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Gao P, Zhu J, Xiangyun G, Li J, Wu J. GPR97 deficiency suppresses Wnt/β-catenin signaling in hypertensive nephropathy. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23479. [PMID: 38345813 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302298r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence shows that renal fibrosis plays a key role in the development of hypertensive nephropathy (HTN). Therefore, a better understanding of the underlying mechanism of renal fibrosis regulation in HTN would be critical for designing rational strategies for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we revealed that GPR97, a novel identified adhesion G coupled receptor, plays an important role in the regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which is the crucial driver of renal fibrosis in HTN. First, we identified that the expression of GPR97 correlated with the β-catenin expression in renal biopsy from patients with HTN. Moreover, we found that GPR97 deficiency inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mice with HTN, as evidenced by the reduction of β-catenin expression and downstream target proteins, including MMP7 and Fibronectin. Mechanistically, we found that GPR97 could directly bind with Wnt1 in cultured tubular cells and TGF-β1 treatment enhanced the binding ability of GPR97 and Wnt1. In addition, the gene silencing of GPR97 could decrease the Wnt1-induced fibrotic phenotype of tubular cells and inflammatory responses, suggesting that the binding of GPR97 and Wnt1 promoted Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Collectively, our studies reveal that GPR97 is a regulator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in HTN, and targeting GPR97 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for HTN treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Key Laboratory of Rheumatic Disease and Translational Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jinghan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guo Xiangyun
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jichao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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Wang X, Zhao M, Lu X, Du P, Feng S, Gong R, Chen H, Qi G, Yang F. HuR deficiency abrogated the enhanced NLRP3 signaling in experimental ischemic stroke. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23342. [PMID: 38038724 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Human antigen R (HuR) is a universally expressed RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in governing the fate of mRNA transcripts. Accumulating evidence indicated that HuR is involved in the development and functions of several cell types. However, its role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) remains unclear. In this study, we found that HuR was significantly upregulated after CIRI. Moreover, we found that silencing HuR could inhibit the inflammatory response of microglia and reduce the damage to neurons caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion treatment. In vivo, we found that microglial HuR deficiency significantly ameliorated CIRI and reduced NLRP3-mediated inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, we found that HuR could regulate NLRP3 mRNA stability by binding to the AU-rich element (ARE) region within the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of NLRP3 mRNA. In addition, we found that the upregulation of HuR was dependent on the upregulation of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS accumulation. Collectively, our studies revealed that HuR could regulate NLRP3 expression and that HuR deficiency abrogated the enhanced NLRP3 signaling in experimental ischemic stroke. Targeting HuR may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cerebral ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Xiulian Lu
- Cisen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jining, China
| | - Pengchao Du
- Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shaobin Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Ruo Gong
- Cisen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Jining, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guoliang Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Zhan P, Sun W, Dong C, Liu X, Yang Y, Wang X, Xie Y, Gao C, Hu H, Shi B, Wang Z, Guo C, Yi F. Histone deacetylase 9 exacerbates podocyte injury in hyperhomocysteinemia through epigenetic repression of Klotho. Pharmacol Res 2023; 198:107009. [PMID: 37995896 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Although hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) has been recognized as an important independent risk factor in the progression of end-stage renal disease and the development of cardiovascular complications related to end-stage renal disease, the mechanisms triggering pathogenic actions of hHcys are not fully understood. The present study was mainly designed to investigate the role of HDACs in renal injury induced by hHcys. Firstly, we identified the expression patterns of HDACs and found that, among zinc-dependent HDACs, HDAC9 was preferentially upregulated in the kidney from mice with hHcys. Deficiency or pharmacological inhibition of HDAC9 ameliorated renal injury in mice with hHcys. Moreover, podocyte-specific deletion of HDAC9 significantly attenuated podocyte injury and proteinuria. In vitro, gene silencing of HDAC9 attenuated podocyte injury by inhibiting apoptosis, reducing oxidative stress and maintaining the expressions of podocyte slit diaphragm proteins. Mechanically, we proved for the first time that HDAC9 reduced the acetylation level of H3K9 in the promoter of Klotho, then inhibited gene transcription of Klotho, finally aggravating podocyte injury in hHcys. In conclusion, our results indicated that targeting of HDAC9 might be an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of renal injury induced by hHcys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ping Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Wenjuan Sun
- Department of Obstetrics, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250033, China
| | - Chuanqiao Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yujie Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yusheng Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Huili Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Chun Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.
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Chen GL, Zeng B, Jiang H, Daskoulidou N, Saurabh R, Chitando RJ, Xu SZ. Ca 2+ Influx through TRPC Channels Is Regulated by Homocysteine-Copper Complexes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:952. [PMID: 37371532 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
An elevated level of circulating homocysteine (Hcy) has been regarded as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however, the clinical benefit of Hcy lowering-therapy is not satisfying. To explore potential unrevealed mechanisms, we investigated the roles of Ca2+ influx through TRPC channels and regulation by Hcy-copper complexes. Using primary cultured human aortic endothelial cells and HEK-293 T-REx cells with inducible TRPC gene expression, we found that Hcy increased the Ca2+ influx in vascular endothelial cells through the activation of TRPC4 and TRPC5. The activity of TRPC4 and TRPC5 was regulated by extracellular divalent copper (Cu2+) and Hcy. Hcy prevented channel activation by divalent copper, but monovalent copper (Cu+) had no effect on the TRPC channels. The glutamic acids (E542/E543) and the cysteine residue (C554) in the extracellular pore region of the TRPC4 channel mediated the effect of Hcy-copper complexes. The interaction of Hcy-copper significantly regulated endothelial proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Our results suggest that Hcy-copper complexes function as a new pair of endogenous regulators for TRPC channel activity. This finding gives a new understanding of the pathogenesis of hyperhomocysteinemia and may explain the unsatisfying clinical outcome of Hcy-lowering therapy and the potential benefit of copper-chelating therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lan Chen
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Bo Zeng
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Hongni Jiang
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Nikoleta Daskoulidou
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rahul Saurabh
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Rumbidzai J Chitando
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Shang-Zhong Xu
- Centre for Atherothrombosis and Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
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Saeedi-Boroujeni A, Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Rafiee F, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. Progranulin (PGRN) as a regulator of inflammation and a critical factor in the immunopathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:1. [PMID: 36658641 PMCID: PMC9851114 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00327-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune dysregulation has been identified as a critical cause of the most common types of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Notably, the innate and adaptive immune responses under physiological conditions are typically regulated with high sensitivity to avoid the exacerbation of inflammation, but any dysregulation can probably be associated with CVDs. In this respect, progranulin (PGRN) serves as one of the main components of the regulation of inflammatory processes, which significantly contributes to the immunopathogenesis of such disorders. PGRN has been introduced among the secreted growth factors as one related to wound healing, inflammation, and human embryonic development, as well as a wide variety of autoimmune diseases. The relationship between the serum PGRN and TNF-α ratio with the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitute one of the independent predictors of these conditions. The full-length PGRN can thus effectively reduce the calcification of valve interstitial cells, and the granulin precursor (GRN), among the degradation products of PGRN, can be beneficial. Moreover, it was observed that, PGRN protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Above all, PGRN also provides protection in the initial phase following myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The protective impact of PGRN on this may be associated with the early activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. PGRN also acts as a protective factor in hyperhomocysteinemia, probably by down-regulating the wingless-related integration site Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Many studies have further demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has dramatically increased the risks of CVDs due to inflammation, so PGRN has drawn much more attention among scholars. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in the inflammation process, and PGRN is one of the key regulators in their functioning, which contributes to the immunomodulatory mechanism in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Therefore, investigation of PGRN actions can help find new prospects in the treatment of CVDs. This review aims to summarize the role of PGRN in the immunopathogenesis of CVD, with an emphasis on its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Saeedi-Boroujeni
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Daryush Purrahman
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- grid.411950.80000 0004 0611 9280Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A. Poniatowski
- grid.491786.50000 0001 0211 9062Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Rafiee
- grid.469309.10000 0004 0612 8427Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Science, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Clinical Research Development Unit, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Wang Y, Tian J, Mi Y, Ren X, Lian S, Kang J, Wang J, Zang H, Wu Z, Yang J, Qiao X, Zhou X, Wang G, Zhou Y, Li R. Experimental study on renoprotective effect of intermedin on diabetic nephropathy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111224. [PMID: 33675865 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intermedin(IMD) is a novel member of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CT/CGRP) family that has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-apoptosis properties. This study aimed to evaluate the renoprotective effects of IMD on podocyte apoptotic loss and slit diaphragm protein deficiency the kidneys of rats with in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes in high glucose-exposed podocytes. Our results showed that IMD significantly attenuated proteinuria, and alleviated the abnormal alterations in glomerular ultrastructure in vivo. IMD also improved the induction of slit diaphragm proteins, and restored the decreased Bcl-2 expression and suppressed Bax and caspase-3 induction in the diabetic glomeruli. In addition, IMD attenuated podocyte apoptosis and filamentous actin (F-actin) rearrangement in high glucose-exposed podocytes. Exposure to high glucose elevated the unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in renal podocytes, and IMD treatment blocked such ER stress responses pertinent to podocyte apoptosis and reduced synthesis of slit diaphragm proteins in vivo and in vitro. These observations demonstrate that targeting ER stress is an underlying mechanism of IMD-mediated amelioration of diabetes-associated podocyte injury and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jihua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yang Mi
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Bethune Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital (Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Bethune Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital (Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences), Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030032, China
| | - Shizhong Lian
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jing Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Haojing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Zhijing Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Jia Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xi Qiao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China.
| | - Rongshan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Postdoctoral Workstation of Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Kidney Disease Institute, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030012, China.
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Astragaloside IV inhibits palmitic acid-induced apoptosis through regulation of calcium homeostasis in mice podocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1453-1464. [PMID: 33606151 PMCID: PMC7925475 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Loss of podocytes is a hallmark of diabetic nephropathy, and a growing body of evidence indicates that podocytes are susceptible to palmitic acid (PA). We have previously shown that AS-IV inhibited PA-induced podocyte apoptosis by activating sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA), which indicate calcium regulation may involve in the process. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blot and flow cytometry were used to measure the protective efficacy of AS-IV to ameliorate PA-induced ER stress and podocyte apoptosis. Meanwhile, AS-IV inhibited cytochrome c release, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, accompany with the depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ and elevation of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+. Sequestration of cytosolic calcium with BAPTA-AM limited the response of podocyte apoptosis, while during the process the effect of AS-IV was also restrained. In contrast, elevation of cytosolic calcium with calcium ionophore ionomycin was depressed by AS-IV addition. Furthermore, inhibiting TRPC6 expression with SKF96365 or TRPC6 siRNA counteracted the beneficial effect of AS-IV. Our study provides further evidence to conclude the inhibitory effect of AS-IV to podocyte apoptosis is Ca2+-dependent. And the efficacy correlates with inhibiting TRPC6-mediated Ca2+ influx, and then cellular Ca2+ disturbance was coordinated.
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Nongenetic optical modulation of neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal/glial differentiation. Biomaterials 2019; 225:119539. [PMID: 31622821 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Photostimulation has been widely used in neuromodulation. However, existing optogenetics techniques require genetic alternation of the targeted cell or tissue. Here, we report that neural stem cells (NSCs) constitutionally express blue/red light-sensitive photoreceptors. The proliferation and regulation of NSCs to neuronal or glial cells are wavelength-specific. Our results showed a 4.3-fold increase in proliferation and 2.7-fold increase in astrocyte differentiation for cells under low-power blue monochromatic light exposure (455 nm, 300 μW/cm2). The melanopsin (Opn4)/transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) non-visual opsin serves as a key photoreceptor response to blue light irradiation. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry further highlighted the Jun activation domain-binding protein 1 (Jab1) as a novel and specific modulator in phototransduction pathways induced by blue light exposure. Quiescent adult NSCs reside in specific regions of the mammalian brain. Therefore, we showed that melanopsin/TRPC6 expressed in these regions and blue light stimulation through optical fibers could directly stimulate the NSCs in vivo. Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) converted deep-penetrating near-infrared (NIR) light into specific wavelengths of visible light. Accordingly, we demonstrated that UCNP-mediated NIR light could be used to modulate in vivo NSC differentiation in a less invasive manner. In the future, this light-triggered system of NSCs will enable nongenetic and noninvasive neuromodulation with therapeutic potential for central nervous system diseases.
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Li L, Tang W, Yi F. Role of Inflammasome in Chronic Kidney Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1165:407-421. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8871-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Muramyl Dipeptide Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Through the NOD2/COX-2/NOX4 Signaling Pathway in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:352-358. [PMID: 29634657 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelium dysfunction caused by oxidative stress accelerates the pathologic process of cardiovascular diseases. NOD2, an essential receptor of innate immune system, has been demonstrated to play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Here, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of muramyl dipeptide (MDP) on NOX4-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining was to measure the intracellular ROS level and showed MDP-promoted ROS production in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The mRNA and protein levels of NOX4 and COX-2 were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to silence NOD2 or COX-2 gene expression and investigate the mechanism of NOD2-mediated signaling pathway in HUVECs. Data showed that MDP induced NOX4 and COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner. NOD2 knock-down suppressed upregulation of COX-2 and NOX4 in HUVECs treated with MDP. Furthermore, silence of COX-2 in HUVECs downregulated the NOX4 expression after MDP stimulation. Collectively, we indicated that NOD2 played a leading role in MDP-induced COX-2/NOX4/ROS signaling pathway in HUVECs, which was a novel regulatory mechanism in the progress of ROS generation.
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Øvrehus MA, Bruheim P, Ju W, Zelnick LR, Langlo KA, Sharma K, de Boer IH, Hallan SI. Gene Expression Studies and Targeted Metabolomics Reveal Disturbed Serine, Methionine, and Tyrosine Metabolism in Early Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int Rep 2018; 4:321-333. [PMID: 30775629 PMCID: PMC6365407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is among the leading causes of end-stage renal disease, but its pathophysiology is poorly understood. We wanted to explore early metabolic changes using gene expression and targeted metabolomics analysis. Methods We analyzed gene expression in kidneys biopsied from 20 patients with nephrosclerosis and 31 healthy controls with an Affymetrix array. Thirty-one amino acids were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) in urine samples from 62 patients with clinical hypertensive nephrosclerosis and 33 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and major findings were confirmed in an independent cohort of 45 cases and 15 controls. Results Amino acid catabolism and synthesis were strongly underexpressed in hypertensive nephrosclerosis (13- and 7-fold, respectively), and these patients also showed gene expression patterns indicating decreased fatty acid oxidation (12-fold) and increased interferon gamma (10-fold) and cellular defense response (8-fold). Metabolomics analysis revealed significant distribution differences in 11 amino acids in hypertensive nephrosclerosis, among them tyrosine, phenylalanine, dopamine, homocysteine, and serine, with 30% to 70% lower urine excretion. These findings were replicated in the independent cohort. Integrated gene-metabolite pathway analysis showed perturbations of renal dopamine biosynthesis. There were also significant differences in homocysteine/methionine homeostasis and the serine pathway, which have strong influence on 1-carbon metabolism. Several of these disturbances could be interconnected through reduced regeneration of tetrahydrofolate and tetrahydrobiopterin. Conclusion Early hypertensive nephrosclerosis showed perturbations of intrarenal biosynthesis of dopamine, which regulates natriuresis and blood pressure. There were also disturbances in serine/glycine and methionine/homocysteine metabolism, which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius A Øvrehus
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wenjun Ju
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Leila R Zelnick
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Knut A Langlo
- Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kumar Sharma
- University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stein I Hallan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Nephrology, St Olav Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Yin H, Zhang X, Li K, Li Z, Yang Z. Effects of miR-200b-3p inhibition on the TRPC6 and BK Ca channels of podocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 653:80-89. [PMID: 29958896 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) and large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa), two of the key ion channels for blood filtration function of podocytes, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. Moreover, it has been reported that miR-200 b plays an important role in regulating the biological processes of podocytes. In this study, we aimed to examine whether there was a relationship between miR-200 b-3p and the two ion channels. It was suggested that miR-200 b-3p down-regulation inhibited the currents of TRPC6 and BKCa channels. It also showed that miR-200 b-3p inhibition reduced the levels of protein expression and mRNA transcription of TRPC6 and BKCa channels. Moreover, the down-regulation of miR-200 b-3p resulted in the decrease of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration. It was also suggested that the decrease of BKCa currents resulting from miR-200 b-3p inhibition could be regulated by TRPC6 channels. TRPC6 blockage also inhibited BKCa currents and reduced the level of BKCa expression. These results together suggested that miR-200 b-3p inhibition reduced the currents of TRPC6, which led to the decrease of intracellular Ca2+ concentration. The decrease of Ca2+ source required for BKCa activation may result in the inhibition of BKCa currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiang Yin
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhigui Li
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Zhuo Yang
- College of Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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NLRC5 deficiency protects against acute kidney injury in mice by mediating carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 signaling. Kidney Int 2018; 94:551-566. [PMID: 29907459 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is significant progress in understanding the structure and function of NLRC5, a member of the nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor family. However, in the context of MHC class I gene expression, the functions of NLRC5 in innate and adaptive immune responses beyond the regulation of MHC class I genes remain controversial and unresolved. In particular, the role of NLRC5 in the kidney is unknown. NLRC5 was significantly upregulated in the kidney from mice with renal ischemia/reperfusion injury. NLRC5 deficient mice significantly ameliorated renal injury as evidenced by decreased serum creatinine levels, improved morphological injuries, and reduced inflammatory responses versus wild type mice. Similar protective effects were also observed in cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Mechanistically, NLRC5 contributed to renal injury by promoting tubular epithelial cell apoptosis and reducing inflammatory responses were, at least in part, associated with the negative regulation of carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). To determine the relative contribution of NLRC5 expression by parenchymal cells or leukocytes to renal damage during ischemia/reperfusion injury, we generated bone marrow chimeric mice. NLRC5 deficient mice engrafted with wild type hematopoietic cells had significantly lower serum creatinine and less tubular damage than wild type mice reconstituted with NLRC5 deficient bone marrow. This suggests that NLRC5 signaling in renal parenchymal cells plays the dominant role in mediating renal damage. Thus, modulation of the NLRC5-mediated pathway may have important therapeutic implications for patients with acute kidney injury.
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Therapeutic Potential of Novel Twin Compounds Containing Tetramethylpyrazine and Carnitine Substructures in Experimental Ischemic Stroke. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7191856. [PMID: 29387294 PMCID: PMC5745738 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7191856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although studies have seen dramatic advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of stroke such as oxidative stress, inflammation, excitotoxicity, calcium overload and apoptosis, the delivery of stroke therapies is still a great challenge. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel twin compounds containing tetramethylpyrazine and carnitine substructures and explored their therapeutic potential and mechanism in stroke-related neuronal injury. We first screened the neuroprotective effects of candidate compounds and found that among the tested compounds, LR134 and LR143 exhibited significant neuroprotection as evidenced by reducing cerebral infarct and edema, improving neurological function as well as blood-brain barrier integrity in rats after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We further demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of compounds LR134 and LR143 were associated with the reduced inflammatory responses and NADPH oxidase- (NOX2-) mediated oxidative stress and the protection of mitochondria accompanied by the improvement of energy supply. In summary, this study provides direct evidence showing that the novel twin compounds containing tetramethylpyrazine and carnitine substructures have neuroprotective effects with multiple therapeutic targets, suggesting that modulation of these chemical structures may be an innovative therapeutic strategy for treating patients with stroke.
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Sirt6 deficiency exacerbates podocyte injury and proteinuria through targeting Notch signaling. Nat Commun 2017; 8:413. [PMID: 28871079 PMCID: PMC5583183 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Podocyte injury is a major determinant of proteinuric kidney disease and the identification of potential therapeutic targets for preventing podocyte injury has clinical importance. Here, we show that histone deacetylase Sirt6 protects against podocyte injury through epigenetic regulation of Notch signaling. Sirt6 is downregulated in renal biopsies from patients with podocytopathies and its expression correlates with glomerular filtration rate. Podocyte-specific deletion of Sirt6 exacerbates podocyte injury and proteinuria in two independent mouse models, diabetic nephropathy, and adriamycin-induced nephropathy. Sirt6 has pleiotropic protective actions in podocytes, including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, is involved in actin cytoskeleton maintenance and promotes autophagy. Sirt6 also reduces urokinase plasminogen activator receptor expression, which is a key factor for podocyte foot process effacement and proteinuria. Mechanistically, Sirt6 inhibits Notch1 and Notch4 transcription by deacetylating histone H3K9. We propose Sirt6 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of proteinuric kidney disease. Podocytes are essential components of the renal glomerular filtration barrier and podocyte dysfunction leads to proteinuric kidney disease. Here Liu et al. show that Sirt6 protects podocytes from apoptosis and inflammation by increasing autophagic flux through inhibition of the Notch pathway.
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16
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Fu Y, Sun Y, Zhou M, Wang X, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhang Y, Su Z, Liang K, Tang W, Yi F. Therapeutic Potential of Progranulin in Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Cardiorenal Dysfunction. Hypertension 2016; 69:259-266. [PMID: 27872232 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) is an important independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and end-stage renal disease. Although multiple approaches lowering the levels of homocysteine have been used in experimental studies and clinical trials, there is no effective therapy available to fully prevent homocysteine-induced injury. Therefore, identifying key molecules in the pathogenic pathways may provide clues to develop new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of hHcys-associated injury beyond lowering the plasma homocysteine levels. In this study, we found that the levels of progranulin (PGRN), an autocrine growth factor, were significantly reduced in the kidney and heart from a mouse model of hHcys. We further observed that in hHcys, PGRN-deficient mice significantly exacerbated cardiorenal injury as evidenced by higher levels of urinary albumin excretion, more severe renal morphological injuries, including pronounced glomerular basement membrane thickening and podocyte foot process effacement, and adverse myocardial remodeling versus wild-type mice. Mechanistically, we found that PGRN-medicated Wnt/β-catenin signaling was one of the critical signal transduction pathways that links homocysteine to cardiorenal injury. Importantly, we finally provided direct evidence for the therapeutic potential of PGRN in mice with hHcys by pretreatment with recombinant human PGRN. Collectively, our results suggest that PGRN may be an innovative therapeutic strategy for treating patients with hHcys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yu Sun
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zeyu Su
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kaili Liang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Tang
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fan Yi
- From the Departments of Pharmacology (Y.F., Y.S., M.Z., X. Wang, Z.W., X. Wei, Y.Z., Z.S., K.L., F.Y.) and Pathogenic Biology (W.T.), Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China.
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17
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Kong X, Ma X, Zhang C, Su H, Xu D. Hyperhomocysteinemia increases the risk of chronic kidney disease in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly population-based cohort. Int Urol Nephrol 2016; 49:661-667. [PMID: 27822673 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1452-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients either with hyperhomocysteinemia or chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Little is known regarding whether hyperhomocysteinemia can increase the risk of CKD in a Chinese middle-aged and elderly population. To help clarify this we conducted a prospective cohort study to measure the association of hyperhomocysteinemia with CKD. METHODS A total of 5917 adults aged 56.4 ± 9.6 years without CKD at baseline were enrolled. The highest homocysteine quartile (≥15 μmol/L) was defined as hyperhomocysteinemia. CKD was defined as decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) or presence of proteinuria (urine protein ≥ 1+) assessed using a repeated dipstick method. RESULTS During 3 years of follow-up, 143 (2.4%) patients developed CKD, 85 (1.4%) patients with proteinuria and 59 (1.0%) patients with decreased eGFR. After adjusted for potential confounders, both homocysteine (per 1 μmol/L increase) and hyperhomocysteinemia were independently associated with increased risk of decreased eGFR [with a fully adjusted OR of 1.07 (95% CI 1.04-1.10) and 3.05 (95% CI 1.71-5.46)] and CKD [with a fully adjusted OR of 1.04 (95% CI 1.02-1.07) and 1.62 (95% CI 1.11-2.35)], respectively. By contrast, neither homocysteine (per 1 μmol/L increase) nor hyperhomocysteinemia were associated with proteinuria in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that hyperhomocysteinemia increases the risk of decreased eGFR. This suggests that homocysteine could be considered as a useful molecular markers for delaying the development of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglei Kong
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Department of Health Examination Center, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengyin Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Yidu Central Hospital, Weifang Medical College, No. 4138, South Road of Linglong Mountain, Qingzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Ritter JK, Li G, Xia M, Boini K. Anandamide and its metabolites: what are their roles in the kidney? Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2016; 8:264-77. [PMID: 27100705 DOI: 10.2741/s461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) is the N-acyl ethanolamide of arachidonic acid, an agonist of cannabinoid and non-cannabinoid receptors in the body. The kidneys are enriched in AEA and in enzymes that metabolize AEA, but the roles of AEA and its metabolites in the kidney remain poorly understood. This system likely is involved in the regulation of renal blood flow and hemodynamics and of tubular sodium and fluid reabsorption. It may act as a neuromodulator of the renal sympathetic nervous system. AEA and its cyclooxygenase-2 metabolites, the prostamides, in the renal medulla may represent a unique antihypertensive system involved in the long-term control of blood pressure. AEA and its metabolites are also implicated as modulators of inflammation and mediators of signaling in inflammation. AEA and its metabolites may be influential in chronic kidney disease states associated with inflammation and cardiovascular diseases associated with hyperhomocysteinemia. The current knowledge of the roles of AEA and its derivatives highlights the need for further research to define and potentially exploit the role of this endocannabinoid system in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980613, 1217 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA,
| | - Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980613, 1217 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Krishna Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Box 980613, 1217 E. Marshall Street, Richmond, VA
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19
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Li G, Xia M, Abais JM, Boini K, Li PL, Ritter JK. Protective Action of Anandamide and Its COX-2 Metabolite against l-Homocysteine-Induced NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Injury in Podocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:61-70. [PMID: 27189966 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.233239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that l-homocysteine (Hcys)-induced podocyte injury leading to glomerular damage or sclerosis is attributable to the activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. Given the demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects of endocannabinoids, the present study was designed to test whether anandamide (AEA) or its metabolites diminish NLRP3 inflammasome activation and prevent podocyte injury and associated glomerular damage during hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys). AEA (100 μM) inhibited Hcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in cultured podocytes, as indicated by elevated caspase-1 activity and interleukin-1β levels, and attenuated podocyte dysfunction, as shown by reduced vascular endothelial growth factor production. These effects of AEA were inhibited by the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor celecoxib (CEL). In mice in vivo, AEA treatment attenuated glomerular NLRP3 inflammasome activation induced by hHcys accompanying a folate-free diet, on the basis of inhibition of hHcys-induced colocalization of NLRP3 molecules and increased interleukin-1β levels in glomeruli. Correspondingly, AEA prevented hHcys-induced proteinuria, albuminuria, and glomerular damage observed microscopically. Hcys- and AEA-induced effects were absent in NLRP3-knockout mice. These beneficial effects of AEA against hHcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and glomerular injury were not observed in mice cotreated with CEL. We further demonstrated that prostaglandin E2-ethanolamide (PGE2-EA), a COX-2 product of AEA, at 10 μM had a similar inhibitory effect to that of 100 μM AEA on Hcys-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation in cultured podocytes. From these results, we conclude that AEA has anti-inflammatory properties, protecting podocytes from Hcys-induced injury by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through its COX-2 metabolite, PGE2-EA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Min Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Justine M Abais
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krishna Boini
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
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20
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Long Y, Nie J. Homocysteine in Renal Injury. KIDNEY DISEASES 2016; 2:80-7. [PMID: 27536696 DOI: 10.1159/000444900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate of methionine metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) can result from a deficiency in the enzymes or vitamin cofactors required for Hcy metabolism. Patients with renal disease tend to be hyperhomocysteinemic, particularly as renal function declines, although the underlying cause of HHcy in renal disease is not entirely understood. SUMMARY HHcy is considered a risk or pathogenic factor in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as the cardiovascular complications. KEY MESSAGES In this review, we summarize both clinical and experimental findings that reveal the contribution of Hcy as a pathogenic factor to the development of CKD. In addition, we discuss several important mechanisms mediating the pathogenic action of Hcy in the kidney, such as local oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and hypomethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Long
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China; Division of Nephrology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Nephritic and Urinary Disease, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jing Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guiyang, PR China
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21
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Liu J, Li QX, Wang XJ, Zhang C, Duan YQ, Wang ZY, Zhang Y, Yu X, Li NJ, Sun JP, Yi F. β-Arrestins promote podocyte injury by inhibition of autophagy in diabetic nephropathy. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2183. [PMID: 27054338 PMCID: PMC4855668 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
β-Arrestins are multifunctional proteins originally identified as negative adaptors of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Emerging evidence has also indicated that β-arrestins can activate signaling pathways independent of GPCR activation. This study was to elucidate the role of β-arrestins in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and hypothesized that β-arrestins contribute to diabetic renal injury by mediating podocyte autophagic process. We first found that both β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 were upregulated in the kidney from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, diabetic db/db mice and kidney biopsies from diabetic patients. We further revealed that either β-arrestin-1 or β-arrestin-2 deficiency (Arrb1−/− or Arrb2−/−) ameliorated renal injury in diabetic mice. In vitro, we observed that podocytes increased both β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 expression levels under hyperglycemia condition and further demonstrated that β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 shared common mechanisms to suppress podocyte autophagy by negative regulation of ATG12–ATG5 conjugation. Collectively, this study for the first time demonstrates that β-arrestin-1 and β-arrestin-2 mediate podocyte autophagic activity, indicating that β-arrestins are critical components of signal transduction pathways that link renal injury to reduce autophagy in DN. Modulation of these pathways may be an innovative therapeutic strategy for treating patients with DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Q X Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - X J Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - C Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Y Q Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Z Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - X Yu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - N J Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - J P Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China
| | - F Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Nephrology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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22
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NOD2 contributes to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammation. Life Sci 2016; 149:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Bouron A, Chauvet S, Dryer S, Rosado JA. Second Messenger-Operated Calcium Entry Through TRPC6. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:201-49. [PMID: 27161231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6) proteins assemble into heteromultimeric structures forming non-selective cation channels. In addition, many TRPC6-interacting proteins have been identified like some enzymes, channels, pumps, cytoskeleton-associated proteins, immunophilins, or cholesterol-binding proteins, indicating that TRPC6 are engaged into macromolecular complexes. Depending on the cell type and the experimental conditions used, TRPC6 activity has been reported to be controlled by diverse modalities. For instance, the second messenger diacylglycerol, store-depletion, the plant extract hyperforin or H2O2 have all been shown to trigger the opening of TRPC6 channels. A well-characterized consequence of TRPC6 activation is the elevation of the cytosolic concentration of Ca(2+). This latter response can reflect the entry of Ca(2+) through open TRPC6 channels but it can also be due to the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (operating in its reverse mode) or voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels (recruited in response to a TRPC6-mediated depolarization). Although TRPC6 controls a diverse array of biological functions in many tissues and cell types, its pathophysiological functions are far from being fully understood. This chapter covers some key features of TRPC6, with a special emphasis on their biological significance in kidney and blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bouron
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France. .,CNRS, iRTSV-LCBM, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Sylvain Chauvet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.,CNRS, iRTSV-LCBM, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Stuart Dryer
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Departamento de Fisiología, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
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24
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Progranulin protects against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Kidney Int 2015; 87:918-29. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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25
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Zhang H, Zhu T, Liu W, Qu X, Chen Y, Ren P, Wang Z, Wei X, Zhang Y, Yi F. TIPE2 acts as a negative regulator linking NOD2 and inflammatory responses in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Dryer SE. Glutamate receptors in the kidney. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 30:1630-8. [PMID: 25829324 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Glutamate (l-Glu) plays an essential role in the central nervous system (CNS) as an excitatory neurotransmitter, and exerts its effects by acting on a large number of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. These receptors are also expressed in several peripheral tissues, including the kidney. This review summarizes the general properties of ionotropic and metabotropic l-Glu receptors, focusing on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and Group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). NMDA receptors are expressed in the renal cortex and medulla, and appear to play a role in the regulation of renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, proximal tubule reabsorption and urine concentration within medullary collecting ducts. Sustained activation of NMDA receptors induces Ca(2+) influx and oxidative stress, which can lead to glomerulosclerosis, for example in hyperhomocysteinemia. Group 1 mGluRs are expressed in podocytes and probably in other cell types. Mice in which these receptors are knocked out gradually develop albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis. Several endogenous agonists of l-Glu receptors, which include sulfur-containing amino acids derived from l-homocysteine, and quinolinic acid (QA), as well as the co-agonists glycine and d-serine, are present in the circulation at concentrations capable of robustly activating ionotropic and metabotropic l-Glu receptors. These endogenous agonists may also be secreted from renal parenchymal cells, or from cells that have migrated into the kidney, by exocytosis or by transporters such as system x(-)(c), or by transporters involved in ammonia secretion. l-Glu receptors may be useful targets for drug therapy, and many selective orally-active compounds exist for investigation of these receptors as potential drug targets for various kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart E Dryer
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA Division of Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Zhang X, Song Z, Guo Y, Zhou M. The novel role of TRPC6 in vitamin D ameliorating podocyte injury in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 399:155-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2242-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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28
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Wang X, Liu J, Zhen J, Zhang C, Wan Q, Liu G, Wei X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Han H, Xu H, Bao C, Song Z, Zhang X, Li N, Yi F. Histone deacetylase 4 selectively contributes to podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2014; 86:712-25. [PMID: 24717296 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Studies have highlighted the importance of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-mediated epigenetic processes in the development of diabetic complications. Inhibitors of HDAC are a novel class of therapeutic agents in diabetic nephropathy, but currently available inhibitors are mostly nonselective inhibit multiple HDACs, and different HDACs serve very distinct functions. Therefore, it is essential to determine the role of individual HDACs in diabetic nephropathy and develop HDAC inhibitors with improved specificity. First, we identified the expression patterns of HDACs and found that, among zinc-dependent HDACs, HDAC2/4/5 were upregulated in the kidney from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, diabetic db/db mice, and in kidney biopsies from diabetic patients. Podocytes treated with high glucose, advanced glycation end products, or transforming growth factor-β (common detrimental factors in diabetic nephropathy) selectively increased HDAC4 expression. The role of HDAC4 was evaluated by in vivo gene silencing by intrarenal lentiviral gene delivery and found to reduce renal injury in diabetic rats. Podocyte injury was associated with suppressing autophagy and exacerbating inflammation by HDAC4-STAT1 signaling in vitro. Thus, HDAC4 contributes to podocyte injury and is one of critical components of a signal transduction pathway that links renal injury to autophagy in diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Junhui Zhen
- Department of Pathology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guangyi Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chanchan Bao
- The Microscopy Characterization Platform, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenyu Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
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29
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Yang F, Wang Z, Wei X, Han H, Meng X, Zhang Y, Shi W, Li F, Xin T, Pang Q, Yi F. NLRP3 deficiency ameliorates neurovascular damage in experimental ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:660-7. [PMID: 24424382 PMCID: PMC3982086 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Although the innate immune response to induce postischemic inflammation is considered as an essential step in the progression of cerebral ischemia injury, the role of innate immunity mediator NLRP3 in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke is unknown. In this study, focal ischemia was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion in NLRP3(-/-), NOX2(-/-), or wild-type (WT) mice. By magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Evans blue permeability, and electron microscopic analyses, we found that NLRP3 deficiency ameliorated cerebral injury in mice after ischemic stroke by reducing infarcts and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. We further showed that the contribution of NLRP3 to neurovascular damage was associated with an autocrine/paracrine pattern of NLRP3-mediated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) release as evidenced by increased brain microvessel endothelial cell permeability and microglia-mediated neurotoxicity. Finally, we found that NOX2 deficiency improved outcomes after ischemic stroke by mediating NLRP3 signaling. This study for the first time shows the contribution of NLRP3 to neurovascular damage and provides direct evidence that NLRP3 as an important target molecule links NOX2-mediated oxidative stress to neurovascular damage in ischemic stroke. Pharmacological targeting of NLRP3-mediated inflammatory response at multiple levels may help design a new approach to develop therapeutic strategies for prevention of deterioration of cerebral function and for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Ziying Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Huirong Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Xianfang Meng
- Department of Neurobiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Weichen Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fengli Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, PR China
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30
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Han H, Yi F. New insights into TRP channels: Interaction with pattern recognition receptors. Channels (Austin) 2013; 8:13-9. [PMID: 24299922 DOI: 10.4161/chan.27178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have implicated that the activation of innate immune system and inflammatory mechanisms are of importance in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. The innate immune system is present in almost all multicellular organisms in response to pathogens or tissue injury, which is performed via germ-line encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or dangers-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Intracellular pathways linking immune and inflammatory response to ion channel expression and function have been recently identified. Among ion channels, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a major family of non-selective cation-permeable channels that function as polymodal cellular sensors involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about classifications, functions, and interactions of TRP channels and PRRs, which may provide new insights into their roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Han
- Department of Pharmacology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan, PR China; Department of Pharmacology; Weifang Medical University; Weifang, PR China
| | - Fan Yi
- Department of Pharmacology; Shandong University School of Medicine; Jinan, PR China
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