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Albores-Méndez EM, Carrasco-Vargas H, Alaniz Monreal S, Mayen Quinto RD, López García ED, Gutierrez Salmean G, Medina-Quero K, Vargas-Hernández MA, Ferreira Batista CV, López-Hernández Y, Winkler R. An intense 60-day weight-loss course leads to an 18 kg body weight reduction and metabolic reprogramming of soldiers with obesity. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17757. [PMID: 39076775 PMCID: PMC11285361 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Soldiers of the Mexican Army with obesity were subjected to an intense 60-day weight-loss course consisting of a controlled diet, daily physical training, and psychological sessions. The nutritional treatment followed the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) recommendations, incorporating elements of the traditional milpa diet in the nutritional intervention. The total energy intake was reduced by 200 kcal every 20 days, starting with 1,800 kcal and ending with 1,400 kcal daily. On average, the participants reduced their body weight by 18 kg. We employed an innovative approach to monitor the progress of the twelve soldiers who completed the entire program. We compared the untargeted metabolomics profiles of their urine samples, taken before and after the course. The data obtained through liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-MS) provided insightful results. Classification models perfectly separated the profiles pre and post-course, indicating a significant reprogramming of the participants' metabolism. The changes were observed in the C1-, vitamin, amino acid, and energy metabolism pathways, primarily affecting the liver, biliary system, and mitochondria. This study not only demonstrates the potential of rapid weight loss and metabolic pathway modification but also introduces a non-invasive method for monitoring the metabolic state of individuals through urine mass spectrometry data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Exsal M. Albores-Méndez
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Humberto Carrasco-Vargas
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Rodolfo David Mayen Quinto
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Diderot López García
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Karen Medina-Quero
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Vargas-Hernández
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cesar Vicente Ferreira Batista
- Escuela Militar de Graduados de Sanidad, Universidad del Ejército y Fuerza Aérea Mexicanos, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yamilé López-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Proteómica y Metabolómica de la Unidad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Cinvestav, Irapuato, Mexico
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Ting KK. John Yudkin's hypothesis: sugar is a major dietary culprit in the development of cardiovascular disease. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1407108. [PMID: 39027662 PMCID: PMC11257042 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1407108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, the risk of developing atherosclerosis has extended beyond Western countries and now affecting individuals from various ethnic backgrounds and age groups. Traditional risk factors of atherosclerosis, such as hypercholesterolemia, has been better controlled than before due to highly effective and inexpensive therapies at lowering plasma cholesterol levels. However, the role of reducing dietary cholesterol intake, as a public healthy strategy, in preventing the occurrence of cardiovascular mortalities has been recently challenged. Indeed, despite our continuous decline of dietary cholesterol intake within the last 50 years, the incidence of cardiovascular mortalities has continued to rise, thus raising the possibility that other dietary factors, such as fructose-containing sugars, are the major culprit. In the 1970s, John Yudkin first proposed that sugar was the predominant dietary factor that underlies the majority of cardiovascular mortalities, yet his hypothesis was dismissed. However, over the last 25 years substantial scientific evidence has been accumulated to support Yudkin's hypothesis. The objectives of this review are to highlight Yudkin's significant contribution to nutritional science by reviewing his hypothesis and summarizing the recent advances in our understanding of fructose metabolism. The metabolic consequences of fructose metabolism, such as fructose-induced uricemia, insulin resistance, lipoprotein hyperproduction and chronic inflammation, and how they are linked to atherosclerosis as risk factors will be discussed. Finally, the review will explore areas that warrant future research and raise important considerations that we need to evaluate when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K.Y. Ting
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Vogtschmidt YD, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Imamura F, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Replacement of Saturated Fatty Acids from Meat by Dairy Sources in Relation to Incident Cardiovascular Disease: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024; 119:1495-1503. [PMID: 38608753 PMCID: PMC11196860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prospective observational data revealed lower cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence with modeled replacement of saturated fatty acids (SFA) from total meat by total dairy, but it is unknown what the associations are of replacing SFA from types of meat by types of dairy with CVD incidence. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the associations of replacing SFA from total, red, processed, and poultry meat by SFA from total dairy, milk, cheese, and yogurt with the incidence of CVD. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data from 21,841 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk study (56.4% female; age, 40-79 years). Dietary data were collected by food frequency questionnaires at baseline (1993-1997). Incident fatal or nonfatal CVD (n = 5902), coronary artery disease (CAD; n = 4215), stroke (total: n = 2544; ischemic: n = 1113; hemorrhagic: n = 449) were identified up to 2018. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using Cox regression for the risk associated with replacement of 2.5% of energy from SFA from meat by dairy, adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, energy, dietary, and cardiometabolic factors. RESULTS Replacing SFA from total meat by total dairy was associated with a lower CVD incidence (HR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.96) and CAD (HR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.80, 0.96). Replacing SFA from processed meat by cheese was associated with lower CVD (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.88); CAD (HR: 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.90), and stroke (HR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.99). Similarly, replacing SFA from red meat by cheese was associated with lower CVD (HR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76, 0.97). Higher incidence of stroke was found with replacement of SFA from poultry by milk (HR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.09, 3.89), yogurt (HR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.27, 5.13), or cheese (HR: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.04, 3.70), but the CI were relatively large, owing to low, narrow range of poultry SFA intake. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that different SFA-rich foods at baseline have differential associations with CVD risk. If confirmed by further studies, these findings could be used to inform specific food-based dietary guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakima D Vogtschmidt
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Sabita S Soedamah-Muthu
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Center of Research on Psychological Disorders and Somatic Diseases (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom.
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Kiesswetter E, Neuenschwander M, Stadelmaier J, Szczerba E, Hofacker L, Sedlmaier K, Kussmann M, Roeger C, Hauner H, Schlesinger S, Schwingshackl L. Substitution of Dairy Products and Risk of Death and Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:102159. [PMID: 38779038 PMCID: PMC11108848 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.102159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Substitution models in epidemiologic studies specifying both substitute and substituted food in relation to disease risk may be useful to inform dietary guidelines. A systematic review of prospective observational studies was performed to quantify the risks of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) associated with the substitution of dairy products with other foods and between different dairy products. We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science until 28th June, 2023. We calculated summary relative risks (SRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) in random-effects meta-analyses. We assessed the risk of bias with the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies - of Exposure (ROBINS-E) tool and certainty of evidence (CoE) using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) approach. Fifteen studies (with 34 publications) were included. There was moderate CoE that the substitution of low-fat dairy with red meat was associated with a higher risk of mortality, coronary artery disease, and T2D [SRR (95% CI): 1.11 (1.06, 1.16), 1.13 (1.08, 1.18), and 1.20 (1.16, 1.25)]. A higher risk of mortality and T2D was also observed when substituting low-fat dairy with processed meat [SRR (95% CI): 1.19 (1.11, 1.28) and 1.41 (1.33, 1.49); moderate CoE]. A lower mortality risk was associated with the substitution of dairy and yogurt with whole grains [SRR (95% CI): 0.89 (0.84, 0.93) and 0.91 (0.85, 0.97)], and butter with olive oil [SRR (95% CI): 0.94 (0.92, 0.97); all moderate CoE]. Mainly no associations were observed when substituting dairy products against each other on disease and mortality risk. Our findings indicate associations between substituting dairy with red or processed meat and higher disease risk, whereas its substitution with whole grains was associated with a lower risk. However, there is little robust evidence that substituting whole-fat with low-fat dairy is associated with disease risk. (CRD42022303198).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kiesswetter
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Neuenschwander
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Stadelmaier
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edyta Szczerba
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lara Hofacker
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sedlmaier
- Competence Center for Nutrition, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Kussmann
- Competence Center for Nutrition, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Freising, Germany
- Kussmann Biotech GmbH, Nordkirchen, Germany
| | - Christine Roeger
- Competence Center for Nutrition, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Freising, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- German Diabetes Center, Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich-Neuherberg, Partner Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Xiao Y, Quan Y. Associations between dietary fatty acids intake and abdominal aortic calcification: a national population-based study. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:73. [PMID: 38461250 PMCID: PMC10924990 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is a crucial indicator of cardiovascular health. This study aims investigates the associations between dietary fatty acid intake and AAC. METHODS In this study, a cross-sectional assessment was performed on a group of 2,897 individuals aged 40 and above, utilizing data from the NHANES. The focus was on examining dietary consumption of various fatty acids, including Saturated (SFA), Monounsaturated (MUFA), Polyunsaturated (PUFA), as well as Omega-3 and Omega-6. The evaluation of AAC was done by applying the Kauppila AAC score to results obtained from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. For statistical analysis, weighted multivariate linear and logistic regression were employed, with adjustments for variables like gender, age, ethnicity, and overall health condition. RESULTS Participants with higher intake of SFA and PUFA showed a positive association with AAC score, while higher levels of dietary Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids was connected with a negative correlation. Subgroup analyses indicated consistent associations across different sexes and age groups. The study found that an increase in SFA and PUFA intake correlated with an increase in AAC score, whereas Omega-3 and Omega-6 intake correlated with a decrease. CONCLUSION This study underscores the importance of dietary fatty acid composition in the prevalence of AAC and its potential implications for dietary guidelines and cardiovascular disease prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, China
| | - Yingping Quan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical school, University of South China, Hengyang, 421002, China.
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6
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Vetrani C, Verde L, Ambretti A, Muscogiuri G, Pagano AM, Lucania L, Colao A, Barrea L. Nutritional interventions in prison settings: a scoping review. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae011. [PMID: 38366579 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting evidence has shown that incarceration can affect the health and well-being of individuals and increase the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Diet quality is known to be one of the main determinants of risk of NCDs, and dietary changes are the first approach used in primary care to reduce the incidence of NCDs. OBJECTIVE This scoping review aimed to summarize the evidence for (1) the diet quality of inmates, and (2) the effect of nutritional intervention in prison systems. In addition, we aimed to describe limitations in the current literature and to suggest potential future research areas. METHOD A systematic search was performed in 2 databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using predefined search terms and covering the period May 2023 to June 2023. Additionally, reference lists from the retrieved studies were hand-searched to identify any additional relevant publications. The identified literature was screened based on defined search strategies, criteria, and research questions defined using the PICo (population or problem, interest, and context) framework. The review was conducted referring to the PRISMA-ScR and the PICo framework. RESULTS A total of 19 studies out of 63 initially identified records were included in this review (11 cross-sectional evaluations and 9 intervention-based studies). In almost all studies, assessment of the diet quality of menus showed the menus to be nutritionally adequate, except for having a higher-than-recommended intake of total energy, saturated fatty acids, sodium, cholesterol, and sugar. In addition, some studies reported a lower-than-recommended intake of fiber, magnesium, potassium, vitamins D, E, and A, and omega-3 fatty acids. Nutritional interventions were mainly planned in the form of workshops, seminars, and written material to deliver information on healthy dietary choices. Although no significant changes in inmates' dietary choices were observed in any of the studies, a high participation rate was detected. CONCLUSION Inmates might require additional prevention intervention to reduce their susceptibility to cardiometabolic diseases by virtue of their isolation from community facilities. Interventions should be tailored to the characteristics of prison settings and inmates to increase adherence to nutritional recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vetrani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antinea Ambretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Pagano
- President S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare), Viale Bruno Buozzi, ROMA, Italy
- Dipartimento delle Attività Territoriali, Direttore U.O. Tutela Salute Adulti e Minori, Area Penale, ASL SALERNO, Salerno, Italy
| | - Luciano Lucania
- Director S.I.M.S.Pe. Società Italiana di Medicina e Sanità Penitenziaria (Italian Society of Penitentiary Medicine and Healthcare), Viale Bruno Buozzi, ROMA, Italy
- Specialista Ambulatoriale in Chirurgia, Responsabile Istituto Penitenziario di Reggio Calabria Giuseppe Panzera, Street Carcere Nuovo, 15, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
- UNESCO Chair "Education for Health and Sustainable Development", University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Naples, Italy
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7
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Tong TYN, Clarke R, Schmidt JA, Huybrechts I, Noor U, Forouhi NG, Imamura F, Travis RC, Weiderpass E, Aleksandrova K, Dahm CC, van der Schouw YT, Overvad K, Kyrø C, Tjønneland A, Kaaks R, Katzke V, Schiborn C, Schulze MB, Mayen-Chacon AL, Masala G, Sieri S, de Magistris MS, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Boer JMA, Verschuren WMM, Brustad M, Nøst TH, Crous-Bou M, Petrova D, Amiano P, Huerta JM, Moreno-Iribas C, Engström G, Melander O, Johansson K, Lindvall K, Aglago EK, Heath AK, Butterworth AS, Danesh J, Key TJ. Dietary amino acids and risk of stroke subtypes: a prospective analysis of 356,000 participants in seven European countries. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:209-220. [PMID: 37804448 PMCID: PMC10799144 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously reported associations of protein-rich foods with stroke subtypes have prompted interest in the assessment of individual amino acids. We examined the associations of dietary amino acids with risks of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in the EPIC study. METHODS We analysed data from 356,142 participants from seven European countries. Dietary intakes of 19 individual amino acids were assessed using validated country-specific dietary questionnaires, calibrated using additional 24-h dietary recalls. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke in relation to the intake of each amino acid. The role of blood pressure as a potential mechanism was assessed in 267,642 (75%) participants. RESULTS After a median follow-up of 12.9 years, 4295 participants had an ischaemic stroke and 1375 participants had a haemorrhagic stroke. After correction for multiple testing, a higher intake of proline (as a percent of total protein) was associated with a 12% lower risk of ischaemic stroke (HR per 1 SD higher intake 0.88; 95% CI 0.82, 0.94). The association persisted after mutual adjustment for all other amino acids, systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The inverse associations of isoleucine, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, serine and tyrosine with ischaemic stroke were each attenuated with adjustment for proline intake. For haemorrhagic stroke, no statistically significant associations were observed in the continuous analyses after correcting for multiple testing. CONCLUSION Higher proline intake may be associated with a lower risk of ischaemic stroke, independent of other dietary amino acids and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Y N Tong
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie A Schmidt
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
- Departments of Clinical Epidemiology, Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Urwah Noor
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fumiaki Imamura
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Krasimira Aleksandrova
- Department Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Bremen, Germany
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Grazer Straße 2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne T van der Schouw
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Catarina Schiborn
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Matthias B Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute for Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Ana-Lucia Mayen-Chacon
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO), Lyon, France
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Sabina Sieri
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Dei Tumori Di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Research AIRE-ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Jolanda M A Boer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - W M Monique Verschuren
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Magritt Brustad
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- The Public Dental Service Competence Centre of Northern Norway (TkNN), Tromsø, Norway
| | - Therese Haugdahl Nøst
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)-Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dafina Petrova
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastian, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - José María Huerta
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Conchi Moreno-Iribas
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C. de Melchor Fernández Almagro, Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, SpainInstituto de Salud Pu´Blica de Navarra, IdiSNA, Navarre Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Science in Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Emergency and Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kristina Johansson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lindvall
- Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Elom K Aglago
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Timothy J Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Richard Doll Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
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8
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Fridén M, Olsson E, Lind L, Rosqvist F, Risérus U. Substitution analyses of foods with varying fat quality and the associations with all-cause mortality and impact of the FADS-1 genotype in elderly men. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:145-153. [PMID: 37728746 PMCID: PMC10799108 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate associations between substitutions of foods varying in fat quality and all-cause mortality in elderly Swedish men and to examine effect measure modification by a gene involved in fatty acid desaturation (rs174550 FADS1). METHODS Using Cox-regression models in the ULSAM cohort (n = 1133 men aged 71), we aimed to investigate; (1) Associations between the substitution of a nutrient or food for another on all-cause mortality (primary outcome) and CVD (secondary outcome) and (2) Associations between the addition of various fat-rich foods to the habitual diet and all-cause mortality and CVD. Subgroup analyses based on the rs174550 FADS1 genotype were conducted. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 11.6-13.7 years, n = 774 died and n = 494 developed CVD, respectively. No clear associations were observed for the vast majority of substitution nor addition models. Adding saturated fatty acids (SFA) on top of the habitual diet was however associated with an increased risk of mortality in men with the CT/CC-genotype [HR (95% CI) 1.44 (1.05, 1.97)]. Post-hoc analyses showed an inverse association of substituting SFA with carbohydrates [HR (95% CI) 0.79 (0.65, 0.97)], which was somewhat stronger in men with the CT/CC-genotype compared to men carrying the TT-genotype. CONCLUSIONS Few associations were observed between diet and all-cause mortality and CVD in this population. However, substituting SFA with carbohydrates was associated with lower mortality in post-hoc analyses and adding SFA to the habitual diet increased mortality in men with the CT/CC-genotype. The latter observation is novel and warrants further investigation in larger cohort studies including women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fridén
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Olsson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Medical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rosqvist
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Liu J, Cai D. Causal relationship of cereal intake and type with cardiovascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2024; 10:1320120. [PMID: 38323222 PMCID: PMC10844472 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1320120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies have suggested that cereal consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the potential causal relationship is not clear. We aimed to investigate the association of cereal intake and cereal type with CVD risk. Methods Two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to confirm the causal association of cereal intake and cereal type with the risk of several common CVDs. Furthermore, two-step MR analysis was used to explore the mediating effect of cardiovascular metabolic factors, and multivariable MR analysis was used to assess the impact of socioeconomic status, such as education and income, on the causal association. Results The MR analysis indicated that genetically predicted cereal intake is associated with reduced risk of large artery stroke (LAS) (odd ratio (OR): 0.421; 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.193, 0.918]; p = 0.030), and muesli as the primary cereal intake is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) (OR: 0.100; 95% CI [0.023, 0.437]; p = 0.002), myocardial infarction (MI) (OR: 0.101; 95% CI [0.020, 0.509]; p = 0.005), heart failure (OR: 0.210; 95% CI [0.064, 0.684]; p = 0.010), ischemic stroke (IS) (OR: 0.130; 95% CI [0.029, 0.591]; p = 0.008), LAS (OR: 0.017; 95% CI [0.0004, 0.737]; p = 0.034), and small-vessel stroke (OR: 0.021; 95% CI [0.001, 0.708]; p = 0.005). In contrast, genetically predicted biscuits as the primary cereal intake increased the risk of CHD (OR: 6.557; 95% CI [1.197, 36.031]; p = 0.031), and other cereals, such as cornflakes, as the primary cereal intake increased the risk of CHD (OR: 3.803; 95% CI [1.194, 12.111]; p = 0.024), MI (OR: 4.240; 95% CI [1.185, 15.174]; p = 0.026), stroke (OR: 3.154; 95% CI [1.070, 9.298]; p = 0.037), and IS (OR: 3.736; 95% CI [1.185, 11.782]; p = 0.024). Multivariable MR analysis underscored the significant role of education and income in the causal association, and two-step MR analysis indicated that body mass index, lipids, and blood glucose exerted important mediating effects in the causal association. Conclusion The findings of our study underscore the causal beneficial influence of muesli as the primary cereal intake on CVDs. A reasonable consumption of muesli may provide primary prevention of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dihui Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Medical Center of Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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10
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Neuenschwander M, Stadelmaier J, Eble J, Grummich K, Szczerba E, Kiesswetter E, Schlesinger S, Schwingshackl L. Substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMC Med 2023; 21:404. [PMID: 37968628 PMCID: PMC10652524 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-03093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that substituting animal-based with plant-based foods is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and all-cause mortality. Our aim was to summarize and evaluate the evidence for the substitution of any animal-based foods with plant-based foods on cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality in a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science to March 2023 for prospective studies investigating the substitution of animal-based with plant-based foods on CVD, T2D, and all-cause mortality. We calculated summary hazard ratios (SHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using random-effects meta-analyses. We assessed the certainty of evidence (CoE) using the GRADE approach. RESULTS In total, 37 publications based on 24 cohorts were included. There was moderate CoE for a lower risk of CVD when substituting processed meat with nuts [SHR (95% CI): 0.73 (0.59, 0.91), n = 8 cohorts], legumes [0.77 (0.68, 0.87), n = 8], and whole grains [0.64 (0.54, 0.75), n = 7], as well as eggs with nuts [0.83 (0.78, 0.89), n = 8] and butter with olive oil [0.96 (0.95, 0.98), n = 3]. Furthermore, we found moderate CoE for an inverse association with T2D incidence when substituting red meat with whole grains/cereals [0.90 (0.84, 0.96), n = 6] and red meat or processed meat with nuts [0.92 (0.90, 0.94), n = 6 or 0.78 (0.69, 0.88), n = 6], as well as for replacing poultry with whole grains [0.87 (0.83, 0.90), n = 2] and eggs with nuts or whole grains [0.82 (0.79, 0.86), n = 2 or 0.79 (0.76, 0.83), n = 2]. Moreover, replacing red meat for nuts [0.93 (0.91, 0.95), n = 9] and whole grains [0.96 (0.95, 0.98), n = 3], processed meat with nuts [0.79 (0.71, 0.88), n = 9] and legumes [0.91 (0.85, 0.98), n = 9], dairy with nuts [0.94 (0.91, 0.97), n = 3], and eggs with nuts [0.85 (0.82, 0.89), n = 8] and legumes [0.90 (0.89, 0.91), n = 7] was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that a shift from animal-based (e.g., red and processed meat, eggs, dairy, poultry, butter) to plant-based (e.g., nuts, legumes, whole grains, olive oil) foods is beneficially associated with cardiometabolic health and all-cause mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Neuenschwander
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Stadelmaier
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julian Eble
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Grummich
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edyta Szczerba
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Kiesswetter
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schlesinger
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Lukas Schwingshackl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Prentice RL, Vasan S, Tinker LF, Neuhouser ML, Navarro SL, Raftery D, Gowda GN, Pettinger M, Aragaki AK, Lampe JW, Huang Y, Van Horn L, Manson JE, Wallace RB, Mossavar-Rahmani Y, Wactawski-Wende J, Liu S, Snetselaar L, Howard BV, Chlebowski RT, Zheng C. Metabolomics Biomarkers for Fatty Acid Intake and Biomarker-Calibrated Fatty Acid Associations with Chronic Disease Risk in Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr 2023; 153:2663-2677. [PMID: 37178978 PMCID: PMC10550839 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial observational literature relating specific fatty acid classes to chronic disease risk may be limited by its reliance on self-reported dietary data. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop biomarkers for saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acid densities, and to study their associations with cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in Women's Health Initiative (WHI) cohorts. METHODS Biomarker equations were based primarily on serum and urine metabolomics profiles from an embedded WHI human feeding study (n = 153). Calibration equations were based on biomarker values in a WHI nutritional biomarker study (n = 436). Calibrated intakes were assessed in relation to disease incidence in larger WHI cohorts (n = 81,894). Participants were postmenopausal women, aged 50-79 when enrolled at 40 United States Clinical Centers (1993-1998), with a follow-up period of ∼20 y. RESULTS Biomarker equations meeting criteria were developed for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA densities. That for SFA density depended somewhat weakly on metabolite profiles. On the basis of our metabolomics platforms, biomarkers were insensitive to trans fatty acid intake. Calibration equations meeting criteria were developed for SFA and PUFA density, but not for MUFA density. With or without biomarker calibration, SFA density was associated positively with risk of CVD, cancer, and T2D, but with small hazard ratios, and CVD associations were not statistically significant after controlling for other dietary variables, including trans fatty acid and fiber intake. Following this same control, PUFA density was not significantly associated with CVD risk, but there were positive associations for some cancers and T2D, with or without biomarker calibration. CONCLUSIONS Higher SFA and PUFA diets were associated with null or somewhat higher risk for clinical outcomes considered in this population of postmenopausal United States women. Further research is needed to develop even stronger biomarkers for these fatty acid densities and their major components. This study is registered with clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00000611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Sowmya Vasan
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Lesley F Tinker
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sandi L Navarro
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daniel Raftery
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ga Nagana Gowda
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Mary Pettinger
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Aaron K Aragaki
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Johanna W Lampe
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Ying Huang
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, United States; School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - JoAnn E Manson
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert B Wallace
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Yasmin Mossavar-Rahmani
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Jean Wactawski-Wende
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Simin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Linda Snetselaar
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Barbara V Howard
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, and MedStar Health Research Institute, Hyattsville, MD, United States
| | | | - Cheng Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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12
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Zhang M, Dong X, Huang Z, Li X, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Zhu H, Fang A, Giovannucci EL. Cheese consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review and updated meta-analysis of prospective studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1170-1186. [PMID: 37328108 PMCID: PMC10509445 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This umbrella review aims to provide a systematic and comprehensive overview of current evidence from prospective studies on the diverse health effects of cheese consumption. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library to identify meta-analyses/pooled analyses of prospective studies examining the association between cheese consumption and major health outcomes from inception to August 31, 2022. We reanalyzed and updated previous meta-analyses and performed de novo meta-analyses with recently published prospective studies, where appropriate. We calculated the summary effect size, 95% prediction confidence intervals, between-study heterogeneity, small-study effects, and excess significance bias for each health outcome. We identified 54 eligible articles of meta-analyses/pooled analyses. After adding newly published original articles, we performed 35 updated meta-analyses and 4 de novo meta-analyses. Together with 8 previous meta-analyses, we finally included 47 unique health outcomes. Cheese consumption was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (highest compared with lowest category: RR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.99), cardiovascular mortality (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.99), incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.96), coronary heart disease (CHD) (RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.98), stroke (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98), estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast cancer (RR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.82, 0.97), type 2 diabetes (RR = 0.93; 95% CI: 0.88, 0.98), total fracture (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.95), and dementia (RR = 0.81; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.99). Null associations were found for other outcomes. According to the NutriGrade scoring system, moderate quality of evidence was observed for inverse associations of cheese consumption with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, incident CVD, CHD, and stroke, and for null associations with cancer mortality, incident hypertension, and prostate cancer. Our findings suggest that cheese consumption has neutral to moderate benefits for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjie Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaocong Dong
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihui Huang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Big Data in Health Science School of Public Health, Center of Clinical Big Data and Analytics of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- Chinese Nutrition Society Academy of Nutrition and Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Huilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aiping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Jayedi A, Soltani S, Emadi A, Ghods K, Shab-Bidar S. Dietary intake, biomarkers and supplementation of fatty acids and risk of coronary events: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-20. [PMID: 37632423 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2251583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to review the association of dietary fats and risk of coronary events in adults. We searched PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to April 2022 for prospective cohorts and randomized trials investigating the association of dietary intake and biomarkers of fats and fatty acid interventions and the risk of coronary events. We performed random-effects meta-analyses to estimate relative risk (RR) for the top versus bottom tertiles of exposures. One-hundered sixty-five prospective cohorts and randomized trials were included. Dietary intake and biomarkers of total fat and saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the risk of coronary events. Dietary intake of trans fatty acids, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids from meat and unprocessed meat was modestly associated with a higher risk and, in contrast, intake of alpha-linolenic acid, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid was modestly associated with a lower risk. Supplementation with long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and increasing the consumption of alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids in place of saturated fats reduced the risk of coronary events. Existing evidence, in its totality, provides a modest support in favor of current recommendations suggesting replacement of saturated fats with polyunsaturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Jayedi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Soltani
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Alireza Emadi
- Food Safety Research Center (salt), Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghods
- School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Bajerska J, Skoczek-Rubińska A, Małczak L, Vucic V, Arsic A, Kojadinovic M, Ristic-Medic D. Plasma fatty acid composition and some markers of dietary habits are associated with cardiovascular disease risk determined by an atherogenic plasma index in postmenopausal women. Nutr Res 2023; 115:47-60. [PMID: 37300953 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is hypothesized that plasma proportion of selected fatty acids (FAs) and dietary habits are linked with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the association of plasma FA composition and markers of dietary habits with an atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), a predictor of CVD risk in postmenopausal women. In total, 87 postmenopausal women with an average age of 57 ± 7 years were recruited and their dietary intake, anthropometric and biochemical parameters, and FA status in total plasma lipid proportions were determined, showing that 65.5% of the participants had a high risk of CVD according to their AIP value. After adjusting for some confounders (age, body mass index, and physical activity level), the risk of CVD was only positively associated with the frequency of consumption of animal fat spreads (butter and lard) of terrestrial origin. Regarding the FA profile, CVD risk was positively associated with the percentages of vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; mainly n-7) in total FA, as well as the MUFA/SFA ratio in total plasma and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-16 activity (16:1/16:0 ratio). In contrast, the risk of CVD was negatively associated with percentages of α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and PUFA/MUFA ratio in total plasma lipid, and the estimated activity of Δ5-desaturase (20:4/20:3 n-6 ratio). These results support the current recommendations to decrease the frequency of animal fat spread intake because it is associated with a reduced CVD risk based on AIP in postmenopausal women. In accordance with these plasma percentages of ALA, vaccenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, PUFA, PUFA/MUFA ratio, and 16:1/16:0 ratio may be important parameters in CVD risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bajerska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Skoczek-Rubińska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Lidia Małczak
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Vesna Vucic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade PO BOX 102, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Arsic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade PO BOX 102, Serbia
| | - Milica Kojadinovic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade PO BOX 102, Serbia
| | - Danijela Ristic-Medic
- Group for Nutritional Biochemistry and Dietology, Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade PO BOX 102, Serbia
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15
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Forouhi NG. Embracing complexity: making sense of diet, nutrition, obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2023; 66:786-799. [PMID: 36786838 PMCID: PMC9925928 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05873-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition therapy has been emphasised for decades for people with type 2 diabetes, and the vital importance of diet and nutrition is now also recognised for type 2 diabetes prevention. However, the complexity of diet and mixed messages on what is unhealthy, healthy or optimal have led to confusion among people with diabetes and their physicians as well as the general public. What should people eat for the prevention, management and remission of type 2 diabetes? Recently, progress has been made in research evidence that has advanced our understanding in several areas of past uncertainty. This article examines some of these issues, focusing on the role of diet in weight management and in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. It considers nutritional strategies including low-energy, low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets, discusses inter-relationships between nutrients, foods and dietary patterns, and examines aspects of quantity and quality together with new developments, challenges and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nita G Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
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Wu C, Jiang N, Wang R, Jiang S, Yuan Z, Luo X, Wu J, Shi H, Wu R. Linoleic acid enrichment of cheese by okara flour and Geotrichum candidum overexpressing Δ12 fatty acid desaturase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2960-2969. [PMID: 36534037 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mold-ripened cheeses have low levels of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Geotrichum candidum is an adjunct culture for the development of Geotrichum-ripened cheese but has a low ability to produce high levels of UFAs. Δ12 fatty acid desaturase (FADS12) is a pivotal enzyme that converts oleic acid (OA) to linoleic acid (LA) and plays a vital role in UFA biosynthesis. By investigating FADS12 catalytic activity from various species with OA substrates, we found that FADS12 from Mucor circinelloides (McFADS12) had the highest catalytic activity for OA. RESULTS In the current study, a plasmid harboring McFADS12 was constructed and overexpressed in G. candidum. Our results showed that LA production increased to 31.1 ± 1.4% in engineered G. candidum - three times higher than that in wild-type G. candidum. To enhance LA production, an exogenous substrate (OA) was supplemented, and the yield of LA was increased to 154 ± 6 mg L-1 in engineered G. candidum. Engineered G. candidum was used as an adjunct culture for Geotrichum-ripened cheese production. The LA level reached 74.3 ± 5.4 g kg-1 cheese, whereas the level of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) decreased by 9.9 ± 0.5%. In addition, the soybean byproduct (okara) was introduced into the engineered G. candidum growth and the level of LA increased to 126 ± 4 g kg-1 cheese and the percentage of UFAs:SFAs increased from 0.8:1 to 1.3:1. CONCLUSION This study offers a suitable technology for converting SFAs to UFAs in Geotrichum-ripened cheeses and provides a novel trend for converting soybean waste into a value-added product. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruhong Wang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jiang
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijia Yuan
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Luo
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisu Shi
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Rina Wu
- College of Food Science, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Food Fermentation Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
- Shenyang Key Laboratory of Microbial Fermentation Technology Innovation, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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MacDonald CJ, Madkia AL, Mounier-Vehier C, Severi G, Boutron-Ruault MC. Associations between saturated fat intake and other dietary macronutrients and incident hypertension in a prospective study of French women. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1207-1215. [PMID: 36482209 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Saturated fat has long been associated with cardiovascular disease in multiple prospective studies, and randomized controlled trials. Few studies have assessed the relative associations between saturated fat and other macronutrients with hypertension, a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to assess the relative associations between saturated fat, other macronutrients such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fat, proteins, and carbohydrates, and incident hypertension in a large prospective cohort of French women. METHODS This study used data from the E3N cohort study, including participants free of hypertension at baseline. A food frequency questionnaire was used to determine dietary intakes of saturated fat (SFA), monounsaturated fat (MUFA), polyunsaturated fat (PUFA), animal protein (AP), vegetable protein (VP), carbohydrates (CH) and various foods. Cases of hypertension were based on self-report, validated by drug reimbursement data. Covariates were based on self-report. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the relative associations between different macronutrients and hypertension risk, using the 'substitution' framework. Bootstrapping was used to generate 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS This study included 45,854 women free of hypertension at baseline. During 708,887 person-years of follow-up, 12,338 incident cases of hypertension were identified. Compared to saturated fat, higher consumption of all other macronutrients was associated with a lower risk of hypertension (HRMUFA = 0.74 [0.67: 0.81], HRPUFA = 0.84 [0.77: 0.92], HRCH = 0.83 [0.77: 0.88], HRAP = 0.91 [0.85: 0.97], HRVP = 0.93 [0.83: 1.03]). CONCLUSION This study finds that relative to other macronutrients such as monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fat, higher intake of saturated fat is associated with a higher risk of hypertension among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor James MacDonald
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), "Exposome and Heredity" Team, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Laure Madkia
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), "Exposome and Heredity" Team, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, EA 2694-Santé Publique: Epidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Claire Mounier-Vehier
- Université de Lille, CHU Lille, EA 2694-Santé Publique: Epidémiologie et Qualité des Soins, 59000, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Institut Cœur-Poumon, Médecine Vasculaire et HTA, Lille, France
| | - Gianluca Severi
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), "Exposome and Heredity" Team, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications (DISIA), University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), "Exposome and Heredity" Team, Gustave Roussy, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805, Villejuif, France.
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Critselis E, Tsiampalis T, Damigou E, Georgousopoulou E, Barkas F, Chrysohoou C, Skoumas J, Pitsavos C, Liberopoulos E, Tsioufis C, Sfikakis PP, Panagiotakos D. High fish intake rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces cardiovascular disease incidence in healthy adults: The ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1158140. [PMID: 37057185 PMCID: PMC10086327 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1158140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The long-term effects of high fish intake rich in n-3 fatty acids for deterring cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related adverse outcomes in healthy individuals have not been yet elucidated.Purpose: To evaluate the association between total seafood, as well as small fish, intake on 10- and 20-year CVD incidence and mortality in healthy adults.Methods: A prospective cohort study (n = 2,020) was conducted in healthy community dwelling adults in Athens, Greece, selected following age- and sex-based random multistage sampling (mean ± SD age at baseline: 45.2 ± 14.0 years). Seafood (high (>2 servings/week) vs. low (≤2 servings/week) intake), including small fish rich in n-3 fatty acids (high (>1 serving/week) vs. low (≤1 serving/week) intake), consumption was evaluated by semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. The occurrence of non-fatal and/or fatal CVD events (ICD-10) was assessed during 10- and 20-year follow-up periods.Results: Only 32.7% and 9.6% of participants had high seafood and small fish intakes, respectively. Participants with high seafood intake had 27% decreased 10-year CVD risk (adj. HR:0.73; 95% CI:0.55-0.98) and 74% lower attributable mortality (adj. HR:0.26; 95% CI:0.11-0.58). Participants with high seafood intake also sustained a 24% lower 20-year risk of CVD mortality (adj. HR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.55-0.98). Moreover, participants with high small fish intake had a lower 10-year CVD risk and 76% decreased risk of 10-year CVD mortality (adj. HR:0.24; 95% CI:0.06-0.99), even among normotensive individuals (adj. HR:0.31; 95% CI:0.13-0.73). When analogous analyses focused on 20-year CVD incidence and mortality, similar but not significant associations were observed (all p-values >0.10).Conclusion: High intake of seafood, and particularly small fish rich in n-3 fatty acids, was associated with a lower risk of 10-year fatal and non-fatal CVD. Thus, public health interventions aimed at enhancing small fish consumption may most effectively deter long-term CVD outcomes, particularly among low risk normotensive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Critselis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Thomas Tsiampalis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Damigou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Ekavi Georgousopoulou
- Discipline of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Fotios Barkas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Chrysohoou
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Skoumas
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Pitsavos
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Liberopoulos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Costas Tsioufis
- First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P. Sfikakis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece
- Discipline of Nutrition & Dietetics, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Demosthenes Panagiotakos,
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Effect of high-fat diet and morning or evening exercise on lipoprotein subfraction profiles: secondary analysis of a randomised trial. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4008. [PMID: 36899039 PMCID: PMC10006421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on serum lipid subfractions in men with overweight/obesity and determined whether morning or evening exercise affected these lipid profiles. In a three-armed randomised trial, 24 men consumed an HFD for 11 days. One group of participants did not exercise (n = 8, CONTROL), one group trained at 06:30 h (n = 8, EXam), and one group at 18:30 h (n = 8, EXpm) on days 6-10. We assessed the effects of HFD and exercise training on circulating lipoprotein subclass profiles using NMR spectroscopy. Five days of HFD induced substantial perturbations in fasting lipid subfraction profiles, with changes in 31/100 subfraction variables (adjusted p values [q] < 0.05). Exercise training induced a systematic change in lipid subfraction profiles, with little overall difference between EXam and EXpm. Compared with CONTROL, exercise training reduced serum concentrations of > 20% of fasting lipid subfractions. EXpm reduced fasting cholesterol concentrations in three LDL subfractions by ⁓30%, while EXam only reduced concentration in the largest LDL particles by 19% (all q < 0.05). Lipid subfraction profiles changed markedly after 5 days HFD in men with overweight/obesity. Both morning and evening exercise training impacted subfraction profiles compared with no exercise.
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Hasegawa Y, Bolling BW. Yogurt consumption for improving immune health. Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2023.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
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Dietary Fat Intake among Chinese Adults and Their Relationships with Blood Lipids: Findings from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance and Comparison with the PURE Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245262. [PMID: 36558420 PMCID: PMC9788542 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fat intake in the Chinese population has increased. The PURE (prospective urban rural epidemiology) study concluded the potential advantage of total fat and saturated fats (SFA) over carbohydrates on blood lipids with the inaccurate assessment of dietary fats. We investigated the dietary fat profile among 48,315 participants (aged 30−70 years, national representative) from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015−2017), determined the relationship of various fats with blood lipid biomarkers in the selected 39,115 participants, and compared the results with the PURE study. Dietary fat intake was calculated by using 3 days of 24 h recalls and food inventory. Serum lipid biomarkers were assessed at morning fasting state by health professionals. Plant fats (21.5% of total energy (TE)) dominated in total fat intake (69.5 g/day, 35.6% TE), with monounsaturated fats (MUFA) in the largest (13.8% TE) portion and plant oils as the major source (43.7%). Two thirds of the population consumed more than 30% TE from dietary fats and nearly half more than 35%, while 26.4% of them exceeded 10% TE from SFA. Total fat was positively associated with total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), but also high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and negatively with triglyceride (TG)-to-HDL-c ratio (TGHDL) (all p-trend < 0.05). Replacing total fat with carbohydrate yielded adverse changes in most biomarkers (higher LDL-c, TG, and TGHDL, lower HDL-c, all p < 0.05) when total fat was low (<34.9% TE). Regardless of fat intake level, replacing plant fat or polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) with carbohydrate yielded the most adverse changes (higher TC, LDL-c, TG, TC-to-HDL-c ratio (TCHDL), and TGHDL, but lower HDL-c, all p < 0.01), while replacing animal fat/SFA with plant fat/PUFA yielded the most favorable changes (lower all biomarkers, all p < 0.01). The results suggested a less harmful effect of carbohydrate on blood lipids when total fat was high, and more beneficial effect of unsaturated fats, than the PURE. In conclusion, dietary fat intake in Chinese adults had reached quite a high level, but with a different profile from Western populations. Replacement of SFA (animal fat) with PUFA (plant fat) could most effectively improve blood lipids, while replacement with carbohydrate could slightly benefit only when total fat was high. The present results may be more applicable to the Chinese population than the PURE study.
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Reprint of: Dietary fat and fatty foods in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: A review of the evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Dietary fat and fatty foods in the prevention of non-communicable diseases: A review of the evidence. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Zhao R, Zhao L, Gao X, Yang F, Yang Y, Fang H, Ju L, Xu X, Guo Q, Li S, Cheng X, Cai S, Yu D, Ding G. Geographic Variations in Dietary Patterns and Their Associations with Overweight/Obesity and Hypertension in China: Findings from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193949. [PMID: 36235601 PMCID: PMC9572670 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regional dietetic cultures were indicated in China, but how dietary patterns geographically varied across China is unknown. Few studies systematically investigated the association of dietary patterns with overweight/obesity and hypertension and the potential mechanism with a national sample. This study included 34,040 adults aged 45 years and older from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015−2017), who had complete outcome data, reliable intakes of calorie and cooking oils, unchanged diet habits, and without diagnosed cancer or cardiovascular disease. Outcomes were overweight/obesity and hypertension. By using the Gaussian finite mixture models, four dietary patterns were identified—common rice-based dietary pattern (CRB), prudent diversified dietary pattern (PD), northern wheat-based dietary pattern (NWB), and southern rice-based dietary pattern (SRB). Geographic variations in dietary patterns were depicted by age−sex standardized proportions of each pattern across 31 provinces in China. We assessed the association of these dietary patterns with outcomes and calculated the proportion mediated (PM) by overweight/obesity in the association of the dietary patterns with hypertension. Evident geographic disparities in dietary patterns across 31 provinces were observed. With CRB as reference group and covariates adjusted, the NWB had higher odds of being overweight/obese (odds ratio (OR) = 1.44, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.36−1.52, p < 0.001) and hypertension (OR = 1.07, 95%CI: 1.01−1.14, p < 0.001, PM = 43.2%), while the SRB and the PD had lower odds of being overweight/obese (ORs = 0.84 and 0.92, 95%CIs: 0.79−0.89 and 0.85−0.99, p < 0.001 for both) and hypertension (ORs = 0.93 and 0.87, 95%CIs: 0.87−0.98 and 0.80−0.94, p = 0.038 for SRB and p < 0.001 for PD, PMs = 27.8% and 9.9%). The highest risk of overweight/obesity in the NWB presented in relatively higher carbohydrate intake (about 60% of energy) and relatively low fat intake (about 20% of energy). The different trends in the association of protein intake with overweight/obesity among dietary patterns were related to differences in animal food sources. In conclusion, the geographic distribution disparities of dietary patterns illustrate the existence of external environment factors and underscore the need for geographic-targeted dietary actions. Optimization of the overall dietary pattern is the key to the management of overweight/obesity and hypertension in China, with the emphasis on reducing low-quality carbohydrate intake, particularly for people with the typical northern diet, and selection of animal foods, particularly for people with the typical southern diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongping Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liyun Zhao
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuxiang Yang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hongyun Fang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lahong Ju
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiya Guo
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shujuan Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shuya Cai
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (G.D.)
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (D.Y.); (G.D.)
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Dyson P. The Harry Keen Rank Nutrition Lecture 2022. Nutritional guidelines for diabetes management: Where do they come from and do they work? Diabet Med 2022; 39:e14904. [PMID: 35723887 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional guidelines for diabetes are designed to support those living with diabetes in achieving optimal glycaemic control, reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease and maintaining quality of life. Historically, guidelines reflected current opinion and clinical practice and only relatively recently have evidence-based recommendations been published. Current nutritional guidelines for type 1 and type 2 diabetes are based on high-quality evidence including data from randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies and are graded by the strength of evidence. There is no evidence to support one specific dietary strategy for people with diabetes, and this is particularly true for weight reduction in those with type 2 diabetes living with overweight or obesity, where the evidence suggests that different strategies are equally successful. As a result, the emphasis of modern guidelines is on individualised, person-centred approaches. Some barriers to successful implementation include lack of dietary education and knowledge in health professionals supporting people with diabetes, and a so-called obesogenic environment that impedes dietary change. Initiatives such as education and training programmes for health professionals, and population-based interventions that promote both structural and policy change are recommended to enable those with diabetes to support dietary change and improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Dyson
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, OCDEM, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
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Kelly RK, Pollard Z, Young H, Piernas C, Lentjes M, Mulligan A, Huybrechts I, Carter JL, Key TJ, Perez-Cornago A. Evaluation of the New Individual Fatty Acid Dataset for UK Biobank: Analysis of Intakes and Sources in 207,997 Participants. Nutrients 2022; 14:3603. [PMID: 36079862 PMCID: PMC9460581 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oxford WebQ is an online 24 h dietary assessment tool used by several large prospective studies. This study describes the creation of the new individual fatty acid (FA) dataset for the Oxford WebQ and reports intakes and sources of dietary individual FAs in the UK Biobank. Participants who completed ≥1 (maximum of five) 24 h dietary assessments were included (n = 207,997). Nutrient intakes were obtained from the average of all completed 24 h dietary assessments. Nutrient data from the UK McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods and the US Department of Agriculture food composition tables were used to calculate intakes of 21 individual FAs. The individual FA dataset included 10 saturated fatty acids (SFAs), 4 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and 7 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; including alpha-linolenic (18:3), eicosapentaenoic (20:5), and docosahexaenoic (22:6) acids). Palmitic (16:0; mean ± standard deviation (SD): 13.5 ± 5.7 g/d) and stearic (18:0; 5.2 ± 2.5) acids were the main contributors to SFAs, and the main sources of these were cereals and cereal products (mostly desserts/cakes/pastries), milk and milk products (mostly cheese and milk), and meat and meat products. Oleic acid (18:1; 24.2 ± 9.8) was the main MUFA, derived mainly from cereals and cereal products, and meat and meat products. Linoleic acid (18:2; 9.7 ± 4.3) was the main PUFA, derived mostly from cereals and cereal products, and vegetables (including potatoes) and vegetable dishes. The individual FA dataset for the Oxford WebQ will allow future investigations on individual FAs and disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K. Kelly
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Zoe Pollard
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Heather Young
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Carmen Piernas
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Marleen Lentjes
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics/Nutrient Gut Brain Interaction, Örebro University, 70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Angela Mulligan
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
- Nutrition Measurement Platform, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Inge Huybrechts
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, 69372 Lyon, France
| | - Jennifer L. Carter
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Timothy J. Key
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Aurora Perez-Cornago
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
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Shi K, Chen Y, Zhu X, Wu J, Chen J, Hu J, Sun X, Zhang J. Biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy incidence in adults in the United States. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:94. [PMID: 35794635 PMCID: PMC9258145 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00860-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foods have a considerable influence on human health and were directly related to glycemic control for diabetes patients. However, little is known about the effects of biscuits, a traditional food consumed in large amounts in several countries, on diabetic retinopathy. This study aimed to explore the association between biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy prevalence in adults of the United States population. METHODS A cross-sectional study with 1904 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database were included in this population-based, cross-sectional study. The association between different consumption frequencies of biscuit and diabetic retinopathy prevalence was evaluated using a binary logistic regression model. Trend test, stratified and interaction analyses were also performed. RESULTS After possible confounders including sex, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, family poverty income ratio, smoking and alcohol consumption habit, fasting blood glucose level, hemoglobin A1c level, diagnosis of diabetes, insulin use, blood pressure, body mass index were adjusted, the participants who consumed biscuit 1-11 times a year, 1-3 times a month, and more than once a week had a 139.8% (95% confidence interval, 1.003-5.734), 182.1% (95% confidence interval, 1.106-7.191), and 236.2% (95% confidence interval, 1.335-9.844) higher risk of diabetic retinopathy prevalence, respectively, compared with those who never ate biscuit. For male, non-Hispanic, and overweight (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) subgroups, the trend test demonstrated that the diabetic retinopathy prevalence significantly elevated with increased frequency of biscuit consumption (P trend = 0.021, 0.009, and 0.002, respectively). The interaction analysis suggested that no aforementioned confounders played an interactive role in the relationship between biscuit consumption and diabetic retinopathy prevalence. CONCLUSIONS The risk of diabetic retinopathy was positively associated with biscuit consumption. Moreover, for male, non-Hispanic, or overweight individuals, the risk of diabetic retinopathy significantly increased with the frequency of biscuit consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 100 Hai Ning Road, 200080, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Dietary patterns, genetic risk, and incidence of obesity: Application of reduced rank regression in 11,735 adults from the UK Biobank study. Prev Med 2022; 158:107035. [PMID: 35346749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2022.107035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have derived dietary patterns based on intake of discretionary foods and beverages and examined associations with genetic risk and obesity. We examined associations between dietary patterns based on discretionary foods, saturated fatty acids (SFA), and fiber, with a polygenetic risk score (PRS) for obesity and risk of overall obesity, central obesity and high body fat (BF) up to 9.7 years later. Data from 11,735 adults from the UK Biobank cohort study were used. Dietary patterns were derived from 24-h dietary assessments using reduced rank regression (response variables: discretionary foods and beverages [%E]; SFA [%E]; fiber density [g/MJ]). Cox proportional hazard models were used to investigate associations between dietary patterns and incident overall obesity, central obesity and high BF, with interactions by PRS. Three dietary patterns (DP) were identified. DP1, correlated positively with discretionary foods and SFA, inversely with fiber, was associated with higher risk of central obesity (hazard ratio: 1.08; 95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.14). DP2, correlated positively with discretionary foods and fiber, inversely with SFA, was not associated with obesity incidence. DP3, correlated positively with SFA and fiber, inversely with discretionary foods, was associated with lower risk of central obesity (hazard ratio: 0.92; 95% confidence interval: 0.87, 0.98). There was limited evidence of interactions with PRS. A dietary pattern high in high-SFA and low-fiber discretionary foods and beverages was associated with higher risk of obesity, independent of genetic predisposition.
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