1
|
Xiao Y, Cheng Y, Liu WJ, Liu K, Wang Y, Xu F, Wang DM, Yang Y. Effects of neutrophil fate on inflammation. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:2237-2248. [PMID: 37925664 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01811-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neutrophils are important participants in the innate immune response. They rapidly and efficiently identify and clear infectious agents by expressing large numbers of membrane receptors. Upon tissue injury or pathogen invasion, neutrophils are the first immune cells to reach the site of injury and participate in the inflammatory response. MATERIALS AND METHODS A thorough search on PubMed related to neutrophil death or clearance pathways was performed. CONCLUSION Inflammatory response and tissue damage can be aggravated when neutrophils are not removed rapidly from the site of injury. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils can be cleared through a variety of pathways, including non-inflammatory and inflammatory death, as well as reverse migration. Non-inflammatory death pathways include apoptosis and autophagy. Inflammatory death pathways include necroptosis, pyroptosis and NETosis. This review highlights the basic properties of neutrophils and the impact of their clearance pathways on the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Wen-Jie Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - De-Ming Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen CP, Wang LK, Chen CY, Chen CY, Kuo YH, Wu YH. Decreased junctional adhesion molecule 3 expression induces reactive oxygen species production and apoptosis in trophoblasts. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1264-1278. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) involved in epithelial cell junction, cell polarity and motility. The molecular mechanisms underlying the role of JAM3 in placental dysfunction remain unclear. We hypothesized that JAM3 expression regulates trophoblast fusion, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Our results revealed that JAM3 was expressed in the cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts of first-trimester and term placental villi. JAM3 expression in cell–cell junctions decreased with the formation of syncytiotrophoblasts. Using trophoblasts as an in vitro model, we observed that forskolin and JAM3 knockdown significantly reduced JAM3 expression and increased syncytium formation. JAM3 knockdown additionally inhibited trophoblast proliferation and increased the number of trophoblasts in the sub-G1 and G2/M phases, indicating cell cycle disturbance and apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest was associated with the engagement of Checkpoint kinase 2–cell division cycle 25C–Cyclin-dependent kinase 1/Cyclin B1 signaling. Increased expression of BIM, NOXA, XAF1, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 further indicated trophoblast apoptosis. Overexpression of JAM3 or recombinant JAM3 protein enhanced trophoblast adhesion and migration, which were inhibited by JAM3 knockdown. JAM3 knockdown induced reactive oxygen species and syncytin 2 expression in trophoblasts. Furthermore, H2O2-induced oxidative stress reduced JAM3 expression in trophoblasts and cell culture supernatants. H2O2 simultaneously induced trophoblast apoptosis. JAM3 expression was significantly decreased in the plasmas and placentas of patients with early-onset severe preeclampsia. Thus, our results demonstrate that JAM3 may not only be a structural component of trophoblast cell junctions but also regulate trophoblast fusion, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and motility. Dysregulated trophoblast JAM3 expression is crucial in preeclampsia development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chie-Pein Chen
- Division of High Risk Pregnancy
- Department of Medical Research , MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chia-Yu Chen
- Department of Medical Research , MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Kuo
- Department of Medical Research , MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wu
- Department of Medical Research , MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Filep JG. Targeting Neutrophils for Promoting the Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:866747. [PMID: 35371088 PMCID: PMC8966391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.866747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a localized and self-limited innate host-defense mechanism against invading pathogens and tissue injury. Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in humans, play pivotal roles in host defense by eradicating invading pathogens and debris. Ideally, elimination of the offending insult prompts repair and return to homeostasis. However, the neutrophils` powerful weaponry to combat microbes can also cause tissue damage and neutrophil-driven inflammation is a unifying mechanism for many diseases. For timely resolution of inflammation, in addition to stopping neutrophil recruitment, emigrated neutrophils need to be disarmed and removed from the affected site. Accumulating evidence documents the phenotypic and functional versatility of neutrophils far beyond their antimicrobial functions. Hence, understanding the receptors that integrate opposing cues and checkpoints that determine the fate of neutrophils in inflamed tissues provides insight into the mechanisms that distinguish protective and dysregulated, excessive inflammation and govern resolution. This review aims to provide a brief overview and update with key points from recent advances on neutrophil heterogeneity, functional versatility and signaling, and discusses challenges and emerging therapeutic approaches that target neutrophils to enhance the resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Liu H. The Roles of Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs) in Cell Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843671. [PMID: 35356274 PMCID: PMC8959349 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The review briefly summarizes the role of the family of adhesion molecules, JAMs (junctional adhesion molecules), in various cell migration, covering germ cells, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, several leukocytes, and different cancer cells. These functions affect multiple diseases, including reproductive diseases, inflammation-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. JAMs bind to both similar and dissimilar proteins and take both similar and dissimilar effects on different cells. Concluding relevant results provides a reference to further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Wang
- Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Han Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sekheri M, Othman A, Filep JG. β2 Integrin Regulation of Neutrophil Functional Plasticity and Fate in the Resolution of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660760. [PMID: 33859651 PMCID: PMC8043047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils act as the first line of cellular defense against invading pathogens or tissue injury. Their rapid recruitment into inflamed tissues is critical for the elimination of invading microorganisms and tissue repair, but is also capable of inflicting damage to neighboring tissues. The β2 integrins and Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18, αMβ2 or complement receptor 3) in particular, are best known for mediating neutrophil adhesion and transmigration across the endothelium and phagocytosis of microbes. However, Mac-1 has a broad ligand recognition property that contributes to the functional versatility of the neutrophil population far beyond their antimicrobial function. Accumulating evidence over the past decade has demonstrated roles for Mac-1 ligands in regulating reverse neutrophil transmigration, lifespan, phagocytosis-induced cell death, release of neutrophil extracellular traps and efferocytosis, hence extending the traditional β2 integrin repertoire in shaping innate and adaptive immune responses. Understanding the functions of β2 integrins may partly explain neutrophil heterogeneity and may be instrumental to develop novel therapies specifically targeting Mac-1-mediated pro-resolution actions without compromising immunity. Thus, this review details novel insights on outside-in signaling through β2 integrins and neutrophil functional heterogeneity pertinent to the resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Sekheri
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Amira Othman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yamazaki M, Sugimoto K, Mabuchi Y, Yamashita R, Ichikawa-Tomikawa N, Kaneko T, Akazawa C, Hasegawa H, Imura T, Chiba H. Soluble JAM-C Ectodomain Serves as the Niche for Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030278. [PMID: 33801826 PMCID: PMC8000331 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are expressed in diverse types of stem and progenitor cells, but their physiological significance has yet to be established. Here, we report that JAMs exhibit a novel mode of interaction and biological activity in adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ADSCs). Among the JAM family members, JAM-B and JAM-C were concentrated along the cell membranes of mouse ADSCs. JAM-C but not JAM-B was broadly distributed in the interstitial spaces of mouse adipose tissue. Interestingly, the JAM-C ectodomain was cleaved and secreted as a soluble form (sJAM-C) in vitro and in vivo, leading to deposition in the fat interstitial tissue. When ADSCs were grown in culture plates coated with sJAM-C, cell adhesion, cell proliferation and the expression of five mesenchymal stem cell markers, Cd44, Cd105, Cd140a, Cd166 and Sca-1, were significantly elevated. Moreover, immunoprecipitation assay showed that sJAM-C formed a complex with JAM-B. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, we also demonstrated that sJAM-C was coupled with JAM-B to stimulate ADSC adhesion and maintenance. Together, these findings provide insight into the unique function of sJAM-C in ADSCs. We propose that JAMs contribute not only to cell–cell adhesion, but also to cell–matrix adhesion, by excising their ectodomain and functioning as a niche-like microenvironment for stem and progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morio Yamazaki
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Kotaro Sugimoto
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (Y.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Rina Yamashita
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
| | - Naoki Ichikawa-Tomikawa
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
| | - Tetsuharu Kaneko
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Chihiro Akazawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (Y.M.); (C.A.)
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (T.K.); (H.H.)
| | - Tetsuya Imura
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan; (M.Y.); (R.Y.); (N.I.-T.); (T.I.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang X, Chatterjee V, Ma Y, Zheng E, Yuan SY. Protein Palmitoylation in Leukocyte Signaling and Function. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:600368. [PMID: 33195285 PMCID: PMC7655920 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.600368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification (PTM) based on thioester-linkage between palmitic acid and the cysteine residue of a protein. This covalent attachment of palmitate is reversibly and dynamically regulated by two opposing sets of enzymes: palmitoyl acyltransferases containing a zinc finger aspartate-histidine-histidine-cysteine motif (PAT-DHHCs) and thioesterases. The reversible nature of palmitoylation enables fine-tuned regulation of protein conformation, stability, and ability to interact with other proteins. More importantly, the proper function of many surface receptors and signaling proteins requires palmitoylation-meditated partitioning into lipid rafts. A growing number of leukocyte proteins have been reported to undergo palmitoylation, including cytokine/chemokine receptors, adhesion molecules, pattern recognition receptors, scavenger receptors, T cell co-receptors, transmembrane adaptor proteins, and signaling effectors including the Src family of protein kinases. This review provides the latest findings of palmitoylated proteins in leukocytes and focuses on the functional impact of palmitoylation in leukocyte function related to adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pathogen recognition, signaling activation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Victor Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Ethan Zheng
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Filep JG, Ariel A. Neutrophil heterogeneity and fate in inflamed tissues: implications for the resolution of inflammation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C510-C532. [PMID: 32667864 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00181.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes that play a central role in host defense against infection and tissue injury. They are rapidly recruited to the inflamed site and execute a variety of functions to clear invading pathogens and damaged cells. However, many of their defense mechanisms are capable of inflicting collateral tissue damage. Neutrophil-driven inflammation is a unifying mechanism underlying many common diseases. Efficient removal of neutrophils from inflammatory loci is critical for timely resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis. Accumulating evidence challenges the classical view that neutrophils represent a homogeneous population and that halting neutrophil influx is sufficient to explain their rapid decline within inflamed loci during the resolution of protective inflammation. Hence, understanding the mechanisms that govern neutrophil functions and their removal from the inflammatory locus is critical for minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue and for return to homeostasis. In this review, we briefly address recent advances in characterizing neutrophil phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and the molecular mechanisms that determine the fate of neutrophils within inflammatory loci and the outcome of the inflammatory response. We also discuss how these mechanisms may be harnessed as potential therapeutic targets to facilitate resolution of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- János G Filep
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal and Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Amiram Ariel
- Departmentof Biology and Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Renal damage after liver transplantation. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:221614. [PMID: 31851363 PMCID: PMC6944654 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients following liver transplantation are at risk to develop acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of our study was to assess risk factors for the development of AKI and the impact of AKI on the outcome of patients after liver transplantation (OLT). Patients and methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 149 patients undergoing OLT from 1/2004 to 12/2007. AKI was defined according to the KDIGO definition representing the AKIN and the RIFLE classification, and according to the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Results: According to the AKIN criteria alone 14 patients, according to the RIFLE criteria alone no patient and according to both definitions 30 patients developed AKI. RRT was required in 54 patients experiencing AKI, whereas 51 patients did not develop AKI. Pre OLT serum creatinine (SCr) significantly predicted the development of AKI requiring RRT, but not AKI without RRT requirement. Survival rate was significantly inferior after 28 days, one or three years in patients with AKI requiring RRT (70.4, 46.4, 44.4% vs. 100, 92.2, 90.2%, P < 0.001). There was no difference in survival between patients experiencing AKI according to the RIFLE or AKIN criteria without RRT requirement and patients without AKI. Conclusion: Pre OLT renal dysfunction assessed by SCr was the most important risk factor predicting severe forms of AKI, but not milder forms of AKI. AKI requiring RRT had a detrimental impact on patients’ survival, whereas milder forms of AKI were not associated with a worse outcome.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kostelnik KB, Barker A, Schultz C, Mitchell TP, Rajeeve V, White IJ, Aurrand-Lions M, Nourshargh S, Cutillas P, Nightingale TD. Dynamic trafficking and turnover of JAM-C is essential for endothelial cell migration. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000554. [PMID: 31790392 PMCID: PMC6907879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional complexes between endothelial cells form a dynamic barrier that hinders passive diffusion of blood constituents into interstitial tissues. Remodelling of junctions is an essential process during leukocyte trafficking, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. However, for many junctional proteins, the mechanisms of junctional remodelling have yet to be determined. Here, we used receptor mutagenesis, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and ascorbate peroxidase 2 (APEX-2) proximity labelling, alongside light and electron microscopy (EM), to map the intracellular trafficking routes of junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C). We found that JAM-C cotraffics with receptors associated with changes in permeability such as vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin) and neuropilin (NRP)-1 and 2, but not with junctional proteins associated with the transmigration of leukocytes. Dynamic JAM-C trafficking and degradation are necessary for junctional remodelling during cell migration and angiogenesis. By identifying new potential trafficking machinery, we show that a key point of regulation is the ubiquitylation of JAM-C by the E3 ligase Casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL), which controls the rate of trafficking versus lysosomal degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja B. Kostelnik
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Barker
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Schultz
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom P. Mitchell
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Vinothini Rajeeve
- Cell Signalling & Proteomics Group, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. White
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michel Aurrand-Lions
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille, France
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Cutillas
- Cell Signalling & Proteomics Group, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas D. Nightingale
- Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Neutrophils have always been considered as uncomplicated front-line troopers of the innate immune system equipped with limited proinflammatory duties. Yet recently, the role of the neutrophil has been undergoing a rejuvenation of sorts. Neutrophils are now considered complex cells capable of a significant array of specialized functions, and as an effector of the innate immune response, they are able to regulate many processes such as acute injury and repair, cancer, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammatory processes. Furthermore, evidence exists to indicate that neutrophils also contribute to adaptive immunity by aiding the development of specific adaptive immune responses or guiding the subsequent adaptive immune response. With this revived interest in neutrophils and their many novel functions, it is prudent to review what is currently known about neutrophils and, even more importantly, understand what information is lacking. We discuss the essential features of the neutrophil, from its origins, lifespan, subsets, margination and sequestration of the neutrophil to the death of the neutrophil. We highlight neutrophil recruitment to both infected and injured tissues and outline differences in recruitment of neutrophils between different tissues. Finally, we examine how neutrophils use different mechanisms to either bolster protective immune responses or negatively cause pathological outcomes at different locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xiong Liew
- Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute of Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Enzmann G, Kargaran S, Engelhardt B. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in stroke: impact of the brain barriers and brain immune privilege on neutrophil function. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2018; 11:1756286418794184. [PMID: 30181779 PMCID: PMC6111395 DOI: 10.1177/1756286418794184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury following ischemic stroke is a complex pathophysiological process involving numerous mechanisms ranging from the release of excitatory amino acids and ion disequilibrium to the induction of apoptosis and necrosis, to oxidative stress and inflammation. The migration of neutrophils into the brain parenchyma and release of their abundant proteases are generally considered the main cause of neuronal cell death and acute reperfusion injury following ischemic stroke. Recent findings in experimental and human stroke have challenged this view, as the majority of neutrophils were rather found to accumulate within the neurovascular unit (NVU) and the subarachnoid space (SAS) where they remain separated from the brain parenchyma by the glia limitans. The brain parenchyma is an immune-privileged site that is not readily accessible to immune cells and does not elicit stereotypic adaptive or innate immune responses. Understanding brain immune privilege requires intimate knowledge of its unique anatomy in which the brain barriers, that include the glia limitans, establish compartments that differ remarkably with regard to their accessibility to the immune system. We here propose that the brain immune privilege also extends to an ischemic insult, where the brain parenchyma does not evoke a rapid infiltration of neutrophils as observed in ischemic events in peripheral organs. Rather, neutrophil accumulation in the NVU and SAS could have a potential impact on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage from the central nervous system (CNS) and thus on edema formation and reperfusion injury after ischemic stroke. Integrating the anatomical and functional implications of the brain immune privilege with the unquestionable role of neutrophils in reperfusion injury is a prerequisite to exploit appropriate strategies for therapeutic interventions aiming to reduce neuronal cell death after ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Enzmann
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Soghra Kargaran
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 1, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hirano Y, Ode Y, Ochani M, Wang P, Aziz M. Targeting junctional adhesion molecule-C ameliorates sepsis-induced acute lung injury by decreasing CXCR4 + aged neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:1159-1171. [PMID: 30088666 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0218-050r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a severe inflammatory condition associated with high mortality. Transmigration of neutrophils into tissues increases their lifespan to promote deleterious function. Junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) plays a pivotal role in neutrophil transmigration into tissues. We aim to study the role of JAM-C on the aging of neutrophils to cause sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and JAM-C expression in serum was assessed. Bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMDN) were treated with recombinant mouse JAM-C (rmJAM-C) ex vivo and their viability was assessed. CLP-operated animals were administrated with either isotype IgG or anti-JAM-C Ab at a concentration of 3 mg/kg and after 20 h, aged neutrophils (CXCR4+ ) were assessed in blood and lungs and correlated with systemic injury and inflammatory markers. Soluble JAM-C level in serum was up-regulated during sepsis. Treatment with rmJAM-C inhibited BMDN apoptosis, thereby increasing their lifespan. CLP increased the frequencies of CXCR4+ neutrophils in blood and lungs, while treatment with anti-JAM-C Ab significantly reduced the frequencies of CXCR4+ aged neutrophils. Treatment with anti-JAM-C Ab significantly reduced systemic injury markers (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase) as well as systemic and lung inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-1β) and chemokine (macrophage inflammatory protein-2). The blockade of JAM-C improved lung histology and reduced neutrophil contents in lungs of septic mice. Thus, reduction of the pro-inflammatory aged neutrophils by blockade of JAM-C has a novel therapeutic potential in sepsis-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Hirano
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Juntendo University and Urayasu Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ode
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Mahendar Ochani
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA.,Department of Surgery and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs): The JAM-Integrin Connection. Cells 2018; 7:cells7040025. [PMID: 29587442 PMCID: PMC5946102 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are cell surface adhesion receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. JAMs are involved in a variety of biological processes both in the adult organism but also during development. These include processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, hemostasis, or epithelial barrier formation, but also developmental processes such as hematopoiesis, germ cell development, and development of the nervous system. Several of these functions of JAMs depend on a physical and functional interaction with integrins. The JAM – integrin interactions in trans regulate cell-cell adhesion, their interactions in cis regulate signaling processes originating at the cell surface. The JAM – integrin interaction can regulate the function of the JAM as well as the function of the integrin. Beyond the physical interaction with integrins, JAMs can regulate integrin function through intracellular signaling indicating an additional level of JAM – integrin cross-talk. In this review, we describe the various levels of the functional interplay between JAMs and integrins and the role of this interplay during different physiological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rot A, Massberg S, Khandoga AG, von Andrian UH. Chemokines and Hematopoietic Cell Trafficking. Hematology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-35762-3.00013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
|
16
|
Krochmal M, Cisek K, Filip S, Markoska K, Orange C, Zoidakis J, Gakiopoulou C, Spasovski G, Mischak H, Delles C, Vlahou A, Jankowski J. Identification of novel molecular signatures of IgA nephropathy through an integrative -omics analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9091. [PMID: 28831120 PMCID: PMC5567309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09393-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most prevalent among primary glomerular diseases worldwide. Although our understanding of IgAN has advanced significantly, its underlying biology and potential drug targets are still unexplored. We investigated a combinatorial approach for the analysis of IgAN-relevant -omics data, aiming at identification of novel molecular signatures of the disease. Nine published urinary proteomics datasets were collected and the reported differentially expressed proteins in IgAN vs. healthy controls were integrated into known biological pathways. Proteins participating in these pathways were subjected to multi-step assessment, including investigation of IgAN transcriptomics datasets (Nephroseq database), their reported protein-protein interactions (STRING database), kidney tissue expression (Human Protein Atlas) and literature mining. Through this process, from an initial dataset of 232 proteins significantly associated with IgAN, 20 pathways were predicted, yielding 657 proteins for further analysis. Step-wise evaluation highlighted 20 proteins of possibly high relevance to IgAN and/or kidney disease. Experimental validation of 3 predicted relevant proteins, adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1), SHC-transforming protein 1 (SHC1) and prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) was performed by immunostaining of human kidney sections. Collectively, this study presents an integrative procedure for -omics data exploitation, giving rise to biologically relevant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krochmal
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Szymon Filip
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina Markoska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Clare Orange
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jerome Zoidakis
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Gakiopoulou
- Pathology Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Goce Spasovski
- Department of Nephrology, Medical Faculty, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Harald Mischak
- Mosaiques Diagnostics GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christian Delles
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Center of Basic Research, Athens, Greece.
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Aachen, Germany.
- University of Maastricht, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hirano Y, Aziz M, Wang P. Role of reverse transendothelial migration of neutrophils in inflammation. Biol Chem 2017; 397:497-506. [PMID: 26872312 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2015-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transmigration of neutrophils through vascular endothelial walls into the inflamed tissues is a critical defense mechanism of innate immune system against infection and injury caused by sepsis, trauma, ischemia-reperfusion, and other acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. However, their excessive infiltration and uncontrolled activation may lead to the destruction of normal tissue architecture and unrestrained inflammation. Transendothelial migration (TEM) in a luminal-to-abluminal direction is widely known as the final step of neutrophil migration cascade into the inflamed tissues. Recent studies have shown that neutrophils not necessarily move from the vascular lumen to the extravascular tissues in a one way direction; they also proceed in an opposite direction, known as reverse transendothelial migration (rTEM) to get back into the vascular lumen again. This novel paradigm of neutrophil round trip is currently on the spotlight due to its possible interaction with immune system. Current review highlighting the growing demand of this newly identified neutrophil migratory event will not only rewrite the disease pathophysiology, but also help scientists design novel therapeutic strategy leading to the remission of inflammatory diseases in which controlling exaggerated neutrophil infiltration is a major challenge.
Collapse
|
18
|
Reglero-Real N, Colom B, Bodkin JV, Nourshargh S. Endothelial Cell Junctional Adhesion Molecules: Role and Regulation of Expression in Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2048-2057. [PMID: 27515379 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the lumen of all blood vessels and play a critical role in maintaining the barrier function of the vasculature. Sealing of the vessel wall between adjacent endothelial cells is facilitated by interactions involving junctionally expressed transmembrane proteins, including tight junctional molecules, such as members of the junctional adhesion molecule family, components of adherence junctions, such as VE-Cadherin, and other molecules, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Of importance, a growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of these molecules is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during inflammation: responses that have significant implications for the barrier function of blood vessels against blood-borne macromolecules and transmigrating leukocytes. This review summarizes key aspects of our current understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that regulate the expression of endothelial cells junctional molecules during inflammation and discusses the associated functional implications of such events in acute and chronic scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reglero-Real
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Jennifer Victoria Bodkin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bradfield PF, Menon A, Miljkovic-Licina M, Lee BP, Fischer N, Fish RJ, Kwak B, Fisher EA, Imhof BA. Divergent JAM-C Expression Accelerates Monocyte-Derived Cell Exit from Atherosclerotic Plaques. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159679. [PMID: 27442505 PMCID: PMC4956249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, caused in part by monocytes in plaques, continues to be a disease that afflicts the modern world. Whilst significant steps have been made in treating this chronic inflammatory disease, questions remain on how to prevent monocyte and macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic plaques. Junctional Adhesion Molecule C (JAM-C) expressed by vascular endothelium directs monocyte transendothelial migration in a unidirectional manner leading to increased inflammation. Here we show that interfering with JAM-C allows reverse-transendothelial migration of monocyte-derived cells, opening the way back out of the inflamed environment. To study the role of JAM-C in plaque regression we used a mouse model of atherosclerosis, and tested the impact of vascular JAM-C expression levels on monocyte reverse transendothelial migration using human cells. Studies in-vitro under inflammatory conditions revealed that overexpression or gene silencing of JAM-C in human endothelium exposed to flow resulted in higher rates of monocyte reverse-transendothelial migration, similar to antibody blockade. We then transplanted atherosclerotic, plaque-containing aortic arches from hyperlipidemic ApoE-/- mice into wild-type normolipidemic recipient mice. JAM-C blockade in the recipients induced greater emigration of monocyte-derived cells and further diminished the size of atherosclerotic plaques. Our findings have shown that JAM-C forms a one-way vascular barrier for leukocyte transendothelial migration only when present at homeostatic copy numbers. We have also shown that blocking JAM-C can reduce the number of atherogenic monocytes/macrophages in plaques by emigration, providing a novel therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Bradfield
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Arjun Menon
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States of America
| | - Marijana Miljkovic-Licina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Boris P. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fischer
- NovImmune S.A., 14 chemin des Aulx, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard J. Fish
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brenda Kwak
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, United States of America
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, CMU, University of Geneva, 1211, rue Michel Servet 1, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Neutrophil heterogeneity: implications for homeostasis and pathogenesis. Blood 2016; 127:2173-81. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-688887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the phagocytic system that act as first line of host defense against invading pathogens but are also important mediators of inflammation-induced injury. In contrast to other members of the innate immune system, neutrophils are classically considered a homogenous population of terminally differentiated cells with a well-defined and highly conserved function. Indeed, their short lifespan, the absent proliferative capacity, their limited ability to produce large amounts of cytokines, and the failure to recirculate from the tissue to the bloodstream have sustained this idea. However, increasing evidence over the last decade has demonstrated an unexpected phenotypic heterogeneity and functional versatility of the neutrophil population. Far beyond their antimicrobial functions, neutrophils are emerging as decision-shapers during innate and adaptive immune responses. These emerging discoveries open a new door to understand the role of neutrophils during homeostatic but also pathogenic immune processes. Thus, this review details novel insights of neutrophil phenotypic and functional heterogeneity during homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
|
21
|
Nourshargh S, Renshaw SA, Imhof BA. Reverse Migration of Neutrophils: Where, When, How, and Why? Trends Immunol 2016; 37:273-286. [PMID: 27055913 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil migration to injured and pathogen-infected tissues is a fundamental component of innate immunity. An array of cellular and molecular events mediate this response to collectively guide neutrophils out of the vasculature and towards the core of the ensuing inflammatory reaction where they exert effector functions. Advances in imaging modalities have revealed that neutrophils can also exhibit motility away from sites of inflammation and injury, although it is unclear under what circumstances this reverse migration is a physiological protective response, and when it has pathophysiological relevance. Here we review different types of neutrophil reverse migration and discuss the current understanding of the associated mechanisms. In this context we propose clarifications to the existing terminology used to describe the many facets of neutrophil reverse migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Bateson Centre and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Firth Court, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva 1211, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Colom B, Bodkin JV, Beyrau M, Woodfin A, Ody C, Rourke C, Chavakis T, Brohi K, Imhof BA, Nourshargh S. Leukotriene B4-Neutrophil Elastase Axis Drives Neutrophil Reverse Transendothelial Cell Migration In Vivo. Immunity 2015; 42:1075-86. [PMID: 26047922 PMCID: PMC4504024 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Breaching endothelial cells (ECs) is a decisive step in the migration of leukocytes from the vascular lumen to the extravascular tissue, but fundamental aspects of this response remain largely unknown. We have previously shown that neutrophils can exhibit abluminal-to-luminal migration through EC junctions within mouse cremasteric venules and that this response is elicited following reduced expression and/or functionality of the EC junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C). Here we demonstrate that the lipid chemoattractant leukotriene B4 (LTB4) was efficacious at causing loss of venular JAM-C and promoting neutrophil reverse transendothelial cell migration (rTEM) in vivo. Local proteolytic cleavage of EC JAM-C by neutrophil elastase (NE) drove this cascade of events as supported by presentation of NE to JAM-C via the neutrophil adhesion molecule Mac-1. The results identify local LTB4-NE axis as a promoter of neutrophil rTEM and provide evidence that this pathway can propagate a local sterile inflammatory response to become systemic. Endogenous LTB4 mediates reduced expression of endothelial cell (EC) JAM-C in I-R LTB4 can stimulate proteolytic cleavage of EC JAM-C by neutrophil elastase (NE) Activation of a local LTB4-NE axis induces neutrophil reverse TEM in vivo Activation of a local LTB4-NE axis can promote distant organ damage
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Jennifer V Bodkin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Martina Beyrau
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Christiane Ody
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Claire Rourke
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, University of Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Karim Brohi
- Centre for Trauma Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Centre Médical Universitaire, Rue Michel-Servet 1, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Blocking junctional adhesion molecule C enhances dendritic cell migration and boosts the immune responses against Leishmania major. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004550. [PMID: 25474593 PMCID: PMC4256467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of dendritic cells to sites of infections and their migration to lymph nodes is fundamental for antigen processing and presentation to T cells. In the present study, we showed that antibody blockade of junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) on endothelial cells removed JAM-C away from junctions and increased vascular permeability after L. major infection. This has multiple consequences on the output of the immune response. In resistant C57BL/6 and susceptible BALB/c mice, we found higher numbers of innate immune cells migrating from blood to the site of infection. The subsequent migration of dendritic cells (DCs) from the skin to the draining lymph node was also improved, thereby boosting the induction of the adaptive immune response. In C57BL/6 mice, JAM-C blockade after L. major injection led to an enhanced IFN-γ dominated T helper 1 (Th1) response with reduced skin lesions and parasite burden. Conversely, anti JAM-C treatment increased the IL-4-driven T helper 2 (Th2) response in BALB/c mice with disease exacerbation. Overall, our results show that JAM-C blockade can finely-tune the innate cell migration and accelerate the consequent immune response to L. major without changing the type of the T helper cell response. Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease transmitted to humans through sand fly bites. Clinical symptoms vary from self-healing cutaneous lesions to death. Cutaneous leishmaniasis is particularly studied in mice inoculated with Leishmania major. In this model, some strains (e.g. C57BL/6) are resistant due to a Th1 immune response promoting parasite killing. Conversely, other strains (e.g. BALB/c) are susceptible due to a nonprotective Th2 response. DCs are professional antigen-presenting cells that educate antigen-specific T cells. Improving the migration of DCs from the site of infection to the lymph nodes, where T cells reside, may improve the T cell response. JAM-C is a vascular adhesion molecule implicated in leukocyte migration in different inflammatory models. We found that JAM-C blockade with antibodies increases vascular permeability and consequently improves the migration of DCs to sites of infection and draining lymph nodes. This increased leukocyte migration boosted the induction of the Th1 response in resistant mice, while in susceptible mice the Th2 response was augmented. This led to disease improvement or exacerbation, respectively. Our results illustrate the key role of a vascular adhesion molecule in controlling leukocyte migration and the subsequent immune events in response to pathogen infections.
Collapse
|
24
|
Patschan D, Müller GA. Acute kidney injury. J Inj Violence Res 2014; 7:19-26. [PMID: 25618438 PMCID: PMC4288292 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v7i1.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury is a frequent and serious complication in hospitalized patients. Mortality rates have not substantially been decreased during the last 20 years. In most patients AKI results from transient renal hypoperfusion or ischemia. The consequences include tubular cell dysfunction/damage, inflammation of the organ, and post-ischemic microvasculopathy. The two latter events perpetuate kidney damage in AKI. Clinical manifestations result from diminished excretion of water, electrolytes, and endogenous / exogenous waste products. Patients are endangered by cardiovascular complications such as hypertension, heart failure, and arrhythmia. In addition, the whole organism may be affected by systemic toxification (uremia). The diagnostic approach in AKI involves several steps with renal biopsy inevitable in some patients. The current therapy focuses on preventing further kidney damage and on treatment of complications. Different pharmacological strategies have failed to significantly improve prognosis in AKI. If dialysis treatment becomes mandatory, intermittent and continuous renal replacement therapies are equally effective. Thus, new therapies are urgently needed in order to reduce short- and long-term outcome in AKI. In this respect, stem cell-based regimens may offer promising perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Anton Müller
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, University Medical Center of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. ,
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Luissint AC, Nusrat A, Parkos CA. JAM-related proteins in mucosal homeostasis and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:211-26. [PMID: 24667924 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0421-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are lined by epithelial cells that form a physical barrier protecting the body against external noxious substances and pathogens. At a molecular level, the mucosal barrier is regulated by tight junctions (TJs) that seal the paracellular space between adjacent epithelial cells. Transmembrane proteins within TJs include junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) that belong to the cortical thymocyte marker for Xenopus family of proteins. JAM family encompasses three classical members (JAM-A, JAM-B, and JAM-C) and related molecules including JAM4, JAM-like protein, Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR), CAR-like membrane protein and endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule. JAMs have multiple functions that include regulation of endothelial and epithelial paracellular permeability, leukocyte recruitment during inflammation, angiogenesis, cell migration, and proliferation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the roles of the JAM family members in the regulation of mucosal homeostasis and leukocyte trafficking with a particular emphasis on barrier function and its perturbation during pathological inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anny-Claude Luissint
- Epithelial pathobiology and mucosal inflammation research unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, 615 Michael Street, 30306, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Garrido-Urbani S, Bradfield PF, Imhof BA. Tight junction dynamics: the role of junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs). Cell Tissue Res 2014; 355:701-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1820-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
27
|
Leinster DA, Colom B, Whiteford JR, Ennis DP, Lockley M, McNeish IA, Aurrand-Lions M, Chavakis T, Imhof BA, Balkwill FR, Nourshargh S. Endothelial cell junctional adhesion molecule C plays a key role in the development of tumors in a murine model of ovarian cancer. FASEB J 2013; 27:4244-53. [PMID: 23825230 PMCID: PMC3819510 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-230441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) is a transmembrane protein with significant roles in regulation of endothelial cell (EC) functions, including immune cell recruitment and angiogenesis. As these responses are important in promoting tumor growth, the role of EC JAM-C in tumor development was investigated using the ID8 syngeneic model of ovarian cancer. Within 10-15 wk, intraperitoneally injected ID8 cells form multiple tumor deposits and ascites that resemble human high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Compared to wild-type mice, survival in this model was increased in EC JAM-C knockouts (KOs; 88 vs. 96 d, P=0.04) and reduced in EC JAM-C transgenics (88 vs. 78.5 d, P=0.03), mice deficient in or overexpressing EC JAM-C, respectively. While tumor growth was significantly reduced in EC JAM-C KOs (87% inhibition at 10 wk, P<0.0005), this was not associated with alterations in tumor vessel density or immune cell infiltration. However, tumor microvessels from EC JAM-C-deficient mice exhibited reduced pericyte coverage and increased vascular leakage, suggesting a role for EC JAM-C in the development of functional tumor vessels. These findings provide evidence for a role for EC JAM-C in tumor growth and aggressiveness as well as recruitment of pericytes to newly formed blood vessels in a model of ovarian cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Leinster
- 2Centre for Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6BQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Manetti M, Guiducci S, Romano E, Rosa I, Ceccarelli C, Mello T, Milia AF, Conforti ML, Ibba-Manneschi L, Matucci-Cerinic M. Differential expression of junctional adhesion molecules in different stages of systemic sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:247-57. [PMID: 23001478 DOI: 10.1002/art.37712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is characterized by early perivascular inflammation, microvascular endothelial cell (MVEC) activation/damage, and defective angiogenesis. Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) regulate leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation and ischemia-reperfusion injury, vascular permeability, and angiogenesis. This study was undertaken to investigate the possible role of JAMs in SSc pathogenesis. METHODS JAM-A and JAM-C expression levels in skin biopsy samples from 25 SSc patients and 15 healthy subjects were investigated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Subcellular localization of JAMs in cultured healthy dermal MVECs and SSc MVECs was assessed by confocal microscopy. Serum levels of soluble JAM-A (sJAM-A) and sJAM-C in 64 SSc patients and 32 healthy subjects were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In control skin, constitutive JAM-A expression was observed in MVECs and fibroblasts. In early-stage SSc skin, JAM-A expression was strongly increased in MVECs, fibroblasts, and perivascular inflammatory cells. In late-stage SSc, JAM-A expression was decreased compared with controls. JAM-C was weakly expressed in control and late-stage SSc skin, while it was strongly expressed in MVECs, fibroblasts, and inflammatory cells in early-stage SSc. Surface expression of JAM-A was higher in early-stage SSc MVECs and increased in healthy MVECs stimulated with early-stage SSc sera. JAM-C was cytoplasmic in resting healthy MVECs, while it was recruited to the cell surface upon challenge with early-stage SSc sera. Early-stage SSc MVECs exhibited constitutive surface JAM-C expression. In SSc, increased levels of sJAM-A and sJAM-C correlated with early disease and measures of vascular damage. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that JAMs may participate in MVEC activation, inflammatory processes, and impaired angiogenesis in different stages of SSc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manetti
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi (AOUC), Excellence Centre for Research, Transfer and High Education on Chronic, Inflammatory, Degenerative and Neoplastic Disorders for the Development of Novel Therapies (DENOthe), Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsubota Y, Frey JM, Tai PWL, Welikson RE, Raines EW. Monocyte ADAM17 promotes diapedesis during transendothelial migration: identification of steps and substrates targeted by metalloproteinases. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:4236-44. [PMID: 23479224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite expanded definition of the leukocyte adhesion cascade and mechanisms underlying individual steps, very little is known about regulatory mechanisms controlling sequential shifts between steps. We tested the hypothesis that metalloproteinases provide a mechanism to rapidly transition monocytes between different steps. Our study identifies diapedesis as a step targeted by metalloproteinase activity. Time-lapse video microscopy shows that the presence of a metalloproteinase inhibitor results in a doubling of the time required for human monocytes to complete diapedesis on unactivated or inflamed human endothelium, under both static and physiological-flow conditions. Thus, diapedesis is promoted by metalloproteinase activity. In contrast, neither adhesion of monocytes nor their locomotion over the endothelium is altered by metalloproteinase inhibition. We further demonstrate that metalloproteinase inhibition significantly elevates monocyte cell surface levels of integrins CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1), specifically during transendothelial migration. Interestingly, such alterations are not detected for other endothelial- and monocyte-adhesion molecules that are presumed metalloproteinase substrates. Two major transmembrane metalloproteinases, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)17 and ADAM10, are identified as enzymes that control constitutive cleavage of Mac-1. We further establish that knockdown of monocyte ADAM17, but not endothelial ADAM10 or ADAM17 or monocyte ADAM10, reproduces the diapedesis delay observed with metalloproteinase inhibition. Therefore, we conclude that monocyte ADAM17 facilitates the completion of transendothelial migration by accelerating the rate of diapedesis. We propose that the progression of diapedesis may be regulated by spatial and temporal cleavage of Mac-1, which is triggered upon interaction with endothelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsubota
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Voisin MB, Nourshargh S. Neutrophil transmigration: emergence of an adhesive cascade within venular walls. J Innate Immun 2013; 5:336-47. [PMID: 23466407 DOI: 10.1159/000346659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recruitment of neutrophils from the blood circulation to sites of infection or injury is a key innate immune response against invading pathogens and tissue injury. However, if inappropriately triggered, excessive and/or prolonged, this host defence response can also lead to severe pathological disorders. The migration of all leucocytes out of the vasculature is classically described by the leucocyte adhesion cascade that depicts a well-characterised sequence of cellular and molecular events within the vascular lumen. Recent findings have now illustrated that beyond the vascular lumen, the breaching of the venular wall can also involve an analogous cascade of adhesive events. For neutrophils this involves a tightly regulated and sequential series of responses within venular walls, initiating with adhesive steps that guide neutrophils through endothelial cells lining the venular wall, followed by responses that mediate and regulate their migration through the pericyte sheath and the venular basement membrane. The present review aims to provide a brief summary of novel additions to the classical adhesion cascade within the vascular lumen and then to discuss the emergence of a second adhesion cascade for neutrophils within venular walls, the latter illustrating the intricacies and complexities of neutrophil transmigration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Arcangeli ML, Frontera V, Bardin F, Thomassin J, Chetaille B, Adams S, Adams RH, Aurrand-Lions M. The Junctional Adhesion Molecule-B regulates JAM-C-dependent melanoma cell metastasis. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:4046-51. [PMID: 23068611 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is a major clinical issue and results in poor prognosis for most cancers. The Junctional Adhesion Molecule-C (JAM-C) expressed by B16 melanoma and endothelial cells has been involved in metastasis of tumor cells through homophilic JAM-C/JAM-C trans-interactions. Here, we show that JAM-B expressed by endothelial cells contributes to murine B16 melanoma cells metastasis through its interaction with JAM-C on tumor cells. We further show that this adhesion molecular pair mediates melanoma cell adhesion to primary Lung Microvascular Endothelial Cells and that it is functional in vivo as demonstrated by the reduced metastasis of B16 cells in Jam-b deficient mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Arcangeli
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1068/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7258, Marseille, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Function of junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) in leukocyte migration and homeostasis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 61:15-23. [PMID: 22940878 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0199-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Homeostasis is a word widely used in the scientific community to refer to the property of a system to maintain its uniformity and functionality. In living organisms, the word refers to the concept enunciated 150 years ago by C. Bernard by which external variations must be compensated for in order to maintain internal conditions compatible with life. This is especially true in the case of highly dynamic system such as the hematopoietic system that requires the coordinated control of cell proliferation and death within specialized microenvironments that are anatomically distinct. As a consequence, hematopoietic cell adhesion and migration must be tightly controlled in order for hematopoietic cells to reach and to be maintained in appropriate microenvironments. The junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are adhesion molecules that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSf) and that have been initially identified as important players controlling vascular permeability and leukocyte transendothelial migration. This involves the regulated localization of the JAMs at lateral endothelial cell/cell borders and their interaction with leukocyte integrins. More recently, some of the JAM family members have also been found to be expressed by stromal cells and to regulate chemokine secretion within lymphoid organs, acting not only on leukocyte transendothelial migration, but also on hematopoietic cell retention within specialized microenvironments. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding the role of the JAMs in leukocyte adhesion and migration to tentatively draw an integrated view of the homeostatic function of the JAMs within the hematopoietic system.
Collapse
|
33
|
Scheiermann C, Kunisaki Y, Lucas D, Chow A, Jang JE, Zhang D, Hashimoto D, Merad M, Frenette PS. Adrenergic nerves govern circadian leukocyte recruitment to tissues. Immunity 2012; 37:290-301. [PMID: 22863835 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The multistep sequence leading to leukocyte migration is thought to be locally regulated at the inflammatory site. Here, we show that broad systemic programs involving long-range signals from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) delivered by adrenergic nerves regulate rhythmic recruitment of leukocytes in tissues. Constitutive leukocyte adhesion and migration in murine bone marrow (BM) and skeletal-muscle microvasculature fluctuated with circadian peak values at night. Migratory oscillations, altered by experimental jet lag, were implemented by perivascular SNS fibers acting on β-adrenoreceptors expressed on nonhematopoietic cells and leading to tissue-specific, differential circadian oscillations in the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and chemokines. We showed that these rhythms have physiological consequences through alteration of hematopoietic cell recruitment and overall survival in models of septic shock, sickle cell vaso-occlusion, and BM transplantation. These data provide unique insights in the leukocyte adhesion cascade and the potential for time-based therapeutics for transplantation and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Scheiermann
- Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Avari P, Huang W, Averill S, Colom B, Imhof BA, Nourshargh S, Priestley JV. The spatiotemporal localization of JAM-C following sciatic nerve crush in adult rats. Brain Behav 2012; 2:402-14. [PMID: 22950044 PMCID: PMC3432963 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
JAM-C is a junctional adhesion molecule, enriched at tight junctions on endothelial and epithelial cells, and also localized to Schwann cells at junctions between adjoining myelin end loops. The role of JAM-C following peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is currently unknown. We examined the localization of JAM-C after sciatic nerve crush injury in adult rats. JAM-C immunoreactivity was present in paranodes and incisures in sham surgery control nerve, but distal to the crush injury significantly decreased at three and 14 days. JAM-C was re-expressed at 28 days and, by 56 days, was significantly increased in the distal nerve compared to controls. In a 7-mm length of sciatic nerve sampled distal to the crush site, the densities of JAM-C immunoreactive paranodes increased in the distal direction. Conversely, the densities of JAM-C immunoreactive incisures were highest immediately distal to the crush site and decreased in the more distal direction. Further analysis revealed a strong correlation between JAM-C localization and remyelination. Fifty-six days after crush injury, greater densities of JAM-C paranodes were seen compared to the nodal marker jacalin, suggesting that paranodal JAM-C precedes node formation. Our data are the first to demonstrate a potential role of JAM-C in remyelination after PNI.
Collapse
|
35
|
Géraud C, Evdokimov K, Straub BK, Peitsch WK, Demory A, Dörflinger Y, Schledzewski K, Schmieder A, Schemmer P, Augustin HG, Schirmacher P, Goerdt S. Unique cell type-specific junctional complexes in vascular endothelium of human and rat liver sinusoids. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34206. [PMID: 22509281 PMCID: PMC3317944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelium is strategically positioned to control access of fluids, macromolecules and cells to the liver parenchyma and to serve clearance functions upstream of the hepatocytes. While clearance of macromolecular debris from the peripheral blood is performed by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) using a delicate endocytic receptor system featuring stabilin-1 and -2, the mannose receptor and CD32b, vascular permeability and cell trafficking are controlled by transcellular pores, i.e. the fenestrae, and by intercellular junctional complexes. In contrast to blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells in other organs, the junctional complexes of LSECs have not yet been consistently characterized in molecular terms. In a comprehensive analysis, we here show that LSECs express the typical proteins found in endothelial adherens junctions (AJ), i.e. VE-cadherin as well as α-, β-, p120-catenin and plakoglobin. Tight junction (TJ) transmembrane proteins typical of endothelial cells, i.e. claudin-5 and occludin, were not expressed by rat LSECs while heterogenous immunreactivity for claudin-5 was detected in human LSECs. In contrast, junctional molecules preferentially associating with TJ such as JAM-A, B and C and zonula occludens proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 were readily detected in LSECs. Remarkably, among the JAMs JAM-C was considerably over-expressed in LSECs as compared to lung microvascular endothelial cells. In conclusion, we show here that LSECs form a special kind of mixed-type intercellular junctions characterized by co-occurrence of endothelial AJ proteins, and of ZO-1 and -2, and JAMs. The distinct molecular architecture of the intercellular junctional complexes of LSECs corroborates previous ultrastructural findings and provides the molecular basis for further analyses of the endothelial barrier function of liver sinusoids under pathologic conditions ranging from hepatic inflammation to formation of liver metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrill Géraud
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Colom B, Poitelon Y, Huang W, Woodfin A, Averill S, Del Carro U, Zambroni D, Brain SD, Perretti M, Ahluwalia A, Priestley JV, Chavakis T, Imhof BA, Feltri ML, Nourshargh S. Schwann cell-specific JAM-C-deficient mice reveal novel expression and functions for JAM-C in peripheral nerves. FASEB J 2011; 26:1064-76. [PMID: 22090315 PMCID: PMC3370675 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-196220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecule-C (JAM-C) is an adhesion molecule expressed at junctions between adjacent endothelial and epithelial cells and implicated in multiple inflammatory and vascular responses. In addition, we recently reported on the expression of JAM-C in Schwann cells (SCs) and its importance for the integrity and function of peripheral nerves. To investigate the role of JAM-C in neuronal functions further, mice with a specific deletion of JAM-C in SCs (JAM-C SC KO) were generated. Compared to wild-type (WT) controls, JAM-C SC KO mice showed electrophysiological defects, muscular weakness, and hypersensitivity to mechanical stimuli. In addressing the underlying cause of these defects, nerves from JAM-C SC KO mice were found to have morphological defects in the paranodal region, exhibiting increased nodal length as compared to WTs. The study also reports on previously undetected expressions of JAM-C, namely on perineural cells, and in line with nociception defects of the JAM-C SC KO animals, on finely myelinated sensory nerve fibers. Collectively, the generation and characterization of JAM-C SC KO mice has provided unequivocal evidence for the involvement of SC JAM-C in the fine organization of peripheral nerves and in modulating multiple neuronal responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M6BQ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lacerda-Queiroz N, Lima OCO, Carneiro CM, Vilela MC, Teixeira AL, Carvalho AT, Araújo MSS, Martins-Filho OA, Braga ÉM, Carvalho-Tavares J. Plasmodium berghei NK65 induces cerebral leukocyte recruitment in vivo: an intravital microscopic study. Acta Trop 2011; 120:31-9. [PMID: 21722620 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is second only to tuberculosis as the leading cause of morbidity and mortality as a consequence of a single infectious agent. Much of the pathology of malaria arises from the inappropriate or excessive immune response mounted by the host in an attempt to eliminate the parasite. We here report the inflammatory changes observed in the cerebral microvasculature of C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice that had been inoculated with Plasmodium berghei NK65, a lethal strain of rodent malaria. Although no neurological signs were observed in experimentally infected mice, inflammation of the cerebral microvasculature was clearly evident. Histopathological analysis demonstrated that alterations in cerebral tissue were more intense in infected C57Bl/6 mice than in infected BALB/c animals. Intravital microscopic examination of the cerebral microvasculature revealed increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in pial venules of infected mice compared with non-infected animals. The extravasation of Evans blue dye into the cerebral parenchyma was also elevated in infected mice in comparison with their non-infected counterparts. Additionally, protein levels of TNF-α, MIG/CXCL9, MCP-1/CCL2, MIP-1α/CCL3 and RANTES/CCL5 were up-regulated in brain samples derived from infected C57Bl/6 mice. Taken together, the data reported here illustrate the complex strain-dependent relationships between leukocyte recruitment, blood brain barrier permeability and chemokine production.
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecules are transmembrane proteins that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. In addition to their localization in close proximity to the tight junctions in endothelial and epithelial cells, junctional adhesion molecules are also expressed in circulating cells that do not form junctions, such as leukocytes and platelets. As a consequence, these proteins are associated not only with the permeability-regulating barrier function of the tight junctions, but also with other biologic processes, such as inflammatory reactions, responses to vascular injury, and tumor angiogenesis. Furthermore, because of their transmembrane topology, junctional adhesion molecules are poised both for receiving inputs from the cell interior (their expression, localization, and function being regulated in response to inflammatory cytokines and growth factors) and for translating extracellular adhesive events into functional responses. This review focuses on the different roles of junctional adhesion molecules in normal and pathologic conditions, with emphasis on inflammatory reactions and vascular responses to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Bazzoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sabbahy ME, Vaidya VS. Ischemic kidney injury and mechanisms of tissue repair. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:606-18. [PMID: 21197658 PMCID: PMC3087860 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) may result from ischemia or by the use of nephrotoxic agents. The incidence of AKI is variable, depends on comorbidities, and ranges from 5 to 35% in all hospitalized patients. The mechanisms of kidney injury exist within a large network of signaling pathways driven by interplay of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic factors. The effects and progression of injury overlap extensively with the remarkable ability of the kidney to repair itself both by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that involve specific cell receptors/ligands as well as possible paracrine influences. The fact that kidney injury is usually part of a generalized comorbid condition makes it all the more challenging in terms of assessment of severity. In this review, we attempt to analyze the mechanisms of ischemic injury and repair in acute and chronic kidney disease from the perspectives of both preclinical and human studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa El Sabbahy
- Laboratory of Kidney Toxicology and Regeneration, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vishal S. Vaidya
- Laboratory of Kidney Toxicology and Regeneration, Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Woodfin A, Voisin MB, Beyrau M, Colom B, Caille D, Diapouli FM, Nash GB, Chavakis T, Albelda SM, Rainger GE, Meda P, Imhof BA, Nourshargh S. The junctional adhesion molecule JAM-C regulates polarized transendothelial migration of neutrophils in vivo. Nat Immunol 2011; 12:761-9. [PMID: 21706006 PMCID: PMC3145149 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The migration of neutrophils into inflamed tissues is a fundamental component of innate immunity. A decisive step in this process is the polarized migration of blood neutrophils through endothelial cells (ECs) lining the venular lumen (transendothelial migration (TEM)) in a luminal-to-abluminal direction. By real-time confocal imaging, we found that neutrophils had disrupted polarized TEM ('hesitant' and 'reverse') in vivo. We noted these events in inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion injury, characterized by lower expression of junctional adhesion molecule C (JAM-C) at EC junctions, and they were enhanced by blockade or genetic deletion of JAM-C in ECs. Our results identify JAM-C as a key regulator of polarized neutrophil TEM in vivo and suggest that reverse TEM of neutrophils can contribute to the dissemination of systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Woodfin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Martina Beyrau
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Bartomeu Colom
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | | - Frantzeska-Maria Diapouli
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | | | | | - G Ed Rainger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT
| | - Paolo Meda
- Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Centre Médical Universitaire, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sussan Nourshargh
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hu DM, Yang Y, Tang W. Treatment with anti-JAM-C mAb attenuates pancreatic and systemic inflammation in mice with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:74-77. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i1.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate whether anti-JAM-C mAb exerts a protective effect against pancreatic and systemic inflammation in mice with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP).
METHODS: A mouse model of ANP was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein and lipopolysaccharide. ANP mice were divided into three groups: mice undergoing an intraperitoneal injection of anti-JAM-C mAb (anti-JAM-C mAb group), ANP group and those receiving normal saline (NS group). Blood samples were taken to determine serum amylase and TNF-α concentrations, and pancreatic samples was collected for morphological study and histological scoring.
RESULTS: Compared to the ANP group, treatment with anti-JAM-C mAb significantly reduced the severity of pancreatic injury, including edema (1.9 ± 0.1 vs 2.4 ± 0.3, P < 0.05), inflammatory cell infiltration (1.5 ± 0.2 vs 2.4 ± 0.2, P < 0.05), necrosis (1.1 ± 0.2 vs 2.0 ± 0.2, P < 0.05) and hemorrhage (1.0 ± 0.2 vs 1.8 ± 0.2, P < 0.05). In addition, the wet weight, serum amylase and TNF-α concentrations in ANP group were markedly higher than NS group and anti-JAM-C mAb group (348 mg ± 27 mg vs 235 mg ± 24 mg, 286 mg ± 36 mg; 17 985 U/L ± 1 064 U/L vs 1 876 U/L ± 245 U/L, 13 870 U/L ± 988 U/L; 628 ng/L ± 48 ng/L vs 320 ng/L ± 23 ng/L, 58 ng/L ± 13 ng/L, all P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Treatment with anti-JAM-C mAb significantly reduces pancreatic and systemic inflammation in mice with ANP.
Collapse
|
42
|
Effects of Microbubbles and Ultrasound on the Microcirculation: Observation on the Hamster Cheek Pouch. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2010; 23:1323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.echo.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
43
|
Kränkel N, Spinetti G, Amadesi S, Madeddu P. Targeting stem cell niches and trafficking for cardiovascular therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 129:62-81. [PMID: 20965213 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regenerative cardiovascular medicine is the frontline of 21st-century health care. Cell therapy trials using bone marrow progenitor cells documented that the approach is feasible, safe and potentially beneficial in patients with ischemic disease. However, cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation strategies should aim to conserve the pristine healing capacity of a healthy organism as well as reactivate it under disease conditions. This requires an increased understanding of stem cell microenvironment and trafficking mechanisms. Engagement and disengagement of stem cells of the osteoblastic niche is a dynamic process, finely tuned to allow low amounts of cells move out of the bone marrow and into the circulation on a regular basis. The balance is altered under stress situations, like tissue injury or ischemia, leading to remarkably increased cell egression. Individual populations of circulating progenitor cells could give rise to mature tissue cells (e.g. endothelial cells or cardiomyocytes), while the majority may differentiate to leukocytes, affecting the environment of homing sites in a paracrine way, e.g. promoting endothelial survival, proliferation and function, as well as attenuating or enhancing inflammation. This review focuses on the dynamics of the stem cell niche in healthy and disease conditions and on therapeutic means to direct stem cell/progenitor cell mobilization and recruitment into improved tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Kränkel
- Institute of Physiology/Cardiovascular Research, University of Zürich, and Cardiovascular Center, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nourshargh S, Hordijk PL, Sixt M. Breaching multiple barriers: leukocyte motility through venular walls and the interstitium. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2010; 11:366-78. [PMID: 20414258 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The shuttling of leukocytes between the bloodstream and interstitial tissues involves different locomotion strategies that are governed by locally presented soluble and cell-bound signals. Recent studies have furthered our understanding of the rapidly advancing field of leukocyte migration, particularly regarding cellular and subcellular events at the level of the venular wall. Furthermore, emerging cellular models are now addressing the transition from an adherent mode to a non-adherent state, incorporating mechanisms that support an efficient migratory profile of leukocytes in the interstitial tissue beyond the venular wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sussan Nourshargh
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hughes EL, Gavins FN. Troubleshooting methods: Using intravital microscopy in drug research. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2010; 61:102-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As the migration of neutrophils from blood to inflamed tissues is an essential component of innate immunity and a key contributing factor to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders, this aspect of leukocyte biology continues to be a highly dynamic field of research. This review summarizes recent findings in this area, focusing on the mechanisms that mediate neutrophil transmigration, an area where significant progress has been made. RECENT FINDINGS The topics to be covered will include responses that are prerequisite to neutrophil migration through venular walls, such as leukocyte luminal crawling and cellular and molecular changes in leukocytes and endothelial cells (e.g. formation of protrusions) that collectively support leukocyte transendothelial cell migration. Advances in both paracellular and transcellular neutrophil migration through endothelial cells will be discussed, addressing the associated roles and regulation of expression of endothelial cell luminal and junctional adhesion molecules. Beyond the endothelium, migration through the vascular pericyte coverage and basement membrane will be reviewed. SUMMARY The unquestionable role of neutrophils in the development and progression of inflammatory conditions suggests that a better understanding of the tissue-specific and stimulus-specific mechanisms that mediate this response may identify novel pathways that could be exploited for the development of more specific anti-inflammatory interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Woodfin
- Queen Mary University of London, William Harvey Research Institute, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|