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Jang HS, Noh MR, Ha L, Kim J, Padanilam BJ. Effect of Tissue-derived Angiotensinogen on Kidney Injury and Fibrosis in Obstructive Nephropathy. In Vivo 2024; 38:2107-2114. [PMID: 39187331 PMCID: PMC11363765 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Angiotensinogen (AGT), a precursor of angiotensin II (AngII), contributes to regulating (patho)physiological conditions, including blood pressure changes, inflammation, and kidney fibrosis. However, the precise role of tissue-specific AGT in kidney fibrosis independent of blood pressure remains to be fully understood. This study investigated the source of intrarenal AGT and its role in kidney injury and fibrosis during obstructive nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Proximal tubule- (PT, major source secreting AGT in the kidney; PKO) or liver- (major source of circulating AGT; LKO) AGT knockout (KO) mice were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), a blood pressure-independent fibrosis model. RESULTS UUO increased AGT mRNA and protein levels in the kidneys. PKO decreased AGT mRNA, but LKO enhanced it in UUO kidneys compared with the control. In contrast, the intrarenal protein levels of AGT increased in PKO, but not in LKO in UUO kidneys, indicating that the liver is a major source of intrarenal AGT protein. Expression of megalin, a PT receptor involved in the uptake of circulating AGT, was down-regulated in UUO kidneys and was independent of PKO or LKO. However, none of these changes prevented UUO-induced tubular injury and kidney fibrosis. CONCLUSION Hepatic and proximal tubule AGT play distinct roles in contributing to intrarenal AGT levels during UUO, and their genetic inhibitions fail to prevent kidney injury and fibrosis, suggesting a highly complicated signaling pathway of the renin-angiotensin system and an associated compensatory mechanism in obstructive nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Milton and Carroll Petrie Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, U.S.A.;
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, U.S.A
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, U.S.A
| | - Mi Ra Noh
- Milton and Carroll Petrie Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, U.S.A
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, U.S.A
| | - Ligyeom Ha
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, U.S.A
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Milton and Carroll Petrie Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, U.S.A.;
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, U.S.A
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Kounatidis D, Vallianou NG, Stratigou T, Voukali M, Karampela I, Dalamaga M. The Kidney in Obesity: Current Evidence, Perspectives and Controversies. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y. [PMID: 39141201 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As obesity and chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain a public health issue, we aim to elaborate on their complex relationship regarding pathogenetic mechanisms and therapeutic potential as well. The purpose of this review is to enhance our understanding of the interplay between obesity and CKD in order to timely diagnose and treat obesity-related CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Obesity and CKD pose significant intertwined challenges to global health, affecting a substantial portion of the population worldwide. Obesity is recognized as an independent risk factor, intricately contributing to CKD pathogenesis through mechanisms such as lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation, and insulin resistance. Recent evidence highlights additional factors including hemodynamic changes and intestinal dysbiosis that exacerbate kidney dysfunction in obese individuals, leading to histologic alterations known as obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG). This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic strategies of obesity-related kidney disease. Furthermore, it explores mechanistic insights to delineate current therapeutic approaches, future directions for managing this condition and controversies. By elucidating the multifaceted interactions between obesity and kidney health, this review aims to inform clinical practice and stimulate further research to address this global health epidemic effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kounatidis
- Diabetes Center, First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Natalia G Vallianou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126, Athens, Greece.
| | - Theodora Stratigou
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, European and National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Disorders, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Voukali
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 15126, Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Karampela
- Second Department of Critical Care, Medical School, Attikon General University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527, Athens, Greece
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3
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Zhao Y, Guo DF, Morgan DA, Cho YE, Rahmouni K. Adipocyte-specific disruption of the BBSome causes metabolic and autonomic dysfunction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R54-R65. [PMID: 38738295 PMCID: PMC11380988 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00039.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a major public health issue due to its association with type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular risks. The BBSome, a complex of eight conserved Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, has emerged as a key regulator of energy and glucose homeostasis as well as cardiovascular function. However, the importance of adipocyte BBSome in controlling these physiological processes is not clear. Here, we show that adipocyte-specific constitutive disruption of the BBSome through selective deletion of the Bbs1 gene adiponectin (AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice) does not affect body weight under normal chow or high-fat and high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). However, constitutive BBSome deficiency caused impairment in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Similar phenotypes were observed after inducible adipocyte-specific disruption of the BBSome (AdipoCreERT2/Bbs1fl/fl mice). Interestingly, a significant increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity, measured using multifiber recording in the conscious state, was observed in AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice on both chow and HFHSD. A significant increase in tail-cuff arterial pressure was also observed in chow-fed AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice, but this was not reproduced when arterial pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Moreover, AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice had no significant alterations in vascular reactivity. On the other hand, AdipoCre/Bbs1fl/fl mice displayed impaired baroreceptor reflex sensitivity when fed HFHSD, but not on normal chow. Taken together, these data highlight the relevance of the adipocyte BBSome for the regulation of glucose homeostasis and sympathetic traffic. The BBSome also contributes to baroreflex sensitivity under HFHSD, but not normal chow.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The current study show how genetic manipulation of fat cells impacts various functions of the body including sensitivity to the hormone insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Deng-Fu Guo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Young-Eun Cho
- College of Nursing, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Obesity Research and Education Initiative, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
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4
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Hu Y, Bao J, Gao Z, Ye L, Wang L. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter Protein 2 Inhibitors: Novel Application for the Treatment of Obesity-Associated Hypertension. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2024; 17:407-415. [PMID: 38292009 PMCID: PMC10826576 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s446904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming increasingly prevalent in China and worldwide and is closely related to the development of hypertension. The pathophysiology of obesity-associated hypertension is complex, including an overactive sympathetic nervous system (SNS), activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), insulin resistance, hyperleptinemia, renal dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and endothelial function, which complicates treatment. Sodium-glucose cotransporter protein 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, novel hypoglycemic agents, have been shown to reduce body weight and blood pressure and may serve as potential novel agents for the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension. This review discusses the beneficial mechanisms of SGLT-2 inhibitors for the treatment of obesity-associated hypertension. SGLT-2 inhibitors can inhibit SNS activity, reduce RAAS activation, ameliorate insulin resistance, reduce leptin secretion, improve renal function, and inhibit inflammatory responses. SGLT-2 inhibitors can, therefore, simultaneously target multiple mechanisms of obesity-associated hypertension and may serve as an effective treatment for obesity-associated hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Bao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lifang Ye
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lihong Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Heart Center, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Engin A. Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Therapeutic Targets. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1460:489-538. [PMID: 39287863 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-63657-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Parallel to the increasing prevalence of obesity in the world, the mortality from cardiovascular disease has also increased. Low-grade chronic inflammation in obesity disrupts vascular homeostasis, and the dysregulation of adipocyte-derived endocrine and paracrine effects contributes to endothelial dysfunction. Besides the adipose tissue inflammation, decreased nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance (IR), and oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) are the main factors contributing to endothelial dysfunction in obesity and the development of cardiorenal metabolic syndrome. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in the profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Higher stiffness parameter β, increased oxidative stress, upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) oxidase in PVAT turn the macrophages into pro-atherogenic phenotypes by oxLDL-induced adipocyte-derived exosome-macrophage crosstalk and contribute to the endothelial dysfunction. In clinical practice, carotid ultrasound, higher leptin levels correlate with irisin over-secretion by human visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, and remnant cholesterol (RC) levels predict atherosclerotic disease in obesity. As a novel therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular protection, liraglutide improves vascular dysfunction by modulating a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-independent protein kinase A (PKA)-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in PVAT in obese individuals. Because the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activity, hyperinsulinemia, and the resultant IR play key roles in the progression of cardiovascular disease in obesity, RAAS-targeted therapies contribute to improving endothelial dysfunction. By contrast, arginase reciprocally inhibits NO formation and promotes oxidative stress. Thus, targeting arginase activity as a key mediator in endothelial dysfunction has therapeutic potential in obesity-related vascular comorbidities. Obesity-related endothelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone (thiazolidinedione), is a popular drug for treating diabetes; however, it leads to increased cardiovascular risk. Selective sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) significantly improves endothelial dysfunction and mortality occurring through redox-dependent mechanisms. Although endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress are alleviated by either metformin or EMPA, currently used drugs to treat obesity-related diabetes neither possess the same anti-inflammatory potential nor simultaneously target endothelial cell dysfunction and obesity equally. While therapeutic interventions with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide or bariatric surgery reverse regenerative cell exhaustion, support vascular repair mechanisms, and improve cardiometabolic risk in individuals with T2D and obesity, the GLP-1 analog exendin-4 attenuates endothelial endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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6
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Tong Y, Zuo Z, Li X, Li M, Wang Z, Guo X, Wang X, Sun Y, Chen D, Zhang Z. Protective role of perivascular adipose tissue in the cardiovascular system. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1296778. [PMID: 38155947 PMCID: PMC10753176 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1296778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the key role played by perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in the protection of cardiovascular health. PVAT is a specific type of adipose tissue that wraps around blood vessels and has recently emerged as a critical factor for maintenance of vascular health. Through a profound exploration of existing research, this review sheds light on the intricate structural composition and cellular origins of PVAT, with a particular emphasis on combining its regulatory functions for vascular tone, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. The review then delves into the intricate mechanisms by which PVAT exerts its protective effects, including the secretion of diverse adipokines and manipulation of the renin-angiotensin complex. The review further examines the alterations in PVAT function and phenotype observed in several cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, hypertension, and heart failure. Recognizing the complex interactions of PVAT with the cardiovascular system is critical for pursuing breakthrough therapeutic strategies that can target cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this review aims to augment present understanding of the protective role of PVAT in cardiovascular health, with a special emphasis on elucidating potential mechanisms and paving the way for future research directions in this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tong
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Zuo
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinqi Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minghua Li
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhenggui Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxue Guo
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Perla S, Kumar A. Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of the human angiotensinogen gene by high salt. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.22.568343. [PMID: 38045346 PMCID: PMC10690268 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.22.568343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is a component of RAAS, that regulates blood pressure. The human angiotensinogen (hAGT) gene has -6A/-6G polymorphism and -6A variant is associated with human hypertension. In this study, we have investigated the epigenetic regulation of the hAGT. To understand transcriptional regulation of the hAGT, we have made transgenic animals containing -6A. We show that HS affects DNA methylation and modulates transcriptional regulation of this gene in liver and kidney. High salt (HS) increases hAGT gene expression in -6A TG mice. We have observed that the number of CpG sites in the hAGT promoter is decreased after HS treatment. In the liver, seven CpG sites are methylated whereas after HS treatment, only three CpG sites remain methylated. In the kidney, five CpG sites are methylated, whereas after HS treatment, only three CpG sites remain methylated. These results suggest that HS promotes DNA demethylation and increasing AGT gene expression. RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis show that hAGT gene expression is increased by HS. Chip assay has shown that transcription factors bind strongly after HS treatment. RNA-Seq identified differentially expressed genes, novel target genes associated with hypertension, top canonical pathways, upstream regulators. One of the plausible mechanisms for HS induced up-regulation of the hAGT gene is through IL-6/JAK/STAT3/AGT axis.
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8
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Badmus OO, Hinds TD, Stec DE. Mechanisms Linking Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) to Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:151-162. [PMID: 37191842 PMCID: PMC10839567 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-023-01242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in the liver that occurs in the majority of patients in combination with metabolic dysfunction in the form of overweight or obesity. In this review, we highlight the cardiovascular complications in MAFLD patients as well as some potential mechanisms linking MAFLD to the development of cardiovascular disease and highlight potential therapeutic approaches to treating cardiovascular diseases in patients with MAFLD. RECENT FINDINGS MAFLD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathies, and chronic kidney disease. While clinical data have demonstrated the link between MAFLD and the increased risk of CVD development, the mechanisms responsible for this increased risk remain unknown. MAFLD can contribute to CVD through several mechanisms including its association with obesity and diabetes, increased levels of inflammation, and oxidative stress, as well as alterations in hepatic metabolites and hepatokines. Therapies to potentially treat MAFLD-induced include statins and lipid-lowering drugs, glucose-lowering agents, antihypertensive drugs, and antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufunto O Badmus
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Terry D Hinds
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40508, USA
| | - David E Stec
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Cardiorenal, and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Visniauskas B, Reverte V, Abshire CM, Ogola BO, Rosales CB, Galeas-Pena M, Sure VN, Sakamuri SSVP, Harris NR, Kilanowski-Doroh I, Mcnally AB, Horton AC, Zimmerman M, Katakam PVG, Lindsey SH, Prieto MC. High-plasma soluble prorenin receptor is associated with vascular damage in male, but not female, mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H762-H775. [PMID: 36930656 PMCID: PMC10151046 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00638.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Plasma soluble prorenin receptor (sPRR) displays sexual dimorphism and is higher in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the contribution of plasma sPRR to the development of vascular complications in T2DM remains unclear. We investigated if plasma sPRR contributes to sex differences in the activation of the systemic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and vascular damage in a model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced T2DM. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal fat diet (NFD) or an HFD for 28 wk to assess changes in blood pressure, cardiometabolic phenotype, plasma prorenin/renin, sPRR, and ANG II. After completing dietary protocols, tissues were collected from males to assess vascular reactivity and aortic reactive oxygen species (ROS). A cohort of male mice was used to determine the direct contribution of increased systemic sPRR by infusion. To investigate the role of ovarian hormones, ovariectomy (OVX) was performed at 32 wk in females fed either an NFD or HFD. Significant sex differences were found after 28 wk of HFD, where only males developed T2DM and increased plasma prorenin/renin, sPRR, and ANG II. T2DM in males was accompanied by nondipping hypertension, carotid artery stiffening, and aortic ROS. sPRR infusion in males induced vascular thickening instead of material stiffening caused by HFD-induced T2DM. While intact females were less prone to T2DM, OVX increased plasma prorenin/renin, sPRR, and systolic blood pressure. These data suggest that sPRR is a novel indicator of systemic RAAS activation and reflects the onset of vascular complications during T2DM regulated by sex.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High-fat diet (HFD) for 28 wk leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) phenotype, concomitant with increased plasma soluble prorenin receptor (sPRR), nondipping blood pressure, and vascular stiffness in male mice. HFD-fed female mice exhibiting a preserved cardiometabolic phenotype until ovariectomy revealed increased plasma sPRR and blood pressure. Plasma sPRR may indicate the status of systemic renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation and the onset of vascular complications during T2DM in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Visniauskas
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Center for Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Virginia Reverte
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Caleb M Abshire
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Benard O Ogola
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Carla B Rosales
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Michelle Galeas-Pena
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Venkata N Sure
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Siva S V P Sakamuri
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Nicholas R Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Isabella Kilanowski-Doroh
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Alexandra B Mcnally
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Alec C Horton
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Margaret Zimmerman
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Prasad V G Katakam
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Sarah H Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Center for Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Minolfa C Prieto
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Center for Sex-Based Biology and Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
- Tulane Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
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10
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Kanugula AK, Kaur J, Batra J, Ankireddypalli AR, Velagapudi R. Renin-Angiotensin System: Updated Understanding and Role in Physiological and Pathophysiological States. Cureus 2023; 15:e40725. [PMID: 37350982 PMCID: PMC10283427 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical view of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is that of the circulating hormone pathway involved in salt and water homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. It is also involved in the pathogenesis of cardiac and renal disorders. This led to the creation of drugs blocking the actions of this classical pathway, which improved cardiac and renal outcomes. Our understanding of the RAS has significantly expanded with the discovery of new peptides involved in this complex pathway. Over the last two decades, a counter-regulatory or protective pathway has been discovered that opposes the effects of the classical pathway. Components of RAS are also implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and its metabolic diseases. The continued discovery of newer molecules also provides novel therapeutic targets to improve disease outcomes. This article aims to provide an overview of an updated understanding of the RAS, its role in physiological and pathological processes, and potential novel therapeutic options from RAS for managing cardiorenal disorders, obesity, and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar Kanugula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wellstar Health System - Spalding Regional Hospital, Griffin, USA
| | - Jasleen Kaur
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, HealthPartners, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Jaskaran Batra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Univerity of Pittsburg Medical Center (UPMC) McKeesport, McKeesport, USA
| | | | - Ravikanth Velagapudi
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Spectrum Health/Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, USA
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Ardiles LG. Obesity and renal disease: Benefits of bariatric surgery. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1134644. [PMID: 36926320 PMCID: PMC10011092 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1134644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, a preventable and reversible condition with a high impact on health, continues to rise, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Severe overweight is well recognized as a risk factor for diabetes and hypertension, among other conditions, that may increase cardiovascular risk. Obesity has grown simultaneously with a rise in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease, and a pathophysiological link has been established, which explains its role in generating the conditions to facilitate the emergence and maximize the impact of the risk factors of chronic kidney disease and its progression to more advanced stages. Knowing the mechanisms involved and having different tools to reverse the overweight and its consequences, bariatric surgery has arisen as a useful and efficient method, complementary or alternative to others, such as lifestyle changes and/or pharmacotherapy. In a detailed review, the mechanisms involved in the renal consequences of obesity, the impact on risk factors, and the potential benefit of bariatric surgery at different stages of the disease and its progression are exposed and analyzed. Although the observational evidence supports the value of bariatric surgery as a renoprotective measure in individuals with obesity, diabetic or not, randomized studies are expected to establish evidence-based recommendations that demonstrate its positive risk-benefit balance as a complementary or alternative therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopoldo G Ardiles
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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12
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Galley JC, Singh S, Awata WMC, Alves JV, Bruder-Nascimento T. Adipokines: Deciphering the cardiovascular signature of adipose tissue. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115324. [PMID: 36309078 PMCID: PMC10509780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and hypertension are intimately linked due to the various ways that the important cell types such as vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC), endothelial cells (EC), immune cells, and adipocytes, communicate with one another to contribute to these two pathologies. Adipose tissue is a very dynamic organ comprised primarily of adipocytes, which are well known for their role in energy storage. More recently adipose tissue has been recognized as the largest endocrine organ because of its ability to produce a vast number of signaling molecules called adipokines. These signaling molecules stimulate specific types of cells or tissues with many adipokines acting as indicators of adipocyte healthy function, such as adiponectin, omentin, and FGF21, which show anti-inflammatory or cardioprotective effects, acting as regulators of healthy physiological function. Others, like visfatin, chemerin, resistin, and leptin are often altered during pathophysiological circumstances like obesity and lipodystrophy, demonstrating negative cardiovascular outcomes when produced in excess. This review aims to explore the role of adipocytes and their derived products as well as the impacts of these adipokines on blood pressure regulation and cardiovascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Galley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shubhnita Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wanessa M. C. Awata
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juliano V. Alves
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Pediatrics Research in Obesity and Metabolism (CPROM), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Endocrinology Division at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Vascular Medicine Institute (VMI), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Mu WJ, Song YJ, Yang LJ, Qian SW, Yang QQ, Liu Y, Tang QQ, Tang Y. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 in perivascular adipose tissue ameliorates hypertension through regulation of angiotensinogen. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1038176. [PMID: 36457800 PMCID: PMC9707298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1038176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), an active endocrine organ, exerts direct effect on vascular tone through paracrine. Activation of PVAT metabolism plays an inhibitory role in atherosclerosis via secreting relaxing factors. The present studies were designed to investigate the role of PVAT metabolism in regulation of hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice with BMP4 knockout in adipose tissue or brown adipose tissue (aP2-DKO or UCP1-DKO, respectively) were used for exploring the role of impaired PVAT metabolism in hypertension. Vascular function was assessed using wire myography. The potential regulatory factor of vascular function was explored using qPCR and ELISA and further confirmed in perivascular fat cell line. RESULTS Knockout of BMP4 either in adipose tissue or specifically in BAT aggravates high-fat diet (HFD, 40% fat)-induced hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in ApoE-/- mice. In the meanwhile, deficiency of BMP4 also aggravates Ang II (angiotensin II) -induced hypertension and vascular remodeling in ApoE-/- mice. Moreover, deficiency of BMP4 inhibits NO release and induces ROS production. In vitro system, aortic rings pretreated with PVAT extracts from BMP4-DKO mice showed increased vasoconstriction and reduced endothelial-dependent relaxation compared with the controls. We further demonstrated that PVAT of BMP4-DKO mice expressed higher level of angiotensinogen (AGT) and Ang II compared with the controls. CONCLUSION Impaired PVAT metabolism aggravates hypertension, and this effect is dependent on the activation of local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The results of this study first demonstrate the regulatory role of PVAT metabolism in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi-Qun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of School of Basic Medical Sciences and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Kahlon T, Carlisle S, Otero Mostacero D, Williams N, Trainor P, DeFilippis AP. Angiotensinogen: More Than its Downstream Products: Evidence From Population Studies and Novel Therapeutics. JACC. HEART FAILURE 2022; 10:699-713. [PMID: 35963818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchf.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a well-defined pathway playing a key role in maintaining circulatory homeostasis. Abnormal activation of RAAS contributes to development of cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. Although several key RAAS enzymes and peptide hormones have been thoroughly investigated, the role of angiotensinogen-the precursor substrate of the RAAS pathway-remains less understood. The study of angiotensinogen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has provided insight into associations between angiotensinogen and hypertension, congestive heart failure, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Targeted drug therapy of RAAS has dramatically improved clinical outcomes for patients with heart failure, myocardial infarction, and hypertension. However, all such therapeutics block RAAS components downstream of angiotensinogen and elicit compensatory pathways that limit their therapeutic efficacy as monotherapy. Upstream RAAS targeting by an angiotensinogen inhibitor has the potential to be more efficacious in patients with suboptimal RAAS inhibition and has a better safety profile than multiagent RAAS blockade. Newly developed therapeutics that target angiotensinogen through antisense oligonucleotides or silencer RNA technologies are providing a novel perspective into the pathobiology of angiotensinogen and show promise as the next frontier in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Kahlon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Samantha Carlisle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Diana Otero Mostacero
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Nina Williams
- Warren Clinic Cardiology of Tulsa, St Francis Hospital, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Patrick Trainor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Andrew P DeFilippis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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15
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Highlights of mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2022; 36:785-793. [PMID: 35001082 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-021-00644-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased two to three times from 1975 to 2015. Large-scale epidemiological and longitudinal prospective studies link obesity with hypertension. Research suggests that excessive weight gain, particularly when associated with visceral adiposity, may account for as much as 65% to 75% of the risk of incident hypertension. Also, exercise and bariatric/metabolic surgery significantly lowers blood pressure, whereas weight gain increases blood pressure, thus establishing a firm link between these two factors. The mechanisms underpinning obesity-related hypertension are complex and multifaceted, and include, but are not limited to, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system/sympathetic nervous system overactivation, overstimulation of adipokines, insulin resistance, immune dysfunction, structural/functional renal, cardiac, and adipocyte changes. Though weight loss is the mainstay of treatment for obesity-related hypertension, it is often not a feasible long-term solution. Therefore, it is recommended that aggressive treatment with multiple antihypertensive medications combined with diet and exercise be used to lower blood pressure and prevent complications. The research regarding the mechanisms and treatment of obesity-related hypertension has moved at a blistering pace over the past ten years. Therefore, the purpose of this expert review is two-fold: to discuss the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obesity-related hypertension, and to revisit pharmacotherapies that have been shown to be efficacious in patients with obesity-related hypertension.
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Nichols K, Yiannikouris F. The Role of (Pro)Renin Receptor in the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Hypertens Rev 2022; 18:117-124. [PMID: 35170416 DOI: 10.2174/1573402118666220216104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The prorenin receptor (PRR) is a complex multi-functional single transmembrane protein receptor that is ubiquitously expressed in organs and tissues throughout the body. PRR is involved in different cellular mechanisms that comprise the generation of Angiotensin II, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, the stimulation of ERK 1/2 pathway, and the proper functioning of the vacuolar H+-ATPase. Evidence supports the role of PRR and its soluble form, sPRR, in the classical features of the metabolic syndrome, including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and disruption of lipid homeostasis. This review summarizes our current knowledge and highlights new advances in the pathophysiological function of PRR and sPRR in adipogenesis, adipocyte differentiation, lipolysis, glucose and insulin resistance, lipid homeostasis, energy metabolism, and blood pressure regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellea Nichols
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Frederique Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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17
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Li A, Shi W, Wang J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lei Z, Jiao XY. The gene knockout of angiotensin II type 1a receptor improves high-fat diet-induced obesity in rat via promoting adipose lipolysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267331. [PMID: 35802723 PMCID: PMC9269876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is over-activated and the serum angiotensin II (Ang II) level increased in obese patients, while their correlations were incompletely understood. This study aims to explore the role of Ang II in diet-induced obesity by focusing on adipose lipid anabolism and catabolism. Methods Rat model of AT1aR gene knockout were established to investigate the special role of Ang II on adipose lipid metabolism. Wild-type (WT) and AT1aR gene knockout (AT1aR-/-) SD rats were fed with normal diet or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Adipose morphology and adipose lipid synthesis and lipolysis were examined. Results AT1aR deficiency activated lipolysis-related enzymes and increased the levels of NEFAs and glycerol released from adipose tissue in high-fat diet rats, while did not affect triglycerides synthesis. Besides, AT1aR knockout promoted energy expenditure and fatty acids oxidation in adipose tissue. cAMP levels and PKA phosphorylation in the adipose tissue were significantly increased in AT1aR-/- rats fed with high-fat. Activated PKA could promote adipose lipolysis and thus improved adipose histomorphology and insulin sensitivity in high-fat diet rats. Conclusions AT1aR deficiency alleviated adipocyte hypertrophy in high-fat diet rats by promoting adipose lipolysis probably via cAMP/PKA pathway, and thereby delayed the onset of obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiyun Li
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wenjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhandong Lei
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiang-Ying Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, and The Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Angiotensin II Inhibits Insulin Receptor Signaling in Adipose Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116048. [PMID: 35682723 PMCID: PMC9181642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical regulator of insulin signaling in the cardiovascular system and metabolic tissues. However, in adipose cells, the regulatory role of Ang II on insulin actions remains to be elucidated. The effect of Ang II on insulin-induced insulin receptor (IR) phosphorylation, Akt activation, and glucose uptake was examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In these cells, Ang II specifically inhibited insulin-stimulated IR and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) tyrosine-phosphorylation, Akt activation, and glucose uptake in a time-dependent manner. These inhibitory actions were associated with increased phosphorylation of the IR at serine residues. Interestingly, Ang II-induced serine-phosphorylation of IRS was not detected, suggesting that Ang II-induced desensitization begins from IR regulation itself. PKC inhibition by BIM I restored the inhibitory effect of Ang II on insulin actions. We also found that Ang II promoted activation of several PKC isoforms, including PKCα/βI/βII/δ, and its association with the IR, particularly PKCβII, showed the highest interaction. Finally, we also found a similar regulatory effect of Ang II in isolated adipocytes, where insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by Ang II, an effect that was prevented by PKC inhibitors. These results suggest that Ang II may lead to insulin resistance through PKC activation in adipocytes.
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19
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González-Blázquez R, Alcalá M, Cárdenas-Rebollo JM, Viana M, Steckelings UM, Boisvert WA, Unger T, Fernández-Alfonso MS, Somoza B, Gil-Ortega M. AT2R stimulation with C21 prevents arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction in the abdominal aorta from mice fed a high-fat diet. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2763-2780. [PMID: 34854902 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of Compound 21 (C21), a selective AT2R agonist, on the prevention of endothelial dysfunction, extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and arterial stiffness associated with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a standard (Chow) or high-fat diet (HF) for 6 weeks. Half of the animals of each group were simultaneously treated with C21 (1 mg/kg/day, in the drinking water), generating four groups: Chow C, Chow C21, HF C, and HF C21. Vascular function and mechanical properties were determined in the abdominal aorta. To evaluate ECM remodeling, collagen deposition and TGF-β1 concentrations were determined in the abdominal aorta and the activity of metalloproteinases (MMP) 2 and 9 was analyzed in the plasma. Abdominal aortas from HF C mice showed endothelial dysfunction as well as enhanced contractile but reduced relaxant responses to Ang II. This effect was abrogated with C21 treatment by preserving NO availability. A left-shift in the tension-stretch relationship, paralleled by an augmented β-index (marker of intrinsic arterial stiffness), and enhanced collagen deposition and MMP-2/-9 activities were also detected in HF mice. However, when treated with C21, HF mice exhibited lower TGF-β1 levels in abdominal aortas together with reduced MMP activities and collagen deposition compared with HF C mice. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that AT2R stimulation by C21 in obesity preserves NO availability and prevents unhealthy vascular remodeling, thus protecting the abdominal aorta in HF mice against the development of endothelial dysfunction, ECM remodeling and arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Blázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Martín Alcalá
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Cárdenas-Rebollo
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada y Estadística. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Viana
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU-San Pablo, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrike Muscha Steckelings
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, 651 Ilalo Street, BSB311, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Str., Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Thomas Unger
- CARIM - School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - María S Fernández-Alfonso
- Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Unidad de Cartografía Cerebral, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Somoza
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gil-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, 28925, Madrid, Spain
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20
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Cruz-López EO, Uijl E, Danser AHJ. Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Vascular Function: Does Locally Synthesized Angiotensinogen Play a Role? J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 78:S53-S62. [PMID: 34840262 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In recent years, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) research has gained special attention in an effort to understand its involvement in vascular function. PVAT is recognized as an important endocrine organ that secretes procontractile and anticontractile factors, including components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, particularly angiotensinogen (AGT). This review critically addresses the occurrence of AGT in PVAT, its release into the blood stream, and its contribution to the generation and effects of angiotensins (notably angiotensin-(1-7) and angiotensin II) in the vascular wall. It describes that the introduction of transgenic animals, expressing AGT at 0, 1, or more specific location(s), combined with the careful measurement of angiotensins, has revealed that the assumption that PVAT independently generates angiotensins from locally synthesized AGT is incorrect. Indeed, selective deletion of AGT from adipocytes did not lower circulating AGT, neither under a control diet nor under a high-fat diet, and only liver-specific AGT deletion resulted in the disappearance of AGT from blood plasma and adipose tissue. An entirely novel scenario therefore develops, supporting local angiotensin generation in PVAT that depends on the uptake of both AGT and renin from blood, in addition to the possibility that circulating angiotensins exert vascular effects. The review ends with a summary of where we stand now and recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwyn O Cruz-López
- Division of Vascular Medicine and Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Ensor CM, AlSiraj Y, Shoemaker R, Sturgill J, Keshavamurthy S, Gordon EM, Dong BE, Waters C, Cassis LA. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Regulation of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 and Tissue Renin-Angiotensin Systems: Influence of Biologic Sex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.09.14.460275. [PMID: 34545369 PMCID: PMC8452098 DOI: 10.1101/2021.09.14.460275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is an enzyme that limits activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and also serves as a receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein. Binding of S protein to ACE2 causes internalization which activates local RAS. ACE2 is on the X chromosome and its expression is regulated by sex hormones. In this study, we defined ACE2 mRNA abundance and examined effects of S protein on ACE2 activity and/or angiotensin II (AngII) levels in pivotal tissues (lung, adipose) from male and female mice. In lung, ACE2 mRNA abundance was reduced following gonadectomy (GDX) of male and female mice and was higher in XX than XY mice of the Four Core Genotypes (FCG). Reductions in lung ACE2 mRNA abundance by GDX occurred in XX, but not XY FCG female mice. Lung mRNA abundance of ADAM17 and TMPRSS2, enzymes that shed cell surface ACE2 and facilitate viral cell entry, was reduced by GDX in male but not female mice. For comparison, adipose ACE2 mRNA abundance was higher in female than male mice and higher in XX than XY FCG mice. Adipose ADAM17 mRNA abundance was increased by GDX of male and female mice. S protein reduced ACE2 activity in alveolar type II epithelial cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Administration of S protein to male and female mice increased lung AngII levels and decreased adipose ACE2 activity in male but not female mice. These results demonstrate that sex differences in ACE2 expression levels may impact local RAS following S protein exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Ensor
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Yasir AlSiraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, College of Food, Agriculture and the Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Jamie Sturgill
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Suresh Keshavamurthy
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Brittany E Dong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Christopher Waters
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536
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22
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Garcia ML, Milanez MIO, Nishi EE, Sato AYS, Carvalho PM, Nogueira FN, Campos RR, Oyama LM, Bergamaschi CT. Retroperitoneal adipose tissue denervation improves cardiometabolic and autonomic dysfunction in a high fat diet model. Life Sci 2021; 283:119841. [PMID: 34298036 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic vasomotor overactivity is a major feature leading to the cardiovascular dysfunction related to obesity. Considering that the retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) is an important fat visceral depot and receives intense sympathetic and afferent innervations, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects evoked by bilateral rWAT denervation in obese rats. Male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for 8 consecutive weeks and rWAT denervation was performed at the 6th week. Arterial pressure, splanchnic and renal sympathetic vasomotor nerve activities were assessed and inflammation and the components of the renin -angiotensin system were evaluated in different white adipose tissue depots. HFD animals presented higher serum levels of leptin and glucose, an increase in arterial pressure and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity; rWAT denervation, normalized these parameters. Pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were significantly increased, as well as RAAS gene expression in WAT of HFD animals; rWAT denervation significantly attenuated these changes. In conclusion, HFD promotes vasomotor sympathetic overactivation and inflammation with repercussions on the cardiovascular system. In conclusion, the neural communication between WAT and the brain is fundamental to trigger sympathetic vasomotor activation and this pathway is a possible new therapeutic target to treat obesity-associated cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maycon I O Milanez
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika E Nishi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Y S Sato
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Polliane M Carvalho
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando N Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruy R Campos
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila M Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cássia T Bergamaschi
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Rong J, Tao X, Lin Y, Zheng H, Ning L, Lu HS, Daugherty A, Shi P, Mullick AE, Chen S, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Wang J. Loss of Hepatic Angiotensinogen Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction. Circ Res 2021; 129:547-564. [PMID: 34238019 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale: The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a complex regulatory network that maintains normal physiological functions. The role of the RAS in sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) is poorly defined. Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of the RAS and gives rise to all angiotensin peptides. The effects and mechanisms of AGT in development of SIMD have not been defined. Objective: To determine a role of AGT in SIMD and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Methods and Results: Either intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) significantly enhanced AGT abundances in liver, heart, and plasma. Deficiency of hepatocyte-derived AGT (hepAGT), rather than cardiomyocyte-derived AGT (carAGT), alleviated septic cardiac dysfunction in mice and prolonged survival time. Further investigations revealed that the effects of hepAGT on SIMD were partially associated with augmented angiotensin II (AngII) production in circulation. In addition, hepAGT was internalized by LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in cardiac fibroblasts (CF), and subsequently activated NLRP3 inflammasome via an AngII-independent pathway, ultimately promoting SIMD by suppressing Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) abundances in cardiomyocytes (CM). Conclusions: HepAGT promoted SIMD via both AngII-dependent and AngII-independent pathways. We identified a liver-heart axis by which AGT regulated development of SIMD. Our study may provide a potential novel therapeutic target for SIMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabing Rong
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Xinran Tao
- Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Yao Lin
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Haiqiong Zheng
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Le Ning
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
| | - Hong S Lu
- Physiology, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Alan Daugherty
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, UNITED STATES
| | - Peng Shi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
| | - Adam E Mullick
- Antisense Drug Discovery, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, UNITED STATES
| | - Sicong Chen
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, CHINA
| | - Yinchuan Xu
- Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang university, CHINA
| | - Jian'an Wang
- Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, CHINA
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide. Overweight and obesity are strongly associated with comorbidities such as hypertension and insulin resistance, which collectively contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases and resultant morbidity and mortality. Forty-two percent of adults in the United States are obese, and a total of 1.9 billion adults worldwide are overweight or obese. These alarming numbers, which continue to climb, represent a major health and economic burden. Adipose tissue is a highly dynamic organ that can be classified based on the cellular composition of different depots and their distinct anatomical localization. Massive expansion and remodeling of adipose tissue during obesity differentially affects specific adipose tissue depots and significantly contributes to vascular dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Visceral adipose tissue accumulation results in increased immune cell infiltration and secretion of vasoconstrictor mediators, whereas expansion of subcutaneous adipose tissue is less harmful. Therefore, fat distribution more than overall body weight is a key determinant of the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissue, in contrast to white adipose tissue, is associated with beneficial effects on the vasculature. The relationship between the type of adipose tissue and its influence on vascular function becomes particularly evident in the context of the heterogenous phenotype of perivascular adipose tissue that is strongly location dependent. In this review, we address the abnormal remodeling of specific adipose tissue depots during obesity and how this critically contributes to the development of hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular stiffness. We also discuss the local and systemic roles of adipose tissue derived secreted factors and increased systemic inflammation during obesity and highlight their detrimental impact on cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - Michael A Hill
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York (M.K., P.C.)
| | - James R Sowers
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia (M.A.H., J.R.S.)
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology (M.A.H., J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Center (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
- Department of Medicine (J.R.S.), University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia
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Hu H, Garcia-Barrio M, Jiang ZS, Chen YE, Chang L. Roles of Perivascular Adipose Tissue in Hypertension and Atherosclerosis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 34:736-749. [PMID: 32390459 PMCID: PMC7910418 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), which is present surrounding most blood vessels, from the aorta to the microvasculature of the dermis, is mainly composed of fat cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, mast cells, and nerve cells. Although the PVAT is objectively present, its physiological and pathological significance has long been ignored. Recent Advances: PVAT was considered as a supporting component of blood vessels and a protective cushion to the vessel wall from the neighboring tissues during relaxation and contraction. Nonetheless, further extensive research found that PVAT actively regulates blood vessel tone through PVAT-derived vasoactive factors, including both relaxing and contracting factors. In addition, PVAT contributes to atherosclerosis through paracrine secretion of a large number of bioactive factors such as adipokines and cytokines. Thereby, PVAT regulates the functions of blood vessels through various mechanisms operating directly on PVAT or on the underlying vessel layers, including vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). Critical Issues: PVAT is a unique adipose tissue that plays an essential role in maintaining the vascular structure and regulating vascular function and homeostasis. This review focuses on recent updates on the various PVAT roles in hypertension and atherosclerosis. Future Directions: Future studies should further investigate the actual contribution of alterations in PVAT metabolism to the overall systemic outcomes of cardiovascular disease, which remains largely unknown. In addition, the messengers and underlying mechanisms responsible for the crosstalk between PVAT and ECs and VSMCs in the vascular wall should be systematically addressed, as well as the contributions of PVAT aging to vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengjing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Minerva Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Zhi-Sheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Lab for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqing Eugene Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Wang F, So KF, Xiao J, Wang H. Organ-organ communication: The liver's perspective. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3317-3330. [PMID: 33537089 PMCID: PMC7847667 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Communication between organs participates in most physiological and pathological events. Owing to the importance of precise coordination among the liver and virtually all organs in the body for the maintenance of homeostasis, many hepatic disorders originate from impaired organ-organ communication, resulting in concomitant pathological phenotypes of distant organs. Hepatokines are proteins that are predominantly secreted from the liver, and many hepatokines and several signaling proteins have been linked to diseases of other organs, such as the heart, muscle, bone, and eyes. Although liver-centered interorgan communication has been proposed in both basic and clinical studies, to date, the regulatory mechanisms of hepatokine production, secretion, and reciprocation with signaling factors from other organs are obscure. Whether other hormones and cytokines are involved in such communication also warrants investigation. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of organ-organ communication phenotypes in a variety of diseases and the possible involvement of hepatokines and/or other important signaling factors. This provides novel insight into the underlying roles and mechanisms of liver-originated signal transduction and, more importantly, the understanding of disease in an integrative view.
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Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2: A Critical Linkage in Obesity-Induced Tumorigenesis in Myeloma. Cell Metab 2021; 33:78-93.e7. [PMID: 33406405 PMCID: PMC7799390 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is often linked to malignancies including multiple myeloma, and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here we showed that acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) may be an important linker in obesity-related myeloma. ACSS2 is overexpressed in myeloma cells derived from obese patients and contributes to myeloma progression. We identified adipocyte-secreted angiotensin II as a direct cause of adiposity in increased ACSS2 expression. ACSS2 interacts with oncoprotein interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and enhances IRF4 stability and IRF4-mediated gene transcription through activation of acetylation. The importance of ACSS2 overexpression in myeloma is confirmed by the finding that an inhibitor of ACSS2 reduces myeloma growth both in vitro and in a diet-induced obese mouse model. Our findings demonstrate a key impact for obesity-induced ACSS2 on the progression of myeloma. Given the central role of ACSS2 in many tumors, this mechanism could be important to other obesity-related malignancies.
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Reprint of: Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 447:191-215. [PMID: 33046217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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29
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Sex differences in cardiovascular actions of the renin-angiotensin system. Clin Auton Res 2020; 30:393-408. [PMID: 32860555 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-020-00720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a worldwide public health concern despite decades of research and the availability of numerous targeted therapies. While the intrinsic physiological mechanisms regulating cardiovascular function are similar between males and females, marked sex differences have been established in terms of CVD onset, pathophysiology, manifestation, susceptibility, prevalence, treatment responses and outcomes in animal models and clinical populations. Premenopausal females are generally protected from CVD in comparison to men of similar age, with females tending to develop cardiovascular complications later in life following menopause. Emerging evidence suggests this cardioprotection in females is, in part, attributed to sex differences in hormonal regulators, such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). To date, research has largely focused on canonical RAS pathways and shown that premenopausal females are protected from cardiovascular derangements produced by activation of angiotensin II pathways. More recently, a vasodilatory arm of the RAS has emerged that is characterized by angiotensin-(1-7) [(Ang-(1-7)], angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and Mas receptors. Emerging studies provide evidence for a shift towards these cardioprotective Ang-(1-7) pathways in females, with effects modulated by interactions with estrogen. Despite well-established sex differences, female comparison studies on cardiovascular outcomes are lacking at both the preclinical and clinical levels. Furthermore, there are no specific guidelines in place for the treatment of cardiovascular disease in men versus women, including therapies targeting the RAS. This review summarizes current knowledge on sex differences in the cardiovascular actions of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones, emerging data for protective Ang-(1-7) pathways and potential clinical implications for established and novel therapies.
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30
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Docherty NG, le Roux CW. Bariatric surgery for the treatment of chronic kidney disease in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:709-720. [DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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31
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Fakhouri EW, Peterson SJ, Kothari J, Alex R, Shapiro JI, Abraham NG. Genetic Polymorphisms Complicate COVID-19 Therapy: Pivotal Role of HO-1 in Cytokine Storm. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E636. [PMID: 32708430 PMCID: PMC7402116 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are very large RNA viruses that originate in animal reservoirs and include severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and other inconsequential coronaviruses from human reservoirs like the common cold. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 and is believed to originate from bat, quickly spread into a global pandemic. This RNA virus has a special affinity for porphyrins. It invades the cell at the angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptor and binds to hemoproteins, resulting in a severe systemic inflammatory response, particularly in high ACE-2 organs like the lungs, heart, and kidney, resulting in systemic disease. The inflammatory response manifested by increased cytokine levels and reactive oxygen species results in inhibition of heme oxygenase (HO-1), with a subsequent loss of cytoprotection. This has been seen in other viral illness like human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola, and SARS/MERS. There are a number of medications that have been tried with some showing early clinical promise. This illness disproportionately affects patients with obesity, a chronic inflammatory disease with a baseline excess of cytokines. The majority of the medications used in the treatment of COVID-19 are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, primarily CYP2D6. This is further complicated by genetic polymorphisms of CYP2D6, HO-1, ACE, and ACE-2. There is a potential role for HO-1 upregulation to treat/prevent cytokine storm. Current therapy must focus on antivirals and heme oxygenase upregulation. Vaccine development will be the only magic bullet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie W. Fakhouri
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA; (E.W.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Stephen J. Peterson
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA; (E.W.F.); (J.K.)
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Janish Kothari
- New York Presbyterian Brooklyn Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA; (E.W.F.); (J.K.)
| | - Ragin Alex
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
| | - Joseph I. Shapiro
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
| | - Nader G. Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA;
- Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25701, USA;
- Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, NY 10595, USA
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32
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Xu Y, Rong J, Zhang Z. The emerging role of angiotensinogen in cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:68-78. [PMID: 32572956 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the unique precursor of all angiotensin peptides. Many of the basic understandings of AGT in cardiovascular diseases have come from research efforts to define its effects on blood pressure regulation. The development of novel techniques targeting AGT manipulation such as genetic animal models, adeno-associated viral approaches, and antisense oligonucleotides made it possible to deeply investigate the relationship between AGT and cardiovascular diseases. In this brief review, we provide contemporary insights into the emerging role of AGT in cardiovascular diseases. In light of the recent progress, we emphasize some newly recognized features and mechanisms of AGT in heart failure, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinchuan Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiabing Rong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaocai Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Long-term effects of early overfeeding and food restriction during puberty on cardiac remodeling in adult rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 11:492-498. [PMID: 32524941 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174420000513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional disorders during the perinatal period cause cardiometabolic dysfunction, which is observable in the early overfeeding (EO) experimental model. Therefore, severe caloric restriction has the potential of affecting homeostasis through the same epigenetic mechanisms, and its effects need elucidation. This work aims to determine the impact of food restriction (FR) during puberty in early overfed obese and non-obese animals in adult life. Three days after delivery (PN3), Wistar rats were separated into two groups: normal litter (NL; 9 pups) and small litter (SL; 3 pups). At PN30, some offspring were subjected to FR (50%) until PN60, or maintained with free access to standard chow. NL and SL animals submitted to food restriction (NLFR and SLFR groups) were kept in recovery with free access to standard chow from PN60 until PN120. Body weight and food intake were monitored throughout the experimental period. At PN120 cardiovascular parameters were analyzed and the animals were euthanized for sample collection. SLNF and SLFR offspring were overweight and had increased adiposity. Differences in blood pressure were observed only between obese and non-obese animals. Obese and FR animals have cardiac remodeling showing cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the presence of interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. FR animals also show increased expression of AT1 and AT2 receptors and of total ERK and p-ERK. The present study showed that EO leads to the obese phenotype and cardiovascular disruptions. Interestingly, we demonstrated that severe FR during puberty leads to cardiac remodeling.
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Chen YQ, Pottanat TG, Siegel RW, Ehsani M, Qian YW, Zhen EY, Regmi A, Roell WC, Guo H, Luo MJ, Gimeno RE, Van't Hooft F, Konrad RJ. Angiopoietin-like protein 8 differentially regulates ANGPTL3 and ANGPTL4 during postprandial partitioning of fatty acids. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1203-1220. [PMID: 32487544 PMCID: PMC7397750 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-like protein (ANGPTL)8 has been implicated in metabolic syndrome and reported to regulate adipose FA uptake through unknown mechanisms. Here, we studied how complex formation of ANGPTL8 with ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4 varies with feeding to regulate LPL. In human serum, ANGPTL3/8 and ANGPTL4/8 complexes both increased postprandially, correlated negatively with HDL, and correlated positively with all other metabolic syndrome markers. ANGPTL3/8 also correlated positively with LDL-C and blocked LPL-facilitated hepatocyte VLDL-C uptake. LPL-inhibitory activity of ANGPTL3/8 was >100-fold more potent than that of ANGPTL3, and LPL-inhibitory activity of ANGPTL4/8 was >100-fold less potent than that of ANGPTL4. Quantitative analyses of inhibitory activities and competition experiments among the complexes suggested a model in which localized ANGPTL4/8 blocks the LPL-inhibitory activity of both circulating ANGPTL3/8 and localized ANGPTL4, allowing lipid sequestration into fat rather than muscle during the fed state. Supporting this model, insulin increased ANGPTL3/8 secretion from hepatocytes and ANGPTL4/8 secretion from adipocytes. These results suggest that low ANGPTL8 levels during fasting enable ANGPTL4-mediated LPL inhibition in fat tissue to minimize adipose FA uptake. During feeding, increased ANGPTL8 increases ANGPTL3 inhibition of LPL in muscle via circulating ANGPTL3/8, while decreasing ANGPTL4 inhibition of LPL in adipose tissue through localized ANGPTL4/8, thereby increasing FA uptake into adipose tissue. Excessive caloric intake may shift this system toward the latter conditions, possibly predisposing to metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Q Chen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Mariam Ehsani
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yue-Wei Qian
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eugene Y Zhen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ajit Regmi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William C Roell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Haihong Guo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - M Jane Luo
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ferdinand Van't Hooft
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
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Walsh-Wilcox MT, Kaye J, Rubinstein E, Walker MK. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Induces Vascular Dysfunction That is Dependent on Perivascular Adipose and Cytochrome P4501A1 Expression. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 19:565-574. [PMID: 31115867 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is associated with hypertension in humans and animals, and studies suggest that cytochrome P4501A1 (Cyp1a1) induction and vascular dysfunction may contribute. We investigated the role of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) and Cyp1a1 in TCDD-induced vascular dysfunction. Cyp1a1 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) male mice were fed a dough pill containing 1,4-p-dioxane (TCDD vehicle control) on days 0 and 7, or 1000 ng/kg TCDD on day 0 and 250 ng/kg TCDD on day 7. mRNA expression of Cyp1a1 was assessed on days 3, 7, and 14, and of Cyp1b1, 1a2, angiotensinogen, and phosphodiesterase 5a on day 14. Dose-dependent vasoconstriction to a thromboxane A2 mimetic (U46619), and vasorelaxation to acetylcholine and a nitric oxide donor (S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine, SNAP), were investigated in the aorta with and without PVAT. Cyp1a1 and 1a2 mRNA was induced in aorta of WT mice only with PVAT, and Cyp1a1 induction was sustained through day 14. TCDD significantly enhanced constriction to U46619 in WT mice and inhibited relaxation to both acetylcholine and SNAP, but only in the presence of PVAT. The effects of TCDD on U46619 constriction and SNAP relaxation were not observed in Cyp1a1 KO mice. Finally, in aorta + PVAT of WT mice TCDD significantly induced expression of angiotensinogen and phosphodiesterase 5a both of which could contribute to the TCDD-induced vascular dysfunction. These data establish PVAT as a TCDD target which is critically involved in mediating vascular dysfunction. TCDD enhances vasoconstriction via the thromboxane/prostanoid (TP) receptor and inhibits vasorelaxation via nitric oxide (NO) signaling. This TCDD-induced vascular dysfunction requires perivascular adipose (PVAT) and cytochrome P4501a1 (CYP1a1) induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary T Walsh-Wilcox
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Joel Kaye
- Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Netanya, Israel.,Ayala Targeted Therapies, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Mary K Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 2703 Frontier Ave NE MSC09 5630, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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Dragano NRV, Fernø J, Diéguez C, López M, Milbank E. Recent Updates on Obesity Treatments: Available Drugs and Future Directions. Neuroscience 2020; 437:215-239. [PMID: 32360593 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last thirty years, obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now regarded as a major health issue in contemporary society trending to serious economic and social burdens. The latest projections of the World Health Organization are alarming. By 2030, nearly 60% of the worldwide population could be either obese or overweight, highlighting the needs to find innovative treatments. Currently, bariatric surgery is the most effective way to efficiently lower body mass. Although great improvements in terms of recovery and patient care were made in these surgical procedures, bariatric surgery remains an option for extreme forms of obesity and seems unable to tackle obesity pandemic expansion. Throughout the last century, numerous pharmacological strategies targeting either peripheral or central components of the energy balance regulatory system were designed to reduce body mass, some of them reaching sufficient levels of efficiency and safety. Nevertheless, obesity drug therapy remains quite limited on its effectiveness to actually overcome the obesogenic environment. Thus, innovative unimolecular polypharmacology strategies, able to simultaneously target multiple actors involved in the obesity initiation and expansion, were developed during the last ten years opening a new promising avenue in the pharmacological management of obesity. In this review, we first describe the clinical features of obesity-associated conditions and then focus on the outcomes of currently approved drug therapies for obesity as well as new ones expecting to reach the clinic in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia R V Dragano
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain
| | - Edward Milbank
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CiMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 15706, Spain.
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Ragino YI, Stakhneva EM, Polonskaya YV, Kashtanova EV. The Role of Secretory Activity Molecules of Visceral Adipocytes in Abdominal Obesity in the Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030374. [PMID: 32121175 PMCID: PMC7175189 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is considered one of the endocrine organs in the body because of its ability to synthesize and release a large number of hormones, cytokines, and growth and vasoactive factors that influence a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes, such as vascular tone, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle cell migration, endothelial function, and vascular redox state. Moreover, genetic factors substantially contribute to the risk of obesity. Research into the biochemical effects of molecules secreted by visceral adipocytes as well as their molecular genetic characteristics is actively conducted around the world mostly in relation to pathologies of the cardiovascular system, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus. Adipokines could be developed into biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic targets in different diseases. This review describes the relevance of secretory activity molecules of visceral adipocytes in cardiovascular disease associated abdominal obesity.
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High salt intake during puberty leads to cardiac remodelling and baroreflex impairment in lean and obese male Wistar rats. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:642-651. [PMID: 31831096 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyle increases the prevalence of obesity and its co-morbidities in the young population. High-salt (HS) diets are associated with hypertension and cardiac remodelling. The present study evaluated the potential effects of cardiometabolic programming induced by HS intake during puberty in lean and obese rats. Additionally, we investigated whether HS could exacerbate the impairment of cardiovascular parameters in adult life due to postnatal early overnutrition (PO). At postnatal day 3 (PN3), twenty-four litters of Wistar rats were divided into two groups: normal litter (NL, nine pups/dam) and small litter (SL, three pups/dam) throughout the lactation period; weaning was at PN21. At PN30, the pups were subdivided into two more groups: NL plus HS (NLHS) and SL plus HS (SLHS). HS intake was from PN30 until PN60. Cardiovascular parameters were evaluated at PN120. SL rats became overweight at adulthood due to persistent hyperphagia; however, HS exposure during puberty reduced the weight gain and food intake of NLHS and SLHS. Both HS and obesity raised the blood pressure, impaired baro- and chemoreflex sensitivity and induced cardiac remodelling but no worsening was observed in the association of these factors, except a little reduction in the angiotensin type-2 receptor in the hearts from SLHS animals. Our results suggest that the response of newborn offspring to PO and juveniles to a HS diet leads to significant changes in cardiovascular parameters in adult rats. This damage may be accompanied by impairment of both angiotensin signalling and antioxidant defence in the heart.
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Dalmasso C, Leachman JR, Ensor CM, Yiannikouris FB, Giani JF, Cassis LA, Loria AS. Female Mice Exposed to Postnatal Neglect Display Angiotensin II-Dependent Obesity-Induced Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012309. [PMID: 31752639 PMCID: PMC6912962 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background We have previously reported that female mice exposed to maternal separation and early weaning (MSEW), a model of early life stress, show exacerbated diet-induced obesity associated with hypertension. The goal of this study was to test whether MSEW promotes angiotensin II-dependent hypertension via activation of the renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue. Methods and Results MSEW was achieved by daily separations from the dam and weaning at postnatal day 17, while normally reared controls were weaned at postnatal day 21. Female controls and MSEW weanlings were placed on a low-fat diet (LF, 10% kcal from fat) or high-fat diet (HF, 60% kcal from fat) for 20 weeks. MSEW did not change mean arterial pressure in LF-fed mice but increased it in HF-fed mice compared with controls (P<0.05). In MSEW mice fed a HF, angiotensin II concentration in plasma and adipose tissue was elevated compared with controls (P<0.05). In addition, angiotensinogen concentration was increased solely in adipose tissue from MSEW mice (P<0.05), while angiotensin-converting enzyme protein expression and activity were similar between groups. Chronic enalapril treatment (2.5 mg/kg per day, drinking water, 7 days) reduced mean arterial pressure in both groups of mice fed a HF (P<0.05) and abolished the differences due to MSEW. Acute angiotensin II-induced increases in mean arterial pressure (10 μg/kg SC) were attenuated in untreated MSEW HF-fed mice compared to controls (P<0.05); however, this response was similar between groups in enalapril-treated mice. Conclusions The upregulation of angiotensinogen and angiotensin II in adipose tissue could be an important mechanism by which female MSEW mice fed a HF develop hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Dalmasso
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Jacqueline R. Leachman
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Charles M. Ensor
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Frederique B. Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Jorge F. Giani
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Lisa A. Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
| | - Analia S. Loria
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
- Department of Biomedical SciencesCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCA
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Evaluation of the pathophysiological mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:1848-1857. [PMID: 31541221 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0332-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The currently available data have indicated that dietary salt is directly correlated with blood pressure (BP) and the occurrence of hypertension. However, the salt sensitivity of BP is different in each individual. Genetic factors and environmental factors influence the salt sensitivity of BP. Obesity, stress, and aging are strongly associated with increased BP salt sensitivity. Indeed, a complex and interactive genetic and environmental system can determine an individual's BP salt sensitivity. However, the genetic/epigenetic determinants leading to salt sensitivity of BP are still challenging to identify primarily because lifestyle-related diseases, including hypertension, usually become a medical problem during adulthood, although their causes may be attributed to the earlier stages of ontogeny. The association between distinct developmental periods involves changes in gene expression, which include epigenetic phenomena. The role of epigenetic modification in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension is presently under investigation. Recently, we identified aberrant DNA methylation in the context of prenatally programmed hypertension. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge regarding the pathophysiological mechanisms of salt-sensitive hypertension. Additionally, we discuss the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Shoemaker R, Tannock LR, Su W, Gong M, Gurley SB, Thatcher SE, Yiannikouris F, Ensor CM, Cassis LA. Adipocyte deficiency of ACE2 increases systolic blood pressures of obese female C57BL/6 mice. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:45. [PMID: 31484552 PMCID: PMC6727421 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity increases the risk for hypertension in both sexes, but the prevalence of hypertension is lower in females than in males until menopause, despite a higher prevalence of obesity in females. We previously demonstrated that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which cleaves the vasoconstrictor, angiotensin II (AngII), to generate the vasodilator, angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), contributes to sex differences in obesity-hypertension. ACE2 expression in adipose tissue was influenced by obesity in a sex-specific manner, with elevated ACE2 expression in obese female mice. Moreover, estrogen stimulated adipose ACE2 expression and reduced obesity-hypertension in females. In this study, we hypothesized that deficiency of adipocyte ACE2 contributes to obesity-hypertension of females. METHODS We generated a mouse model of adipocyte ACE2 deficiency. Male and female mice with adipocyte ACE2 deficiency or littermate controls were fed a low (LF) or a high fat (HF) diet for 16 weeks and blood pressure was quantified by radiotelemetry. HF-fed mice of each sex and genotype were challenged by an acute AngII injection, and blood pressure response was quantified. To translate these findings to humans, we performed a proof-of-principle study in obese transwomen in which systemic angiotensin peptides and blood pressure were quantified prior to and after 12 weeks of gender-affirming 17β-estradiol hormone therapy. RESULTS Adipocyte ACE2 deficiency had no effect on the development of obesity in either sex. HF feeding increased systolic blood pressures (SBP) of wild-type male and female mice compared to LF-fed controls. Adipocyte ACE2 deficiency augmented obesity-induced elevations in SBP in females, but not in males. Obese female, but not obese male mice with adipocyte ACE2 deficiency, had an augmented SBP response to acute AngII challenge. In humans, plasma 17β-estradiol concentrations increased in obese transwomen administered 17β-estradiol and correlated positively with plasma Ang-(1-7)/AngII balance, and negatively to SBP after 12 weeks of 17β-estradiol administration. CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte ACE2 protects female mice from obesity-hypertension, and reduces the blood pressure response to systemic AngII. In obese transwomen undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy, 17β-estradiol administration may regulate blood pressure via the Ang-(1-7)/AngII balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA.
| | - Lisa R Tannock
- Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Wen Su
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Susan B Gurley
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sean E Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Frederique Yiannikouris
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Charles M Ensor
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Ding S, Wang C, Gao L, Johnson A, Xue B. Genetic knockdown of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the nervous system attenuates angiotensin II-induced hypertension in mice. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2019; 20:1470320319834406. [PMID: 30894041 PMCID: PMC6429654 DOI: 10.1177/1470320319834406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is expressed throughout the central nervous system and peripheral organs involved in the regulation of blood pressure, but the systemic effects of BDNF in the control of blood pressure are not well elucidated. Materials and methods: We utilized loxP flanked BDNF male mice to cross with nestin-Cre female mice to generate nerve system BDNF knockdown mice, nestin-BDNF (+/–), or injected Cre adenovirus into the subfornical organ to create subfornical organ BDNF knockdown mice. Histochemistry was used to verify injection location. Radiotelemetry was employed to determine baseline blood pressure and pressor response to angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg/min). Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the expression of renin–angiotensin system components in the laminal terminalis and peripheral organs. Results: Nestin-BDNF (+/–) mice had lower renin–angiotensin system expression in the laminal terminalis and peripheral organs including the gonadal fat pad, and a lower basal blood pressure. They exhibited an attenuated hypertensive response and a weak or similar modification of renin–angiotensin system component expression to angiotensin II infusion. Subfornical organ BDNF knockdown was sufficient for the attenuation of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Conclusion: Central BDNF, especially subfornical organ BDNF is involved in the maintenance of basal blood pressure and in augmentation of hypertensive response to angiotensin II through systemic regulation of the expression of renin–angiotensin system molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Zhang
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Yan Wang
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Shengchen Ding
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Li Gao
- 1 Zhang Zhongjing College of Chinese Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Zhang Zhongjing's Formulea for Immunoregulation, Nanyang Institute of Technology, China
| | - Alan Johnson
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
| | - Baojian Xue
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, USA
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White MC, Fleeman R, Arnold AC. Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:31. [PMID: 31262355 PMCID: PMC6604144 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0247-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic that greatly increases risk for developing cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes. Sex differences in the obese phenotype are well established in experimental animal models and clinical populations. While having higher adiposity and obesity prevalence, females are generally protected from obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular complications. This protection is, at least in part, attributed to sex differences in metabolic effects of hormonal mediators such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Previous literature has predominantly focused on the vasoconstrictor arm of the RAS and shown that, in contrast to male rodent models of obesity and diabetes, females are protected from metabolic and cardiovascular derangements produced by angiotensinogen, renin, and angiotensin II. A vasodilator arm of the RAS has more recently emerged which includes angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), mas receptors, and alamandine. While accumulating evidence suggests that activation of components of this counter-regulatory axis produces positive effects on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance in male animal models, female comparison studies and clinical data related to metabolic outcomes are lacking. This review will summarize current knowledge of sex differences in metabolic effects of the RAS, focusing on interactions with gonadal hormones and potential clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C White
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rebecca Fleeman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Mail Code H109, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Junior MDF, Cavalcante KVN, Ferreira LA, Lopes PR, Pontes CNR, Bessa ADSMD, Neves ÂR, Francisco FA, Pedrino GR, Xavier CH, Mathias PCDF, Castro CHD, Gomes RM. Postnatal early overfeeding induces cardiovascular dysfunction by oxidative stress in adult male Wistar rats. Life Sci 2019; 226:173-184. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ganguly A, Sharma K, Majumder K. Food-derived bioactive peptides and their role in ameliorating hypertension and associated cardiovascular diseases. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2019; 89:165-207. [PMID: 31351525 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases including cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and associated metabolic disorders are responsible for nearly 40 million deaths globally per year. Hypertension or high blood pressure (BP) is one of the primary reasons for the development of CVDs. A healthy nutritional strategy complementing with physical activity can substantially reduce high BP and prevent the occurrence of CVD-associated morbidity and mortality. Bioactive peptides currently are the next wave of the promising bench to clinic options for potential targeting chronic and acute health issues including hypertension. Peptides demonstrating anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and angiotensin-converting enzyme-I inhibitory activity are widely studied for the amelioration of hypertension and associated CVDs. Isolating these potent bioactive peptides from different food sources is a promising endeavor toward nutraceutical based dietary management and prevention of hypertension. Understanding the pathophysiology of hypertension and the action mechanisms of the bioactive peptides would complement in designing and characterizing more potent peptides and suitable comprehensive dietary plans for the prevention of hypertension and associated CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Advaita Ganguly
- Comprehensive Tissue Centre, UAH Transplant Services, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kumakshi Sharma
- Health, Safety and Environment Branch, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kaustav Majumder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States.
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Shoemaker R, AlSiraj Y, Chen J, Cassis LA. Pancreatic AT1aR Deficiency Decreases Insulin Secretion in Obese C57BL/6 Mice. Am J Hypertens 2019; 32:597-604. [PMID: 30903169 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we demonstrated that obese mice have marked elevations in systemic concentrations of angiotensin II (AngII). Drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), including angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists, have been reported to delay the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), suggesting improvements in insulin sensitivity or regulation of pancreatic insulin secretion. Pancreatic islets possess components of the RAS, including AT1R, but it is unclear if AngII acts at islets to regulate insulin secretion during the development of T2D. METHODS We deleted AT1aR from pancreatic islets and examined effects on insulin secretion in mice fed a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet. In separate studies, to exacerbate the system, we infused HF-fed mice of each genotype with AngII. RESULTS Pancreatic AT1aR deficiency impaired glucose tolerance and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in HF, but not LF-fed mice. In HF-fed mice, high glucose increased insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl, but not AT1aRpdx mice. In AngII-infused mice, following glucose challenge, plasma glucose or insulin concentrations were not significantly different between genotypes. Moreover, high glucose stimulated insulin secretion from islets of AT1aRfl/fl and AT1aRpdx mice, presumably related to weight loss, and improved insulin sensitivity in both groups of AngII-infused HF-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that during the adaptive response to insulin resistance from HF feeding, AngII promotes insulin secretion from islets through an AT1aR mechanism. These results suggest the timing of initiation of AT1R blockade may be important in the progression from prediabetes to T2D with β-cell failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Shoemaker
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yasir AlSiraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jeff Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Woods TC, Satou R, Miyata K, Katsurada A, Dugas CM, Klingenberg NC, Fonseca VA, Navar LG. Canagliflozin Prevents Intrarenal Angiotensinogen Augmentation and Mitigates Kidney Injury and Hypertension in Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am J Nephrol 2019; 49:331-342. [PMID: 30921791 DOI: 10.1159/000499597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension and renal injury are common complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Hyperglycemia stimulates renal proximal tubular angiotensinogen (AGT) expression via elevated oxidative stress contributing to the development of high blood pressure and diabetic nephropathy. The sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) in proximal tubules is responsible for the majority of glucose reabsorption by renal tubules. We tested the hypothesis that SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin (CANA) prevents intrarenal AGT augmentation and ameliorates kidney injury and hypertension in T2DM. METHODS We induced T2DM in New Zealand obese mice with a high fat diet (DM, 30% fat) with control mice receiving regular fat diet (ND, 4% fat). When DM mice exhibited > 350 mg/dL blood glucose levels, both DM- and ND-fed mice were treated with 10 mg/kg/day CANA or vehicle by oral gavage for 6 weeks. We evaluated intrarenal AGT, blood pressure, and the development of kidney injury. RESULTS Systolic blood pressure in DM mice (133.9 ± 2.0 mm Hg) was normalized by CANA (113.9 ± 4.0 mm Hg). CANA treatment ameliorated hyperglycemia-associated augmentation of renal AGT mRNA (148 ± 21 copies/ng RNA in DM, and 90 ± 16 copies/ng RNA in DM + CANA) and protein levels as well as elevation of urinary 8-isoprostane levels. Tubular fibrosis in DM mice (3.4 ± 0.9-fold, fibrotic score, ratio to ND) was suppressed by CANA (0.9 ± 0.3-fold). Furthermore, CANA attenuated DM associated increased macrophage infiltration and cell proliferation in kidneys of DM mice. CONCLUSIONS CANA prevents intrarenal AGT upregulation and oxidative stress and which may mitigate high blood pressure, renal tubular fibrosis, and renal inflammation in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cooper Woods
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,
| | - Ryousuke Satou
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kayoko Miyata
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Akemi Katsurada
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Courtney M Dugas
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Natasha C Klingenberg
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Vivian A Fonseca
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - L Gabriel Navar
- Departments of Physiology and of Medicine and Hypertension and Renal Center of Excellence, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Liu L, Zhang Y, Fu F, Zhuo L, Wang Y, Li W. Long-term clinical spectrum and circulating RAS evaluation of anephric patients undergoing hemodialysis: A report of four cases and literature review. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2019; 19:1470320318799904. [PMID: 30264674 PMCID: PMC6166312 DOI: 10.1177/1470320318799904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Bilateral nephrectomy leads to a short-term reduction in blood pressure. This
is mainly due to a sharp change in the circulating renin-angiotensin system
(RAS), but data on the long-term outcomes of their clinical status and
further changes in circulating RAS are rare. Materials and methods: We enrolled four Chinese patients who had both of their kidneys removed two
(1), six (1) and eight (2) years prior to this study, respectively. Their
clinical data were collected retrospectively and circulating RAS was
evaluated by radioimmunoassay. Results: Hypotension after surgery occurred in two patients who suffered thrombosis of
the arteriovenous fistula, but no life-threatening complications occurred.
The average hemoglobin level was 103.3±12.3 g/l. Two patients without
hemorrhage received intravenous erythropoietin (EPO) of 4500–8000 iu/week.
Extremely low plasma renin activity (PRA) of 0.08±0.03 ng/ml (normal range
0.93–6.56 ng/ml) showed in the patients. Surprisingly, plasma angiotensin II
concentration (71.37±8.28 pg/ml) and aldosterone level
(0.17±0.02 ng/mlng/ml) were within the normal range. Conclusions: The four anephric individuals did not suffer life-threatening complications
while their hypotension gradually subsided and their EPO dosage was
relatively low. Although their PRA level was extremely low, they produced
normal levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in plasma, which indicates
the kidney-independent mechanism of angiotensin II production likely
compensated in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fangting Fu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Li Zhuo
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yamei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wenge Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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49
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Forrester SJ, Booz GW, Sigmund CD, Coffman TM, Kawai T, Rizzo V, Scalia R, Eguchi S. Angiotensin II Signal Transduction: An Update on Mechanisms of Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:1627-1738. [PMID: 29873596 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The angiotensin II (ANG II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) is believed to mediate most functions of ANG II in the system. AT1R utilizes various signal transduction cascades causing hypertension, cardiovascular remodeling, and end organ damage. Moreover, functional cross-talk between AT1R signaling pathways and other signaling pathways have been recognized. Accumulating evidence reveals the complexity of ANG II signal transduction in pathophysiology of the vasculature, heart, kidney, and brain, as well as several pathophysiological features, including inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and aging. In this review, we provide a comprehensive update of the ANG II receptor signaling events and their functional significances for potential translation into therapeutic strategies. AT1R remains central to the system in mediating physiological and pathophysiological functions of ANG II, and participation of specific signaling pathways becomes much clearer. There are still certain limitations and many controversies, and several noteworthy new concepts require further support. However, it is expected that rigorous translational research of the ANG II signaling pathways including those in large animals and humans will contribute to establishing effective new therapies against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Forrester
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - George W Booz
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Thomas M Coffman
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Tatsuo Kawai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Victor Rizzo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rosario Scalia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi ; Department of Pharmacology, Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa ; and Duke-NUS, Singapore and Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center , Durham, North Carolina
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50
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Qiu M, Li S, Jin L, Feng P, Kong Y, Zhao X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Li C, Wang W. Combination of Chymostatin and Aliskiren attenuates ER stress induced by lipid overload in kidney tubular cells. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:183. [PMID: 30064425 PMCID: PMC6069859 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the pathogenesis of kidney injury. Our previous study demonstrated that activation of local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was involved in saturated free fatty acids palmitic acid (PA)-induced tubular cell injuries. The current study aims to investigate whether suppression of RAS by combination of direct renin inhibitor aliskiren and noncanonical RAS pathway chymase inhibitor chymostatin attenuates PA or cholesterol induced-endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and apopotosis in cultured human proximal tubular HK2 cells. Methods HK2 cells were treated with saturated fatty acid PA (0.6 mM) for 24 h or cholesterol (10 μg/ml) for 6d with or without chymostatin and/or aliskiren. Expressions of the ER stress associated proteins and apoptosis markers were detected by western blotting. The mRNA levels of RAS components were measured by real-time qPCR. Results Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress, as reflected by increased BiP, IRE1α, phosphorylated-eIF2α and ATF4 as well as proapoptotic transcription factor CHOP. The ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, two markers of apoptosis were upregulated by PA or cholesterol treatment. PA treatment was also associated with increased levels of angiotensinogen and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) mRNA expression. Combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren markedly suppressed PA or cholesterol-induced ER stress and apoptosis. The protective effect of two inhibitors was also observed in primary cultured cortical tubular cells treated with PA. In contrast, chymostatin and/or aliskiren failed to prevent ER stress induced by tunicamycin. Conclusions These results suggested that combination treatment of chymostatin and aliskiren attenuates lipid-induced renal tubular cell injury, likely through suppressing activation of intracellular RAS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12944-018-0818-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojuan Qiu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Suchun Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Lizi Jin
- Department of Cardiology, The 5th Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Pinning Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yonglun Kong
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoduo Zhao
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yu Lin
- Department of Pathology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yunyun Xu
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- Institute of Hypertension, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, 74# Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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