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Horner E, Lord JM, Hazeldine J. The immune suppressive properties of damage associated molecular patterns in the setting of sterile traumatic injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1239683. [PMID: 37662933 PMCID: PMC10469493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1239683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Associated with the development of hospital-acquired infections, major traumatic injury results in an immediate and persistent state of systemic immunosuppression, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Detected in the circulation in the minutes, days and weeks following injury, damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are a heterogeneous collection of proteins, lipids and DNA renowned for initiating the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Suggesting additional immunomodulatory roles in the post-trauma immune response, data are emerging implicating DAMPs as potential mediators of post-trauma immune suppression. Discussing the results of in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo studies, the purpose of this review is to summarise the emerging immune tolerising properties of cytosolic, nuclear and mitochondrial-derived DAMPs. Direct inhibition of neutrophil antimicrobial activities, the induction of endotoxin tolerance in monocytes and macrophages, and the recruitment, activation and expansion of myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells are examples of some of the immune suppressive properties assigned to DAMPs so far. Crucially, with studies identifying the molecular mechanisms by which DAMPs promote immune suppression, therapeutic strategies that prevent and/or reverse DAMP-induced immunosuppression have been proposed. Approaches currently under consideration include the use of synthetic polymers, or the delivery of plasma proteins, to scavenge circulating DAMPs, or to treat critically-injured patients with antagonists of DAMP receptors. However, as DAMPs share signalling pathways with pathogen associated molecular patterns, and pro-inflammatory responses are essential for tissue regeneration, these approaches need to be carefully considered in order to ensure that modulating DAMP levels and/or their interaction with immune cells does not negatively impact upon anti-microbial defence and the physiological responses of tissue repair and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Horner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Lord
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Hazeldine
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Riddell DO, Hildyard JCW, Harron RCM, Hornby NL, Wells DJ, Piercy RJ. Serum inflammatory cytokines as disease biomarkers in the DE50-MD dog model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049394. [PMID: 36444978 PMCID: PMC9789403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal muscle-wasting disease, caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, characterised by cycles of muscle degeneration, inflammation and regeneration. Recently, there has been renewed interest specifically in drugs that ameliorate muscle inflammation in DMD patients. The DE50-MD dog is a model of DMD that closely mimics the human DMD phenotype. We quantified inflammatory proteins in serum from wild-type (WT) and DE50-MD dogs aged 3-18 months to identify biomarkers for future pre-clinical trials. Significantly higher concentrations of C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF or CSF2), keratinocyte chemotactic-like (KC-like, homologous to mouse CXCL1), TNFα (or TNF), and interleukins IL2, IL6, IL7, IL8 (CXCL8), IL10, IL15 and IL18 were detected in DE50-MD serum compared to WT serum. Of these, CCL2 best differentiated the two genotypes. The relative level of CCL2 mRNA was greater in the vastus lateralis muscle of DE50-MD dogs than in that of WT dogs, and CCL2 was expressed both within and at the periphery of damaged myofibres. Serum CCL2 concentration was significantly associated with acid phosphatase staining in vastus lateralis biopsy samples in DE50-MD dogs. In conclusion, the serum cytokine profile suggests that inflammation is a feature of the DE50-MD phenotype. Quantification of serum CCL2 in particular is a useful non-invasive biomarker of the DE50-MD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique O. Riddell
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - John C. W. Hildyard
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Rachel C. M. Harron
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Natasha L. Hornby
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Dominic J. Wells
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Richard J. Piercy
- Comparative Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London NW1 0TU, UK
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3
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Porcellato I, Sforna M, Lo Giudice A, Bossi I, Musi A, Tognoloni A, Chiaradia E, Mechelli L, Brachelente C. Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Canine Oral and Cutaneous Melanomas and Melanocytomas: Phenotypic and Prognostic Assessment. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:878949. [PMID: 35937296 PMCID: PMC9355725 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.878949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex system, where neoplastic cells interact with immune and stromal cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are considered among the most numerically and biologically noteworthy cellular components in tumors and the attention on this cellular population has been growing during the last decade, both for its prognostic role and as a potential future therapeutic target. Melanoma, particularly the oral form, despite being one of the most immunogenic tumors, bears a poor prognosis in dogs and humans, due to its highly aggressive biological behavior and limited therapeutic options. The aims of this study are to characterize and quantify TAMs (using CD163, CD204, Iba1, and MAC387) in canine melanocytic tumors and to evaluate the association of these markers with diagnosis, histologic prognostic features, presence of metastases, and outcome, and to provide preliminary data for possible future therapies targeting TAMs. Seventy-two melanocytic tumors (27 oral melanomas, 25 cutaneous melanomas, 14 cutaneous melanocytomas, and 6 oral melanocytomas) were retrospectively selected and submitted to immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence. Double immunolabeling revealed that most CD163+ and CD204+cells co-expressed Iba1, which labeled also dendritic cells. Iba1 was instead rarely co-expressed with MAC387. Nevertheless, the expression of macrophagic markers showed a mild to moderate association among the four markers, except for CD204 and MAC387. The number of CD163+, CD204+, and MAC387+ cells was significantly higher in oral melanomas compared to oral melanocytomas (p < 0.001; p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), whereas Iba1 was differentially expressed in cutaneous melanomas and melanocytomas (p < 0.05). Moreover, CD163, IBA1 and MAC387 expression was associated with nuclear atypia and mitotic count. The number of CD163+cells was associated with the presence of metastases and tumor-related death in oral melanocytic tumors (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Porcellato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ilaria Porcellato
| | - Monica Sforna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Adriana Lo Giudice
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Musi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alessia Tognoloni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Mechelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Chiara Brachelente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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4
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Fernández AR, Sánchez-Tarjuelo R, Cravedi P, Ochando J, López-Hoyos M. Review: Ischemia Reperfusion Injury-A Translational Perspective in Organ Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228549. [PMID: 33202744 PMCID: PMC7696417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thanks to the development of new, more potent and selective immunosuppressive drugs together with advances in surgical techniques, organ transplantation has emerged from an experimental surgery over fifty years ago to being the treatment of choice for many end-stage organ diseases, with over 139,000 organ transplants performed worldwide in 2019. Inherent to the transplantation procedure is the fact that the donor organ is subjected to blood flow cessation and ischemia during harvesting, which is followed by preservation and reperfusion of the organ once transplanted into the recipient. Consequently, ischemia/reperfusion induces a significant injury to the graft with activation of the immune response in the recipient and deleterious effect on the graft. The purpose of this review is to discuss and shed new light on the pathways involved in ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) that act at different stages during the donation process, surgery, and immediate post-transplant period. Here, we present strategies that combine various treatments targeted at different mechanistic pathways during several time points to prevent graft loss secondary to the inflammation caused by IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Renaldo Fernández
- Immunology, Universitary Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla- Research Institute IDIVAL Santander, 390008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Rodrigo Sánchez-Tarjuelo
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.S.-T.); (J.O.)
- Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
| | - Jordi Ochando
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (R.S.-T.); (J.O.)
- Immunología de Trasplantes, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - Marcos López-Hoyos
- Immunology, Universitary Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla- Research Institute IDIVAL Santander, 390008 Santander, Spain;
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-942-292759
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5
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S100 proteins in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 502:293-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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6
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Bath NM, Ding X, Verhoven BM, Wilson NA, Coons L, Sukhwal A, Zhong W, Redfield III RR. Autoantibody production significantly decreased with APRIL/BLyS blockade in murine chronic rejection kidney transplant model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223889. [PMID: 31647850 PMCID: PMC6812745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic antibody mediated rejection (cAMR) remains a significant barrier to achieving long-term graft survival in kidney transplantation, which results from alloantibody production from B lymphocytes and plasma cells. APRIL (A proliferation-inducing ligand) and BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator) are critical survival factors for B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Here we describe the results of APRIL/BLyS blockade in a murine cAMR kidney transplant model. c57/B6 mice underwent kidney transplantation with Bm12 kidneys (minor MHC mismatch), a well-described model for chronic rejection where animals cannot make donor specific antibody but rather make antinuclear antibody (ANA). Following transplantation, animals received TACI-Ig (to block APRIL and BLyS) or no treatment. Animals were continued on treatment until harvest 4 weeks following transplant. Serum was analyzed for circulating anti-nuclear autoantibodies using HEp-2 indirect immunofluorescence. Spleen and transplanted kidneys were analyzed via H&E. ANA production was significantly decreased in APRIL/BLyS blockade treated animals (p<0.0001). No significant difference in autoantibody production was found between syngeneic transplant control (B6 to B6) and APRIL/BLyS blockade treated animals (p = 0.90). Additionally, disruption of splenic germinal center architecture was noted in the APRIL/BLyS blockade treated animals. Despite the significant decrease in autoantibody production and germinal center disruption, no significant difference in lymphocyte infiltration was noted in the transplanted kidney. APRIL/BLyS blockade resulted in a significant decrease of autoantibody production and disrupted splenic germinal center formation in a chronic kidney transplant model, however in this model no difference in kidney transplant pathology was seen, which may have to do with the absence of any T cell centric immunosuppression. Regardless, these findings suggest that APRIL/BLyS blockade may play a role in decreasing antibody formation long-term in kidney transplantation. Future investigations will use APRIL/BLyS blockade in conjunction with T lymphocyte depleting agents to determine its efficacy in chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Bath
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiang Ding
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Bret M. Verhoven
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Unites States of America
| | - Lauren Coons
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Adarsh Sukhwal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Weixiong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Robert R. Redfield III
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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7
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MRP14 enhances the ability of macrophage to recruit T cells and promotes obesity-induced insulin resistance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:2434-2447. [PMID: 31040394 PMCID: PMC6821582 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Myeloid-related protein-14 (MRP14) and its binding partner MRP8 play an essential role in innate immune function and have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases. However, the role of MRP14 in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance is not well defined. This study investigated the role of MRP14 in macrophage-mediated adipose tissue inflammation and obesity-induced insulin resistance. Subjects and Results: Wild-type (WT) and Mrp14−/− mice were fed a high-fat diet or normal chow for 12 weeks. Tissue-resident macrophages in both adipose tissue and liver from obese WT mice expressed higher levels of MRP14 in the visceral adipose fat and liver compared to the lean mice. Mrp14−/− mice demonstrated a significantly improved post-prandial insulin sensitivity, as measured by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance testing. Macrophages secreted MRP14 in response to inflammatory stimuli such as LPS. Extracellular MRP8/14 induced the production of CCL5 and CXCL9. Deficiency of MRP14 did not affect macrophage proliferation, mitochondrial respiration, and glycolytic function, but Mrp14−/− macrophages showed a reduced ability to attract T cells. Depletion of the extracellular MRP14 reduced the T cell attracting ability of WT macrophages to a level similar to Mrp14−/− macrophages. Conclusion: Our data indicates that MRP14 deficiency decreases obesity-induced insulin resistance and MRP8/14 regulates T cell recruitment through the induction of T cell chemoattractant production from macrophages.
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8
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Qureshi MS, Alsughayyir J, Chhabra M, Ali JM, Goddard MJ, Devine CA, Conlon TM, Linterman MA, Motallebzadeh R, Pettigrew GJ. Germinal center humoral autoimmunity independently mediates progression of allograft vasculopathy. J Autoimmun 2019; 98:44-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Wang S, Song R, Wang Z, Jing Z, Wang S, Ma J. S100A8/A9 in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1298. [PMID: 29942307 PMCID: PMC6004386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 803] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 (also known as MRP8 and MRP14, respectively) are Ca2+ binding proteins belonging to the S100 family. They often exist in the form of heterodimer, while homodimer exists very little because of the stability. S100A8/A9 is constitutively expressed in neutrophils and monocytes as a Ca2+ sensor, participating in cytoskeleton rearrangement and arachidonic acid metabolism. During inflammation, S100A8/A9 is released actively and exerts a critical role in modulating the inflammatory response by stimulating leukocyte recruitment and inducing cytokine secretion. S100A8/A9 serves as a candidate biomarker for diagnosis and follow-up as well as a predictive indicator of therapeutic responses to inflammation-associated diseases. As blockade of S100A8/A9 activity using small-molecule inhibitors or antibodies improves pathological conditions in murine models, the heterodimer has potential as a therapeutic target. In this review, we provide a comprehensive and detailed overview of the distribution and biological functions of S100A8/A9 and highlight its application as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in inflammation-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaocheng Jing
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shaoxiong Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Xiangya School of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
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10
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Necroptosis Is Involved in CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death and Chronic Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2017; 101:2026-2037. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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11
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27199985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as "resolution pharmacology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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12
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Rekers NV, Bajema IM, Mallat MJK, Petersen B, Anholts JDH, Swings GMJS, van Miert PPMC, Kerkhoff C, Roth J, Popp D, van Groningen MC, Baeten D, Goemaere N, Kraaij MD, Zandbergen M, Heidt S, van Kooten C, de Fijter JW, Claas FHJ, Eikmans M. Beneficial Immune Effects of Myeloid-Related Proteins in Kidney Transplant Rejection. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:1441-55. [PMID: 26607974 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Acute rejection is a risk factor for inferior long-term kidney transplant survival. Although T cell immunity is considered the main effector in clinical acute rejection, the role of myeloid cells is less clear. Expression of S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) and S100A9 was evaluated in 303 biopsies before and after transplantation from 190 patients. In two independent cohorts of patients with acute rejection (n = 98 and n = 11; mostly cellular rejections), high expression of S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) and A9 (S100A9) was related to improved graft outcome. Mechanisms of action of the S100 molecules were investigated. In the graft and peripheral blood cells, S100A8 and S100A9 expression correlated with myeloid-derived suppressor markers. In line with this finding, recombinant S100A8 and S100A9 proteins inhibited maturation and the allogeneic T cell stimulatory capacity of dendritic cells. S100A9 enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species by macrophages, which suppressed T cell activity at low concentrations in the form of hydrogen peroxide. Intragraft S100A8 and S100A9 expression linked to reduced expression of T cell immunity and tissue injury markers and higher expression of immune regulatory molecules. This study sheds new light on the importance of myeloid cell subsets in directing the outcome of T cell-mediated acute rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Rekers
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I M Bajema
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J K Mallat
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B Petersen
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J D H Anholts
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - G M J S Swings
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - P P M C van Miert
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C Kerkhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - J Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - D Popp
- Institute of Immunology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - M C van Groningen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - D Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N Goemaere
- Department of Pathology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M D Kraaij
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Zandbergen
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - S Heidt
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - C van Kooten
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J W de Fijter
- Department of Nephrology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - F H J Claas
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Eikmans
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
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13
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27199985 PMCID: PMC4845539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as “resolution pharmacology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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14
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Braza F, Brouard S, Chadban S, Goldstein DR. Role of TLRs and DAMPs in allograft inflammation and transplant outcomes. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:281-90. [PMID: 27026348 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Graft inflammation impairs the induction of solid organ transplant tolerance and enhances acute and chronic rejection. Elucidating the mechanisms by which inflammation is induced after organ transplantation could lead to novel therapeutics to improve transplant outcomes. In this Review we describe endogenous substances--damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)--that are released after allograft reperfusion and induce inflammation. We also describe innate immune signalling pathways that are activated after solid organ transplantation, with a focus on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their signal adaptor, MYD88. Experimental and clinical studies have yielded a large body of evidence that TLRs and MYD88 are instrumental in initiating allograft inflammation and promoting the development of acute and chronic rejection. Ongoing clinical studies are testing TLR inhibition strategies in solid organ transplantation, although avoiding compromising host defence to pathogens is a key challenge. Further elucidation of the mechanisms by which sterile inflammation is induced, maintained and amplified within the allograft has the potential to lead to novel anti-inflammatory treatments that could improve outcomes for solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faouzi Braza
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sophie Brouard
- INSERM, UMR 1064, CHU de Nantes, ITUN, 30 Bd Jean Monnet Nantes F-44093, France
| | - Steve Chadban
- Renal Medicine and Transplantation, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road Camperdown, NSW 2050, Sydney, Australia.,Kidney Node, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2093, Australia
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, 333 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06525, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, 300 Cedar St, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06525, USA
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15
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Emerging importance of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:463-78. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20150666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The CXC chemokines, CXCL4, -9, -10, -11, CXCL4L1, and the CC chemokine CCL21, activate CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), a cell-surface G protein-coupled receptor expressed mainly by Th1 cells, cytotoxic T (Tc) cells and NK cells that have a key role in immunity and inflammation. However, CXCR3 is also expressed by vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and appears to be important in controlling physiological vascular function. In the last decade, evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies has revealed the participation of CXCR3 and its ligands in multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) of different aetiologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, as well as in heart transplant rejection and transplant coronary artery disease (CAD). CXCR3 ligands have also proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodelling. The observation that several of the above-mentioned chemokines exert biological actions independent of CXCR3 provides both opportunities and challenges for developing effective drug strategies. In this review, we provide evidence to support our contention that CXCR3 and its ligands actively participate in the development and progression of CVDs, and may additionally have utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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16
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Shen H, Heuzey E, Mori DN, Wong CK, Colangelo CM, Chung LM, Bruce C, Slizovskiy IB, Booth CJ, Kreisel D, Goldstein DR. Haptoglobin enhances cardiac transplant rejection. Circ Res 2015; 116:1670-9. [PMID: 25801896 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early graft inflammation enhances both acute and chronic rejection of heart transplants, but it is unclear how this inflammation is initiated. OBJECTIVE To identify specific inflammatory modulators and determine their underlying molecular mechanisms after cardiac transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a murine heterotopic cardiac transplant model to identify inflammatory modulators of early graft inflammation. Unbiased mass spectrometric analysis of cardiac tissue before and ≤72 hours after transplantation revealed that 22 proteins including haptoglobin, a known antioxidant, are significantly upregulated in our grafts. Through the use of haptoglobin-deficient mice, we show that 80% of haptoglobin-deficient recipients treated with perioperative administration of the costimulatory blocking agent CTLA4 immunoglobulin exhibited >100-day survival of full major histocompatibility complex mismatched allografts, whereas all similarly treated wild-type recipients rejected their transplants by 21 days after transplantation. We found that haptoglobin modifies the intra-allograft inflammatory milieu by enhancing levels of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 and the chemokine MIP-2 (macrophage inflammatory protein 2) but impair levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine interleukin-10. Haptoglobin also enhances dendritic cell graft recruitment and augments antidonor T-cell responses. Moreover, we confirmed that the protein is present in human cardiac allograft specimens undergoing acute graft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of inflammation after cardiac transplantation and suggest that, in contrast to its prior reported antioxidant function in vascular inflammation, haptoglobin is an enhancer of inflammation after cardiac transplantation. Haptoglobin may also be a key component in other sterile inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Elizabeth Heuzey
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel N Mori
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Christine K Wong
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Christopher M Colangelo
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Lisa M Chung
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Can Bruce
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Ilya B Slizovskiy
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Carmen J Booth
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- From the Department of Internal Medicine (H.S., E.H., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), Department of Immunobiology (H.S., D.N.M., C.K.W., D.R.G.), W.M. Keck Biotechnology Resource Laboratory (C.M.C., L.M.C.), Center for Medical Informatics (C.B.), and Section of Comparative Medicine (I.B.S., C.J.B.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sciomix, Woodbridge, CT (C.B.); Department of Surgery (D.K.) and Department of Immunology (D.K.), Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO.
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17
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Ortiz ML, Kumar V, Martner A, Mony S, Donthireddy L, Condamine T, Seykora J, Knight SC, Malietzis G, Lee GH, Moorghen M, Lenox B, Luetteke N, Celis E, Gabrilovich D. Immature myeloid cells directly contribute to skin tumor development by recruiting IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:351-67. [PMID: 25667306 PMCID: PMC4354367 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20140835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ortiz et al. report the accumulation of immature myeloid cells in skin tissue of patients with inflammatory conditions, which predisposes to the development of cancer. Evidence links chronic inflammation with cancer, but cellular mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. We have demonstrated that in humans, inflammatory conditions that predispose to development of skin and colon tumors are associated with accumulation in tissues of CD33+S100A9+ cells, the phenotype typical for myeloid-derived suppressor cells in cancer or immature myeloid cells (IMCs) in tumor-free hosts. To identify the direct role of these cells in tumor development, we used S100A9 transgenic mice to create the conditions for topical accumulation of these cells in the skin in the absence of infection or tissue damage. These mice demonstrated accumulation of granulocytic IMCs in the skin upon topical application of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), resulting in a dramatic increase in the formation of papillomas during epidermal carcinogenesis. The effect of IMCs on tumorigenesis was not associated with immune suppression, but with CCL4 (chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4)-mediated recruitment of IL-17–producing CD4+ T cells. This chemokine was released by activated IMCs. Elimination of CD4+ T cells or blockade of CCL4 or IL-17 abrogated the increase in tumor formation caused by myeloid cells. Thus, this study implicates accumulation of IMCs as an initial step in facilitation of tumor formation, followed by the recruitment of CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna L Ortiz
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Vinit Kumar
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Anna Martner
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - John Seykora
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stella C Knight
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | - George Malietzis
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | - Gui Han Lee
- Antigen Presentation Research Group, Imperial College London, London HA1 3UJ, England, UK St. Mark's Hospital, Harrow HA1 3UJ, England, UK
| | | | - Brianna Lenox
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612 Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, University of Gothenburg, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Noreen Luetteke
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Esteban Celis
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation, and Tolerance Program, Georgia Regents University Cancer Center, Augusta, GA 30912
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18
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De Filippo K, Neill DR, Mathies M, Bangert M, McNeill E, Kadioglu A, Hogg N. A new protective role for S100A9 in regulation of neutrophil recruitment during invasive pneumococcal pneumonia. FASEB J 2014; 28:3600-8. [PMID: 24776746 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-247460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The S100A8/A9 heterodimer is abundantly expressed by myeloid cells, especially neutrophils, but its mechanism of action is only partially determined. In this study we investigated S100A8/A9 involvement in the host response to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection making use of S100a9(-/-) mice that lack heterodimer expression in myeloid cells. S100a9(-/-) mice that were infected intranasally with pneumococci rapidly succumbed, with 80% mortality after 48 h, whereas the majority of wild-type mice recovered. Over this time period, S100a9(-/-) mice displayed an average 6-fold reduction in circulating and lung-recruited neutrophils. Taqman analysis of S100a9(-/-) lungs revealed decreased production of a dominant subset of 5 cytokines and chemokines associated with neutrophil recruitment. The greatest differential was with the cytokine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) that causes bone marrow release of neutrophils into the circulation (1900-fold difference at 48 h). Treating S100a9(-/-) mice with G-CSF reversed their increased susceptibility to infection by enhancing both circulating neutrophils and neutrophil recruitment into infected lungs, by reducing pneumococcal colony forming units, and by elevation of chemokine CXCL1, cytokine IL-6, and endogenous G-CSF proteins. Thus S100A9, potentially with its partner S100A8, makes a major contribution in the host response to pneumococcal infection by increasing circulating neutrophils principally regulation of G-CSF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia De Filippo
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Daniel R Neill
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Meg Mathies
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Mathieu Bangert
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; and Department of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nancy Hogg
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research United Kingdom London Research Institute, London, UK;
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19
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Wang L, Luo H, Chen X, Jiang Y, Huang Q. Functional characterization of S100A8 and S100A9 in altering monolayer permeability of human umbilical endothelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90472. [PMID: 24595267 PMCID: PMC3940892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 complexes have been known as important endogenous damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) proteins. But the pathophysiological roles of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 in cardiovascular diseases are incompletely explained. In this present study, the effects of homo S100A8, S100A9 and their hetero-complex S100A8/A9 on endothelial barrier function were tested respectively in cultured human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). The involvement of TLR4 and RAGE were observed by using inhibitor of TLR4 and blocking antibody of RAGE. The clarification of different MAPK subtypes in S100A8/A9-induced endothelial response was implemented by using specific inhibitors. The calcium-dependency was detected in the absence of Ca2+ or in the presence of gradient-dose Ca2+. The results showed that S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 could induce F-actin and ZO-1 disorganization in HUVECs and evoked the increases of HUVEC monolayer permeability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effects of S100A8, S100A9 and S100A8/A9 on endothelial barrier function depended on the activation of p38 and ERK1/2 signal pathways through receptors TLR4 and RAGE. Most importantly, we revealed the preference of S100A8 on TLR4 and S100A9 on RAGE in HUVECs. The results also showed the calcium dependency in S100A8- and S100A9-evoked endothelial response, indicating that calcium dependency on formation of S100A8 or A9 dimmers might be the prerequisite for this endothelial functional alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Wang
- Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Haihua Luo
- Key Laboratory for Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohuan Chen
- Key Laboratory for Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Functional Proteomics of Guangdong Province, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (QH)
| | - Qiaobing Huang
- Key Lab for Shock and Microcirculation Research of Guangdong, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (YJ); (QH)
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20
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Agra RM, Teijeira-Fernández E, Pascual-Figal D, Jesús SM, Fernández-Trasancos Á, Sierra J, González-Juanatey JR, Eiras S. Differential behavior between S100A9 and adiponectin in coronary artery disease. Plasma or epicardial fat. Life Sci 2014; 100:147-151. [PMID: 24548634 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS S100A9 is a new inflammatory marker associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease. Because epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) is an inflammatory source in coronary artery disease (CAD), our aim was to evaluate the S100A9 levels in plasma and EAT and its association with CAD. MAIN METHODS Blood, EAT and/or subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were obtained from 89 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Plasma S100A9 and adiponectin were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and mRNA expression in both fat pads and were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). KEY FINDINGS Our results have shown higher levels of plasma S100A9 in patients with CAD than those without (29 [10-50] vs. 17 [3-28] ng/mL; p=0.007). They were dependent on the number of injured-coronaries (p=0.002) with tendency toward negative association with plasma adiponectin (p=0.139). Although EAT expressed higher levels than SAT and their levels were higher in CAD patients, this last difference did not reach statistical significance. However, there was a positive correlation between neutrophils and EAT S100A9 expression (p=0.007) that may reveal an increase of neutrophil filtration on this fat pad. SIGNIFICANCE Plasma S100A9 levels are increased in chronic CAD. The absence of differences regarding EAT S100A9 expression levels indicates a differential inflammatory process between fat tissues and blood in CAD process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Agra
- Department of Cardiology and Coronary Unit, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elvis Teijeira-Fernández
- Department of Cardiology and Coronary Unit, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Domingo Pascual-Figal
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital of Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain
| | - Sánchez-Más Jesús
- Department of Cardiology, University Clinical Hospital of Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virgen de la Arrixaca, Spain
| | | | - Juan Sierra
- Department of Heart Surgery, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Department of Cardiology and Coronary Unit, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Health Research Institute, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonia Eiras
- Health Research Institute, University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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21
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Role of calprotectin in cardiometabolic diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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McNeill E, Hogg N. S100A9 has a protective role in inflammation-induced skin carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:798-808. [PMID: 24436096 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The S100A8/A9 heterodimer is expressed by myeloid cells where its function has been extensively investigated. Immune cell S100A8/A9 promotes proinflammatory effects, and its absence is often associated with lack of leukocyte recruitment resulting in protection in terms of disease progression. S100A8/A9 is also expressed by certain epithelia, either constitutively as in mucosal epithelia or following stimulation as in skin keratinocytes. The role of the heterodimer in this context has not been as frequently explored. In this study, the incidence of skin papillomas induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in S100a9(-/-) mice has been investigated. Unlike the immune disorders and certain models of cancer, absence of S100A8/A9 caused an increased incidence in skin of papillomas and, subsequently, squamous cell carcinomas. Although associated in S100a9(-/-) mice with increased recruitment of neutrophils and T cells, a bone marrow chimera experiment revealed the major defect to be primarily due to the absence of S100A8/A9 in the skin keratinocytes. S100a9(-/-) skin displayed enhanced Ki-67 expression over the time period of appearance of the papillomas suggesting an effect of S100A8/A9 in regulating proliferation in the epidermal layer. Thus, despite immune cell recruitment in S100a9(-/-) mouse skin that might have been predicted to promote tumor growth, it was the absence of S100A8/A9 in skin keratinocytes that dominated in terms of papilloma formation. The study highlights the importance of the S100A8/A9-expressing skin epidermal layer in controlling skin tumor formation and suggests that the influence of the heterodimer is dependent on the tissue context in which it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen McNeill
- Leukocyte Adhesion Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
S100A8, S100A9 and S100A12 are considered proinflammatory mediators of atherosclerosis. Known as calgranulins, they are major components of neutrophils and are upregulated in macrophages and foam cells. They influence leukocyte recruitment, and may propagate inflammation by binding TLR4 and/or receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE). However, the receptors for calgranulins remain an enigma; we have no evidence for TLR4 or RAGE activation by S100A8 or S100A12. Moreover, gene regulation studies suggest antiinflammatory functions for S100A8 and emerging reports indicate pleiotropic roles. Unlike S100A9, S100A8 effectively scavenges oxidants generated by the myeloperoxidase system in vivo, forming novel thiol modifications. S100A8 is also readily S-nitrosylated, stabilizing nitric oxide and transporting it to hemoglobin. S100A8-SNO reduces leukocyte transmigration in the vasculature. S-glutathionylation of S100A9 modifies its effects on leukocyte adhesion. Both S100A8 forms inhibit mast cell activation, at least partially by scavenging reactive oxygen species required for signaling. Conversely, S100A12 activates and sequesters mast cells. However S100A12 suppresses proinflammatory cytokine induction by SAA-activated monocytes and macrophages, and inhibits matrix metalloprotease activity. We propose that the abundance and types of cells expressing calgranulins in particular microenvironments, their relative concentrations and post-translational modifications may have distinct functional outcomes, including those that are protective, at different stages of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn L Geczy
- Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales
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Ortiz ML, Lu L, Ramachandran I, Gabrilovich DI. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the development of lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:50-8. [PMID: 24778162 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are widely implicated in immune suppression associated with tumor progression and chronic inflammation. However, very little is known about their possible role in tumor development. Here, we evaluated the role of MDSC in two experimental models of lung cancer: inflammation-associated lung cancer caused by chemical carcinogen urethane in combination with exposure to cigarette smoke; and a transgenic CC10Tg model not associated with inflammation. Exposure of mice to cigarette smoke alone resulted in significant accumulation in various organs of cells with typical MDSC phenotype (Gr-1(+)CD11b(+)). However, these cells lacked immunosuppressive activity and could not be defined as MDSC. When cigarette smoke was combined with a single dose of urethane, it led to the development of tumor lesions in lungs within 4 months. By that time, Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells accumulated in the spleen and lung and had potent immunosuppressive activity, and thus could be defined as MDSC. In the CC10Tg model, accumulation of immunosuppressive MDSC was observed only at 4 months of age, after the appearance of tumor lesions in the lungs. Accumulation of MDSC in both models was abrogated in S100A9 knockout mice. This resulted in a dramatic improvement in survival of mice in both models. Thus, cigarette smoke results in the expansion of immature myeloid cells lacking suppressive activity. Accumulation of bona fide MDSC in both models was observed only after the development of tumor lesions. However, MDSC played a major role in tumor progression and survival, which suggests that their targeting may provide clinical benefits in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna L Ortiz
- Authors' Affiliations: The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The S100 protein family consists of 24 members functionally distributed into three main subgroups: those that only exert intracellular regulatory effects, those with intracellular and extracellular functions and those which mainly exert extracellular regulatory effects. S100 proteins are only expressed in vertebrates and show cell-specific expression patterns. In some instances, a particular S100 protein can be induced in pathological circumstances in a cell type that does not express it in normal physiological conditions. Within cells, S100 proteins are involved in aspects of regulation of proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, Ca2+ homeostasis, energy metabolism, inflammation and migration/invasion through interactions with a variety of target proteins including enzymes, cytoskeletal subunits, receptors, transcription factors and nucleic acids. Some S100 proteins are secreted or released and regulate cell functions in an autocrine and paracrine manner via activation of surface receptors (e.g. the receptor for advanced glycation end-products and toll-like receptor 4), G-protein-coupled receptors, scavenger receptors, or heparan sulfate proteoglycans and N-glycans. Extracellular S100A4 and S100B also interact with epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, respectively, thereby enhancing the activity of the corresponding receptors. Thus, extracellular S100 proteins exert regulatory activities on monocytes/macrophages/microglia, neutrophils, lymphocytes, mast cells, articular chondrocytes, endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells, neurons, astrocytes, Schwann cells, epithelial cells, myoblasts and cardiomyocytes, thereby participating in innate and adaptive immune responses, cell migration and chemotaxis, tissue development and repair, and leukocyte and tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy.
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Digoxin Attenuates Acute Cardiac Allograft Rejection by Antagonizing RORγt Activity. Transplantation 2013; 95:434-41. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31827a48f5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and protective effect of S100A8 in endotoxemic mice. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:443-9. [PMID: 23127860 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) produce and release copious amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which target potential bacterial invaders but also contribute to the inflammation-associated organ injuries seen in sepsis. Calprotectin is an immune regulatory protein complex made of S100A8 and S100A9 that inhibits the oxidative metabolism of PMNs in vitro, an effect that can be potentiated by the controlled activation of the protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2). The aim of this study was to test the use of a dual strategy of calprotectin and PAR2 administration to mitigate the deleterious inflammation seen in sepsis. We hypothesized that exogenous calprotectin would protect against the injuries produced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced endotoxemia and that the controlled activation of PAR2 would potentiate this beneficial effect. Exogenous S100A8 and/or a PAR2 activating peptide (PAR2 AP) were administered in a mouse model of LPS induced endotoxemia. The survival rates as well as markers of inflammation and oxidative damage were measured in the lungs, kidneys, and livers of endotoxemic mice. Mice treated with S100A8 following LPS had less PMN infiltration and less severe histological changes in their lungs, kidneys, and livers. A significantly lower score of oxidative damage in the livers and lungs of S100A8/LPS treated mice was also noted when compared to mice treated with LPS alone. This protective and anti-inflammatory effect of S100A8 was potentiated by the controlled activation of PAR2. Finally, in further support to our hypothesis, the survival rate was almost doubled from 33% to 65% and 63% in mice treated by, respectively, S100A8 and PAR2 AP, whereas 85% of the mice treated with both PAR2 AP and S100A8 survived, a statistically significant higher rate. These results support an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and protective effect of S100A8 in sepsis, and warrant further studies on the role of PAR2.
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Maletzki C, Bodammer P, Breitrück A, Kerkhoff C. S100 proteins as diagnostic and prognostic markers in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2012; 12:e7240. [PMID: 23166536 PMCID: PMC3500829 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.7240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Clinical and experimental studies have suggested a link between S100 gene ex-pression and neoplastic disorders, however, the molecular mechanisms of this associa-tion are not well understood. The aim of this review was to conduct a comprehensive literature search in order to understand the possible underlying molecular mechanisms of this association. We also discuss their application as diagnostic and prognostic mark-ers in colorectal and hepatocellular carcinoma. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS We searched Pubmed (NLM) and Web of Science (ISI Web of Knowledge). RESULTS S100 genes display a complex expression pattern in colorectal and hepatocel- lular carcinoma. They are expressed in tumor and/or tumor stroma cells, and they exert both pro- and antitumorigenic actions. In view of this complexity, it becomes clear that S100 proteins might act as both friend and foe. The biological role of the S100 genes is predicted to depend on the relative contributions of the different cell types at specific stages of tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required in order to uncover the functional role of S100 genes in tumorigenesis. Answers to this issue are needed before we can more fully un-derstand the clinical relevance of S100 protein expression within epithelial tumors, with regard to their potential applicability as biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maletzki
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Peggy Bodammer
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Breitrück
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claus Kerkhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG “Extracorporeal Immune Modulation (EXIM)”, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Corresponding author: Claus Kerkhoff, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG EXIM, Schillingallee 68/69, 18057 Rostock, Germany. Tel.: +49-3814947368, Fax: +49-32122701962, E-mail:
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Kerkhoff C, Voss A, Scholzen TE, Averill MM, Zänker KS, Bornfeldt KE. Novel insights into the role of S100A8/A9 in skin biology. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:822-6. [PMID: 22882537 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2012.01571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S100A8 and S100A9 belong to the damage-associated molecular pattern molecules. They are upregulated in a number of inflammatory skin disorders. Owing to their abundance in myeloid cells, the main function of S100A8/A9 has been attributed to their role in inflammatory cells. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that they also exert important roles in epithelial cells. In this review, we discuss the context-dependent function of S100A8/A9 in epithelial cells and their impact on wound healing, psoriasis and other skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Kerkhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Department of Immunology, AG EXIM, Rostock, Germany.
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