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Loprinzi PD, Caplan JB. Lack of effects of acute exercise intensity on mnemonic discrimination. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241238881. [PMID: 38424033 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241238881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The hippocampus is thought to support episodic memory by pattern separation, thereby supporting the ability to discriminate high similarity items. Past research evaluating whether acute exercise can improve mnemonic discrimination of high similarity items is mixed. The present experiment attempts to extend these prior mixed findings by evaluating the effects of multiple exercise intensities on hippocampal-dependent, mnemonic discrimination and memory performance. Fifty-seven young adults completed a three-condition (control, moderate-intensity, and vigorous-intensity), within-subjects crossover pretest-posttest comparison. We observed no effects of acute exercise on recognition memory or mnemonic discrimination. We discuss the implications of these null findings with the broader literature by discussing the complexity of this potential exercise-mnemonic discrimination relationship, including the unique role of exercise intensity, differences in the level of processing (e.g., conceptual vs. perceptual), and unique brain regions involved in mnemonic discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy B Caplan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Arkell D, Groves I, Wood ER, Hardt O. The Black Box effect: sensory stimulation after learning interferes with the retention of long-term object location memory in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:390-399. [PMID: 34526383 PMCID: PMC8456983 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053256.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reducing sensory experiences during the period that immediately follows learning improves long-term memory retention in healthy humans, and even preserves memory in patients with amnesia. To date, it is entirely unclear why this is the case, and identifying the neurobiological mechanisms underpinning this effect requires suitable animal models, which are currently lacking. Here, we describe a straightforward experimental procedure in rats that future studies can use to directly address this issue. Using this method, we replicated the central findings on quiet wakefulness obtained in humans: We show that rats that spent 1 h alone in a familiar dark and quiet chamber (the Black Box) after exploring two objects in an open field expressed long-term memory for the object locations 6 h later, while rats that instead directly went back into their home cage with their cage mates did not. We discovered that both visual stimulation and being together with conspecifics contributed to the memory loss in the home cage, as exposing rats either to light or to a cage mate in the Black Box was sufficient to disrupt memory for object locations. Our results suggest that in both rats and humans, everyday sensory experiences that normally follow learning in natural settings can interfere with processes that promote long-term memory retention, thereby causing forgetting in form of retroactive interference. The processes involved in this effect are not sleep-dependent because we prevented sleep in periods of reduced sensory experience. Our findings, which also have implications for research practices, describe a potentially useful method to study the neurobiological mechanisms that might explain why normal sensory processing after learning impairs memory both in healthy humans and in patients suffering from amnesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Arkell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Groves
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - Emma R Wood
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hardt
- Centre for Discovery Brain Science, School of Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,The Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, The Patrick Wild Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edingurgh, Scotland EH8 9XD, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
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McFarland DJ. How neuroscience can inform the study of individual differences in cognitive abilities. Rev Neurosci 2018; 28:343-362. [PMID: 28195556 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Theories of human mental abilities should be consistent with what is known in neuroscience. Currently, tests of human mental abilities are modeled by cognitive constructs such as attention, working memory, and speed of information processing. These constructs are in turn related to a single general ability. However, brains are very complex systems and whether most of the variability between the operations of different brains can be ascribed to a single factor is questionable. Research in neuroscience suggests that psychological processes such as perception, attention, decision, and executive control are emergent properties of interacting distributed networks. The modules that make up these networks use similar computational processes that involve multiple forms of neural plasticity, each having different time constants. Accordingly, these networks might best be characterized in terms of the information they process rather than in terms of abstract psychological processes such as working memory and executive control.
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Kent BA, Hvoslef-Eide M, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ. The representational-hierarchical view of pattern separation: Not just hippocampus, not just space, not just memory? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 129:99-106. [PMID: 26836403 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pattern separation (PS) has been defined as a process of reducing overlap between similar input patterns to minimize interference amongst stored representations. The present article describes this putative PS process from the "representational-hierarchical" perspective (R-H), which uses a hierarchical continuum instead of a cognitive modular processing framework to describe the organization of the ventral visual perirhinal-hippocampal processing stream. Instead of trying to map psychological constructs onto anatomical modules in the brain, the R-H model suggests that the function of brain regions depends upon what representations they contain. We begin by discussing a main principle of the R-H framework, the resolution of "ambiguity" of lower level representations via the formation of unique conjunctive representations in higher level areas, and how this process is remarkably similar to definitions of PS. Work from several species and experimental approaches suggest that this principle of resolution of ambiguity via conjunctive representations has considerable explanatory power, leads to wide possibilities for experimentation, and also supports some perhaps surprising conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Kent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - M Hvoslef-Eide
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - L M Saksida
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - T J Bussey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; The Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada; MRC and Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
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5
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Warburton EC, Brown MW. Neural circuitry for rat recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2015; 285:131-9. [PMID: 25315129 PMCID: PMC4383363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Information concerning the roles of different brain regions in recognition memory processes is reviewed. The review concentrates on findings from spontaneous recognition memory tasks performed by rats, including memory for single objects, locations, object-location associations and temporal order. Particular emphasis is given to the potential roles of different regions in the circuit of interacting structures involving the perirhinal cortex, hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex and medial dorsal thalamus in recognition memory for the association of objects and places. It is concluded that while all structures in this circuit play roles critical to such memory, these roles can potentially be differentiated and differences in the underlying synaptic and biochemical processes involved in each region are beginning to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Warburton
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | - M W Brown
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
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