuropathic Pain Following Motor Nerve Injury. Neuroscience 2018; 376:142-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, Coleman M, Brown GC. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:813-880. [PMID: 29488822 PMCID: PMC5966715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 677] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fricker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Aviva M Tolkovsky
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coleman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Calpains represent a family of neutral, calcium-dependent proteases, which modify the function of their target proteins by partial truncation. These proteases have been implicated in numerous cell functions, including cell division, proliferation, migration, and death. In the CNS, where calpain-1 and calpain-2 are the main calpain isoforms, their activation has been linked to synaptic plasticity as well as to neurodegeneration. This review will focus on the role of calpain-2 in acute neuronal injury and discuss the possibility of developing selective calpain-2 inhibitors for therapeutic purposes. Areas covered: This review covers the literature showing how calpain-2 is implicated in neuronal death in a number of pathological conditions. The possibility of developing new selective calpain-2 inhibitors for treating these conditions is discussed. Expert opinion: As evidence accumulates that calpain-2 activation participates in acute neuronal injury, there is interest in developing therapeutic approaches using selective calpain-2 inhibitors. Recent data indicate the potential use of such inhibitors in various pathologies associated with acute neuronal death. The possibility of extending the use of such inhibitors to more chronic forms of neurodegeneration is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Wang
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Xiaoning Bi
- Department of Basic Science, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
| | - Michel Baudry
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, COMP Western University of Health Sciences 309 E. 2 St., Pomona, CA 91766
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Neuroprotective Effect of Matricaria chamomilla Extract on Motor Dysfunction Induced by Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/zjrms.10927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Lam PM, Carlsen J, González MI. A calpain inhibitor ameliorates seizure burden in an experimental model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 102:1-10. [PMID: 28237317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we used the pilocarpine model of epilepsy to evaluate the involvement of calpain dysregulation on epileptogenesis. Detection of spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs, a hallmark of calpain activation) after induction of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) and before appearance of spontaneous seizure suggested the existence of sustained calpain activation during epileptogenesis. Acute treatment with a cell permeable inhibitor of calpain, MDL-28170, resulted in a partial but significant reduction on seizure burden. The reduction on seizure burden was associated with a limited reduction on the generation of SBDPs but was correlated with a reduction in astrocytosis, microglia activation and cell sprouting. Together, these observations provide evidence for the role of calpain in epileptogenesis. In addition, provide proof-of-principle for the use of calpain inhibitors as a novel strategy to prevent epileptic seizures and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Carlsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marco I González
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Translational Epilepsy Research Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Can 'calpain-cathepsin hypothesis' explain Alzheimer neuronal death? Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:169-179. [PMID: 27306474 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurons are highly specialized post-mitotic cells, so their homeostasis and survival depend on the tightly-regulated, continuous protein degradation, synthesis, and turnover. In neurons, autophagy is indispensable to facilitate recycling of long-lived, damaged proteins and organelles in a lysosome-dependent manner. Since lysosomal proteolysis under basal conditions performs an essential housekeeping function, inhibition of the proteolysis exacerbates level of neurodegeneration. The latter is characterized by an accumulation of abnormal proteins or organelles within autophagic vacuoles which reveal as 'granulo-vacuolar degenerations' on microscopy. Heat-shock protein70.1 (Hsp70.1), as a means of molecular chaperone and lysosomal stabilizer, is a potent survival protein that confers neuroprotection against diverse stimuli, but its depletion induces neurodegeneration via autophagy failure. In response to hydroxynonenal generated from linoleic or arachidonic acids by the reactive oxygen species, a specific oxidative injury 'carbonylation' occurs at the key site Arg469 of Hsp70.1. Oxidative stress-induced carbonylation of Hsp70.1, in coordination with the calpain-mediated cleavage, leads to lysosomal destabilization/rupture and release of cathepsins with the resultant neuronal death. Hsp70.1 carbonylation which occurs anywhere in the brain is indispensable for neuronal death, but extent of calpain activation should be more crucial for determining the cell death fate. Importantly, not only acute ischemia during stroke but also chronic ischemia due to ageing may cause calpain activation. Here, role of Hsp70.1-mediated lysosomal rupture is discussed by comparing ischemic and Alzheimer neuronal death. A common neuronal death cascade may exist between cerebral ischemia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Vahidinia Z, Alipour N, Atlasi MA, Naderian H, Beyer C, Azami Tameh A. Gonadal steroids block the calpain-1-dependent intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in an experimental rat stroke model. Neurol Res 2016; 39:54-64. [PMID: 27832728 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1250459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Apoptosis plays an important role in the progression of the ischemic penumbra after reperfusion. Estrogen and progesterone have neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain damage, however the exact mechanisms of neuroprotection and signaling pathways is not completely understood. In this study, we investigated the possible regulatory effects of a combined steroid treatment on extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways after cerebral ischemia. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) using an intraluminal filament technique for 1 h followed by 23 h reperfusion. Estrogen and progesterone were immediately injected after tMCAO subcutaneously. Sensorimotor functional tests and the infarct volume were evaluated 24 h after ischemia. Protein expression of calpain-1 and Fas receptor (FasR), key members of intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, were determined in the penumbra region of the ischemic brain using western blot analysis, immunohistochemistry, and TUNEL staining. RESULTS Neurological deficits and infarct volume were significantly reduced following hormone therapy. Calpain-1 up-regulation and caspase-3 activation were apparent 24 h after ischemia in the peri-infarct area of the cerebral cortex. Steroid hormone treatment reduced infarct pathology and attenuated the induction of both proteases. FasR protein levels were not affected by ischemia and hormone application. CONCLUSION We conclude that a combined steroid treatment inhibits ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis through the regulation of intrinsic pathways.
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Key Words
- Apoptosis
- CBF, Cerebral blood flow
- CCA, Common carotid artery
- CNS, Central nervous system
- Calpain-1
- DISC, Death inducing signaling complex
- Estrogen
- FasR, Fas receptor
- GFAP, Glial fibrillary acidic protein
- HRP, Horseradish peroxidase
- I/R, Ischemia/reperfusion
- ICA, Internal carotid artery
- IHC, Immunohistochemistry
- MCA, Middle cerebral artery
- MCAO, Middle cerebral artery occlusion
- NeuN, Neuronal nuclear antigen
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PU, Perfusion units
- PVDF, Polyvinylidene fluoride
- Progesterone
- RIPA, Radioimmunoprecipitation assay
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- TBI, Traumatic brain ischemia
- TNF, Tumor necrosis factor
- TTC, Triphenyltetrazolium chloride
- TUNEL, Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling
- tMCAO
- tMCAO, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Vahidinia
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Nasim Alipour
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Atlasi
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Homayoun Naderian
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- b Faculty of Medicine , Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen , Germany
| | - Abolfazl Azami Tameh
- a Anatomical Sciences Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,c Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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Liu X, Song X, Yuan T, He J, Wang X, Wang Q. Effects of calpain on sevoflurane-induced aged rats hippocampal neuronal apoptosis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:633-9. [PMID: 26482746 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0466-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used volatile anesthetics and it has been shown to induce widespread apoptotic neurodegeneration in aged rat. Calpain is also activated during apoptosis in several types of cells. We hypothesized that calpain resulted in apoptosis under long time sevoflurane exposure, and it might play a role in the sevoflurane-induced memory impairment in aged rats. METHODS Seventy-two 18-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 24): Control group rats were exposed to simply humid 50 % O2 balanced by N2 for 3 h; While M group rats received calpain inhibitor 10 mg/kg via the tail vein intravenously at 30 min before the animals inhaled 3 % sevoflurane for 3 h, subsequently received MDL 28170 3.33 mg/kg/h for 3 h. Sev group rats were only exposed to 3 % sevoflurane for 3 h without calpain inhibitor. Morris Water Maze was used to test the ability of learning and memory. Cytosolic calcium concentration was measured by using flow cytometry. Annexin-V labeled with a fluorophore or biotin can identify apoptotic cells by binding to PS. The expression of calpain in the hippocampus of rats was tested by Western blots. RESULTS The results showed that the M group had a shorter latency and had a larger number of times crossing over the previous platform site than that of the Sev group. Compared with Sev group, apoptosis rate and 76/80 kDa ratio of μ-calpain were significantly decreased in M group on the 1st day. CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane might induce apoptosis through increasing [Ca(2+)]c and the activity of μ-calpain, which might be identified at least partially the molecular mechanism by which sevoflurane induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Xueyin Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tianbao Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Jihua He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Qiujun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 ZiQiang Road, Shi Jiazhuang, 050051, China.
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24
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Brocard C, Plantier V, Boulenguez P, Liabeuf S, Bouhadfane M, Viallat-Lieutaud A, Vinay L, Brocard F. Cleavage of Na+ channels by calpain increases persistent Na+ current and promotes spasticity after spinal cord injury. Nat Med 2016; 22:404-11. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.4061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Gonzales NR, Grotta JC. Pharmacologic Modification of Acute Cerebral Ischemia. Stroke 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-29544-4.00055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Cysteine proteases as therapeutic targets: does selectivity matter? A systematic review of calpain and cathepsin inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:506-19. [PMID: 26713267 PMCID: PMC4675809 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases continue to provide validated targets for treatment of human diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders, multiple cysteine proteases provide targets for enzyme inhibitors, notably caspases, calpains, and cathepsins. The reactive, active-site cysteine provides specificity for many inhibitor designs over other families of proteases, such as aspartate and serine; however, a) inhibitor strategies often use covalent enzyme modification, and b) obtaining selectivity within families of cysteine proteases and their isozymes is problematic. This review provides a general update on strategies for cysteine protease inhibitor design and a focus on cathepsin B and calpain 1 as drug targets for neurodegenerative disorders; the latter focus providing an interesting query for the contemporary assumptions that irreversible, covalent protein modification and low selectivity are anathema to therapeutic safety and efficacy.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimer׳s disease
- ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- APP, amyloid precursor protein
- APP/PS1, Aβ overexpressing mice APP (K670N/M671L) and PS1 (M146L) mutants
- Ala, alanine
- Alzheimer׳s disease
- AppLon, London familial amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (V717I)
- AppSwe, Swedish amyloid precursor protein mutation, APP (K670N/M671L)
- Arg, arginine
- Aβ, amyloid β
- Aβ1-42, amyloid β, 42 amino acid protein
- BACE-1, β-amyloid cleaving enzyme
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- CANP, calcium-activated neutral protease
- CNS, central nervous system
- CREB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein
- CaMKII, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases II
- Calpain
- Cathepsin
- Cdk5/p35, activator of cyclin-dependent kinase 5
- Cysteine protease
- DTT, dithioerythritol
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Enzyme inhibitors
- GSH, glutathione
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamic acid
- Gly, glutamine
- Hsp70.1, heat shock protein 70.1
- Ile, isoleucine
- KO, knockout
- Leu, leucine
- Lys, lysine
- MAP-2, microtubule-associated protein 2
- MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9
- Met, methionine
- NFT, neurofibrilliary tangles
- Neurodegeneration
- Nle, norleucine
- PD, Parkinson׳s disease
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PTP1B, protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B
- Phe, phenylalanine
- Pro, proline
- SP, senile plaques
- TBI, traumatic brain injury
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Thr, threonine
- Tyr, tyrosine
- Val, valine
- WRX, Trp-Arg containing epoxysuccinate cysteine protease inhibitor
- WT, wildtype
- isoAsp, isoaspartate
- pGlu, pyroglutamate
- pyroGluAβ, pyroglutamate-amyloid β
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27
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Descloux C, Ginet V, Clarke PGH, Puyal J, Truttmann AC. Neuronal death after perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: Focus on autophagy-mediated cell death. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26225751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a critical cerebral event occurring around birth with high mortality and neurological morbidity associated with long-term invalidating sequelae. In view of the great clinical importance of this condition and the lack of very efficacious neuroprotective strategies, it is urgent to better understand the different cell death mechanisms involved with the ultimate aim of developing new therapeutic approaches. The morphological features of three different cell death types can be observed in models of perinatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia: necrotic, apoptotic and autophagic cell death. They may be combined in the same dying neuron. In the present review, we discuss the different cell death mechanisms involved in neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia with a special focus on how autophagy may be involved in neuronal death, based: (1) on experimental models of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and stroke, and (2) on the brains of human neonates who suffered from neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Descloux
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - V Ginet
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P G H Clarke
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J Puyal
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - A C Truttmann
- Department of Fundamental Neurosciences (DNF), University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland; Clinic of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Vaud, Switzerland.
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28
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Wang H, Sang N, Zhang C, Raghupathi R, Tanzi RE, Saunders A. Cathepsin L Mediates the Degradation of Novel APP C-Terminal Fragments. Biochemistry 2015; 54:2806-16. [PMID: 25910068 PMCID: PMC4521409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ), a peptide generated from proteolytic processing of its precursor, amyloid precursor protein (APP). Canonical APP proteolysis occurs via α-, β-, and γ-secretases. APP is also actively degraded by protein degradation systems. By pharmacologically inhibiting protein degradation with ALLN, we observed an accumulation of several novel APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs). The two major novel CTFs migrated around 15 and 25 kDa and can be observed across multiple cell types. The process was independent of cytotoxicity or protein synthesis. We further determine that the accumulation of the novel CTFs is not mediated by proteasome or calpain inhibition, but by cathepsin L inhibition. Moreover, these novel CTFs are not generated by an increased amount of BACE. Here, we name the CTF of 25 kDa as η-CTF (eta-CTF). Our data suggest that under physiological conditions, a subset of APP undergoes alternative processing and the intermediate products, the 15 kDa CTFs, and the η-CTFs aret rapidly degraded and/or processed via the protein degradation machinery, specifically, cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizhi Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nianli Sang
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Can Zhang
- Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Ramesh Raghupathi
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Aleister Saunders
- Department of Biology, College of Art and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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29
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Machado VM, Morte MI, Carreira BP, Azevedo MM, Takano J, Iwata N, Saido TC, Asmussen H, Horwitz AR, Carvalho CM, Araújo IM. Involvement of calpains in adult neurogenesis: implications for stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:22. [PMID: 25698931 PMCID: PMC4316774 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpains are ubiquitous proteases involved in cell proliferation, adhesion and motility. In the brain, calpains have been associated with neuronal damage in both acute and neurodegenerative disorders, but their physiological function in the nervous system remains elusive. During brain ischemia, there is a large increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, leading to the activation of calpains. Inhibition of these proteases has been shown to reduce neuronal death in a variety of stroke models. On the other hand, after stroke, neural stem cells (NSC) increase their proliferation and newly formed neuroblasts migrate towards the site of injury. However, the process of forming new neurons after injury is not efficient and finding ways to improve it may help with recovery after lesion. Understanding the role of calpains in the process of neurogenesis may therefore open a new window for the treatment of stroke. We investigated the involvement of calpains in NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration in two highly neurogenic regions in the mouse brain, the dentate gyrus (DG) and the subventricular zone (SVZ). We used mice that lack calpastatin, the endogenous calpain inhibitor, and calpains were also modulated directly, using calpeptin, a pharmacological calpain inhibitor. Calpastatin deletion impaired both NSC proliferation and neuroblast migration. Calpain inhibition increased NSC proliferation, migration speed and migration distance in cells from the SVZ. Overall, our work suggests that calpains are important for neurogenesis and encourages further research on their neurogenic role. Prospective therapies targeting calpain activity may improve the formation of new neurons following stroke, in addition to affording neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Machado
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria I Morte
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bruno P Carreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria M Azevedo
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jiro Takano
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Iwata
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takaomi C Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Alan R Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Caetana M Carvalho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês M Araújo
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Biomedical Research, CBMR, University of Algarve Faro, Portugal ; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
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30
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Zang Y, Chen SX, Liao GJ, Zhu HQ, Wei XH, Cui Y, Na XD, Pang RP, Xin WJ, Zhou LJ, Liu XG. Calpain-2 contributes to neuropathic pain following motor nerve injury via up-regulating interleukin-6 in DRG neurons. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 44:37-47. [PMID: 25150005 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor nerve injury by L5 ventral root transection (L5-VRT) initiates interleukin-6 (IL-6) up-regulation in primary afferent system contributing to neuropathic pain. However, the early upstream regulatory mechanisms of IL-6 after L5-VRT are still unknown. Here, we monitored both the activity of calpain, a calcium-dependent protease suggested as one of the earliest mediators for cytokine regulation, and the expression of IL-6 in bilateral L4-L6 dorsal root ganglias (DRGs) soon after L5-VRT. We found that the protein level of calpain-2 in DRGs, but not calpain-1 was increased transiently in the first 10 min(-1)h ipsilaterally and 20 min(-1)h contralaterally after L5-VRT, long before mechanical allodynia was initiated (5-15 h ipsilaterally and 15 h(-1)d contralaterally). The early activation of calpain evaluated by the generation of spectrin breakdown products (SBDP) correlated well with IL-6 up-regulation in bilateral DRGs. Double immunofluorescence staining revealed that almost all the calpain-2 positive neurons expressed IL-6, indicating an association between calpain-2 and IL-6. Inhibition of calpain by pre-treatment with MDL28170 (25mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated the rat mechanical allodynia and prevented the early up-regulation of IL-6 following L5-VRT. Addition of exogenous calpain-2 onto the surface of left L5 DRG triggered a temporal allodynia and increased IL-6 in bilateral DRGs simultaneously. Taken together, the early increase of calpain-2 in L5-VRT rats might be responsible for the induction of allodynia via up-regulating IL-6 in DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Shao-Xia Chen
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guang-Jie Liao
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pathology, The Red Cross Hospital of Yulin, 1 Jinwang Rd., Yulin 537000, China
| | - He-Quan Zhu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xu-Hong Wei
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Na
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Pathophysiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Rui-Ping Pang
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wen-Jun Xin
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhou
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xian-Guo Liu
- Pain Research Center and Department of Physiology, Zhongshan Medical School of Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Rd. 2, Guangzhou 510080, China
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31
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Ma M. Role of calpains in the injury-induced dysfunction and degeneration of the mammalian axon. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 60:61-79. [PMID: 23969238 PMCID: PMC3882011 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal injury and degeneration, whether primary or secondary, contribute to the morbidity and mortality seen in many acquired and inherited central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) disorders, such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, neurodegenerative diseases, and peripheral neuropathies. The calpain family of proteases has been mechanistically linked to the dysfunction and degeneration of axons. While the direct mechanisms by which transection, mechanical strain, ischemia, or complement activation trigger intra-axonal calpain activity are likely different, the downstream effects of unregulated calpain activity may be similar in seemingly disparate diseases. In this review, a brief examination of axonal structure is followed by a focused overview of the calpain family. Finally, the mechanisms by which calpains may disrupt the axonal cytoskeleton, transport, and specialized domains (axon initial segment, nodes, and terminals) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Center for Resuscitation Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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32
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Lipton P. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization as a key player in brain ischemic cell death: a "lysosomocentric" hypothesis for ischemic brain damage. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:672-84. [PMID: 24323421 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is a speculative review of the role of the lysosome in ischemic cell death in the mammalian brain. In particular, it focuses on the role of the permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane to proteins (LMP) as a major mechanism of cell death in mild, but lethal, ischemic insults. The first section of the review outlines the evidence that this is the case, using the relatively few extant studies of mammalian brain. In the second section of the review, the mechanism by which an ischemic insult might lead to LMP is discussed. A metabolic sequence including NMDA receptor activation, activation of phospholipase A2 and production of free radicals, and also the activation of calpain are shown to be critical. The remainder of the section speculates on the actual agent(s) which may be causing the lysosomal membrane change, based on extensive literature references. There is currently no knowledge of the actual mechanism. The third section considers potential targets of the released lysosomal proteases and other proteins that might mediate the lethal effects of LMP, focusing largely on the mitochondria as the target. Again, this is speculative as the targets are not known. Finally, the fourth section addresses the level of importance that LMP has in the process of ischemic cell death and concludes that it may well play the major role during mild but lethal ischemic insults. This novel, so-called "lysosomocentric," hypothesis is briefly critiqued. The therapeutic potential of this conclusion is then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Lipton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,
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33
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Kitzinger J, Kitzinger C. The 'window of opportunity' for death after severe brain injury: family experiences. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2013; 35:1095-112. [PMID: 23278317 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This article builds on and develops the emerging bioethics literature on the 'window of opportunity' for allowing death by withholding or withdrawing treatment. Our findings are drawn from in-depth interviews with 26 people (from 14 different families) with severely brain injured relatives. These interviews were specifically selected from a larger study on the basis of interviewees' reports that their relatives would not have wanted to be kept alive in their current condition (e.g. in vegetative or minimally conscious states). Our analysis tracks the decision-making processes that have led to the situation in which life-sustaining treatments continue to be delivered to these patients--maintaining them in a state that some families describe as a 'fate worse than death'. We show how the medico-legal 'window of opportunity' for allowing the patient to die structures family experience and fails to deliver optimal outcomes for patients. We end with some suggestions for change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kitzinger
- School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies, Cardiff University Department of Sociology, University of York
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34
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Páramo B, Montiel T, Hernández-Espinosa DR, Rivera-Martínez M, Morán J, Massieu L. Calpain activation induced by glucose deprivation is mediated by oxidative stress and contributes to neuronal damage. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:2596-604. [PMID: 23994487 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms leading to neuronal death during glucose deprivation have not been fully elucidated, but a role of oxidative stress has been suggested. In the present study we have investigated whether the production of reactive oxygen species during glucose deprivation, contributes to the activation of calpain, a calcium-dependent protease involved in neuronal injury associated with brain ischemia and cerebral trauma. We have observed a rapid activation of calpain, as monitored by the cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein α-spectrin, after glucose withdrawal, which is reduced by inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, phospholipase A2 and NADPH oxidase. Results suggest that phospholipase A2 and NADPH oxidase contribute to the early activation of calpain after glucose deprivation. In particular NOX2, a member of the NADPH oxidase family is involved, since reduced stimulation of calpain activity is observed after glucose deprivation in hippocampal slices from transgenic mice lacking a functional NOX2. We observed an additive effect of the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and phospholipase A2 on both ROS production and calpain activity, suggesting a synergistic action of these two enzymes. The present results provide new evidence showing that reactive oxygen species stimulate calpain activation during glucose deprivation and that this mechanism is involved in neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Páramo
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico.
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35
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Puyal J, Ginet V, Clarke PGH. Multiple interacting cell death mechanisms in the mediation of excitotoxicity and ischemic brain damage: a challenge for neuroprotection. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 105:24-48. [PMID: 23567504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
There is currently no approved neuroprotective pharmacotherapy for acute conditions such as stroke and cerebral asphyxia. One of the reasons for this may be the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms, because inhibition of a particular mechanism leaves the brain vulnerable to alternative ones. It is therefore essential to understand the different cell death mechanisms and their interactions. We here review the multiple signaling pathways underlying each of the three main morphological types of cell death--apoptosis, autophagic cell death and necrosis--emphasizing their importance in the neuronal death that occurs during cerebral ischemia and hypoxia-ischemia, and we analyze the interactions between the different mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the implications of the multiplicity of cell death mechanisms for the design of neuroprotective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Puyal
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Sun M, Zhao YM, Gu Y, Xu C. Therapeutic window of taurine against experimental stroke in rats. Transl Res 2012; 160:223-9. [PMID: 22683413 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The dose-dependent protection of taurine against experimental stroke has been demonstrated previously. The objective of this study was to investigate the therapeutic window of taurine against experimental stroke, and the effects of delayed administration of taurine on inflammatory reaction in a rat model of stroke. Rats received 2-h ischemia by intraluminal filament, and then reperfused. Taurine (50 mg/kg) was administered intravenously 4 h, 8 h, 10 h, or 12 h after ischemia. The neurologic scores and the infarct volumes were evaluated 24 h after ischemia. Then, the effect of administration of taurine at 8 h after ischemia on the neutrophil infiltration in ischemic region was determined. Treatment with taurine 4 h or 8 h after ischemia significantly improved the neurologic function, and decreased the infarct volumes 24 h after ischemia. However, administration of taurine at 10 h or 12 h after ischemia had no significant neuroprotection. Further, taurine administered at 8 h after ischemia markedly reduced myeloperoxidase activity and attenuated neutrophil infiltration in ischemic region. Our data suggest that the therapeutic window of taurine against experimental stroke is of at least 8 h, and suppressing the neutrophil infiltration may be one of the mechanisms of delayed administration of taurine against experimental stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Department of Neurochemistry, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China.
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Ma M, Shofer FS, Neumar RW. Calpastatin overexpression protects axonal transport in an in vivo model of traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2555-63. [PMID: 22776025 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes substantial morbidity and mortality worldwide. A key component of both mild and severe TBI is diffuse axonal injury. Except in cases of extreme mechanical strain, when axons are torn at the moment of trauma, axonal stretch injury is characterized by early cytoskeletal proteolysis, transport disruption, and secondary axotomy. Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent proteases, have been implicated in this pathologic cascade, but direct in vivo evidence is lacking. To test the hypothesis that calpains play a causal role in axonal stretch injury in vivo, we used our rat optic nerve stretch model following adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor calpastatin in optic nerve axons. AAV vectors were designed for optimal expression of human calpastatin (hCAST) in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Calpain inhibition by the expressed protein was then confirmed in primary cortical cultures. Finally, we performed bilateral intravitreal injections of AAV vectors expressing hCAST or the reporter protein ZsGreen 3 weeks prior to unilateral optic nerve stretch. Immediately after stretch injury, Fluoro-Gold was injected into the superior colliculi for assessment of retrograde axonal transport. Rats were euthanized 4 days after stretch injury. Both hCAST and ZsGreen were detected in axons throughout the optic nerve to the chiasm. Calpastatin overexpression partially preserved axonal transport after stretch injury (58.3±15.6% reduction in Fluoro-Gold labeling relative to uninjured contralateral controls in ZsGreen-expressing RGCs, versus 33.8±23.9% in hCAST-expressing RGCs; p=0.038). These results provide direct evidence that axonal calpains play a causal role in transport disruption after in vivo stretch injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lee WT, Lin MH, Lee EJ, Hung YC, Tai SH, Chen HY, Chen TY, Wu TS. Magnolol reduces glutamate-induced neuronal excitotoxicity and protects against permanent focal cerebral ischemia up to 4 hours. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39952. [PMID: 22808077 PMCID: PMC3392264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotective efficacy of magnolol, 5,5′-dially-2,2′-dihydroxydiphenyl, was investigated in a model of stroke and cultured neurons exposed to glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. Rats were subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO). Magnolol or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally, at 1 hr pre-insult or 1–6 hrs post-insult. Brain infarction was measured upon sacrifice. Relative to controls, animals pre-treated with magnolol (50–200 mg/kg) had significant infarct volume reductions by 30.9–37.8% and improved neurobehavioral outcomes (P<0.05, respectively). Delayed treatment with magnolol (100 mg/kg) also protected against ischemic brain damage and improved neurobehavioral scores, even when administered up to 4 hrs post-insult (P<0.05, respectively). Additionally, magnolol (0.1 µM) effectively attenuated the rises of intracellular Ca2+ levels, [Ca2+](i), in cultured neurons exposed to glutamate. Consequently, magnolol (0.1–1 µM) significantly attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity and cell swelling (P<0.05). Thus, magnolol offers neuroprotection against permanent focal cerebral ischemia with a therapeutic window of 4 hrs. This neuroprotection may be, partly, mediated by its ability to limit the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Lee
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Miao-Hui Lin
- Department of Early Childhood Education, National University of Tainan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - E-Jian Lee
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yu-Chang Hung
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Huang Tai
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Neurosurgical Service, Departments of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ying Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University and Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Institute of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Armstead WM, Raghupathi R. Endothelin and the neurovascular unit in pediatric traumatic brain injury. Neurol Res 2012; 33:127-32. [PMID: 21801587 DOI: 10.1179/016164111x12881719352138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study characterized the association between endothelin-1, cerebral hemodynamics, and histopathology after fluid percussion brain injury in the newborn pig. METHODS Lateral fluid percussion injury was induced in newborn pigs equipped with a closed cranial window. Cerebral blood flow was determined with radiolabeled microspheres and cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 was measured by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS Cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 was increased from 26±4 to 296±37 pg/ml (∼10(-10) M) at 8 hours following fluid percussion injury. Post-injury treatment (30 minutes) with the endothelin-1 antagonist BQ-123 (1 mg/kg, intravenous) blocked pial artery vasoconstriction to topical endothelin-1 (∼10(-10) M) and blunted fluid percussion injury-induced reductions in cerebral blood flow at 8 hours post-insult (56±6 and 26±4 ml/minute versus 57±6 and 40± ml/minute; 100 g for cerebral blood flow before injury and 8 hours post-fluid percussion injury in vehicle and BQ-123 post-treated animals, respectively). Fluid percussion injury resulted in neuronal cell loss and decreased microtubule associated protein 2 immunoreactivity in the parietal cortex, which were blunted by BQ-123. DISCUSSION These data indicate that fluid percussion injury-induced changes in cerebral hemodynamics are associated with neuronal damage and that endothelin-1 contributes to fluid percussion injury-induced histopathologic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Armstead
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Schoch KM, Evans HN, Brelsfoard JM, Madathil SK, Takano J, Saido TC, Saatman KE. Calpastatin overexpression limits calpain-mediated proteolysis and behavioral deficits following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2012; 236:371-82. [PMID: 22572592 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in abrupt, initial cell damage leading to delayed neuronal death. The calcium-activated proteases, calpains, are known to contribute to this secondary neurodegenerative cascade. Although the specific inhibitor of calpains, calpastatin, is present within neurons, normal levels of calpastatin are unable to fully prevent the damaging proteolytic activity of calpains after injury. In this study, increased calpastatin expression was achieved using transgenic mice that overexpress the human calpastatin (hCAST) construct under control of a calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II α promoter. Naïve hCAST transgenic mice exhibited enhanced neuronal calpastatin expression and significantly reduced protease activity. Acute calpain-mediated spectrin proteolysis in the cortex and hippocampus induced by controlled cortical impact brain injury was significantly attenuated in calpastatin overexpressing mice. Aspects of posttraumatic motor and cognitive behavioral deficits were also lessened in hCAST transgenic mice compared to their wildtype littermates. However, volumetric analyses of neocortical contusion revealed no histological neuroprotection at either acute or long-term time points. Partial hippocampal neuroprotection observed at a moderate injury severity was lost after severe TBI. This study underscores the effectiveness of calpastatin overexpression in reducing calpain-mediated proteolysis and behavioral impairment after TBI, supporting the therapeutic potential for calpain inhibition. In addition, the reduction in spectrin proteolysis without accompanied neocortical neuroprotection suggests the involvement of other factors that are critical for neuronal survival after contusion brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Schoch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, B416 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building, 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
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Crosstalk between cdk5 and MEK-ERK signalling upon opioid receptor stimulation leads to upregulation of activator p25 and MEK1 inhibition in rat brain. Neuroscience 2012; 215:17-30. [PMID: 22537847 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) participates in opioid receptor signalling through complex molecular mechanisms. The acute effects of selective μ-(fentanyl) and δ-(SNC-80) opioid receptor agonists, as well as the chronic effects of morphine (the prototypic opiate agonist mainly acting at μ-receptors), modulating cdk5 and activators p35/p25 and their interactions with neurotoxic/apoptotic factors, dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32kDa (DARPP-32) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were quantified (Western Blot analyses) in the rat corpus striatum and/or cerebral cortex. To assess the involved mechanisms, MDL28170 was used to inhibit calpain activity and SL327 to disrupt MEK (ERK kinase)-ERK activation. Acute fentanyl (0.1mg/kg) and SNC-80 (10mg/kg) induced rapid (7-60 min) 2- to 4-fold increases of p25 content, without induction of cdk5/p25 pro-apoptotic c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinase or aberrant cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1, a hallmark of apoptosis. In contrast, fentanyl and SNC-80 stimulated cdk5-mediated p-Thr75 DARPP-32 (+116-166%; PKA inhibition) and p-Thr286 MEK1 (+21-82%; MEK inactivation), and this latter effect resulted in uncoupling of MEK to ERK signals. Calpain inhibition with MDL28170 (cleavage of p35 to p25) attenuated fentanyl-induced p25 accumulation (-57%), but not the stimulation of p-Thr286 MEK1 or p-Thr75 DARPP-32. MEK-ERK inhibition with SL327 fully prevented fentanyl-induced p25 upregulation. Notably, chronic morphine treatment (10-100mg/kg for 6 days) also increased p25 content and p25/p35 ratio (and activated/inactivated MEK1) in rat brain cortex, which indicated that p25 upregulation persisted under the sustained stimulation of μ-opioid receptors. The results demonstrate that the acute stimulation of opioid receptors leads to upregulation of p25 activator through a MEK-ERK and calpain-dependent pathway, and to disruption of MEK-ERK signalling by a cdk5/p35-induced MEK1 inhibition. Moreover, the effects induced by the sustained stimulation of μ-receptors with morphine suggest the participation of cdk5/p25 complex in opiate-induced long-term neuroplasticity.
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Once initiated, how does toxic tissue injury expand? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:200-6. [PMID: 22443935 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Once initiated, how tissue injury expands after high toxicant doses, even after their complete elimination, is not understood. Free-radical generation was initially proposed to mediate progression of injury. However, mechanisms proposed thus far have remained unsubstantiated. Necrotic injury is characterized by loss of osmoregulation, cell swelling, blebbing, and cell rupture. This exposes cytosolic enzymes, including proteases, phospholipases, and lysosomal Ca(2+)-dependent enzymes, to high extracellular calcium (Ca(2+)). Activated hydrolytic enzymes, termed 'death proteins,' hydrolyze their substrates in the plasma membrane of neighboring cells, commencing self-perpetuated injury progression. Likewise, ischemia-reperfusion injury exposes the hydrolytic enzymes to high Ca(2+), fuelling the progression of tissue injury. This mechanism is independent of the offending toxicant that initiates the injury. I present here a case for therapeutic intervention with inhibitors directed against death proteins as a means to avert organ failure and death well after the poisoning event.
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Ma M, Li L, Wang X, Bull DL, Shofer FS, Meaney DF, Neumar RW. Short-duration treatment with the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 does not protect axonal transport in an in vivo model of traumatic axonal injury. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:445-51. [PMID: 22077394 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.2060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury is characterized by early cytoskeletal proteolysis and disruption of axonal transport. Calpain inhibition has been shown to protect axons in rodent models of traumatic brain injury. However, in these models, both white and gray matter are injured, making it difficult to determine if calpain inhibitors are directly protecting injured axons. To address this issue, we used our rat optic nerve stretch model to test the hypothesis that early calpain inhibition directly protects central nervous system (CNS) axons following stretch injury. Rats were given an intravenous bolus of the calpain inhibitor MDL-28170 (30 mg/kg) 30 min prior to unilateral optic nerve stretch, followed by a 15 mg/kg/h intravenous infusion over the next 2.5 h. Immunohistochemical analysis of optic nerves 30 min after stretch injury revealed variable increases of calpain-cleaved α-spectrin that appeared less evident in stretched nerves from drug-treated rats, although this difference was not statistically significant. Retrograde axonal transport measured by Fluorogold® labeling of retinal ganglion cells was significantly impaired after stretch injury. However, there was no difference in the number of Fluorogold-labeled cells in the vehicle vs. drug treatment groups. These results suggest that early short-duration calpain inhibitor therapy with MDL-28170 is not an effective strategy to prevent disruption of axonal transport following isolated axonal stretch injury in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Ma
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Mechanisms underlying NMDA receptor synaptic/extrasynaptic distribution and function. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:308-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Activation of NOX2 by the Stimulation of Ionotropic and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Contributes to Glutamate Neurotoxicity In Vivo Through the Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Calpain Activation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2011; 70:1020-35. [DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3182358e4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Striatal inhibition of calpains prevents levodopa-induced neurochemical changes and abnormal involuntary movements in the hemiparkinsonian rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 45:645-55. [PMID: 22037042 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological dopamine replacement with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) remains the most effective approach to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, as the disease progresses, the therapeutic response to L-DOPA gradually becomes erratic and is associated with the emergence of dyskinesia in the majority of patients. The pathogenesis of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is still unknown. In the current study, using the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rat model of PD, we demonstrated that the calcium-dependent proteins calpains and cdk5 of the striatum play a critical role in the behavioral and molecular changes evoked by L-DOPA therapy. We first confirmed that L-DOPA reversed PD symptoms, assessed by the cylinder, stepping and vibrissae-elicited reaching tests in this animal model, and elicited robust abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) reminiscent of LID. Interestingly, intrastriatal infusion of the calpains inhibitor MDL28170, and to a lower extent the cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine, reduced the severity and amplitude of AIMs without affecting L-DOPA's antiparkinsonian effects. Notably, the calpains and cdk5 inhibitors totally reversed the striatal molecular changes attributed to L-DOPA therapy, such as ERK1/2 and dynamin phosphorylation. Another fascinating observation was that L-DOPA therapy, in combination with intrastriatal infusion of MDL28170, augmented tyrosine hydroxylase levels in the striatum of lesioned rats without affecting the number of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. These findings disclose a novel mechanism underlying the maladaptive alterations induced by L-DOPA therapy in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD.
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Duffy KR, Duffy MS. An in situ method for the examination of calcium-dependent proteolysis. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:333-9. [PMID: 21871923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in a multitude of cellular processes that are critical for the maintenance of normal cell function, and their aberrant activity has been linked to a large number of diseases. Calcium-dependent proteases (calpains) are found in cells distributed throughout the brain, and their activity contributes to normal and abnormal brain function. A limitation with common approaches to studying the activity of calpain is the requirement for homogenization of tissue samples, which limits the ability to resolve the spatial location of protease activity, and which also introduces the possibility of interaction with endogenous inhibitors that would have otherwise been kept spatially separated in vivo. We present a simple method for the investigation of protease activity that provides better spatial resolution than alternatives, and that alleviates the concern of protein interactions in homogenate. We examined calcium-dependent proteolysis in tissue sections by observation of a fluorescence signal produced by fragmentation of a casein substrate embedded in an agarose gel solution that covered the section. This technique preserved the anatomical characteristics of the tissue, and provided spatial resolution sufficient for ready examination of protease activity in cells and in blood vessels within a single tissue section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Duffy
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Maynard KI. Hormesis pervasiveness and its potential implications for pharmaceutical research and development. Dose Response 2011; 9:377-86. [PMID: 22013400 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.11-026.maynard] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review illustrates that hormesis is not only confined to the areas of biochemistry, radiation biology and toxicology, where it is traditionally known, but illustrates, by citing published scientific literature, that it is found across a wide range of biomedical science and clinical medicine such as neuroscience, cardiology and oncology. The use of techniques and technology, including high through-put screening, micro-dosing or phase 0 studies, pharmacometrics and adaptive trial design in the clinic, are proposed to illustrate how acknowledging the potential impact of hormesis throughout different stages of drug discovery and development, including hurdles related to efficacy and safety, could help the pharmaceutical industry address some of its major and frequently mentioned challenges.
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Synthesis of cinnamoyl ketoamides as hybrid structures of antioxidants and calpain inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2850-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Delavallée L, Cabon L, Galán-Malo P, Lorenzo HK, Susin SA. AIF-mediated caspase-independent necroptosis: A new chance for targeted therapeutics. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:221-32. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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