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Keene D, Kaza N, Srinivasan D, Ali N, Tanner M, Foley P, Chandrasekaran B, Moore P, Adhya S, Qureshi N, Muthumala A, Lane R, Rinaldi A, Agarwal S, Leyva F, Behar J, Bassi S, Ng A, Scott P, Prasad R, Swinburn J, Tomson J, Sethi A, Shah J, Lim PB, Kyriacou A, Thomas D, Chuen J, Kamdar R, Kanagaratnam P, Mariveles M, Johnson N, Falaschetti E, Howard JP, Arnold A, Cleland JGF, Francis DP, Whinnett Z, Shun-Shin M. Predictors of the efficacy of His bundle pacing in patients with a prolonged PR interval: A stratified analysis of the HOPE-HF randomized controlled trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2024. [PMID: 39023285 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS The randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled HOPE-HF trial assessed the benefit of atrio-ventricular (AV) delay optimization delivered using His bundle pacing. It recruited patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40%, PR interval ≥200 ms, and baseline QRS ≤140 ms or right bundle branch block. Overall, there was no significant increase in peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) but there was significant improvement in heart failure specific quality of life. In this pre-specified secondary analysis, we evaluated the impact of baseline PR interval, echocardiographic E-A fusion, and the magnitude of acute high-precision haemodynamic response to pacing, on outcomes. METHODS AND RESULTS All 167 randomized participants underwent measurement of PR interval, acute haemodynamic response at optimized AV delay, and assessment of presence of E-A fusion. We tested the impact of these baseline parameters using a Bayesian ordinal model on VO2max, quality of life and activity measures. There was strong evidence of a beneficial interaction between the baseline acute haemodynamic response and the blinded benefit of pacing for VO2 (Pr 99.9%), Minnesota Living With Heart Failure (MLWHF) (Pr 99.8%), MLWHF physical limitation score (Pr 98.9%), EQ-5D visual analogue scale (Pr 99.6%), and exercise time (Pr 99.4%). The baseline PR interval and the presence of baseline E-A fusion did not have this reliable ability to predict the clinical benefit of pacing over placebo across multiple endpoints. CONCLUSIONS In the HOPE-HF trial, the acute haemodynamic response to pacing reliably identified patients who obtained clinical benefit. Patients with a long PR interval (≥200 ms) and left ventricular impairment who obtained acute haemodynamic improvement with AV-optimized His bundle pacing were likely to obtain clinical benefit, consistent across multiple endpoints. Importantly, this gradation can be reliably tested for before randomization, but does require high-precision AV-optimized haemodynamic assessment to be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keene
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Nandita Kaza
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Nadine Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark Tanner
- West Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust, West Sussex, UK
| | - Paul Foley
- Great Western Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Swindon, UK
| | | | - Philip Moore
- West Hertfordshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Hertfordshire, UK
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | | | - Amal Muthumala
- Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- North Middlesex University Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Lane
- Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Aldo Rinaldi
- Guy's and St. Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sharad Agarwal
- Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Sukh Bassi
- Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Mansfield, UK
| | - Andre Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Jon Swinburn
- Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK
| | | | - Amarjit Sethi
- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Jaymin Shah
- London North West University Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Phang Boon Lim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andreas Kyriacou
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Dewi Thomas
- Morriston Hospital Regional Cardiac Centre, Swansea, UK
| | - Jenny Chuen
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas Johnson
- Imperial College Trials Unit, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - James P Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ahran Arnold
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - John G F Cleland
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zachary Whinnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthew Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Ali N, Saqi K, Arnold AD, Miyazawa AA, Keene D, Chow JJ, Little I, Peters NS, Kanagaratnam P, Qureshi N, Ng FS, Linton NWF, Lefroy DC, Francis DP, Boon Lim P, Tanner MA, Muthumala A, Agarwal G, Shun-Shin MJ, Cole GD, Whinnett ZI. Left bundle branch pacing with and without anodal capture: impact on ventricular activation pattern and acute haemodynamics. Europace 2023; 25:euad264. [PMID: 37815462 PMCID: PMC10563660 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Left bundle branch pacing (LBBP) can deliver physiological left ventricular activation, but typically at the cost of delayed right ventricular (RV) activation. Right ventricular activation can be advanced through anodal capture, but there is uncertainty regarding the mechanism by which this is achieved, and it is not known whether this produces haemodynamic benefit. METHODS AND RESULTS We recruited patients with LBBP leads in whom anodal capture eliminated the terminal R-wave in lead V1. Ventricular activation pattern, timing, and high-precision acute haemodynamic response were studied during LBBP with and without anodal capture. We recruited 21 patients with a mean age of 67 years, of whom 14 were males. We measured electrocardiogram timings and haemodynamics in all patients, and in 16, we also performed non-invasive mapping. Ventricular epicardial propagation maps demonstrated that RV septal myocardial capture, rather than right bundle capture, was the mechanism for earlier RV activation. With anodal capture, QRS duration and total ventricular activation times were shorter (116 ± 12 vs. 129 ± 14 ms, P < 0.01 and 83 ± 18 vs. 90 ± 15 ms, P = 0.01). This required higher outputs (3.6 ± 1.9 vs. 0.6 ± 0.2 V, P < 0.01) but without additional haemodynamic benefit (mean difference -0.2 ± 3.8 mmHg compared with pacing without anodal capture, P = 0.2). CONCLUSION Left bundle branch pacing with anodal capture advances RV activation by stimulating the RV septal myocardium. However, this requires higher outputs and does not improve acute haemodynamics. Aiming for anodal capture may therefore not be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Khulat Saqi
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ahran D Arnold
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Alejandra A Miyazawa
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Daniel Keene
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ji-Jian Chow
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Nicholas S Peters
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Prapa Kanagaratnam
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Norman Qureshi
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nick W F Linton
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - David C Lefroy
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Phang Boon Lim
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark A Tanner
- St Richard’s Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Watford, UK
| | - Amal Muthumala
- St Bartholomew’s Hospital and North Middlesex University Hospital, Watford, UK
| | - Girija Agarwal
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Matthew J Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Graham D Cole
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute—Cardiovascular Science, The Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London,B-Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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3
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Ali N, Arnold AD, Miyazawa AA, Keene D, Chow JJ, Little I, Peters NS, Kanagaratnam P, Qureshi N, Ng FS, Linton NWF, Lefroy DC, Francis DP, Phang Boon L, Tanner MA, Muthumala A, Shun-Shin MJ, Cole GD, Whinnett ZI. Comparison of methods for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy: an acute electrical and haemodynamic within-patient comparison of left bundle branch area, His bundle, and biventricular pacing. Europace 2023; 25:1060-1067. [PMID: 36734205 PMCID: PMC10062293 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euac245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) is a promising method for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), but its relative physiological effectiveness compared with His bundle pacing (HBP) is unknown. We conducted a within-patient comparison of HBP, LBBAP, and biventricular pacing (BVP). METHODS AND RESULTS Patients referred for CRT were recruited. We assessed electrical response using non-invasive mapping, and acute haemodynamic response using a high-precision haemodynamic protocol. Nineteen patients were recruited: 14 male, mean LVEF of 30%. Twelve had time for BVP measurements. All three modalities reduced total ventricular activation time (TVAT), (ΔTVATHBP -43 ± 14 ms and ΔTVATLBBAP -35 ± 20 ms vs. ΔTVATBVP -19 ± 30 ms, P = 0.03 and P = 0.1, respectively). HBP produced a significantly greater reduction in TVAT compared with LBBAP in all 19 patients (-46 ± 15 ms, -36 ± 17 ms, P = 0.03). His bundle pacing and LBBAP reduced left ventricular activation time (LVAT) more than BVP (ΔLVATHBP -43 ± 16 ms, P < 0.01 vs. BVP, ΔLVATLBBAP -45 ± 17 ms, P < 0.01 vs. BVP, ΔLVATBVP -13 ± 36 ms), with no difference between HBP and LBBAP (P = 0.65). Acute systolic blood pressure was increased by all three modalities. In the 12 with BVP, greater improvement was seen with HBP and LBBAP (6.4 ± 3.8 mmHg BVP, 8.1 ± 3.8 mmHg HBP, P = 0.02 vs. BVP and 8.4 ± 8.2 mmHg for LBBAP, P = 0.3 vs. BVP), with no difference between HBP and LBBAP (P = 0.8). CONCLUSION HBP delivered better ventricular resynchronization than LBBAP because right ventricular activation was slower during LBBAP. But LBBAP was not inferior to HBP with respect to LV electrical resynchronization and acute haemodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Ali
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Ahran D Arnold
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Alejandra A Miyazawa
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Daniel Keene
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Ji-Jian Chow
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Ian Little
- Medtronic Limited, Building 9, Croxley Green Business Park, Watford WD18 8WW, UK
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Prapa Kanagaratnam
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Norman Qureshi
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Nick W F Linton
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - David C Lefroy
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
- Department of Cardiology, St Richards Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust., Spitalfield Ln, Chichester PO19 6SE, UK
| | - Lim Phang Boon
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Mark A Tanner
- Department of Cardiology, St Richards Hospital, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust., Spitalfield Ln, Chichester PO19 6SE, UK
| | - Amal Muthumala
- Department of Cardiology, St Bartholomew’s Hospital and North Middlesex University Hospital, W Smithfield, London EC1A 7BE, UK
| | - Matthew J Shun-Shin
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Graham D Cole
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- Department of Cardiology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Du Cane Road, London W120HS, UK
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4
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Stegemann E, Weidmann M, Miyazawa AA, Shun-Shin MJ, Leyva F, Zegard A, Stegemann B. Laser Doppler flow for the hemodynamic differentiation of tachycardia. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2023; 46:114-124. [PMID: 36385259 DOI: 10.1111/pace.14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) offer effective therapy for the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular arrhythmias. However, inappropriate shocks have detrimental effects on survival and quality of life. The addition of hemodynamic monitoring may be useful in discriminating clinically important ventricular arrhythmias. OBJECTIVE In this study, we assess the ability of laser Doppler flowmetry to assess the hemodynamic effect of paced atrial and ventricular arrhythmias using mean arterial blood pressure as the reference. METHODS In this acute human study in patients undergoing an elective electrophysiological study, laser Doppler flowmetry, arterial blood pressure, and surface ECG were acquired during high-rate atrial and ventricular pacing to simulate supraventricular and ventricular tachycardias. RESULTS Arterial blood pressure and laser Doppler flow signals correlated well during atrial and ventricular pacing (rho = 0.694, p < .001). The hemodynamic impairment detected by both methods was greater during ventricular pacing than atrial pacing (-1.0% vs. 19.0%, p < .001). Laser Doppler flowmetry performed better than rate alone to identify hemodynamic impairments. CONCLUSION In this acute study, laser Doppler flowmetry tissue perfusion served as a good surrogate measure for arterial pressure, which could be incorporated into future ICDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Stegemann
- Clinic for Internal Medicine & Angiology, Agaplesion Diakonie Kliniken Kassel, Kassel, Germany.,Klinik für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Medizinische Fakultät der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mia Weidmann
- Medizinische Klinik II, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Alejandra A Miyazawa
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Leyva
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Abbasin Zegard
- Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Berthold Stegemann
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, United Kingdom.,Aston Medical School, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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A Computationally Efficient Approach to Simulate Heart Rate Effects Using a Whole Human Heart Model. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9080334. [PMID: 35892747 PMCID: PMC9331290 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9080334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Computational modeling of the whole human heart has become a valuable tool to evaluate medical devices such as leadless pacemakers, annuloplasty rings and left ventricular assist devices, since it is often difficult to replicate the complex dynamic interactions between the device and human heart in bench-top and animal tests. The Dassault Systèmes Living Heart Human Model (LHHM) is a finite-element model of whole-human-heart electromechanics that has input parameters that were previously calibrated to generate physiological responses in a healthy heart beating at 60 beat/min (resting state). This study demonstrates that, by adjusting only six physiologically meaningful parameters, the LHHM can be recalibrated to generate physiological responses in a healthy heart beating at heart rates ranging from 90−160 beat/min. These parameters are as follows: the sinoatrial node firing period decreases from 0.67 s at 90 bpm to 0.38 s at 160 bpm, atrioventricular delay decreases from 0.122 s at 90 bpm to 0.057 s at 160 bpm, preload increases 3-fold from 90 bpm to 160 bpm, body resistance at 160 bpm is 80% of that at 90 bpm, arterial stiffness at 160 bpm is 3.9 times that at 90 bpm, and a parameter relating myofiber twitch force duration and sarcomere length decreases from 238 ms/mm at 90 bpm to 175 ms/mm at 160 bpm. In addition, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using the LHHM to conduct clinical investigations in AV delay optimization and hemodynamic differences between pacing and exercise. AV delays in the ranges of 40 ms to 250 ms were simulated and stroke volume and systolic blood pressure showed clear peaks at 120 ms for 90 bpm. For a heart during exercise, the increase in cardiac output continues to 160 bpm. However, for a heart during pacing, those physiological parameter adjustments are removed that are related to changes in body oxygen requirements (preload, arterial stiffness and body resistance). Consequently, cardiac output increases initially with heart rate; as the heart rate goes up (>100 bpm), the increasing rate of cardiac output slows down and approaches a plateau.
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6
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Miyazawa AA, Francis DP, Whinnett ZI. Basic Principles of Hemodynamics in Pacing. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2022; 14:133-140. [PMID: 35715072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccep.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pacing therapy aims to improve overall cardiac function by normalizing cardiac electrical activation. Although hemodynamic measurements allow the impact of cardiac pacing on cardiac function to be quantified, the protocol is crucial to minimize the effect of noise and achieve greater precision. Multiple steps can be undertaken to optimize accuracy of hemodynamic measurements. These include comparing with a reference state, using an average of a set number of beats, making repeated measurements, ensuring all beats are included, and pacing at faster heart rates. These measurements can aid comparison between different pacing modalities and guide optimal programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra A Miyazawa
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0HS, UK.
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Choudhury M, Kumar N, Chalil S, Abozguia K. Refractory hypertensive emergency associated with complete heart block resolved after permanent pacemaker implantation: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e5964. [PMID: 35765295 PMCID: PMC9207116 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe hypertension sometimes improves with treatment of bradycardia but this phenomenon is under-reported. Here, an elderly gentleman with complete heart block and a hypertensive emergency was refractory to medical therapies and blood pressure only improved following pacemaker implantation. We discuss the possible mechanisms relating to heart rate and artificial pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narendra Kumar
- Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria HospitalBlackpoolUK
| | - Shajil Chalil
- Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria HospitalBlackpoolUK
| | - Khalid Abozguia
- Lancashire Cardiac Centre, Blackpool Victoria HospitalBlackpoolUK
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8
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Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy in Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy: Role of Multimodality Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040625. [PMID: 33808474 PMCID: PMC8066641 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-ischemic cardiomyopathy encompasses a heterogeneous group of diseases, with a generally unfavorable long-term prognosis. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a useful therapeutic option for patients with symptomatic heart failure, currently recommended by all available guidelines, with outstanding benefits, especially in non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy. Still, in spite of clear indications based on identifying a dyssynchronous pattern on the electrocardiogram (ECG,) a great proportion of patients are non-responders. The idea that multimodality cardiac imaging can play a role in refining the selection criteria and the implant technique and help with subsequent system optimization is promising. In this regard, predictors of CRT response, such as apical rocking and septal flash have been identified. Promising new data come from studies using cardiac magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging for showcasing myocardial dyssynchrony. Still, to date, no single imaging predictor has been included in the guidelines, probably due to lack of validation in large, multicenter cohorts. This review provides an up-to-date synthesis of the latest evidence of CRT use in non-ischemic cardiomyopathy and highlights the potential additional value of multimodality imaging for improving CRT response in this population. By incorporating all these findings into our clinical practice, we can aim toward obtaining a higher proportion of responders and improve the success rate of CRT.
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9
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Latham J, Hicks Y, Yang X, Setchi R, Rainer T. Stable Automatic Envelope Estimation for Noisy Doppler Ultrasound. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2021; 68:465-481. [PMID: 32746225 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2020.3011823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Doppler ultrasound technology is widespread in clinical applications and is principally used for blood flow measurements in the heart, arteries, and veins. A commonly extracted parameter is the maximum velocity envelope. However, current methods of extracting it cannot produce stable envelopes in high noise conditions. This can limit clinical and research applications using the technology. In this article, a new method of automatic envelope estimation is presented. The method can handle challenging signals with high levels of noise and variable envelope shapes. Envelopes are extracted from a Doppler spectrogram image generated directly from the Doppler audio signal, making it less device-dependent than existing image-processing methods. The method's performance is assessed using simulated pulsatile flow, a flow phantom, and in vivo ascending aortic flow measurements and is compared with three state-of-the-art methods. The proposed method is the most accurate in noisy conditions, achieving, on average, for phantom data with signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) below 10 dB, bias and standard deviation of 0.7% and 3.3% lower than the next-best performing method. In addition, a new method for beat segmentation is proposed. When combined, the two proposed methods exhibited the best performance using in vivo data, producing the least number of incorrectly segmented beats and 8.2% more correctly segmented beats than the next best performing method. The ability of the proposed methods to reliably extract timing indices for cardiac cycles across a range of signal quality is of particular significance for research and monitoring applications.
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10
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Keene D, Shun-Shin MJ, Arnold AD, March K, Qureshi N, Ng FS, Tanner M, Linton N, Lim PB, Lefroy D, Kanagaratnam P, Peters NS, Francis DP, Whinnett ZI. Within-patient comparison of His-bundle pacing, right ventricular pacing, and right ventricular pacing avoidance algorithms in patients with PR prolongation: Acute hemodynamic study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2020; 31:2964-2974. [PMID: 32976636 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A prolonged PR interval may adversely affect ventricular filling and, therefore, cardiac function. AV delay can be corrected using right ventricular pacing (RVP), but this induces ventricular dyssynchrony, itself harmful. Therefore, in intermittent heart block, pacing avoidance algorithms are often implemented. We tested His-bundle pacing (HBP) as an alternative. METHODS Outpatients with a long PR interval (>200 ms) and intermittent need for ventricular pacing were recruited. We measured within-patient differences in high-precision hemodynamics between AV-optimized RVP and HBP, as well as a pacing avoidance algorithm (Managed Ventricular Pacing [MVP]). RESULTS We recruited 18 patients. Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 44.3 ± 9%. Mean intrinsic PR interval was 266 ± 42 ms and QRS duration was 123 ± 29 ms. RVP lengthened QRS duration (+54 ms, 95% CI 42-67 ms, p < .0001) while HBP delivered a shorter QRS duration than RVP (-56 ms, 95% CI -67 to -46 ms, p < .0001). HBP did not increase QRS duration (-2 ms, 95% CI -8 to 13 ms, p = .6). HBP improved acute systolic blood pressure by mean of 5.0 mmHg (95% CI 2.8-7.1 mmHg, p < .0001) compared to RVP and by 3.5 mmHg (95% CI 1.9-5.0 mmHg, p = .0002) compared to the pacing avoidance algorithm. There was no significant difference in hemodynamics between RVP and ventricular pacing avoidance (p = .055). CONCLUSIONS HBP provides better acute cardiac function than pacing avoidance algorithms and RVP, in patients with prolonged PR intervals. HBP allows normalization of prolonged AV delays (unlike pacing avoidance) and does not cause ventricular dyssynchrony (unlike RVP). Clinical trials may be justified to assess whether these acute improvements translate into longer term clinical benefits in patients with bradycardia indications for pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keene
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ahran D Arnold
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katherine March
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Norman Qureshi
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Fu Siong Ng
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mark Tanner
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Linton
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Phang B Lim
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - David Lefroy
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Nicholas S Peters
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Ferchaud V, Garcia R, Bidegain N, Degand B, Milliez P, Pezel T, Moubarak G. Non-invasive hemodynamic determination of patient-specific optimal pacing mode in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 2020; 62:347-356. [PMID: 33128179 DOI: 10.1007/s10840-020-00908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) devices have multiple programmable pacing parameters. The purpose of this study was to determine the best pacing mode, i.e., associated with the greatest acute hemodynamic response, in each patient. METHODS Patients in sinus rhythm and intact atrioventricular conduction were included within 3 months of implantation of devices featuring SyncAV and multipoint pacing (MPP) algorithms. The effect of nominal biventricular pacing using the latest activated electrode (BiV-Late), optimized atrioventricular delay (AVD), nominal and optimized SyncAV, and anatomical MPP was determined by non-invasive measurement of systolic blood pressure (SBP). CRT response was defined as SBP increase > 10% relative to baseline. RESULTS Thirty patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB) were included. BiV-Late increased SBP compared to intrinsic rhythm (128 ± 21 mmHg vs. 121 ± 22 mmHg, p = 0.0002). The best pacing mode further increased SBP to 140 ± 19 mmHg (p < 0.0001 vs. BiV-Late). The proportion of CRT responders increased from 40% with BiV-Late to 80% with the best pacing mode (p = 0.0005). Compared to BiV-Late, optimized AVD and optimized SyncAV increased SBP (to 134 ± 21 mmHg, p = 0.004, and 133 ± 20 mmHg, p = 0.0003, respectively), but nominal SyncAV and MPP did not. The best pacing mode was variable between patients and was different from nominal BiV-Late in 28 (93%) patients. Optimized AVD was the most frequent best mode, in 14 (47%) patients. CONCLUSION In patients with LBBB, the best pacing mode was patient-specific and doubled the magnitude of acute hemodynamic response and the proportion of acute CRT responders compared to nominal BiV-Late pacing. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT03779802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Ferchaud
- Department of Electrophysiology and Pacing, Centre Médico-Chirurgical Ambroise Paré, 27 Boulevard Victor Hugo, 92200, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Rodrigue Garcia
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Bidegain
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Bruno Degand
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Paul Milliez
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Théo Pezel
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Ghassan Moubarak
- Department of Electrophysiology and Pacing, Centre Médico-Chirurgical Ambroise Paré, 27 Boulevard Victor Hugo, 92200, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
- Department of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Lariboisière, Paris, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To give an overview on recent developments in permanent implant-based therapy of resistant hypertension. RECENT FINDINGS The American Heart Association (AHA) recently updated their guidelines to treat high blood pressure (BP). As elevated BP now is defined as a systolic BP above 120 mmHg, the prevalence of hypertension in the USA has increased from 32% (old definition of hypertension) to 46%. In the past years, device- and implant-mediated therapies have evolved and extensively studied in various patient populations. Despite an initial drawback in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of bilateral carotid sinus stimulation (CSS), new and less invasive and unilateral systems for baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) with the BAROSTIM NEO® have been developed which show promising results in small non-randomized controlled (RCT) studies. Selective vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) has been successfully evaluated in rodents, but has not yet been tested in humans. A new endovascular approach to reshape the carotid sinus to lower BP (MobiusHD™) has been introduced (baroreflex amplification therapy) with favorable results in non-RCT trials. However, long-term results are not yet available for this treatment option. A specific subgroup of patients, those with indication for a 2-chamber cardiac pacemaker, may benefit from a new stimulation paradigm which reduces the AV latency and therefore limits the filling time of the left ventricle. The most invasive approach for resistant hypertension still is the neuromodulation by deep brain stimulation (DBS), which has been shown to significantly lower BP in single cases. Implant-mediated therapy remains a promising approach for the treatment of resistant hypertension. Due to their invasiveness, such treatment options must prove superiority over conventional therapies with regard to safety and efficacy before they can be generally offered to a wider patient population. Overall, BAROSTIM NEO® and MobiusHD™, for which large RCTs will soon be available, are likely to meet those criteria and may represent the first implant-mediated therapeutical options for hypertension, while the use of DBS probably will be reserved for individual cases. The utility of VNS awaits appropriate assessment.
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Shun-Shin MJ, Miyazawa AA, Keene D, Sterliński M, Sokal A, Van Heuverswyn F, Rinaldi CA, Cornelussen R, Stegemann B, Francis DP, Whinnett Z. How to deliver personalized cardiac resynchronization therapy through the precise measurement of the acute hemodynamic response: Insights from the iSpot trial. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 2019; 30:1610-1619. [PMID: 31115945 DOI: 10.1111/jce.14001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION New pacing technologies offer a greater choice of left ventricular pacing sites and greater personalization of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The effects on cardiac function of novel pacing configurations are often compared using multi-beat averages of acute hemodynamic measurements. In this analysis of the iSpot trial, we explore whether this is sufficient. MATERIALS AND METHODS The iSpot trial was an international, prospective, acute hemodynamic trial that assessed seven CRT configurations: standard CRT, MultiSpot (posterolateral vein), and MultiVein (anterior and posterior vein) pacing. Invasive and noninvasive blood pressure, and left ventricular (LV) dP/dtmax were recorded. Eight beats were recorded before and after an alternation from AAI to the tested pacing configuration and vice-versa. Eight alternations were performed for each configuration at each of the five atrioventricular delays. RESULTS Twenty-five patients underwent the full protocol of eight alternations. Only four (16%) patients had a statistically significant >3 mm Hg improvement over conventional CRT configuration (posterolateral vein, distal electrode). However, if only one alternation was analyzed (standard multi-beat averaging protocol), 15 (60%) patients falsely appeared to have a superior nonconventional configuration. Responses to pacing were significantly correlated between the different hemodynamic measures: invasive systolic blood pressure (SBP) vs noninvasive SBP r = 0.82 (P < .001); invasive SBP vs LV dP/dt r = 0.57, r2 = 0.32 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Current standard multibeat acquisition protocols are unfortunately unable to prevent false impressions of optimality arising in individual patients. Personalization processes need to include distinct repeated transitions to the tested pacing configuration in addition to averaging multiple beats. The need is not only during research stages but also during clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Shun-Shin
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra A Miyazawa
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Keene
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maciej Sterliński
- The Second Department of Coronary Artery Disease, Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Sokal
- Department of Cardiology, Congenital Heart Diseases and Electrotherapy, Silesian Center of Heart Disease, Zabrze, Poland
| | | | | | - Richard Cornelussen
- Bakken Research Center B.V., Research and Technology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Berthold Stegemann
- Bakken Research Center B.V., Research and Technology, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Darrel P Francis
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zachary Whinnett
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Arnold AD, Shun-Shin MJ, Keene D, Howard JP, Sohaib SMA, Wright IJ, Cole GD, Qureshi NA, Lefroy DC, Koa-Wing M, Linton NWF, Lim PB, Peters NS, Davies DW, Muthumala A, Tanner M, Ellenbogen KA, Kanagaratnam P, Francis DP, Whinnett ZI. His Resynchronization Versus Biventricular Pacing in Patients With Heart Failure and Left Bundle Branch Block. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 72:3112-3122. [PMID: 30545450 PMCID: PMC6290113 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.09.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND His bundle pacing is a new method for delivering cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). OBJECTIVES The authors performed a head-to-head, high-precision, acute crossover comparison between His bundle pacing and conventional biventricular CRT, measuring effects on ventricular activation and acute hemodynamic function. METHODS Patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block referred for conventional biventricular CRT were recruited. Using noninvasive epicardial electrocardiographic imaging, the authors identified patients in whom His bundle pacing shortened left ventricular activation time. In these patients, the authors compared the hemodynamic effects of His bundle pacing against biventricular pacing using a high-multiple repeated alternation protocol to minimize the effect of noise, as well as comparing effects on ventricular activation. RESULTS In 18 of 23 patients, left ventricular activation time was significantly shortened by His bundle pacing. Seventeen patients had a complete electromechanical dataset. In them, His bundle pacing was more effective at delivering ventricular resynchronization than biventricular pacing: greater reduction in QRS duration (-18.6 ms; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -31.6 to -5.7 ms; p = 0.007), left ventricular activation time (-26 ms; 95% CI: -41 to -21 ms; p = 0.002), and left ventricular dyssynchrony index (-11.2 ms; 95% CI: -16.8 to -5.6 ms; p < 0.001). His bundle pacing also produced a greater acute hemodynamic response (4.6 mm Hg; 95% CI: 0.2 to 9.1 mm Hg; p = 0.04). The incremental activation time reduction with His bundle pacing over biventricular pacing correlated with the incremental hemodynamic improvement with His bundle pacing over biventricular pacing (R = 0.70; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS His resynchronization delivers better ventricular resynchronization, and greater improvement in hemodynamic parameters, than biventricular pacing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahran D Arnold
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Shun-Shin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Keene
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James P Howard
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - S M Afzal Sohaib
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Wright
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham D Cole
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman A Qureshi
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Lefroy
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Koa-Wing
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nick W F Linton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phang Boon Lim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - D Wyn Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amal Muthumala
- St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London, United Kingdom; North Middlesex Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tanner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Prapa Kanagaratnam
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Darrel P Francis
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Jones S, Lumens J, Sohaib SMA, Finegold JA, Kanagaratnam P, Tanner M, Duncan E, Moore P, Leyva F, Frenneaux M, Mason M, Hughes AD, Francis DP, Whinnett ZI. Cardiac resynchronization therapy: mechanisms of action and scope for further improvement in cardiac function. Europace 2018; 19:1178-1186. [PMID: 27411361 PMCID: PMC5834145 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euw136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may exert its beneficial haemodynamic effect by improving ventricular synchrony and improving atrioventricular (AV) timing. The aim of this study was to establish the relative importance of the mechanisms through which CRT improves cardiac function and explore the potential for additional improvements with improved ventricular resynchronization. Methods and Results We performed simulations using the CircAdapt haemodynamic model and performed haemodynamic measurements while adjusting AV delay, at low and high heart rates, in 87 patients with CRT devices. We assessed QRS duration, presence of fusion, and haemodynamic response. The simulations suggest that intrinsic PR interval and the magnitude of reduction in ventricular activation determine the relative importance of the mechanisms of benefit. For example, if PR interval is 201 ms and LV activation time is reduced by 25 ms (typical for current CRT methods), then AV delay optimization is responsible for 69% of overall improvement. Reducing LV activation time by an additional 25 ms produced an additional 2.6 mmHg increase in blood pressure (30% of effect size observed with current CRT). In the clinical population, ventricular fusion significantly shortened QRS duration (Δ-27 ± 23 ms, P < 0.001) and improved systolic blood pressure (mean 2.5 mmHg increase). Ventricular fusion was present in 69% of patients, yet in 40% of patients with fusion, shortening AV delay (to a delay where fusion was not present) produced the optimal haemodynamic response. Conclusions Improving LV preloading by shortening AV delay is an important mechanism through which cardiac function is improved with CRT. There is substantial scope for further improvement if methods for delivering more efficient ventricular resynchronization can be developed. Clinical Trial Registration Our clinical data were obtained from a subpopulation of the British Randomised Controlled Trial of AV and VV Optimisation (BRAVO), which is a registered clinical trial with unique identifier: NCT01258829, https://clinicaltrials.gov
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Affiliation(s)
- Siana Jones
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Joost Lumens
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - S M Afzal Sohaib
- NHLI-Cardiovascular Science, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, The Hammersmith Hospital, B Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Judith A Finegold
- NHLI-Cardiovascular Science, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, The Hammersmith Hospital, B Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Prapa Kanagaratnam
- NHLI-Cardiovascular Science, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, The Hammersmith Hospital, B Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Mark Tanner
- St Richards Hospital, Western Sussex Hospitals Foundation Trust, Chichester PO19 6SE, UK
| | - Edward Duncan
- Bristol Royal Infirmary, Marlborough Street, Bristol BS2 8HW, UK
| | - Philip Moore
- Watford General Hospital, Vicarage Road, Watford WD18 0HB, UK
| | - Francisco Leyva
- Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2WB, UK
| | - Mike Frenneaux
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Mark Mason
- Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield, Middlesex UB9 6JH, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- NHLI-Cardiovascular Science, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, The Hammersmith Hospital, B Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- NHLI-Cardiovascular Science, Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, The Hammersmith Hospital, B Block South, 2nd Floor, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK
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Multicenter Randomized Controlled Crossover Trial Comparing Hemodynamic Optimization Against Echocardiographic Optimization of AV and VV Delay of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: The BRAVO Trial. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 12:1407-1416. [PMID: 29778861 PMCID: PMC6682561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES BRAVO (British Randomized Controlled Trial of AV and VV Optimization) is a multicenter, randomized, crossover, noninferiority trial comparing echocardiographic optimization of atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular delay with a noninvasive blood pressure method. BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy including AV delay optimization confers clinical benefit, but the optimization requires time and expertise to perform. METHODS This study randomized patients to echocardiographic optimization or hemodynamic optimization using multiple-replicate beat-by-beat noninvasive blood pressure at baseline; after 6 months, participants were crossed over to the other optimization arm of the trial. The primary outcome was exercise capacity, quantified as peak exercise oxygen uptake. Secondary outcome measures were echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) remodeling, quality-of-life scores, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. RESULTS A total of 401 patients were enrolled, the median age was 69 years, 78% of patients were men, and the New York Heart Association functional class was II in 84% and III in 16%. The primary endpoint, peak oxygen uptake, met the criterion for noninferiority (pnoninferiority = 0.0001), with no significant difference between the hemodynamically optimized arm and echocardiographically optimized arm of the trial (mean difference 0.1 ml/kg/min). Secondary endpoints for noninferiority were also met for symptoms (mean difference in Minnesota score 1; pnoninferiority = 0.002) and hormonal changes (mean change in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide -10 pg/ml; pnoninferiority = 0.002). There was no significant difference in LV size (mean change in LV systolic dimension 1 mm; pnoninferiority < 0.001; LV diastolic dimension 0 mm; pnoninferiority <0.001). In 30% of patients the AV delay identified as optimal was more than 20 ms from the nominal setting of 120 ms. CONCLUSIONS Optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy devices by using noninvasive blood pressure is noninferior to echocardiographic optimization. Therefore, noninvasive hemodynamic optimization is an acceptable alternative that has the potential to be automated and thus more easily implemented. (British Randomized Controlled Trial of AV and VV Optimization [BRAVO]; NCT01258829).
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Rationale and evidence for the development of a durable device-based cardiac neuromodulation therapy for hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 12:381-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Neuzil P, Merkely B, Erglis A, Marinskis G, de Groot JR, Schmidinger H, Rodriguez Venegas M, Voskuil M, Sturmberger T, Petru J, Jongejan N, Aichinger J, Kamzola G, Aidietis A, Gellér L, Mraz T, Osztheimer I, Mika Y, Evans S, Burkhoff D, Kuck KH. Pacemaker-Mediated Programmable Hypertension Control Therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006974. [PMID: 29275370 PMCID: PMC5779015 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Many patients requiring a pacemaker have persistent hypertension with systolic blood pressures above recommended levels. We evaluated a pacemaker‐based Programmable Hypertension Control (PHC) therapy that uses a sequence of variably timed shorter and longer atrioventricular intervals. Methods and Results Patients indicated for dual‐chamber pacing with office systolic blood pressure (oSBP) >150 mm Hg despite stable medical therapy were implanted with a Moderato™ pulse generator that delivers PHC therapy. Patients were followed for 1 month (Run‐In period) with conventional pacing; those with persistent oSBP >140 mm Hg were included in the study and had PHC therapy activated. The co‐primary efficacy end points were changes in 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure and oSBP between baseline and 3 months. Safety was assessed by tracking adverse events. Thirty‐five patients met the initial inclusion criteria and underwent Moderato implantation. At 1 month, oSBP was <140 mm Hg in 7 patients who were excluded. PHC was activated in the remaining 27 patients with baseline office blood pressure 166±11/80±10 mm Hg despite an average of 3.2 antihypertensive medications. During the Run‐In period, oSBP and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by 8±13 and 5±12 mm Hg (P<0.002), respectively. Compared with pre‐PHC activation measurements, oSBP decreased by another 16±15 mm Hg and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by an additional 10±13 mm Hg (both P<0.01) at 3 months. No device‐related serious adverse effects were noted. Conclusions In pacemaker patients with persistent hypertension despite medical therapy, oSBP and 24‐hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure are decreased by PHC therapy. Initial indications are that this therapy is a safe and promising therapy for such patients. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02282033.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrejs Erglis
- Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Joris R de Groot
- Department of Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herwig Schmidinger
- Abteilung für Kardiologie, AKH - Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin II, Vienna, Austria.,Sigmund Freud Private University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michiel Voskuil
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sturmberger
- Interne 2 - Kardiologie, Angiologie & Interne Intensivmedizin, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen Linz GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Jan Petru
- Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Niels Jongejan
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josef Aichinger
- Interne 2 - Kardiologie, Angiologie & Interne Intensivmedizin, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen Linz GmbH, Linz, Austria
| | - Ginta Kamzola
- Latvian Centre of Cardiology, Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - Audrius Aidietis
- Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Laszlo Gellér
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tomas Mraz
- Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Istvan Osztheimer
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
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Rodríguez Muñoz D, Moya Mur JL, Moreno J, Fernández-Golfín C, Franco E, Berlot B, Monteagudo JM, Matía Francés R, Hernández Madrid A, Zamorano JL. Mitral-Aortic Flow Reversal in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2017; 10:e004927. [DOI: 10.1161/circep.116.004927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Flow entering the left ventricle is reversed toward the outflow tract through rotating reversal flow around the mitral valve. This was thought to facilitate early ejection, but had not been proved to date. We hypothesized that perfect coupling between reversal and ejection flow would occur at optimal atrioventricular delay (AVD), contributing to its hemodynamic superiority, and evaluated its applicability for AVD optimization.
Methods and Results—
Forty consecutive patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy underwent intracardiac flow analysis and AVD optimization. Reversal and ejection flow curves were studied. The presence and duration of reversal-ejection discontinuity were assessed for all programmed AVD. Reproducibility of each optimization method was evaluated through interobserver variability. Discontinuity between reversal and ejection flow was observed in all patients with longer than optimal AVD, increasing linearly with excess duration in AVD (linear
R
2
=0.976,
P
<0.001). Longer discontinuities implied progressive decreases in pre-ejection flow velocity in the left ventricular outflow tract, with consequent loss of flow momentum. The equation optimal AVD=programmed AVD–[1.2(discontinuity duration)]+4 accurately predicted optimal AVD. Short AVD systematically compromised reversal flow because of premature ejection. Agreement over optimal AVD was superior when assessed by flow reversal method (intraclass correlation coefficient =0.931;
P
<0.001) over both iterative and aortic velocity–time integral methods.
Conclusions—
Perfect coupling between mitral-aortic flow reversal and ejection flow in the left ventricle occurs at optimal AVD. As a result, full blood momentum in the outflow tract is used to facilitate early ejection. This can be measured and provides a new method for AVD optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rodríguez Muñoz
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - José Luis Moya Mur
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Javier Moreno
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Covadonga Fernández-Golfín
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Eduardo Franco
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Bostjan Berlot
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Juan Manuel Monteagudo
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Roberto Matía Francés
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - Antonio Hernández Madrid
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
| | - José Luis Zamorano
- From the Cardiology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain (D.R.-M., J.L.M.M., J.M., C.F.-G., E.F., B.B., J.M.M., R.M.F., A.H.M., J.L.Z.); and University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain (A.H.M., J.L.Z.)
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Abstract
The genesis of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) consists of 'bedside' research and 'bench' studies that are performed in series with each other. In this field, the bench studies are crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of dyssynchrony and resynchronisation. In a way, CRT started with the insight that abnormal ventricular conduction, as caused by right ventricular pacing, has adverse effects. Out of this research came the ground-breaking insight that 'simple' disturbances in impulse conduction, which were initially considered innocent, proved to result in a host of molecular and cellular derangements that lead to a vicious circle of remodelling processes that facilitate the development of heart failure. As a consequence, CRT does not only correct conduction abnormalities, but also improves myocardial properties at many levels. Interestingly, corrections by CRT do not exactly reverse the derangements, induced by dyssynchrony, but also activate novel pathways, a property that may open new avenues for the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Wiegerinck
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - R Schreurs
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - F W Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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21
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Dehbi HM, Jones S, Sohaib SMA, Finegold JA, Siggers JH, Stegemann B, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP. A novel curve fitting method for AV optimisation of biventricular pacemakers. Physiol Meas 2015; 36:1889-900. [DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/36/9/1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Sohaib SMA, Kyriacou A, Jones S, Manisty CH, Mayet J, Kanagaratnam P, Peters NS, Hughes AD, Whinnett ZI, Francis DP. Evidence that conflict regarding size of haemodynamic response to interventricular delay optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy may arise from differences in how atrioventricular delay is kept constant. Europace 2015; 17:1823-33. [PMID: 25855674 PMCID: PMC4700730 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euu374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Whether adjusting interventricular (VV) delay changes haemodynamic efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is controversial, with conflicting results. This study addresses whether the convention for keeping atrioventricular (AV) delay constant during VV optimization might explain these conflicts. Method and results Twenty-two patients in sinus rhythm with existing CRT underwent VV optimization using non-invasive systolic blood pressure. Interventricular optimization was performed with four methods for keeping the AV delay constant: (i) atrium and left ventricle delay kept constant, (ii) atrium and right ventricle delay kept constant, (iii) time to the first-activated ventricle kept constant, and (iv) time to the second-activated ventricle kept constant. In 11 patients this was performed with AV delay of 120 ms, and in 11 at AV optimum. At AV 120 ms, time to the first ventricular lead (left or right) was the overwhelming determinant of haemodynamics (13.75 mmHg at ±80 ms, P < 0.001) with no significant effect of time to second lead (0.47 mmHg, P = 0.50), P < 0.001 for difference. At AV optimum, time to first ventricular lead again had a larger effect (5.03 mmHg, P < 0.001) than time to second (2.92 mmHg, P = 0.001), P = 0.02 for difference. Conclusion Time to first ventricular activation is the overwhelming determinant of circulatory function, regardless of whether this is the left or right ventricular lead. If this is kept constant, the effect of changing time to the second ventricle is small or nil, and is not beneficial. In practice, it may be advisable to leave VV delay at zero. Specifying how AV delay is kept fixed might make future VV delay research more enlightening.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Afzal Sohaib
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Andreas Kyriacou
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Siana Jones
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Charlotte H Manisty
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Jamil Mayet
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Prapa Kanagaratnam
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Nicholas S Peters
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Alun D Hughes
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Zachary I Whinnett
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
| | - Darrel P Francis
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK
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23
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Zolgharni M, Dhutia NM, Cole GD, Bahmanyar MR, Jones S, Sohaib SMA, Tai SB, Willson K, Finegold JA, Francis DP. Automated aortic Doppler flow tracing for reproducible research and clinical measurements. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2014; 33:1071-1082. [PMID: 24770912 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2014.2303782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In clinical practice, echocardiographers are often unkeen to make the significant time investment to make additional multiple measurements of Doppler velocity. Main hurdle to obtaining multiple measurements is the time required to manually trace a series of Doppler traces. To make it easier to analyze more beats, we present the description of an application system for automated aortic Doppler envelope quantification, compatible with a range of hardware platforms. It analyses long Doppler strips, spanning many heartbeats, and does not require electrocardiogram to separate individual beats. We tested its measurement of velocity-time-integral and peak-velocity against the reference standard defined as the average of three experts who each made three separate measurements. The automated measurements of velocity-time-integral showed strong correspondence (R(2) = 0.94) and good Bland-Altman agreement (SD = 1.39 cm) with the reference consensus expert values, and indeed performed as well as the individual experts ( R(2) = 0.90 to 0.96, SD = 1.05 to 1.53 cm). The same performance was observed for peak-velocities; ( R(2) = 0.98, SD = 3.07 cm/s) and ( R(2) = 0.93 to 0.98, SD = 2.96 to 5.18 cm/s). This automated technology allows > 10 times as many beats to be analyzed compared to the conventional manual approach. This would make clinical and research protocols more precise for the same operator effort.
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Whinnett ZI, Sohaib SMA, Jones S, Kyriacou A, March K, Coady E, Mayet J, Hughes AD, Frenneaux M, Francis DP. British randomised controlled trial of AV and VV optimization ("BRAVO") study: rationale, design, and endpoints. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:42. [PMID: 24693953 PMCID: PMC3992145 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echocardiographic optimization of pacemaker settings is the current standard of care for patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, the process requires considerable time of expert staff. The BRAVO study is a non-inferiority trial comparing echocardiographic optimization of atrioventricular (AV) and interventricular (VV) delay with an alternative method using non-invasive blood pressure monitoring that can be automated to consume less staff resources. Methods/Design BRAVO is a multi-centre, randomized, cross-over, non-inferiority trial of 400 patients with a previously implanted cardiac resynchronization device. Patients are randomly allocated to six months in each arm. In the echocardiographic arm, AV delay is optimized using the iterative method and VV delay by maximizing LVOT VTI. In the haemodynamic arm AV and VV delay are optimized using non-invasive blood pressure measured using finger photoplethysmography. At the end of each six month arm, patients undergo the primary outcome measure of objective exercise capacity, quantified as peak oxygen uptake (VO2) on a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Secondary outcome measures are echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular remodelling, quality of life score and N-terminal pro B-type Natriuretic Peptide (NT-pro BNP). The study is scheduled to complete recruitment in December 2013 and to complete follow up in December 2014. Discussion If exercise capacity is non-inferior with haemodynamic optimization compared with echocardiographic optimization, it would be proof of concept that haemodynamic optimization is an acceptable alternative which has the potential to be more easily implemented. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01258829
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Whinnett
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, 59-61 North Wharf Road, London W2 1LA, UK.
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25
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Krychtiuk KA, Nürnberg M, Volker R, Pachinger L, Jarai R, Freynhofer MK, Wojta J, Huber K, Weiss TW. Effects of AV-delay optimization on hemodynamic parameters in patients with VDD pacemakers. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2014; 126:270-7. [PMID: 24652015 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-014-0520-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Atrioventricular (AV) delay optimization improves hemodynamics and clinical parameters in patients treated with cardiac resynchronization therapy and dual-chamber-pacemakers (PM). However, data on optimizing AV delay in patients treated with VDD-PMs are scarce. We, therefore, investigated the acute and chronic effects of AV delay optimization on hemodynamics in patients treated with VDD-PMs due to AV-conduction disturbances. METHODS In this prospective, single-center interventional trial, we included 64 patients (38 men, 26 women, median age: 77 (70-82) years) with implanted VDD-PM. AV-delay optimization was performed using a formula based on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG). Hemodynamic parameters (stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), heart rate (HR), and blood pressure (BP)) were measured at baseline and follow-up after 3 months using impedance cardiography. RESULTS Using an ECG formula for AV-delay optimization, the AV interval was decreased from 180 (180-180) to 75 (75-100) ms. At baseline, AV-delay optimization led to a significant increase of both SV (71.3 ± 15.8 vs. 55.3 ± 12.7 ml, p < 0.001, for optimized AV delay vs. nominal AV interval, respectively) and CO (5.1 ± 1.4 vs. 3.9 ± 1.0 l/min, p < 0.001), while HR and BP remained unchanged. At follow-up, the improvement in CO remained stable (4.9 ± 1.3 l/min, p = 0.09), while SV slightly, but significantly, decreased (to 65.1 ± 17.6, p < 0.01). CONCLUSION AV-delay optimization in patients treated with VDD-PMs exhibits immediate beneficial effects on hemodynamic parameters that are sustained for 3 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin A Krychtiuk
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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26
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Sohaib SMA, Whinnett ZI, Ellenbogen KA, Stellbrink C, Quinn TA, Bogaard MD, Bordachar P, van Gelder BM, van Geldorp IE, Linde C, Meine M, Prinzen FW, Turcott RG, Spotnitz HM, Wichterle D, Francis DP. Cardiac resynchronisation therapy optimisation strategies: systematic classification, detailed analysis, minimum standards and a roadmap for development and testing. Int J Cardiol 2013; 170:118-31. [PMID: 24239155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this article an international group of CRT specialists presents a comprehensive classification system for present and future schemes for optimising CRT. This system is neutral to the measurement technology used, but focuses on little-discussed quantitative physiological requirements. We then present a rational roadmap for reliable cost-effective development and evaluation of schemes. A widely recommended approach for AV optimisation is to visually select the ideal pattern of transmitral Doppler flow. Alternatively, one could measure a variable (such as Doppler velocity time integral) and "pick the highest". More complex would be to make measurements across a range of settings and "fit a curve". In this report we provide clinicians with a critical approach to address any recommendations presented to them, as they may be many, indistinct and conflicting. We present a neutral scientific analysis of each scheme, and equip the reader with simple tools for critical evaluation. Optimisation protocols should deliver: (a) singularity, with only one region of optimality rather than several; (b) blinded test-retest reproducibility; (c) plausibility; (d) concordance between independent methods; and (e) transparency, with all steps open to scrutiny. This simple information is still not available for many optimisation schemes. Clinicians developing the habit of asking about each property in turn will find it easier to win now down the broad range of protocols currently promoted. Expectation of a sophisticated enquiry from the clinical community will encourage optimisation protocol-designers to focus on testing early (and cheaply) the basic properties that are vital for any chance of long term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
-
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
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27
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Ulč I, Vančura V. Optimization of pacing intervals in cardiac resynchronization therapy. COR ET VASA 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvasa.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Whinnett ZI, Francis DP, Denis A, Willson K, Pascale P, van Geldorp I, De Guillebon M, Ploux S, Ellenbogen K, Haïssaguerre M, Ritter P, Bordachar P. Comparison of different invasive hemodynamic methods for AV delay optimization in patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy: implications for clinical trial design and clinical practice. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2228-37. [PMID: 23481908 PMCID: PMC3819984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Reproducibility and hemodynamic efficacy of optimization of AV delay (AVD) of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) using invasive LV dp/dtmax are unknown. Method and results 25 patients underwent AV delay (AVD) optimisation twice, using continuous left ventricular (LV) dp/dtmax, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP). We compared 4 protocols for comparing dp/dtmax between AV delays:Immediate absolute: mean of 10 s recording of dp/dtmax acquired immediately after programming the tested AVD, Delayed absolute: mean of 10 s recording acquired 30 s after programming AVD, Single relative: relative difference between reference AVD and the tested AVD, Multiple relative: averaged difference, from multiple alternations between reference and tested AVD.
We assessed for dp/dtmax, LVSBP and LVPP, test–retest reproducibility of the optimum. Optimization using immediate absolute dp/dtmax had poor reproducibility (SDD of replicate optima = 41 ms; R2 = 0.45) as did delayed absolute (SDD 39 ms; R2 = 0.50). Multiple relative had better reproducibility: SDD 23 ms, R2 = 0.76, and (p < 0.01 by F test). Compared with AAI pacing, the hemodynamic increment from CRT, with the nominal AV delay was LVSBP 2% and LVdp/dtmax 5%, while CRT with pre-determined optimal AVD gave 6% and 9% respectively. Conclusions Because of inevitable background fluctuations, optimization by absolute dp/dtmax has poor same-day reproducibility, unsuitable for clinical or research purposes. Reproducibility is improved by comparing to a reference AVD and making multiple consecutive measurements. More than 6 measurements would be required for even more precise optimization — and might be advisable for future study designs. With optimal AVD, instead of nominal, the hemodynamic increment of CRT is approximately doubled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary I Whinnett
- Hôpital du Haut-Lévèque, Pessac, France; International Centre for Circulatory Health, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
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29
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Francis DP. How to reliably deliver narrow individual-patient error bars for optimization of pacemaker AV or VV delay using a “pick-the-highest” strategy with haemodynamic measurements. Int J Cardiol 2013; 163:221-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Stegemann B, Francis DP. Atrioventricular and interventricular delay optimization and response quantification in biventricular pacing: arrival of reliable clinical algorithms and research protocols, and how to distinguish them from unreliable counterparts. Europace 2012; 14:1679-83. [DOI: 10.1093/europace/eus242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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31
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KYRIACOU ANDREAS, PABARI PUNAMA, WHINNETT ZACHARYI, ARRI SATPAL, WILLSON KEITH, BARUAH RESHAM, STEGEMANN BERTHOLD, MAYET JAMIL, KANAGARATNAM PRAPA, HUGHES ALUND, FRANCIS DARRELP. Fully Automatable, Reproducible, Noninvasive Simple Plethysmographic Optimization: Proof of Concept and Potential for Implantability. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2012; 35:948-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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A systematic approach to designing reliable VV optimization methodology: assessment of internal validity of echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and haemodynamic optimization of cardiac resynchronization therapy. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:954-64. [PMID: 22459364 PMCID: PMC3744806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background In atrial fibrillation (AF), VV optimization of biventricular pacemakers can be examined in isolation. We used this approach to evaluate internal validity of three VV optimization methods by three criteria. Methods and results Twenty patients (16 men, age 75 ± 7) in AF were optimized, at two paced heart rates, by LVOT VTI (flow), non-invasive arterial pressure, and ECG (minimizing QRS duration). Each optimization method was evaluated for: singularity (unique peak of function), reproducibility of optimum, and biological plausibility of the distribution of optima. The reproducibility (standard deviation of the difference, SDD) of the optimal VV delay was 10 ms for pressure, versus 8 ms (p = ns) for QRS and 34 ms (p < 0.01) for flow. Singularity of optimum was 85% for pressure, 63% for ECG and 45% for flow (Chi2 = 10.9, p < 0.005). The distribution of pressure optima was biologically plausible, with 80% LV pre-excited (p = 0.007). The distributions of ECG (55% LV pre-excitation) and flow (45% LV pre-excitation) optima were no different to random (p = ns). The pressure-derived optimal VV delay is unaffected by the paced rate: SDD between slow and fast heart rate is 9 ms, no different from the reproducibility SDD at both heart rates. Conclusions Using non-invasive arterial pressure, VV delay optimization by parabolic fitting is achievable with good precision, satisfying all 3 criteria of internal validity. VV optimum is unaffected by heart rate. Neither QRS minimization nor LVOT VTI satisfy all validity criteria, and therefore seem weaker candidate modalities for VV optimization. AF, unlinking interventricular from atrioventricular delay, uniquely exposes resynchronization concepts to experimental scrutiny.
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Prinzen FW, Auricchio A. The "missing" link between acute hemodynamic effect and clinical response. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2011; 5:188-95. [PMID: 22090350 PMCID: PMC3294218 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-011-9331-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hemodynamic, mechanical and electrical effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) occur immediate and are lasting as long as CRT is delivered. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that acute hemodynamic effects should predict long-term outcome. However, in the literature there is more evidence against than in favour of this idea. This raises the question of what factor(s) do relate to the benefit of CRT. There is increasing evidence that dyssynchrony, presumably through the resultant abnormal local mechanical behaviour, induces extensive remodelling, comprising structure, as well as electrophysiological and contractile processes. Resynchronization has been shown to reverse these processes, even in cases of limited hemodynamic improvement. These data may indicate the need for a paradigm shift in order to achieve maximal long-term CRT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frits W Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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