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Chen J, Hu L, Liu Z. Medical treatments for abdominal aortic aneurysm: an overview of clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2024; 33:979-992. [PMID: 38978286 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2024.2377747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abdominal aortic aneurysm is a progressive, segmental, abdominal aortic dilation associated with a high mortality rate. Abdominal aortic aneurysms with diameters larger than 55 mm are associated with a high risk of rupture, and the most effective treatment options are surgical repair. Close observation and lifestyle adjustments are recommended for smaller abdominal aortic aneurysms with lower rupture risk. The development of medical therapies that limit or prevent the progression, expansion, and eventual rupture of abdominal aortic aneurysms remains an unmet clinical need. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of completed and ongoing clinical trials examining the efficacies of various drug classes, including antibiotics, antihypertensive drugs, hypolipidemic drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, and other potential therapies for abdominal aortic aneurysms. A search of PubMed, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and another six clinical trial registries was conducted in January 2024. EXPERT OPINION None of the drugs have enough evidence to indicate that they can effectively inhibit the dilation of abdominal aortic aneurysm. More clinical trial data is required to support the efficacy of propranolol. Future research should also explore different drug delivery mechanisms, such as nanoparticles, to elevate drug concentration at the aneurysm wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanting Hu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenjie Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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2
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Fan Q, Yan R, Li Y, Lu L, Liu J, Li S, Fu T, Xue Y, Liu J, Li Z. Exploring Immune Cell Diversity in the Lacrimal Glands of Healthy Mice: A Single-Cell RNA-Sequencing Atlas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1208. [PMID: 38279208 PMCID: PMC10816500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The lacrimal gland is responsible for maintaining the health of the ocular surface through the production of tears. However, our understanding of the immune system within the lacrimal gland is currently limited. Therefore, in this study, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis to identify and analyze immune cells and molecules present in the lacrimal glands of normal mice. A total of 34,891 cells were obtained from the lacrimal glands of mice and classified into 18 distinct cell clusters using Seurat clustering. Within these cell populations, 26 different immune cell subpopulations were identified, including T cells, innate lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, dendritic cells, and B cells. Network analysis revealed complex cell-cell interactions between these immune cells, with particularly significant interactions observed among T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, and dendritic cells. Interestingly, T cells were found to be the main source of ligands for the Thy1 signaling pathway, while M2 macrophages were identified as the primary target of this pathway. Moreover, some of these immune cells were validated using immunohistological techniques. Collectively, these findings highlight the abundance and interactions of immune cells and provide valuable insights into the complexity of the lacrimal gland immune system and its relevance to associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Fan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Q.F.); (J.L.)
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Ruyu Yan
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yan Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Liyuan Lu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jiangman Liu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (Q.F.); (J.L.)
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
| | - Senmao Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ting Fu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yunxia Xue
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jun Liu
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- International Ocular Surface Research Center, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Ophthalmology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (R.Y.); (Y.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (T.F.); (Y.X.); (J.L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
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3
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Loste A, Clément M, Delbosc S, Guedj K, Sénémaud J, Gaston AT, Morvan M, Even G, Gautier G, Eggel A, Arock M, Procopio E, Deschildre C, Louedec L, Michel JB, Deschamps L, Castier Y, Coscas R, Alsac JM, Launay P, Caligiuri G, Nicoletti A, Le Borgne M. Involvement of an IgE/Mast cell/B cell amplification loop in abdominal aortic aneurysm progression. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295408. [PMID: 38055674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS IgE type immunoglobulins and their specific effector cells, mast cells (MCs), are associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. In parallel, immunoglobulin-producing B cells, organised in tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) within the aortic wall, have also been linked to aneurysmal progression. We aimed at investigating the potential role and mechanism linking local MCs, TLO B cells, and IgE production in aneurysmal progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Through histological assays conducted on human surgical samples from AAA patients, we uncovered that activated MCs were enriched at sites of unhealed haematomas, due to subclinical aortic wall fissuring, in close proximity to adventitial IgE+ TLO B cells. Remarkably, in vitro the IgEs deriving from these samples enhanced MC production of IL-4, a cytokine which favors IgE class-switching and production by B cells. Finally, the role of MCs in aneurysmal progression was further analysed in vivo in ApoE-/- mice subjected to angiotensin II infusion aneurysm model, through MC-specific depletion after the establishment of dissecting aneurysms. MC-specific depletion improved intramural haematoma healing and reduced aneurysmal progression. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MC located close to aortic wall fissures are activated by adventitial TLO B cell-produced IgEs and participate to their own activation by providing support for further IgE synthesis through IL-4 production. By preventing prompt repair of aortic subclinical fissures, such a runaway MC activation loop could precipitate aneurysmal progression, suggesting that MC-targeting treatments may represent an interesting adjunctive therapy for reducing AAA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Loste
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marc Clément
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Delbosc
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Guedj
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Jean Sénémaud
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anh-Thu Gaston
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marion Morvan
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Even
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Gautier
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alexander Eggel
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michel Arock
- Department of Biology and CNRS UMR8113, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Emanuele Procopio
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Deschildre
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Liliane Louedec
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Michel
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Lydia Deschamps
- Department of Pathology, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yves Castier
- INSERM UMRS 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation (CRI), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Coscas
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- Department of Vascular Surgery, AP-HP, Ambroise Paré University Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Jean-Marc Alsac
- Department of Vascular Surgery, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
- Department of Cardiology, AP-HP, Bichat Hospital, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
| | - Marie Le Borgne
- Université Paris Cité and Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, INSERM, LVTS, Paris, France
- DHU FIRE, Paris, France
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Deleeuw V, Carlson E, Renard M, Zientek KD, Wilmarth PA, Reddy AP, Manalo EC, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Olbinado M, Stampanoni M, Kanki S, Yanagisawa H, Mosquera LM, Sips P, De Backer J, Sakai LY. Unraveling the role of TGFβ signaling in thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection using Fbn1 mutant mouse models. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:17-33. [PMID: 37683955 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Although abnormal TGFβ signaling is observed in several heritable forms of thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections including Marfan syndrome, its precise role in aortic disease progression is still disputed. Using a mouse genetic approach and quantitative isobaric labeling proteomics, we sought to elucidate the role of TGFβ signaling in three Fbn1 mutant mouse models representing a range of aortic disease from microdissection (without aneurysm) to aneurysm (without rupture) to aneurysm and rupture. Results indicated that reduced TGFβ signaling and increased mast cell proteases were associated with microdissection. In contrast, increased abundance of extracellular matrix proteins, which could be reporters for positive TGFβ signaling, were associated with aneurysm. Marked reductions in collagens and fibrillins, and increased TGFβ signaling, were associated with aortic rupture. Our data indicate that TGFβ signaling performs context-dependent roles in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Deleeuw
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Eric Carlson
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Marjolijn Renard
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium; Shriners Children's Hospital, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Keith D Zientek
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OR 97239, United States
| | - Phillip A Wilmarth
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OR 97239, United States
| | - Ashok P Reddy
- Proteomics Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, OR 97239, United States
| | - Elise C Manalo
- Shriners Children's Hospital, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Shriners Children's Hospital, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Shriners Children's Hospital, 3101 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Margie Olbinado
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Sachiko Kanki
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-0801 Japan
| | - Hiromi Yanagisawa
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, The University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577 Japan
| | - Laura Muiño Mosquera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Patrick Sips
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Julie De Backer
- Department of Cardiology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Lynn Y Sakai
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States.
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5
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Zhou D, Zhu Y, Jiang P, Zhang T, Zhuang J, Li T, Qi L, Wang Y. Identifying pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes in intracranial aneurysms based on bioinformatics analysis. Biol Res 2023; 56:50. [PMID: 37752552 PMCID: PMC10523789 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by its rupture can seriously impede nerve function. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory mode of cell death whose underlying mechanisms involving the occurrence and rupture of IAs remain unclear. In this study, using bioinformatics analysis, we identified the potential pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) and performed their inflammatory response mechanisms in IAs. METHODS The mRNA expression matrix of the IA tissue was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, and 51 PRGs were obtained from previous articles collected from PubMed. The differentially expressed PRGs (DEPRGs) were performed using R software. Subsequently, we performed enrichment analysis, constructed a protein-protein interaction network, performed weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and external validation using another dataset, and identified a correlation between hub genes and immune cell infiltration. Finally, the expression and tissue distribution of these hub genes in IA tissues were detected using Western blotting and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS In total, 12 DEPRGs associated with IA were identified in our analysis, which included 11 up-regulated and one down-regulated genes. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses revealed that the DEPRGs were mostly enriched in the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, interleukin-1 beta production, and the inflammasome complex. Three hub genes, NLRP3, IL1B and IL18, were identified using Cytoscape software and the WGCNA correlation module, and external validation revealed statistically significant differences between the expression of these hub genes in the ruptured and unruptured aneurysm groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, all AUC values were > 0.75. Immune cell infiltration analysis suggested that the hub genes are related to CD8 T cell, macrophages and mast cells. Finally, IHC staining revealed that the protein levels of these hub genes were higher in ruptured and unruptured IA tissues than in normal tissues (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The results of bioinformatics analysis showed that pyroptosis is closely related to the formation and rupture of IA, and identified three potential hub genes involved in the pyroptosis and infiltration ofcells. Our findings may improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying pyroptosis in IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yimin Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tongfu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yangxin County People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Linzeng Qi
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunyan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine and Institute of Brain and Brain-Inspired Science, Shandong University, 107 Wenhua Western Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Puertas-Umbert L, Almendra-Pegueros R, Jiménez-Altayó F, Sirvent M, Galán M, Martínez-González J, Rodríguez C. Novel pharmacological approaches in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Clin Sci (Lond) 2023; 137:1167-1194. [PMID: 37559446 PMCID: PMC10415166 DOI: 10.1042/cs20220795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a severe vascular disease and a major public health issue with an unmet medical need for therapy. This disease is featured by a progressive dilation of the abdominal aorta, boosted by atherosclerosis, ageing, and smoking as major risk factors. Aneurysm growth increases the risk of aortic rupture, a life-threatening emergency with high mortality rates. Despite the increasing progress in our knowledge about the etiopathology of AAA, an effective pharmacological treatment against this disorder remains elusive and surgical repair is still the unique available therapeutic approach for high-risk patients. Meanwhile, there is no medical alternative for patients with small aneurysms but close surveillance. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of antihypertensive agents, statins, doxycycline, or anti-platelet drugs, among others, failed to demonstrate a clear benefit limiting AAA growth, while data from ongoing clinical trials addressing the benefit of metformin on aneurysm progression are eagerly awaited. Recent preclinical studies have postulated new therapeutic targets and pharmacological strategies paving the way for the implementation of future clinical studies exploring these novel therapeutic strategies. This review summarises some of the most relevant clinical and preclinical studies in search of new therapeutic approaches for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Neuroscience Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Sirvent
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular del Hospital Universitari General de Granollers, Granollers, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Galán
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - José Martínez-González
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Jia Y, Li D, Yu J, Jiang W, Liu Y, Li F, Zeng R, Wan Z, Liao X. Angiogenesis in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection: A Literature Review. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2023; 24:223. [PMID: 39076698 PMCID: PMC11266809 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2408223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection (AA/AD) are critical aortic diseases with a hidden onset and sudden rupture, usually resulting in an inevitable death. Several pro- and anti-angiogenic factors that induce new capillary formation in the existing blood vessels regulate angiogenesis. In addition, aortic disease mainly manifests as the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells of the adventitia vasa vasorum. An increasing number of studies have shown that angiogenesis is a characteristic change that may promote AA/AD occurrence, progression, and rupture. Furthermore, neocapillaries are leaky and highly susceptible to injury by cytotoxic agents, which promote extracellular matrix remodeling, facilitate inflammatory cell infiltration, and release coagulation factors and proteases within the wall. Mechanistically, inflammation, hypoxia, and angiogenic factor signaling play important roles in angiogenesis in AA/AD under the complex interaction of multiple cell types, such as smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and neutrophils. Therefore, based on current evidence, this review aims to discuss the manifestation, pathological role, and underlying mechanisms of angiogenesis involved in AA/AD, providing insights into the prevention and treatment of AA/AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jia
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongze Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University West China School of Medicine, 610044 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University West China School of Medicine, 610044 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenli Jiang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University West China School of Medicine, 610044 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanghui Li
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhi Wan
- Department of Emergency Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Disaster Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University West China School of Medicine, 610044 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liao
- General Practice Ward/International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041 Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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8
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Huanggu H, Yang D, Zheng Y. Blood immunological profile of abdominal aortic aneurysm based on autoimmune injury. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103258. [PMID: 36563768 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) occupies a large part of aorta aneurysm, and if there's no timely intervention or treatment, the risks of rupture and death would rise sharply. With the depth of research in AAA, more and more evidence showed correlations between AAA and autoimmune injury. Currently, a variety of bioactive peptides and cells have been confirmed to be related with AAA progression. Despite the tremendous progress, more than half researches were sampling from lesion tissues, which would be difficult to obtain. Given that the intrusiveness and convenience, serological test take advantages in initial diagnosis. Here we review blood biomarkers associated with autoimmune injury work in AAA evolution, aiming to make a profile on blood immune substances of AAA and provide a thought for potential clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Huanggu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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9
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Zhang Y, Liu T, Deng Z, Fang W, Zhang X, Zhang S, Wang M, Luo S, Meng Z, Liu J, Sukhova GK, Li D, McKenzie ANJ, Libby P, Shi G, Guo J. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Protect Mice from Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Formation via IL5 and Eosinophils. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206958. [PMID: 36592421 PMCID: PMC9982556 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Development of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) enhances lesion group-2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) accumulation and blood IL5. ILC2 deficiency in Rorafl/fl Il7rCre/+ mice or induced ILC2 depletion in Icosfl-DTR-fl/+ Cd4Cre/+ mice expedites AAA growth, increases lesion inflammation, but leads to systemic IL5 and eosinophil (EOS) deficiency. Mechanistic studies show that ILC2 protect mice from AAA formation via IL5 and EOS. IL5 or ILC2 from wild-type (WT) mice, but not ILC2 from Il5-/- mice induces EOS differentiation in bone-marrow cells from Rorafl/fl Il7rCre/+ mice. IL5, IL13, and EOS or ILC2 from WT mice, but not ILC2 from Il5-/- and Il13-/- mice block SMC apoptosis and promote SMC proliferation. EOS but not ILC2 from WT or Il5-/- mice block endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecule expression, angiogenesis, dendritic cell differentiation, and Ly6Chi monocyte polarization. Reconstitution of WT EOS and ILC2 but not Il5-/- ILC2 slows AAA growth in Rorafl/fl Il7rCre/+ mice by increasing systemic EOS. Besides regulating SMC pathobiology, ILC2 play an indirect role in AAA protection via the IL5 and EOS mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated HospitalHainan Medical UniversityHaikou571199China
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Tianxiao Liu
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics InstituteGuangdong Provincial People's HospitalGuangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhou510080China
| | - Zhiyong Deng
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Department of GeriatricsNational Key Clinic SpecialtyGuangzhou First People's HospitalSchool of MedicineSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510180China
| | - Wenqian Fang
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing LabInstitute of Cardiovascular SciencesSchool of Life ScienceShanghai UniversityShanghai200444China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated HospitalHainan Medical UniversityHaikou571199China
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Zhaojie Meng
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Galina K. Sukhova
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Dazhu Li
- Department of CardiologyUnion HospitalTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430022China
| | - Andrew N. J. McKenzie
- Division of Protein & Nucleic Acid ChemistryMRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeCB2 0QHUK
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Guo‐Ping Shi
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Junli Guo
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma of Ministry of EducationInstitute of Cardiovascular Research of the First Affiliated HospitalHainan Medical UniversityHaikou571199China
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10
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Li Z, Cong X, Kong W. Matricellular proteins: Potential biomarkers and mechanistic factors in aortic aneurysms. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 169:41-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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FOS gene associated immune infiltration signature in perivascular adipose tissues of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Gene X 2022; 831:146576. [PMID: 35568340 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are pathological dilations in local aortic wall. The inflammatory infiltrates of the perivascular adipose tissue (PAT) surrounding AAAs were associated with AAAs and have been shown to contribute vascular pathology. However, the mechanism by which PAT inflammation contributes to vascular pathology in AAA remains to be clarified. This study aimed to explore the association between immune cell infiltration and key gene expression profile in PAT of AAA. For that, a gene expression dataset of human dilated perivascular adipose tissue (dPAT), non-dilated perivascular adipose tissue (ndPAT), subcutaneous abdominal fat (SAF) and omental-visceral fat (OVF) samples, as well as another microarray dataset of the abdominal perivascular adipose tissue in peripheral artery disease patients were downloaded from GEO database for analysis in this study. The CIBERSORT algorithm, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and LASSO algorithm were used for the identification of immune infiltration, immune-related genes and the development of diagnostic signature. Our data discovered a significant higher proportion of activated mast cells and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in dPAT than ndPAT, OVT and SAF samples. Moreover, AP-1 family members (FOS, FOSB, ATF3, JUN and JUNB) were found to compose the hub genes of purple module in WGCNA. Among them, FOS gene acts as a higher efficient marker to discriminate dPAT from ndPAT, OVT and SAF in AAA. Meanwhile, the expression profiles of the AP-1 family members are all significantly positive correlated with activated mast cell, plasma cell and Tfh cell infiltration in dPAT of AAA. Therefore, in the PAT surrounding AAA, the signature of inflammatory infiltration might be represented by a FOS-dominated cell network consist of activated mast cell, plasma cell and Tfh cell. Given the complicated etiology of AAA, our results are likely to shed new light on the pathophysiologic mechanism of AAA influenced by the local dPAT.
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12
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Zhang T, Huang L, Peng J, Zhang JH, Zhang H. LJ529 attenuates mast cell-related inflammation via A 3R-PKCε-ALDH2 pathway after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats. Exp Neurol 2021; 340:113686. [PMID: 33713658 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mast cells (MCs) has been recognized as an effector of inflammation or a trigger of inflammatory factors during stroke. LJ529 was reported to attenuate inflammation through a Gi protein-coupled Adenosine A3 receptor (A3R) after ischemia. Here, we aim to study the protective effect and its mechanism of LJ529 in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) rat model for mast cell-related inflammation. METHODS 155 Sprague-Dawley adult male rats were used in experiments. Endovascular perforation was used for SAH model. Intraperitoneal LJ529 was performed 1 h after SAH. Neurological scores were measured 24 h after SAH. Rotarod and morris water maze tests were evaluated for 21 days after SAH. Mast cell degranulation was assessed with Toluidine blue staining and Chymase/Typtase protein expressions. Mast cell-related inflammation was evaluated using IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 protein expressions. MRS1523, inhibitor of GPR18 and ε-V1-2, inhibitor of PKCε were respectively given intraperitoneally (i.p.) 1 h and 30 min before SAH for mechanism studies. Pathway related proteins were investigated with western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Expression of A3R, PKCε increased after SAH. LJ529 treatment attenuated mast cell degranulation and inflammation. Meanwhile, both short-term and long-term neurological functions were improved after LJ529 treatment. Administration of LJ529 resulted in increased expressions of A3R, PKCε, ALDH2 proteins and decreased expressions of Chymase, Typtase, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1 proteins. MRS1523 abolished the treatment effects of LJ529 on neurobehavior and protein levels. ε-V1-2 also reversed the outcomes of LJ529 administration through reduction in protein expressions downstream of PKCε. CONCLUSIONS LJ529 attenuated mast cell-related inflammation through inhibiting degranulation via A3R-PKCε-ALDH2 pathway after SAH. LJ529 may serve as a potential treatment strategy to relieve post-SAH brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Departments of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Hongqi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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13
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Furukawa H, Wada K, Tada Y, Kuwabara A, Sato H, Ai J, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T. Mast Cell Promotes the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture. Stroke 2020; 51:3332-3339. [PMID: 33019897 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inflammation has emerged as a key component of the pathophysiology of intracranial aneurysms. Mast cells have been detected in human intracranial aneurysm tissues, and their presence was associated with intramural microhemorrhage and wall degeneration. We hypothesized that mast cells play a critical role in the development of aneurysmal rupture, and that mast cells can be used as a therapeutic target for the prevention of aneurysm rupture. METHODS Intracranial aneurysms were induced in adult mice using a combination of induced systemic hypertension and a single injection of elastase into the cerebrospinal fluid. Aneurysm formation and rupture were assessed over 3 weeks. Roles of mast cells were assessed using a mast cell stabilizer (cromolyn), a mast cell activator (C48/80), and mice that are genetically lacking mature mast cells (KitW-sh/W-sh mice). RESULTS Pharmacological stabilization of mast cells with cromolyn markedly decreased the rupture rate of aneurysms (80% versus 19%, n=10 versus n =16) without affecting the aneurysm formation. The activation of mast cells with C48/80 significantly increased the rupture rate of aneurysms (25% versus 100%, n=4 versus n=5) without affecting the overall rate of aneurysm formation. Furthermore, the genetic deficiency of mast cells significantly prevented aneurysm rupture (80% versus 25%, n=10 versus n=8, wild-type versus KitW-sh/W-sh mice). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that mast cells play a key role in promoting aneurysm rupture but not formation. Stabilizers of mast cells may have a potential therapeutic value in preventing intracranial aneurysm rupture in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Furukawa
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kosuke Wada
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Yoshiteru Tada
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Atsushi Kuwabara
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Jinglu Ai
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Barrow Aneurysm and AVM Research Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ
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14
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Piqueras L, Sanz MJ. Angiotensin II and leukocyte trafficking: New insights for an old vascular mediator. Role of redox-signaling pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 157:38-54. [PMID: 32057992 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and activation of the immune system are key molecular and cellular events in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension-induced target-organ damage, and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Angiotensin II (Ang-II) is the main effector peptide hormone of the renin-angiotensin system. Beyond its role as a potent vasoconstrictor and regulator of blood pressure and fluid homeostasis, Ang-II is intimately involved in the development of vascular lesions in cardiovascular diseases through the activation of different immune cells. The migration of leukocytes from circulation to the arterial subendothelial space is a crucial immune response in lesion development that is mediated through a sequential and coordinated cascade of leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesive interactions involving an array of cell adhesion molecules present on target leukocytes and endothelial cells and the generation and release of chemoattractants that activate and guide leukocytes to sites of emigration. In this review, we outline the key events of Ang-II participation in the leukocyte recruitment cascade, the underlying mechanisms implicated, and the corresponding redox-signaling pathways. We also address the use of inhibitor drugs targeting the effects of Ang-II in the context of leukocyte infiltration in these cardiovascular pathologies, and examine the clinical data supporting the relevance of blocking Ang-II-induced vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Piqueras
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria-Jesus Sanz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Institute of Health Research INCLIVA University Clinic Hospital of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; CIBERDEM-Spanish Biomedical Research Center in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders, Carlos III Health Institute, Spanish Ministry of Health, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Patterns of immune infiltration in stable and raptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: A gene-expression-based retrospective study. Gene 2020; 762:145056. [PMID: 32805313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a disease characterized by weakening arterial wall and permanent expansion with high mortality once rupture, which was involved with immune system activation. However, owing to technical difficulties, previous research has limited the impact of one or limited immune cells on AAA. METHODS We analyzed the composition of immune cells using the CIBERSORT algorithm through transcriptome sequencing data from patients with stable (eAAA) and ruptured aneurysms (rAAA). The whole transcriptome sequencing data, including 17 patients with ruptured AAA and 31 patients with stable AAA were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO, GSE98278). After normalizing and data processing, five rAAA and seventeen eAAA patients entered the follow-up analysis. We performed Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis to identify several pathways that were significantly enriched in rAAA compared to eAAA tissues. RESULTS We demonstrated that the compositions of infiltrative immune cell in eAAA and rAAA were different. Naïve B cells, both resting and activated CD4+ memory T cells were found significantly higher in ruptured AAA, while memory B cells and activated mast cells were much less in ruptured AAA than that in stable AAA. Besides, PTX3 was significantly highly expressed in rAAA, which might be associated with the complement system and polarization of macrophages. Finally, differentially expressed genes and the related immune cells were mapped in a network to reveal the relationship between gene expression and infiltrative immune cells. CONCLUSION We identified the infiltrated immune cell profile of eAAA and rAAA patients, which might be the potential target of AAA treatment.
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16
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Zhang H, Yang D, Chen S, Li F, Cui L, Liu Z, Shao J, Chen Y, Liu B, Zheng Y. Identification of potential proteases for abdominal aortic aneurysm by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. Genome 2020; 63:561-575. [PMID: 32783773 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2020-0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which contributes to the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). To identify new disease targets in addition to the results of previous microarray studies, we performed next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the whole transcriptome of Angiotensin II-treated ApoE-/- male mice (n = 4) and control mice (n = 4) to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Identified DEGs of proteases were analyzed using weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA). RT-qPCR was conducted to validate the differential expression of selected hub genes. We found that 43 DEGs were correlated with the expression of the protease profile, and most were clustered in immune response module. Among 26 hub genes, we found that Mmp16 and Mmp17 were significantly downregulated in AAA mice, while Ctsa, Ctsc, and Ctsw were upregulated. Our functional annotation analysis of genes coexpressed with the five hub genes indicated that Ctsw and Mmp17 were involved in T cell regulation and Cell adhesion molecule pathway, respectively, and that both were involved in general regulation of the cell cycle and gene expression. Overall, our data suggest that these ectopic genes are potentially crucial to AAA formation and may act as biomarkers for the diagnosis of AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Siliang Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Fangda Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Cui
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Zhili Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jiang Shao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Bao Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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17
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Pejler G. Novel Insight into the in vivo Function of Mast Cell Chymase: Lessons from Knockouts and Inhibitors. J Innate Immun 2020; 12:357-372. [PMID: 32498069 DOI: 10.1159/000506985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are now recognized as key players in diverse pathologies, but the mechanisms by which they contribute in such settings are only partially understood. Mast cells are packed with secretory granules, and when they undergo degranulation in response to activation the contents of the granules are expelled to the extracellular milieu. Chymases, neutral serine proteases, are the major constituents of the mast cell granules and are hence released in large amounts upon mast cell activation. Following their release, chymases can cleave one or several of a myriad of potential substrates, and the cleavage of many of these could potentially have a profound impact on the respective pathology. Indeed, chymases have recently been implicated in several pathological contexts, in particular through studies using chymase inhibitors and by the use of chymase-deficient animals. In many cases, chymase has been shown to account for mast cell-dependent detrimental effects in the respective conditions and is therefore emerging as a promising drug target. On the other hand, chymase has been shown to have protective roles in other pathological settings. More unexpectedly, chymase has also been shown to control certain homeostatic processes. Here, these findings are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, .,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden,
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18
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Liu B, Granville DJ, Golledge J, Kassiri Z. Pathogenic mechanisms and the potential of drug therapies for aortic aneurysm. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H652-H670. [PMID: 32083977 PMCID: PMC7099451 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00621.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aortic aneurysm is a permanent focal dilation of the aorta. It is usually an asymptomatic disease but can lead to sudden death due to aortic rupture. Aortic aneurysm-related mortalities are estimated at ∼200,000 deaths per year worldwide. Because no pharmacological treatment has been found to be effective so far, surgical repair remains the only treatment for aortic aneurysm. Aortic aneurysm results from changes in the aortic wall structure due to loss of smooth muscle cells and degradation of the extracellular matrix and can form in different regions of the aorta. Research over the past decade has identified novel contributors to aneurysm formation and progression. The present review provides an overview of cellular and noncellular factors as well as enzymes that process extracellular matrix and regulate cellular functions (e.g., matrix metalloproteinases, granzymes, and cathepsins) in the context of aneurysm pathogenesis. An update of clinical trials focusing on therapeutic strategies to slow abdominal aortic aneurysm growth and efforts underway to develop effective pharmacological treatments is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, Department of Surgery, Madison Wisconsin
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries Centre and University of British Columbia Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jonathan Golledge
- The Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Townsville Hospital and Health Services, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zamaneh Kassiri
- University of Alberta, Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Aortic aneurysms are a common vascular disease in Western populations that can involve virtually any portion of the aorta. Abdominal aortic aneurysms are much more common than thoracic aortic aneurysms and combined they account for >25 000 deaths in the United States annually. Although thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms share some common characteristics, including the gross anatomic appearance, alterations in extracellular matrix, and loss of smooth muscle cells, they are distinct diseases. In recent years, advances in genetic analysis, robust molecular tools, and increased availability of animal models have greatly enhanced our knowledge of the pathophysiology of aortic aneurysms. This review examines the various proposed cellular mechanisms responsible for aortic aneurysm formation and identifies opportunities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymundo Alain Quintana
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.A.Q., W.R.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - W Robert Taylor
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (R.A.Q., W.R.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology (W.R.T.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA.,Division of Cardiology, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GA (W.R.T.)
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20
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Madjene LC, Danelli L, Dahdah A, Vibhushan S, Bex-Coudrat J, Pacreau E, Vaugier C, Claver J, Rolas L, Pons M, Madera-Salcedo IK, Beghdadi W, El Ghoneimi A, Benhamou M, Launay P, Abrink M, Pejler G, Moura IC, Charles N, Daugas E, Perianin A, Blank U. Mast cell chymase protects against acute ischemic kidney injury by limiting neutrophil hyperactivation and recruitment. Kidney Int 2019; 97:516-527. [PMID: 31866111 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we investigated the role of murine mast cell protease 4 (MCPT4), the functional counterpart of human mast cell chymase, in an experimental model of renal ischemia reperfusion injury, a major cause of acute kidney injury. MCPT4-deficient mice had worsened kidney function compared to wildtype mice. MCPT4 absence exacerbated pathologic neutrophil infiltration in the kidney and increased kidney myeloperoxidase expression, cell death and necrosis. In kidneys with ischemia reperfusion injury, when compared to wildtype mice, MCPT4-deficient mice showed increased surface expression of adhesion molecules necessary for leukocyte extravasation including neutrophil CD162 and endothelial cell CD54. In vitro, human chymase mediated the cleavage of neutrophil expressed CD162 and also CD54, P- and E-Selectin expressed on human glomerular endothelial cells. MCPT4 also dampened systemic neutrophil activation after renal ischemia reperfusion injury as neutrophils expressed more CD11b integrin and produced more reactive oxygen species in MCPT4-deficient mice. Accordingly, after renal injury, neutrophil migration to an inflammatory site distal from the kidney was increased in MCPT4-deficient versus wildtype mice. Thus, contrary to the described overall aggravating role of mast cells, one granule-released mediator, the MCPT4 chymase, exhibits a potent anti-inflammatory function in renal ischemia reperfusion injury by controlling neutrophil extravasation and activation thereby limiting associated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Celia Madjene
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Luca Danelli
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Shamila Vibhushan
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Julie Bex-Coudrat
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Emeline Pacreau
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Celine Vaugier
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Julien Claver
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Rolas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Maguelonne Pons
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Iris Karina Madera-Salcedo
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Walid Beghdadi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Alaa El Ghoneimi
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Department of Pediatric Surgery and Urology, Hopital Robert Debré, APHP, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc Benhamou
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Launay
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Magnus Abrink
- Immunology Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivan Cruz Moura
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France; Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France; CNRS ERL 8254, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutic Implications, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Charles
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Eric Daugas
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France; Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Universitaire Bichat-Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Axel Perianin
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France
| | - Ulrich Blank
- Center of Research on Inflammation, Inserm UMRS-1149, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, CNRS ERL 8252, Paris, France; Center of Research on Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Paris, France.
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Tomimori Y, Manno A, Tanaka T, Futamura-Takahashi J, Muto T, Nagahira K. ASB17061, a novel chymase inhibitor, prevented the development of angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Dell'Italia LJ, Collawn JF, Ferrario CM. Multifunctional Role of Chymase in Acute and Chronic Tissue Injury and Remodeling. Circ Res 2019; 122:319-336. [PMID: 29348253 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.310978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chymase is the most efficient Ang II (angiotensin II)-forming enzyme in the human body and has been implicated in a wide variety of human diseases that also implicate its many other protease actions. Largely thought to be the product of mast cells, the identification of other cellular sources including cardiac fibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells demonstrates a more widely dispersed production and distribution system in various tissues. Furthermore, newly emerging evidence for its intracellular presence in cardiomyocytes and smooth muscle cells opens an entirely new compartment of chymase-mediated actions that were previously thought to be limited to the extracellular space. This review illustrates how these multiple chymase-mediated mechanisms of action can explain the residual risk in clinical trials of cardiovascular disease using conventional renin-angiotensin system blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis J Dell'Italia
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.).
| | - James F Collawn
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
| | - Carlos M Ferrario
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Birmingham Veteran Affairs Medical Center (L.J.D.), Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine (L.J.D.), and Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology (J.F.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Division of Surgical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (C.M.F.)
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23
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Parrella E, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050437. [PMID: 31083342 PMCID: PMC6562540 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated perivascular resident cells of hematopoietic origin. Through the release of preformed mediators stored in their granules and newly synthesized molecules, they are able to initiate, modulate, and prolong the immune response upon activation. Their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been documented for more than a century. Over the years, MCs have been associated with various neuroinflammatory conditions of CNS, including stroke. They can exacerbate CNS damage in models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by amplifying the inflammatory responses and promoting brain–blood barrier disruption, brain edema, extravasation, and hemorrhage. Here, we review the role of these peculiar cells in the pathophysiology of stroke, in both immature and adult brain. Further, we discuss the role of MCs as potential targets for the treatment of stroke and the compounds potentially active as MCs modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Parrella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Vanessa Porrini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Benarese
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Mohajeri M, Kovanen PT, Bianconi V, Pirro M, Cicero AFG, Sahebkar A. Mast cell tryptase - Marker and maker of cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 199:91-110. [PMID: 30877022 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident cells, which have been proposed to participate in various inflammatory diseases, among them the cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). For mast cells to be able to contribute to an inflammatory process, they need to be activated to exocytose their cytoplasmic secretory granules. The granules contain a vast array of highly bioactive effector molecules, the neutral protease tryptase being the most abundant protein among them. The released tryptase may act locally in the inflamed cardiac or vascular tissue, so contributing directly to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Moreover, a fraction of the released tryptase reaches the systemic circulation, thereby serving as a biomarker of mast cell activation. Actually, increased levels of circulating tryptase have been found to associate with CVDs. Here we review the biological relevance of the circulating tryptase as a biomarker of mast cell activity in CVDs, with special emphasis on the relationship between activation of mast cells in their tissue microenvironments and the pathophysiological pathways of CVDs. Based on the available in vitro and in vivo studies, we highlight the potential molecular mechanisms by which tryptase may contribute to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Finally, the synthetic and natural inhibitors of tryptase are reviewed for their potential utility as therapeutic agents in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Arrigo F G Cicero
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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25
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Deficiency of mouse mast cell protease 4 mitigates cardiac dysfunctions in mice after myocardium infarction. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1170-1181. [PMID: 30639224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mouse mast cell protease-4 (mMCP4) is a chymase that has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction (MI). This study tested a direct role of mMCP4 in mouse post-MI cardiac dysfunction and myocardial remodeling. Immunoblot and immunofluorescent double staining demonstrated mMCP4 expression in cardiomyocytes from the infarct zone from mouse heart at 28 day post-MI. At this time point, mMCP4-deficient Mcpt4-/- mice showed no difference in survival from wild-type (WT) control mice, yet demonstrated smaller infarct size, improved cardiac functions, reduced macrophage content but increased T-cell accumulation in the infarct region compared with those of WT littermates. mMCP4-deficiency also reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and expression of TGF-β1, p-Smad2, and p-Smad3 in the infarct region, but did not affect collagen deposition or α-smooth muscle actin expression in the same area. Gelatin gel zymography and immunoblot analysis revealed reduced activities of matrix metalloproteinases and expression of cysteinyl cathepsins in the myocardium, macrophages, and T cells from Mcpt4-/- mice. Immunoblot analysis also found reduced p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 in the myocardium from Mcpt4-/- mice, yet fibroblasts from Mcpt4-/- mice showed comparable levels of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3 to those of WT fibroblasts. Flow cytometry, immunoblot analysis, and immunofluorescent staining demonstrated that mMCP4-deficiency reduced the expression of proapoptotic cathepsins in cardiomyocytes and protected cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis. This study established a role of mMCP4 in mouse post-MI dysfunction by regulating myocardial protease expression and cardiomyocyte death without significant impact on myocardial fibrosis or survival post-MI in mice.
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Wilcock A, Bahri R, Bulfone‐Paus S, Arkwright PD. Mast cell disorders: From infancy to maturity. Allergy 2019; 74:53-63. [PMID: 30390314 DOI: 10.1111/all.13657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are typically linked to immediate hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis. This review looks beyond this narrow role, focusing on how these cells have evolved and diversified via natural selection promoting serine protease gene duplication, augmenting their innate host defense function against helminths and snake envenomation. Plasticity of mast cell genes has come at a price. Somatic activating mutations in the mast cell growth factor KIT gene cause cutaneous mastocytosis in young children and systemic mastocytosis with a more guarded prognosis in adults who may also harbor other gene mutations with oncogenic potential as they age. Allelic TPSAB1 gene duplication associated with higher basal mast cell tryptase is possibly one of the commonest autosomal dominantly inherited multi-system diseases affecting the skin, gastrointestinal tract, circulation and musculoskeletal system. Mast cells are also establishing a new-found importance in severe asthma, and in remodeling of blood vessels in cancer and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that mast cells sense changes in oxygen tension, particularly in neonates, and that subsequent degranulation may contribute to common lung, eye, and brain diseases of prematurity classically associated with hypoxic insults. One hundred and forty years since Paul Ehrlich's initial description of "mastzellen," this review collates and highlights the complex and diverse roles that mast cells play in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wilcock
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Rajia Bahri
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Silvia Bulfone‐Paus
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
| | - Peter D. Arkwright
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation University of Manchester Manchester UK
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Modulation of Immune-Inflammatory Responses in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Emerging Molecular Targets. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:7213760. [PMID: 29967801 PMCID: PMC6008668 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7213760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a deadly vascular disease in human, is a chronic degenerative process of the abdominal aorta. In this process, inflammatory responses and immune system work efficiently by inflammatory cell attraction, proinflammatory factor secretion and subsequently MMP upregulation. Previous studies have demonstrated various inflammatory cell types in AAA of human and animals. The majority of cells, such as macrophages, CD4+ T cells, and B cells, play an important role in the diseased aortic wall through phenotypic modulation. Furthermore, immunoglobulins also greatly affect the functions and differentiation of immune cells in AAA. Recent evidence suggests that innate immune system, especially Toll-like receptors, chemokine receptors, and complements are involved in the progression of AAAs. We discussed the innate immune system, inflammatory cells, immunoglobulins, immune-mediated mechanisms, and key cytokines in the pathogenesis of AAA and particularly emphasis on a further trend and application of these interventions. This current understanding may offer new insights into the role of inflammation and immune response in AAA.
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Zhao H, Chen G, Wang H. Gadd153 deficiency attenuates abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:169-178. [PMID: 31938098 PMCID: PMC6957950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) are a chronic inflammatory vascular disease for which pharmacological treatments are not available. Gadd153 is closely associated with the onset of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) apoptosis. However, a role for Gadd153 in AngII-induced AAA formation is currently unknown. In our study, lentiviral-mediated silencing of Gadd153 through small RNA interference was performed in mice, which was further used for the establishment of mouse experimental AAA induced by infusion of angiotensin II (AngII). We found that Gadd153 deficiency prevented AngII-induced AAA formation in mice 14 days post perfusion compared with wild-type control mice. Moreover, Gadd153 deficiency significantly reduced lesion macrophage and CD4+ T-cell content, T-cell proliferation, SMC apoptosis, and matrix metalloproteinase expression. In vitro studies revealed that Gadd153 deficiency regulated microvessel growth and monocyte migration. In addition, Gadd153 deficiency also affected AAA lesion Mac-3 macrophage accumulation or CD31 microvessel numbers. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that Gadd153 plays an essential role in AngII-induced AAA formation by promoting inflammatory cells proliferation and vascular SMC apoptosis affecting MMPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhao
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Guiying Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbin 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Genetic Diagnosis Center, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
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Aneurysm Severity is Increased by Combined Mmp-7 Deletion and N-cadherin Mimetic (EC4-Fc) Over-Expression. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17342. [PMID: 29229950 PMCID: PMC5725451 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for treatments to reduce abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis precipitates AAA formation, whereas VSMC proliferation repairs the vessel wall. We previously demonstrated that over-expression of EC4-Fc (truncated N-cadherin), or deletion of matrix-metalloproteinase-7 (Mmp-7) reduced VSMC apoptosis in mouse atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, MMP-7 promotes VSMC apoptosis by cleavage of N-cadherin. We investigated their combined effect on AAA formation. Increased apoptosis and proliferation were observed in human AAA (HAAA) sections compared to normal aortae (HA). This coincided with increased MMP-7 activity and reduced N-cadherin protein levels in HAAA sections compared to HA. Using a mouse model of aneurysm formation, we showed that the combination of Mmp-7 deletion and EC4-Fc overexpression significantly increased AAA severity. Medial apoptosis and proliferation were both significantly reduced in these mice compared to control mice. In vitro, MMP-7 inhibition and EC4-Fc administration significantly supressed human aortic VSMC apoptosis (via activation of PI-3 kinase/Akt signalling) and proliferation. In conclusion, combined Mmp-7 deletion and systemic over-expression of EC4-Fc reduced both proliferation and apoptosis. Reduced proliferation-mediated repair over-rides any benefit of reduced apoptosis, increasing aneurysm severity. Future studies should therefore focus on retarding VSMC apoptosis whilst promoting VSMC proliferation.
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Wu H, Du Q, Dai Q, Ge J, Cheng X. Cysteine Protease Cathepsins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 25:111-123. [PMID: 28978867 PMCID: PMC5827079 DOI: 10.5551/jat.rv17016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is an inflammatory disease characterized by extensive arterial wall matrix protein degradation. Cysteine protease cathepsins play a pivotal role in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases. An imbalance in expression between cathepsins (such as cathepsins S, K, L, C) and their inhibitor cystatin C may favor proteolysis of ECM in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease such as atherosclerosis, aneurysm formation, restenosis, and neovascularization. New insights into cathepsin functions have been made possible by the generation of knock-out mice and by the application of specific inhibitors. Inflammatory cytokines regulate the expression and activities of cathepsins in cultured vascular cells and macrophages. In addition, evaluations of the possibility of cathepsins as a diagnostic tool revealed that the circulating levels of cathepsin S, K, and L, and their endogenous inhibitor cystatin C could be promising biomarkers in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease, aneurysm, adiposity, peripheral arterial disease, and coronary artery calcification. In this review, we summarize the available information regarding the mechanistic contributions of cathepsins to ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxian Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Qiuna Du
- Department of Nephrology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University
| | - Qiuyan Dai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Xianwu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Yanbian University Hospital.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Efficacy of antihistamines on mortality in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis: an observational study using propensity score matching. Heart Vessels 2017; 32:1195-1201. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-0989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Galdiero MR, Varricchi G, Seaf M, Marone G, Levi-Schaffer F, Marone G. Bidirectional Mast Cell-Eosinophil Interactions in Inflammatory Disorders and Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:103. [PMID: 28791287 PMCID: PMC5523083 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mast cells (MCs) and eosinophils were first described and named by Paul Ehrlich. These cells have distinct myeloid progenitors and differ morphologically, ultrastructurally, immunologically, biochemically, and pharmacologically. However, MCs and eosinophils play a pivotal role in several allergic disorders. In addition, these cells are involved in autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. MCs are distributed throughout all normal human tissues, whereas eosinophils are present only in gastrointestinal tract, secondary lymphoid tissues, and adipose tissue, thymus, mammary gland, and uterus. However, in allergic disorders, MCs and eosinophils can form the "allergic effector unit." Moreover, in several tumors, MCs and eosinophils can be found in close proximity. Therefore, it is likely that MCs have the capacity to modulate eosinophil functions and vice versa. For example, interleukin 5, stem cell factor, histamine, platelet-activating factor (PAF), prostaglandin D2 (PGD2), cysteinyl leukotrienes, and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), produced by activated MCs, can modulate eosinophil functions through the engagement of specific receptors. In contrast, eosinophil cationic proteins such as eosinophil cationic protein and major basic protein (MBP), nerve growth factor, and VEGFs released by activated eosinophils can modulate MC functions. These bidirectional interactions between MCs and eosinophils might be relevant not only in allergic diseases but also in several inflammatory and neoplastic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mansour Seaf
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Monaldi Hospital Pharmacy, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DiSMeT), Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology “Gaetano Salvatore” (IEOS), National Research Council (CNR), Naples, Italy
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aorta, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/physiopathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/epidemiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lu
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington.
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Physiology, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington
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35
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Chmelař J, Kotál J, Langhansová H, Kotsyfakis M. Protease Inhibitors in Tick Saliva: The Role of Serpins and Cystatins in Tick-host-Pathogen Interaction. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:216. [PMID: 28611951 PMCID: PMC5447049 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The publication of the first tick sialome (salivary gland transcriptome) heralded a new era of research of tick protease inhibitors, which represent important constituents of the proteins secreted via tick saliva into the host. Three major groups of protease inhibitors are secreted into saliva: Kunitz inhibitors, serpins, and cystatins. Kunitz inhibitors are anti-hemostatic agents and tens of proteins with one or more Kunitz domains are known to block host coagulation and/or platelet aggregation. Serpins and cystatins are also anti-hemostatic effectors, but intriguingly, from the translational perspective, also act as pluripotent modulators of the host immune system. Here we focus especially on this latter aspect of protease inhibition by ticks and describe the current knowledge and data on secreted salivary serpins and cystatins and their role in tick-host-pathogen interaction triad. We also discuss the potential therapeutic use of tick protease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindřich Chmelař
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jan Kotál
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Helena Langhansová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České BudějoviceČeské Budějovice, Czechia.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Michail Kotsyfakis
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of SciencesČeské Budějovice, Czechia
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36
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Shen YH, LeMaire SA. Molecular pathogenesis of genetic and sporadic aortic aneurysms and dissections. Curr Probl Surg 2017; 54:95-155. [PMID: 28521856 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying H Shen
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
| | - Scott A LeMaire
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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37
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Lind T, Gustafson AM, Calounova G, Hu L, Rasmusson A, Jonsson KB, Wernersson S, Åbrink M, Andersson G, Larsson S, Melhus H, Pejler G. Increased Bone Mass in Female Mice Lacking Mast Cell Chymase. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167964. [PMID: 27936149 PMCID: PMC5148084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we addressed the potential impact of chymase, a mast-cell restricted protease, on mouse bone phenotype. We show that female mice lacking the chymase Mcpt4 acquired a persistent expansion of diaphyseal bone in comparison with wild type controls, reaching a 15% larger diaphyseal cross sectional area at 12 months of age. Mcpt4-/- mice also showed increased levels of a bone anabolic serum marker and higher periosteal bone formation rate. However, they were not protected from experimental osteoporosis, suggesting that chymase regulates normal bone homeostasis rather than the course of osteoporosis. Further, the absence of Mcpt4 resulted in age-dependent upregulation of numerous genes important for bone formation but no effects on osteoclast activity. In spite of the latter, Mcpt4-/- bones had increased cortical porosity and reduced endocortical mineralization. Mast cells were found periosteally and, notably, bone-proximal mast cells in Mcpt4-/- mice were degranulated to a larger extent than in wild type mice. Hence, chymase regulates degranulation of bone mast cells, which could affect the release of mast cell-derived factors influencing bone remodelling. Together, these findings reveal a functional impact of mast cell chymase on bone. Further studies exploring the possibility of using chymase inhibitors as a strategy to increase bone volume may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lind
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ann-Marie Gustafson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gabriela Calounova
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lijuan Hu
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annica Rasmusson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kenneth B. Jonsson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sune Larsson
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Melhus
- Uppsala University Hospital, Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Uppsala, Sweden
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38
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Wang C, Chen H, Zhu W, Xu Y, Liu M, Zhu L, Yang F, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhong Z, Zhao J, Jiang J, Xiang M, Yu H, Hu X, Lu H, Wang J. Nicotine Accelerates Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice by Activating α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor on Mast Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 37:53-65. [PMID: 27834689 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis. Nicotine, the addictive component of cigarettes, induces mast cell (MC) release and contributes to atherogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether nicotine accelerates atherosclerosis through MC-mediated mechanisms and whether MC stabilizer prevents this pathological process. APPROACH AND RESULTS Nicotine administration increased the size of atherosclerotic lesions in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe-/-) mice fed a fat-enriched diet. This was accompanied by enhanced intraplaque macrophage content and lipid deposition but reduced collagen and smooth muscle cell contents. MC deficiency in Apoe-/- mice (Apoe-/-KitW-sh/W-sh) diminished nicotine-induced atherosclerosis. Nicotine activated bone marrow-derived MCs in vitro, which was inhibited by a MC stabilizer disodium cromoglycate or a nonselective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor blocker mecamylamine. Further investigation revealed that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor was a target for nicotine activation in MCs. Nicotine did not change atherosclerotic lesion size of Apoe-/-KitW-sh/W-sh mice reconstituted with MCs from Apoe-/-α7nAChR-/- animals. CONCLUSIONS Activation of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on MCs is a mechanism by which nicotine enhances atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Han Chen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Wei Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Mingfei Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Lianlian Zhu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Fan Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Ling Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Xianbao Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Zhiwei Zhong
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Jing Zhao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Hong Yu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Xinyang Hu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Hong Lu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.)
| | - Jian'an Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., L. Zhu, L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, PR China (C.W., H.C., W.Z., Y.X., M.L., L. Zhu, F.Y., L. Zhang, X.L., Z.Z., J.Z., J.J., M.X., H.Y., X.H., J.W.); and Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, Departments of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington (H.L.).
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Elevated Adiponectin Levels Suppress Perivascular and Aortic Inflammation and Prevent AngII-induced Advanced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31414. [PMID: 27659201 PMCID: PMC5034224 DOI: 10.1038/srep31414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease characterized by aortic dilation and rupture leading to sudden death. Currently, no non-surgical treatments are available and novel therapeutic targets are needed to prevent AAA. We investigated whether increasing plasma levels of adiponectin (APN), a pleiotropic adipokine, provides therapeutic benefit to prevent AngII-induced advanced AAA in a well-established preclinical model. In the AngII-infused hyperlipidemic low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mouse (LDLR-/-) model, we induced plasma APN levels using a recombinant adenovirus expressing mouse APN (AdAPN) and as control, adenovirus expressing green florescent protein (AdGFP). APN expression produced sustained and significant elevation of total and high-molecular weight APN levels and enhanced APN localization in the artery wall. AngII infusion for 8 weeks induced advanced AAA development in AdGFP mice. Remarkably, APN inhibited the AAA development in AdAPN mice by suppressing aortic inflammatory cell infiltration, medial degeneration and elastin fragmentation. APN inhibited the angiotensin type-1 receptor (AT1R), inflammatory cytokine and mast cell protease expression, and induced lysyl oxidase (LOX) in the aortic wall, improved systemic cytokine profile and attenuated adipose inflammation. These studies strongly support APN therapeutic actions through multiple mechanisms inhibiting AngII-induced AAA and increasing plasma APN levels as a strategy to prevent advanced AAA.
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40
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Liu J, Kuwabara A, Kamio Y, Hu S, Park J, Hashimoto T, Lee JW. Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Microvesicles Prevent the Rupture of Intracranial Aneurysm in Part by Suppression of Mast Cell Activation via a PGE2-Dependent Mechanism. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2943-2955. [PMID: 27350036 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mast cells participates in the chronic inflammation associated with cerebral arteries in intracranial aneurysm formation and rupture. Several studies have shown that the anti-inflammatory effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is beneficial for the treatment of aneurysms. However, some long-term safety concerns exist regarding stem cell-based therapy for clinical use. We investigated the therapeutic potential of microvesicles (MVs) derived from human MSCs, anuclear membrane bound fragments with reparative properties, in preventing the rupture of intracranial aneurysm in mice, particularly in the effect of MVs on mast cell activation. Intracranial aneurysm was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the combination of systemic hypertension and intrathecal elastase injection. Intravenous administration of MSC-derived MVs on day 6 and day 9 after aneurysm induction significantly reduced the aneurysmal rupture rate, which was associated with reduced number of activated mast cells in the brain. A23187-induced activation of both primary cultures of murine mast cells and a human mast cell line, LAD2, was suppressed by MVs treatment, leading to a decrease in cytokine release and tryptase and chymase activities. Upregulation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and E-prostanoid 4 (EP4) receptor expression were also observed on mast cells with MVs treatment. Administration of an EP4 antagonist with the MVs eliminated the protective effect of MVs against the aneurysmal rupture in vivo. Human MSC-derived MVs prevented the rupture of intracranial aneurysm, in part due to their anti-inflammatory effect on mast cells, which was mediated by PGE2 production and EP4 activation. Stem Cells 2016;34:2943-2955.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Atsushi Kuwabara
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yoshinobu Kamio
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shuling Hu
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jeonghyun Park
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tomoki Hashimoto
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jae-Woo Lee
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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41
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Barallobre-Barreiro J, Oklu R, Lynch M, Fava M, Baig F, Yin X, Barwari T, Potier DN, Albadawi H, Jahangiri M, Porter KE, Watkins MT, Misra S, Stoughton J, Mayr M. Extracellular matrix remodelling in response to venous hypertension: proteomics of human varicose veins. Cardiovasc Res 2016; 110:419-30. [PMID: 27068509 PMCID: PMC4872879 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Extracellular matrix remodelling has been implicated in a number of vascular conditions, including venous hypertension and varicose veins. However, to date, no systematic analysis of matrix remodelling in human veins has been performed. METHODS AND RESULTS To understand the consequences of venous hypertension, normal and varicose veins were evaluated using proteomics approaches targeting the extracellular matrix. Varicose saphenous veins removed during phlebectomy and normal saphenous veins obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery were collected for proteomics analysis. Extracellular matrix proteins were enriched from venous tissues. The proteomics analysis revealed the presence of >150 extracellular matrix proteins, of which 48 had not been previously detected in venous tissue. Extracellular matrix remodelling in varicose veins was characterized by a loss of aggrecan and several small leucine-rich proteoglycans and a compensatory increase in collagen I and laminins. Gene expression analysis of the same tissues suggested that the remodelling process associated with venous hypertension predominantly occurs at the protein rather than the transcript level. The loss of aggrecan in varicose veins was paralleled by a reduced expression of aggrecanases. Chymase and tryptase β1 were among the up-regulated proteases. The effect of these serine proteases on the venous extracellular matrix was further explored by incubating normal saphenous veins with recombinant enzymes. Proteomics analysis revealed extensive extracellular matrix degradation after digestion with tryptase β1. In comparison, chymase was less potent and degraded predominantly basement membrane-associated proteins. CONCLUSION The present proteomics study provides unprecedented insights into the expression and degradation of structural and regulatory components of the vascular extracellular matrix in varicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Marc Lynch
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Marika Fava
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK St George's Hospital, NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ferheen Baig
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Xiaoke Yin
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Temo Barwari
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - David N Potier
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Hassan Albadawi
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Karen E Porter
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael T Watkins
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julianne Stoughton
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London SE5 9NU, UK
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Liu CL, Wemmelund H, Wang Y, Liao M, Lindholt JS, Johnsen SP, Vestergaard H, Fernandes C, Sukhova GK, Cheng X, Zhang JY, Yang C, Huang X, Daugherty A, Levy BD, Libby P, Shi GP. Asthma Associates With Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Rupture. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:570-8. [PMID: 26868210 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both asthma and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) involve inflammation. It remains unknown whether these diseases interact. APPROACH AND RESULTS Databases analyzed included Danish National Registry of Patients, a population-based nationwide case-control study included all patients with ruptured AAA and age- and sex-matched AAA controls without rupture in Denmark from 1996 to 2012; Viborg vascular trial, subgroup study of participants from the population-based randomized Viborg vascular screening trial. Patients with asthma were categorized by hospital diagnosis, bronchodilator use, and the recorded use of other anti-asthma prescription medications. Logistic regression models were fitted to determine whether asthma associated with the risk of ruptured AAA in Danish National Registry of Patients and an independent risk of having an AAA at screening in the Viborg vascular trial. From the Danish National Registry of Patients study, asthma diagnosed <1 year or 6 months before the index date increased the risk of AAA rupture before (odds ratio [OR]=1.60-2.12) and after (OR=1.51-2.06) adjusting for AAA comorbidities. Use of bronchodilators elevated the risk of AAA rupture from ever use to within 90 days from the index date, before (OR=1.10-1.37) and after (OR=1.10-1.31) adjustment. Patients prescribed anti-asthma drugs also showed an increased risk of rupture before (OR=1.12-1.79) and after (OR=1.09-1.48) the same adjustment. In Viborg vascular trial, anti-asthmatic medication use associated with increased risk of AAA before (OR=1.45) or after adjustment for smoking (OR=1.45) or other risk factors (OR=1.46). CONCLUSIONS Recent active asthma increased risk of AAA and ruptured AAA. These findings document and furnish novel links between airway disease and AAA, 2 common diseases that share inflammatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Lin Liu
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Holger Wemmelund
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Mengyang Liao
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Søren P Johnsen
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Henrik Vestergaard
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Cleverson Fernandes
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Xiang Cheng
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Jin-Ying Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Chongzhe Yang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Xiaozhu Huang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Bruce D Levy
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Peter Libby
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.)
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- From the Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China (C.L.L., J.Y.Z., G.P.S.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (C.L.L., Y.W., M.L., C.F., G.K.S., C.Y., B.D.L., P.L., G.P.S.); Department of Vascular Surgery, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark (H.W.); Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China (Y.W.); Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China (M.L., X.C.); Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine of Arterial Disease, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark (J.S.L.); Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark (H.W., S.P.J.); Section for Metabolic Genetics, The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (H.V.); Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (X.H.); and Departments of Physiology and Medicine, Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington (A.D.).
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Wang Z, Shen XH, Feng WM, Ye GF, Qiu W, Li B. Analysis of Inflammatory Mediators in Prediabetes and Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7965317. [PMID: 27478850 PMCID: PMC4949350 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7965317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the inflammatory markers in prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Inflammatory markers levels were analyzed using one-way analysis of covariance and the association with prediabetes or T2DM risks was examined by logistic regression models. Our data showed increased levels of hypersensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin (IL-4), IL-10, and tryptase in prediabetes subjects and hs-CRP, immunoglobulin E (IgE), IL-4, and IL-10 in T2DM subjects. We concluded that Hs-CRP, IgE, IL-4, IL-10, and tryptase were positively associated with prediabetes or T2DM. Further large prospective studies are warranted to assess a temporal relation between inflammatory biomarkers and incidence of prediabetes or T2DM and its associated chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Nursing & Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Xu-Hui Shen
- Department of Nursing Medicine, School of Nursing & Medicine, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
- *Xu-Hui Shen:
| | - Wen-Ming Feng
- Surgery Department, Huzhou Wu Xing People's Hospital, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313008, China
| | - Guo-fen Ye
- Physical Examination Center, Zhebei Clinical Medicine Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Endocrinology Department, Zhebei Clinical Medicine Hospital, Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
| | - Bo Li
- Huanzhu Street Community Health Center, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, China
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Waern I, Karlsson I, Pejler G, Wernersson S. IL-6 and IL-17A degradation by mast cells is mediated by a serglycin:serine protease axis. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 4:70-9. [PMID: 27042303 PMCID: PMC4768062 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells contain large amounts of fully active proteases that are stored in complex with serglycin proteoglycan in their secretory granules. Upon degranulation, such serglycin:protease complexes are released to the extracellular space and can potentially have an impact on the local inflammatory reaction, either through direct effects of serglycin proteoglycan or through effects mediated by its bound proteases. The objective of this study was to address this scenario by investigating the possibility that serglycin‐associated proteases can regulate levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Indeed, we show here that activated cultured peritoneal mast cells from wild type mice efficiently reduced the levels of exogenously administered IL‐6 and IL‐17A, whereas serglycin‐deficient mast cells lacked this ability. Furthermore, our data suggest that the reduction of IL‐6 and IL‐17A concentrations is due to proteolytic degradation mediated by serglycin‐dependent serine proteases. Moreover, we show that activated mast cells have the capacity to release IL‐6 and that the levels of this cytokine in supernatants were markedly higher in cultures of serglycin‐deficient versus serglycin‐sufficient mast cells, suggesting that serglycin‐dependent serine proteases also participate in the regulation of endogenously produced IL‐6. In summary, although the general consensus is that mast cells have a pathogenic impact on inflammatory settings, this study identifies a role for a mast cell‐derived serglycin:serine protease axis in down‐regulating levels of major inflammatory cytokines. These findings support the notion that mast cells could have a dual role in inflammatory settings, by both being able to secrete pathogenic compounds and being able to regulate their levels after release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Waern
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Iulia Karlsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and BiochemistrySwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUppsalaSE-75007Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and MicrobiologyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSE-75123Sweden
| | - Sara Wernersson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala SE-75007 Sweden
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Sillesen H, Eldrup N, Hultgren R, Lindeman J, Bredahl K, Thompson M, Wanhainen A, Wingren U, Swedenborg J, Wanhainen A, Hultgren R, Janson I, Wingren U, Hellberg A, Larzon T, Drott C, Holst J, Sillesen H, Eldrup N, Jepsen J, Lindholdt J, Grønholdt ML, Thompson M, McCullum C. Randomized clinical trial of mast cell inhibition in patients with a medium-sized abdominal aortic aneurysm. Br J Surg 2015; 102:894-901. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is thought to develop as a result of inflammatory processes in the aortic wall. In particular, mast cells are believed to play a central role. The AORTA trial was undertaken to investigate whether the mast cell inhibitor, pemirolast, could retard the growth of medium-sized AAAs. In preclinical and clinical trials, pemirolast has been shown to inhibit antigen-induced allergic reactions.
Methods
Inclusion criteria for the trial were patients with an AAA of 39–49 mm in diameter on ultrasound imaging. Among exclusion criteria were previous aortic surgery, diabetes mellitus, and severe concomitant disease with a life expectancy of less than 2 years. Included patients were treated with 10, 25 or 40 mg pemirolast, or matching placebo for 52 weeks. The primary endpoint was change in aortic diameter as measured from leading edge adventitia at the anterior wall to leading edge adventitia at the posterior wall in systole. All ultrasound scans were read in a central imaging laboratory.
Results
Some 326 patients (mean age 70·8 years; 88·0 per cent men) were included in the trial. The overall mean growth rate was 2·42 mm during the 12-month study. There was no statistically significant difference in growth between patients receiving placebo and those in the three dose groups of pemirolast. Similarly, there were no differences in adverse events.
Conclusion
Treatment with pemirolast did not retard the growth of medium-sized AAAs. Registration number: NCT01354184 (https://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sillesen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Eldrup
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery T, Aarhus University Hospital Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - R Hultgren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lindeman
- Department of Vascular and Transplantation Surgery K6-R, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K Bredahl
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thompson
- St George's Vascular Institute, St George's University Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Wanhainen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Institution of Surgical Science, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - U Wingren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, University of Gotheborg, Gotheborg, Sweden
| | - J Swedenborg
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - R Hultgren
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm
| | | | | | | | | | - C Drott
- Södra Älvsborgs Sjukhus, Borås
| | - J Holst
- Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - H Sillesen
- Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen
| | - N Eldrup
- Århus University Hospital, Skejby
| | | | | | | | | | - C McCullum
- University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Kritikou E, Kuiper J, Kovanen PT, Bot I. The impact of mast cells on cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:103-15. [PMID: 25959384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells comprise an innate immune cell population, which accumulates in tissues proximal to the outside environment and, upon activation, augments the progression of immunological reactions through the release and diffusion of either pre-formed or newly generated mediators. The released products of mast cells include histamine, proteases, as well as a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which act on the surrounding microenvironment thereby shaping the immune responses triggered in various diseased states. Mast cells have also been detected in the arterial wall and are implicated in the onset and progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases. Notably, modulation of distinct mast cell actions using genetic and pharmacological approaches highlights the crucial role of this cell type in cardiovascular syndromes. The acquired evidence renders mast cells and their mediators as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions related to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Mast cell proteases as pharmacological targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:44-55. [PMID: 25958181 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are rich in proteases, which are the major proteins of intracellular granules and are released with histamine and heparin by activated cells. Most of these proteases are active in the granule as well as outside of the mast cell when secreted, and can cleave targets near degranulating mast cells and in adjoining tissue compartments. Some proteases released from mast cells reach the bloodstream and may have far-reaching actions. In terms of relative amounts, the major mast cell proteases include the tryptases, chymases, cathepsin G, carboxypeptidase A3, dipeptidylpeptidase I/cathepsin C, and cathepsins L and S. Some mast cells also produce granzyme B, plasminogen activators, and matrix metalloproteinases. Tryptases and chymases are almost entirely mast cell-specific, whereas other proteases, such as cathepsins G, C, and L are expressed by a variety of inflammatory cells. Carboxypeptidase A3 expression is a property shared by basophils and mast cells. Other proteases, such as mastins, are largely basophil-specific, although human basophils are protease-deficient compared with their murine counterparts. The major classes of mast cell proteases have been targeted for development of therapeutic inhibitors. Also, a human β-tryptase has been proposed as a potential drug itself, to inactivate of snake venins. Diseases linked to mast cell proteases include allergic diseases, such as asthma, eczema, and anaphylaxis, but also include non-allergic diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, autoimmune arthritis, atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, hypertension, myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and scarring diseases of lungs and other organs. In some cases, studies performed in mouse models suggest protective or homeostatic roles for specific proteases (or groups of proteases) in infections by bacteria, worms and other parasites, and even in allergic inflammation. At the same time, a clearer picture has emerged of differences in the properties and patterns of expression of proteases expressed in human mast cell subsets, and in humans versus other mammals. These considerations are influencing prioritization of specific protease targets for therapeutic inhibition, as well as options of pre-clinical models, disease indications, and choice of topical versus systemic routes of inhibitor administration.
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Wang J, Lindholt JS, Sukhova GK, Shi MA, Xia M, Chen H, Xiang M, He A, Wang Y, Xiong N, Libby P, Wang JA, Shi GP. IgE actions on CD4+ T cells, mast cells, and macrophages participate in the pathogenesis of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:952-69. [PMID: 24963147 PMCID: PMC4119357 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) activates mast cells (MCs). It remains unknown whether IgE also activates other inflammatory cells, and contributes to the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). This study demonstrates that CD4+ T cells express IgE receptor FcεR1, at much higher levels than do CD8+ T cells. IgE induces CD4+ T-cell production of IL6 and IFN-γ, but reduces their production of IL10. FcεR1 deficiency (Fcer1a−/−) protects apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe−/−) mice from angiotensin-II infusion-induced AAAs and reduces plasma IL6 levels. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+ T cells), MCs, and macrophages from Apoe−/− mice, but not those from Apoe−/−Fcer1a−/− mice, increases AAA size and plasma IL6 in Apoe−/−Fcer1a−/− recipient mice. Biweekly intravenous administration of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody ablated plasma IgE and reduced AAAs in Apoe−/− mice. Patients with AAAs had significantly higher plasma IgE levels than those without AAAs. This study establishes an important role of IgE in AAA pathogenesis by activating CD4+ T cells, MCs, and macrophages and supports consideration of neutralizing plasma IgE in the therapeutics of human AAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, University Hospital of Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingcan Xia
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Galli SJ, Tsai M, Marichal T, Tchougounova E, Reber LL, Pejler G. Approaches for analyzing the roles of mast cells and their proteases in vivo. Adv Immunol 2015; 126:45-127. [PMID: 25727288 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The roles of mast cells in health and disease remain incompletely understood. While the evidence that mast cells are critical effector cells in IgE-dependent anaphylaxis and other acute IgE-mediated allergic reactions seems unassailable, studies employing various mice deficient in mast cells or mast cell-associated proteases have yielded divergent conclusions about the roles of mast cells or their proteases in certain other immunological responses. Such "controversial" results call into question the relative utility of various older versus newer approaches to ascertain the roles of mast cells and mast cell proteases in vivo. This review discusses how both older and more recent mouse models have been used to investigate the functions of mast cells and their proteases in health and disease. We particularly focus on settings in which divergent conclusions about the importance of mast cells and their proteases have been supported by studies that employed different models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency. We think that two major conclusions can be drawn from such findings: (1) no matter which models of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency one employs, the conclusions drawn from the experiments always should take into account the potential limitations of the models (particularly abnormalities affecting cell types other than mast cells) and (2) even when analyzing a biological response using a single model of mast cell or mast cell protease deficiency, details of experimental design are critical in efforts to define those conditions under which important contributions of mast cells or their proteases can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA; GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Elena Tchougounova
- Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Gunnar Pejler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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