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Patel KK, Sheridan MA, Bonar AS, Giletta M, Hastings PD, Nock MK, Rudolph KD, Slavich GM, Prinstein MJ, Miller AB. A preliminary investigation into cortical structural alterations in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 336:111725. [PMID: 38456014 PMCID: PMC10917139 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The structural neural correlates underlying youth nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) warrant further exploration. Few studies have explored the association between NSSI and brain structure in adolescence, and no studies have investigated differences in the relation between age and brain structure in youth with NSSI. This preliminary investigation examined associations between NSSI history, age, and cortical structure using magnetic resonance imaging in adolescent girls (N=100, Mage=13.4 years) at increased risk for psychopathology. We conducted whole-brain analyses to investigate the associations between age and cortical structure, NSSI history and cortical structure, and NSSI history as a moderator of the association between age and cortical structure. Results suggested that age was associated with less cortical thickness and surface area in the left and right prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex. NSSI history was associated with less left insula and left inferior parietal cortex cortical surface area. Among adolescents with NSSI history, older age predicted greater left inferior parietal cortex surface area and was not associated with left precentral cortex surface area. Among adolescents without NSSI history, older age predicted smaller surface areas as expected with the typical trajectory of neurodevelopment. Overall, our results suggest differences in cortical surface area development in adolescents with NSSI history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal K Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adrienne S Bonar
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Matteo Giletta
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Paul D Hastings
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Matthew K Nock
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karen D Rudolph
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell J Prinstein
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam Bryant Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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2
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Walger H, Antonucci LA, Pigoni A, Upthegrove R, Salokangas RKR, Lencer R, Chisholm K, Riecher-Rössler A, Haidl T, Meisenzahl E, Rosen M, Ruhrmann S, Kambeitz J, Kambeitz-Ilankovic L, Falkai P, Ruef A, Hietala J, Pantelis C, Wood SJ, Brambilla P, Bertolino A, Borgwardt S, Koutsouleris N, Schultze-Lutter F. Basic Symptoms Are Associated With Age in Patients With a Clinical High-Risk State for Psychosis: Results From the PRONIA Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:552175. [PMID: 33312133 PMCID: PMC7707000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.552175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In community studies, both attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) and basic symptoms (BS) were more frequent but less clinically relevant in children and adolescents compared to adults. In doing so, they displayed differential age thresholds that were around age 16 for APS, around age 18 for perceptive BS, and within the early twenties for cognitive BS. Only the age effect has previously been studied and replicated in clinical samples for APS. Thus, we examined the reported age effect on and age thresholds of 14 criteria-relevant BS in a patient sample at clinical-high risk of psychosis (N = 261, age 15-40 yrs.), recruited within the European multicenter PRONIA-study. BS and the BS criteria, "Cognitive Disturbances" (COGDIS) and "Cognitive-perceptive BS" (COPER), were assessed with the "Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument, Adult version" (SPI-A). Using logistic regressions, prevalence rates of perceptive and cognitive BS, and of COGDIS and COPER, as well as the impact of social and role functioning on the association between age and BS were studied in three age groups (15-18 years, 19-23 years, 24-40 years). Most patients (91.2%) reported any BS, 55.9% any perceptive and 87.4% any cognitive BS. Furthermore, 56.3% met COGDIS and 80.5% COPER. Not exhibiting the reported differential age thresholds, both perceptive and cognitive BS, and, at trend level only, COPER were less prevalent in the oldest age group (24-40 years); COGDIS was most frequent in the youngest group (15-18 years). Functional deficits did not better explain the association with age, particularly in perceptive BS and cognitive BS meeting the frequency requirement of BS criteria. Our findings broadly confirmed an age threshold in BS and, thus, the earlier assumed link between presence of BS and brain maturation processes. Yet, age thresholds of perceptive and cognitive BS did not differ. This lack of differential age thresholds might be due to more pronounced the brain abnormalities in this clinical sample compared to earlier community samples. These might have also shown in more frequently occurring and persistent BS that, however, also resulted from a sampling toward these, i.e., toward COGDIS. Future studies should address the neurobiological basis of CHR criteria in relation to age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Walger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda A Antonucci
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Foundation Major Hospital Polyclinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,MoMiLab Research Unit, Institutions, Markets, Technologies (IMT) School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rebekka Lencer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, and Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharine Chisholm
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anita Riecher-Rössler
- Department of Psychiatry (Psychiatric University Hospital, UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Haidl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marlene Rosen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joseph Kambeitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lana Kambeitz-Ilankovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Ruef
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jarmo Hietala
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephen J Wood
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence for Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Ca' Granda Foundation Major Hospital Polyclinic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (Psychiatric University Hospital, UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Koutsouleris
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Psychology and Mental Health, Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Schultze-Lutter F, Ruhrmann S, Michel C, Kindler J, Schimmelmann BG, Schmidt SJ. Age effects on basic symptoms in the community: A route to gain new insight into the neurodevelopment of psychosis? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020; 270:311-324. [PMID: 30361925 PMCID: PMC7069926 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reports of limited clinical significance of attenuated psychotic symptoms before age 15/16 indicate an important role of neurodevelopment in the early detection of psychoses. Therefore, we examined if age also exerts an influence on the prevalence and clinical significance of the 14 cognitive and perceptive basic symptoms (BS) used in psychosis-risk criteria and conceptualized as the most direct self-experienced expression of neurobiological aberrations. A random representative general population sample of the Swiss canton Bern (N = 689, age 8-40 years, 06/2011-05/2014) was interviewed for BS, psychosocial functioning, and current mental disorder. BS were reported by 18% of participants, mainly cognitive BS (15%). In regression analyses, age affected perceptive and cognitive BS differently, indicating an age threshold for perceptive BS in late adolescence (around age 18) and for cognitive BS in young adulthood (early twenties)-with higher prevalence, but a lesser association with functional deficits and the presence of mental disorder in the below-threshold groups. Thereby, interaction effects between age and BS on functioning and mental disorder were commonly stronger than individual effects of age and BS. Indicating support of the proposed "substrate-closeness" of BS, differential age effects of perceptual and cognitive BS seem to follow normal brain maturation processes, in which they might occur as infrequent and temporary non-pathological disturbances. Their persistence or occurrence after conclusion of main brain maturation processes, however, might signify aberrant maturation or neurodegenerative processes. Thus, BS might provide important insight into the pathogenesis of psychosis and into differential neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Bergische Landstrasse 2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Ruhrmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chantal Michel
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Kindler
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benno G. Schimmelmann
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie J. Schmidt
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany ,Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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Ferschmann L, Vijayakumar N, Grydeland H, Overbye K, Sederevicius D, Due-Tønnessen P, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB, Pfeifer JH, Tamnes CK. Prosocial behavior relates to the rate and timing of cortical thinning from adolescence to young adulthood. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100734. [PMID: 31739096 PMCID: PMC6974908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosocial behavior, or voluntary actions that intentionally benefit others, relate to desirable developmental outcomes such as peer acceptance, while lack of prosocial behavior has been associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders. Mapping the biological foundations of prosociality may thus aid our understanding of both normal and abnormal development, yet how prosociality relates to cortical development is largely unknown. Here, relations between prosociality, as measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (self-report), and changes in thickness across the cortical mantle were examined using mixed-effects models. The sample consisted of 169 healthy individuals (92 females) aged 12-26 with repeated MRI from up to 3 time points, at approximately 3-year intervals (301 scans). In regions associated with social cognition and behavioral control, higher prosociality was associated with greater cortical thinning during early-to-middle adolescence, followed by attenuation of this process during the transition to young adulthood. Comparatively, lower prosociality was related to initially slower thinning, followed by comparatively protracted thinning into the mid-twenties. This study showed that prosocial behavior is associated with regional development of cortical thickness in adolescence and young adulthood. The results suggest that the rate of thinning in these regions, as well as its timing, may be factors related to prosocial behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Ferschmann
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Håkon Grydeland
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Knut Overbye
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Donatas Sederevicius
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Paulina Due-Tønnessen
- Department of Radiology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Center for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Christian K Tamnes
- PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Department of Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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5
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Lee D, Kwak S, Chey J. Parallel Changes in Cognitive Function and Gray Matter Volume After Multi-Component Training of Cognitive Control (MTCC) in Adolescents. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:246. [PMID: 31379541 PMCID: PMC6646454 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a unique period in which higher cognition develops to adult-level, while plasticity of neuron and behavior is at one of its peak. Notably, cognitive training studies for adolescents has been sparse and neural correlates of the training effects yet to be established. This study investigated the effects of multi-component training of cognitive control (MTCC) in order to examine whether the training enhanced adolescents' cognitive control ability and if the effects were generalizable to other cognitive domains. Cognitive control refers to the ability to adjust a series of thoughts and behaviors in correspondence to an internal goal, and involves inhibition, working memory, shifting, and dual tasking as subcomponents. The participants were middle school students (aged 11-14) and randomly assigned to either a training group or an active control group. The training group performed 30 min of MTCC per day for 6 weeks. To identify the training effects, we examined the cognitive performance, regional gray matter, and their relationship. The training group showed modest improvement in a visuospatial fluid intelligence test (Block Design) after MTCC, which was not significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. In addition, the training effect on the gray matter volume (time × group interaction) was observed in the right inferior cortex (rIFC). While the control group showed a typical reduction in the rIFC volume, the training group showed a relative increase in the homologous region. The relative change in rIFC volume was associated with the change in Stroop performance. These results imply that MTCC may affect brain structure relevant to inhibitory control process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanyung Chey
- Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Kelley NJ, Finley AJ, Schmeichel BJ. After-effects of self-control: The reward responsivity hypothesis. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:600-618. [PMID: 30673962 PMCID: PMC8182659 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Exercising self-control can be phenomenologically aversive. Insofar as individuals strive to maintain a positive emotional state, one consequence of exercising self-control may thus be a temporarily tuning toward or amplification of reward-related impulses (perhaps arising to countermand the aversive feelings that stem from self-control). Reward-relevant after-effects are relatively underappreciated in self-control research. In the current paper, we review theory and research pertaining to the idea that exercising self-control increases reward responsivity. First, we review theoretical models of self-control focusing on the relationship between control systems and reward systems. Second, we review behavioral studies regarding the effects of exercising self-control on subsequent reactivity to food, money, drugs, and positive emotional images. Third, we review findings from functional neuroimaging and electroencephalographic research pertaining to the reward responsivity hypothesis. We then call for additional research to integrate how, when, and under what circumstances self-control exertion influences reward processing. Such an endeavor will help to advance research and theory on self-control by offering a more precise characterization of the dynamic interactions between control systems and reward systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Swift Hall, 2029 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
| | - Anna J Finley
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Kelley NJ, Gallucci A, Riva P, Romero Lauro LJ, Schmeichel BJ. Stimulating Self-Regulation: A Review of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Studies of Goal-Directed Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 12:337. [PMID: 30713492 PMCID: PMC6345691 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-regulation enables individuals to guide their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors in a purposeful manner. Self-regulation is thus crucial for goal-directed behavior and contributes to many consequential outcomes in life including physical health, psychological well-being, ethical decision making, and strong interpersonal relationships. Neuroscientific research has revealed that the prefrontal cortex plays a central role in self-regulation, specifically by exerting top-down control over subcortical regions involved in reward (e.g., striatum) and emotion (e.g., amygdala). To orient readers, we first offer a methodological overview of tDCS and then review experiments using non-invasive brain stimulation techniques (especially transcranial direct current stimulation) to target prefrontal brain regions implicated in self-regulation. We focus on brain stimulation studies of self-regulatory behavior across three broad domains of response: persistence, delay behavior, and impulse control. We suggest that stimulating the prefrontal cortex promotes successful self-regulation by altering the balance in activity between the prefrontal cortex and subcortical regions involved in emotion and reward processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Kelley
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Alessia Gallucci
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Riva
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Brandon J. Schmeichel
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Banich MT, Smolker HR, Snyder HR, Lewis-Peacock JA, Godinez DA, Wager TD, Hankin BL. Turning down the heat: Neural mechanisms of cognitive control for inhibiting task-irrelevant emotional information during adolescence. Neuropsychologia 2019; 125:93-108. [PMID: 30615898 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One major question in the cognitive neuroscience of cognitive control is whether prefrontal regions contribute to control by upregulating the processing of task-relevant material or by downregulating the processing of task-irrelevant material. Here we take a unique approach to addressing this question by using multi-voxel pattern analysis, which allowed us to determine the degree to which each of the task-relevant and task-irrelevant dimensions of a stimulus are being processed in posterior cortex on a trial-by-trial basis. In our study, adolescent participants performed an emotion word - emotional face Stroop task requiring them to determine the emotional valence (positive, negative) of a task-relevant word in the context of a task-irrelevant emotional face. Using mediation models, we determined whether activation of a major cognitive control region, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), influences reaction time on a trial-by-trial basis directly or if it does so indirectly by modulating processing of the task-relevant and/or task-irrelevant information in posterior brain regions. To examine the specificity of the effects observed for the DLPFC, similar analyses were performed for the amygdala, a brain region involved in processing of the salient task-irrelevant emotional information. For both congruent and incongruent trials, increased DLPFC activity on a given trial was associated with reduced perceptual processing of the task-irrelevant face, consistent with the idea that top-down cognitive control can modulate processing of task-irrelevant information. No effect of DLPFC activity was observed on processing of the task-relevant word. However, increased processing of the task-relevant word was associated with longer RT on congruent trials but not incongruent trials, which may reflect a need for greater processing of the task-relevant word to overcome any influence of the pre-potent task-irrelevant face. In a more exploratory aspect of our investigation, multi-level moderated mediation models were used to examine the influence of individual differences on the observed brain-behavior relationships. For congruent trials, the influence of task-irrelevant face processing on RT was decreased in individuals with higher self-reported Executive Control and increased in those with higher levels of self-reported Negative Affect. These results suggest that cognitive control regions in prefrontal cortex during adolescence can suppress the processing of task-irrelevant information in sensory cortex to influence performance (RT). The processing of task-relevant information may also influence performance, but such processing did not reveal evidence of being modulated by cognitive control regions. Moreover, these effects are sensitive to individual differences in the self-reported ability to exert cognitive and affective control. As such, we provide insights into the more precise mechanisms by which cognitive control influences task performance on a trial-by-trial basis during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie T Banich
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Harry R Smolker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Hannah R Snyder
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, United States
| | - Jarrod A Lewis-Peacock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Detre A Godinez
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Tor D Wager
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Benajmin L Hankin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
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9
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Weak proactive cognitive/motor brain control accounts for poor children’s behavioral performance in speeded discrimination tasks. Biol Psychol 2018; 138:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Nicolaou E, Quach J, Lum J, Roberts G, Spencer-Smith M, Gathercole S, Anderson PJ, Mensah FK, Wake M. Changes in verbal and visuospatial working memory from Grade 1 to Grade 3 of primary school: Population longitudinal study. Child Care Health Dev 2018; 44:392-400. [PMID: 29226355 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive working memory training is being implemented without an adequate understanding of developmental trajectories of working memory. We aimed to quantify from Grade 1 to Grade 3 of primary school (1) changes in verbal and visuospatial working memory and (2) whether low verbal and visuospatial working memory in Grade 1 predicts low working memory in Grade 3. METHOD The study design includes a population-based longitudinal study of 1,802 children (66% uptake from all 2,747 Grade 1 students) at 44 randomly selected primary schools in Melbourne, Australia. Backwards Digit Recall (verbal working memory) and Mister X (visuospatial working memory) screening measures from the Automated Working Memory Assessment (M = 100; SD = 15) were used to assess Grades 1 and 3 (ages 6-7 and 8-9 years) students. Low working memory was defined as ≥1 standard deviation below the standard score mean. Descriptive statistics addressed Aim 1, and predictive parameters addressed Aim 2. RESULTS One thousand seventy (59%) of 1802 Grade 1 participants were reassessed in Grade 3. As expected for typically developing children, group mean standard scores were similar in Grades 1 and 3 for verbal, visuospatial, and overall working memory, but group mean raw scores increased markedly. Compared to "not low" children, those classified as having low working memory in Grade 1 showed much larger increases in both standard and raw scores across verbal, visuospatial, and overall working memory. Sensitivity was very low for Grade 1 low working memory predicting Grade 3 low classifications. CONCLUSION Although mean changes in working memory standard scores between Grades 1 and 3 were minimal, we found that individual development varied widely, with marked natural resolution by Grade 3 in children who initially had low working memory. This may render brain-training interventions ineffective in the early school year ages, particularly if (as population-based programmes usually mandate) selection occurs within a screening paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicolaou
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - J Quach
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - J Lum
- Deakin University, Burwood, Vic, Australia
| | - G Roberts
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - M Spencer-Smith
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - S Gathercole
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - P J Anderson
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - F K Mensah
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - M Wake
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ferschmann L, Fjell AM, Vollrath ME, Grydeland H, Walhovd KB, Tamnes CK. Personality Traits Are Associated With Cortical Development Across Adolescence: A Longitudinal Structural MRI Study. Child Dev 2018; 89:811-822. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Rinne-Albers MA, Pannekoek JN, van Hoof MJ, van Lang ND, Lamers-Winkelman F, Rombouts SA, van der Wee NJ, Vermeiren RR. Anterior cingulate cortex grey matter volume abnormalities in adolescents with PTSD after childhood sexual abuse. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:1163-1171. [PMID: 28888350 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) substantially increase the risk of later psychiatric and somatic pathology. While neurobiological factors are likely to play a mediating role, specific insights are lacking. The scarce neuroimaging studies in traumatised pediatric populations have provided inconsistent results, potentially due to the inclusion of different types of trauma. To further improve our understanding of the neurobiology of pediatric psychotrauma, this study seeks to investigate abnormalities in grey matter volume (GMV) in a homogeneous group of adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and the relationship between GMV and symptom severity. We performed a voxel based morphometry (VBM) analysis in 21 adolescents with CSA-related PTSD and 25 matched non-traumatised, non-clinical adolescents. Hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), medial PFC (mPFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) were chosen as regions of interest (ROIs). Trauma symptomatology was measured with the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) and dissociation symptoms with the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Scale (A-DES). The ROI analysis showed that the CSA-related PTSD group had significant smaller volumes of the dorsal ACC as compared to healthy controls. However, no correlations were found between GMV and scores on the TSCC and A-DES. The smaller ACC volume is partly in line with previous studies in traumatised youth and is a consistent finding in traumatised adults. Taken together our results suggest that the dorsal ACC is implicated in the neurobiological sequelae of CSA, potentially associated with an altered evaluative processing of emotion, but not directly with PTSD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam A Rinne-Albers
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - J Nienke Pannekoek
- Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-José van Hoof
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Yulius Onderwijs-zorg Expertise Partners (YOEP), Warmond, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja D van Lang
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands; University of Applied Sciences, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Serge A Rombouts
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nic J van der Wee
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert R Vermeiren
- Curium-LUMC, Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden, The Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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13
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Schmaal L, Yücel M, Ellis R, Vijayakumar N, Simmons JG, Allen NB, Whittle S. Brain Structural Signatures of Adolescent Depressive Symptom Trajectories: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017. [PMID: 28647011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Most evidence for structural brain abnormalities associated with adolescent depression is based on cross-sectional study designs that do not take into account the dynamic course of depressive symptoms and brain maturation across adolescence. In this study, a longitudinal design was used to investigate the association between different trajectories of depressive symptoms and longitudinal changes in brain structure throughout adolescence. METHOD One hundred forty-nine adolescents were assessed on depressive symptoms and underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at 12 years of age and were followed up multiple times until 19 years. Three depressive symptom trajectories (low-stable [n = 97], early-decreasing [n = 33], late-increasing [n = 19]) were identified, and effects of group and group by time on hippocampus and amygdala volume and prefrontal cortical thickness and surface area were evaluated. RESULTS The early-decreasing symptoms group exhibited differences in cortical surface area compared to the low-stable and late-increasing symptoms groups, moderated by sex. Specifically, females in the early-decreasing symptoms group showed lower anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex surface areas across adolescence compared to females in the other groups. Males in the early-decreasing symptoms group showed lower right orbitofrontal cortex surface area expansion over time compared to males in the low-stable and late-increasing symptoms groups. No effects were found for cortical thickness or for hippocampus and amygdala volume. CONCLUSION Alterations in cortical surface area were specifically observed in young people experiencing depressive symptoms in early adolescence. These findings suggest that early adolescence is a particularly sensitive period for cortical surface area abnormalities associated with depressive symptoms and could provide a critical window for treatment of (subthreshold) depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Schmaal
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; the Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Murat Yücel
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and the Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Melbourne; the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne; and Melbourne Health
| | - Rachel Ellis
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | | | - Julian G Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, and Melbourne Health
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne; Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne, and Melbourne Health
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14
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How Life Experience Shapes Cognitive Control Strategies: The Case of Air Traffic Control Training. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157731. [PMID: 27311017 PMCID: PMC4911060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human flexible behavior relies on cognitive control, it would be implausible to assume that there is only one, general mode of cognitive control strategy adopted by all individuals. For instance, different reliance on proactive versus reactive control strategies could explain inter-individual variability. In particular, specific life experiences, like a highly demanding training for future Air Traffic Controllers (ATCs), could modulate cognitive control functions. A group of ATC trainees and a matched group of university students were tested longitudinally on task-switching and Stroop paradigms that allowed us to measure indices of cognitive control. The results showed that the ATCs, with respect to the control group, had substantially smaller mixing costs during long cue-target intervals (CTI) and a reduced Stroop interference effect. However, this advantage was present also prior to the training phase. Being more capable in managing multiple task sets and less distracted by interfering events suggests a more efficient selection and maintenance of task relevant information as an inherent characteristic of the ATC group, associated with proactive control. Critically, the training that the ATCs underwent improved their accuracy in general and reduced response time switching costs during short CTIs only. These results indicate a training-induced change in reactive control, which is described as a transient process in charge of stimulus-driven task detection and resolution. This experience-based enhancement of reactive control strategy denotes how cognitive control and executive functions in general can be shaped by real-life training and underlines the importance of experience in explaining inter-individual variability in cognitive functioning.
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Trajectories of adolescent conduct problems in relation to cortical thickness development: a longitudinal MRI study. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e841. [PMID: 27327256 PMCID: PMC4931609 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple cross-sectional imaging studies have identified structural abnormalities in prefrontal, temporal and limbic regions related to conduct problems (CPs). However, the relationship between development of such neurobiological deficits and developmental pathways of CPs has remained unclear. The current study investigated distinct trajectories of CP and related trajectories of cortical thickness within a community-based sample of adolescents (n=239), age range 12-19, to address this gap. Three trajectory classes were revealed using latent class growth analyses (LCGAs), comprising a 'desisting' CP group, an 'intermediate' CP group and a 'stable low' CP group. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected with a subgroup of 171 adolescents at three waves throughout adolescence (ages 12, 16 and 19). Generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis-comparing longitudinal changes in cortical thickness and subcortical volume between CP groups for several regions of interest (ROIs)-showed that these CP groups had differential trajectories of cortical thickness in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC), and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and volume of the hippocampus. Adolescents in the desisting CP group showed an attenuation of the typical pattern of cortical thinning as present in the intermediate and stable low CP groups, in addition to an exaggeration of the typical pattern of hippocampal volume increase. These findings suggest that a deviant cortical thickness trajectory was related to a desisting CP pathway across adolescence. Such deviant neurodevelopmental growth trajectories may act as an underlying mechanism for developmental CP pathways, and possibly distinguish desisting antisocial adolescents.
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Vijayakumar N, Allen NB, Youssef G, Dennison M, Yücel M, Simmons JG, Whittle S. Brain development during adolescence: A mixed-longitudinal investigation of cortical thickness, surface area, and volume. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:2027-38. [PMID: 26946457 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
What we know about cortical development during adolescence largely stems from analyses of cross-sectional or cohort-sequential samples, with few studies investigating brain development using a longitudinal design. Further, cortical volume is a product of two evolutionarily and genetically distinct features of the cortex - thickness and surface area, and few studies have investigated development of these three characteristics within the same sample. The current study examined maturation of cortical thickness, surface area and volume during adolescence, as well as sex differences in development, using a mixed longitudinal design. 192 MRI scans were obtained from 90 healthy (i.e., free from lifetime psychopathology) adolescents (11-20 years) at three time points (with different MRI scanners used at time 1 compared to 2 and 3). Developmental trajectories were estimated using linear mixed models. Non-linear increases were present across most of the cortex for surface area. In comparison, thickness and volume were both characterised by a combination of non-linear decreasing and increasing trajectories. While sex differences in volume and surface area were observed across time, no differences in thickness were identified. Furthermore, few regions exhibited sex differences in the cortical development. Our findings clearly illustrate that volume is a product of surface area and thickness, with each exhibiting differential patterns of development during adolescence, particularly in regions known to contribute to the development of social-cognition and behavioral regulation. These findings suggest that thickness and surface area may be driven by different underlying mechanisms, with each measure potentially providing independent information about brain development. Hum Brain Mapp 37:2027-2038, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Youssef
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, School of Psychology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meg Dennison
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Murat Yücel
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian G Simmons
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Whittle S, Vijayakumar N, Dennison M, Schwartz O, Simmons JG, Sheeber L, Allen NB. Observed Measures of Negative Parenting Predict Brain Development during Adolescence. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147774. [PMID: 26824348 PMCID: PMC4732618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited attention has been directed toward the influence of non-abusive parenting behaviour on brain structure in adolescents. It has been suggested that environmental influences during this period are likely to impact the way that the brain develops over time. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between aggressive and positive parenting behaviors on brain development from early to late adolescence, and in turn, psychological and academic functioning during late adolescence, using a multi-wave longitudinal design. Three hundred and sixty seven magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained over three time points from 166 adolescents (11-20 years). At the first time point, observed measures of maternal aggressive and positive behaviors were obtained. At the final time point, measures of psychological and academic functioning were obtained. Results indicated that a higher frequency of maternal aggressive behavior was associated with alterations in the development of right superior frontal and lateral parietal cortical thickness, and of nucleus accumbens volume, in males. Development of the superior frontal cortex in males mediated the relationship between maternal aggressive behaviour and measures of late adolescent functioning. We suggest that our results support an association between negative parenting and adolescent functioning, which may be mediated by immature or delayed brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nandita Vijayakumar
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meg Dennison
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Centre of Posttraumatic Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Orli Schwartz
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian G. Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Sheeber
- Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Nicholas B. Allen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, United States of America
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18
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Friedel S, Whittle SL, Vijayakumar N, Simmons JG, Byrne ML, Schwartz OS, Allen NB. Dispositional mindfulness is predicted by structural development of the insula during late adolescence. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26209810 PMCID: PMC6989825 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the development of self-regulatory abilities. The cultivation of mindfulness has been associated with improved self-regulation. We examined brain development and dispositional mindfulness in adolescence. Adolescents with higher levels of mindfulness demonstrated less thinning in the left anterior insula.
Adolescence is a critical period of development, in which the increasing social and cognitive demands of independence need to be met by enhanced self-regulatory abilities. The cultivation of mindfulness has been associated with improved self-regulation in adult populations, and it is theorized that one neurodevelopmental mechanism that supports this capacity is the development of the prefrontal cortex. The current study examined the neurodevelopmental mechanisms associated with dispositional mindfulness in adolescence. Using a longitudinal within-persons design, 82 participants underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments at approximately ages 16 and 19, and also completed self-reported measurements of mindfulness at age 19. It was hypothesized that adolescents who demonstrated greater thinning of frontal cortical regions between the age of 16 and 19 would exhibit higher dispositional mindfulness levels at age 19. Results indicated that, contrary to predictions, adolescents with higher levels of mindfulness demonstrated less thinning in the left anterior insula. By contrast, higher IQ was associated with greater thinning of the right caudal middle frontal and right superior frontal regions. The involvement of insula development in mindfulness is consistent with a direct role for this structure in managing self-regulation, and in doing so concords with recent models of self-referential interoceptive awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Friedel
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S L Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, & Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia
| | - N Vijayakumar
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J G Simmons
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M L Byrne
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - O S Schwartz
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - N B Allen
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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19
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Mitchell IJ, Gillespie SM, Abu-Akel A. Similar effects of intranasal oxytocin administration and acute alcohol consumption on socio-cognitions, emotions and behaviour: Implications for the mechanisms of action. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:98-106. [PMID: 25956250 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin (OT) plays a critical role in the formation of long lasting social attachments across a range of mammalian species. Raising intracerebral OT levels by intranasal administration of the neuropeptide (inOT) can also have pronounced effects on human sociocognitive functioning. inOT has been associated with increasing altruism, generosity, empathy and trust while decreasing fear, anxiety and stress reactions via neural mechanisms which are yet to be fully elucidated. The observation of the prosocial effects of OT has led to speculation about the role the peptide might play in some psychiatric conditions and debate as to its potential therapeutic uses. Here we note the great similarity in the sociocognitive effects that can be induced by inOT and the effects of acute consumption of modest does of alcohol. We further reflect on how both compounds may act on limbic and prefrontal cortical structures to increase GABAergic transmission, thereby facilitating the release of prepotent responses, that is, more automatic responses which are associated with earlier developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Mitchell
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | | | - Ahmad Abu-Akel
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK
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20
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Vijayakumar N, Whittle S, Yücel M, Byrne ML, Schwartz O, Simmons JG, Allen NB. Impaired Maturation of Cognitive Control in Adolescents Who Develop Major Depressive Disorder. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 45:31-43. [PMID: 25700138 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2014.987381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study examined whether development of two forms of cognitive control (proactive and reactive) between early and midadolescence was associated with the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD) during the same period and if it prospectively predicted MDD onset between mid- and late adolescence. Adolescents (N = 165) completed 3 waves of assessments, at 12 (T1), 16 (T2), and 18 (T3) years of age. Diagnostic interviews were conducted at each time point to identify three groups of adolescents: "early MDD," those who developed MDD between early (T1) and mid- (T2) adolescence (n = 23); "late MDD," those who developed MDD between mid- (T2) and late (T3) adolescence (n = 20); and "controls," those who did not develop MDD (n = 122). A modified Stroop task was completed at T1 and T2 to examine development of proactive and reactive cognitive control. Adolescents with early MDD exhibited significant declines in reactive control, as well as a trend level decline for proactive control, during this period compared to controls. No significant differences in reactive or proactive control were identified in adolescents with late MDD compared to controls, but they did exhibit significant improvements in proactive control compared to those with early MDD. These findings suggest that normative maturation of reactive, and possibly proactive, cognitive control abilities are impaired in adolescents who develop MDD between early and midadolescence. This has implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying certain forms of behavioral dysregulation that are commonly seen in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Whittle
- b Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health , The University of Melbourne.,c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychological Sciences , The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health
| | - Murat Yücel
- c Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychological Sciences , The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health.,d Monash Clinical and Imaging Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Psychiatry , Monash University
| | - Michelle L Byrne
- e Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health , The University of Melbourne
| | - Orli Schwartz
- e Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health , The University of Melbourne
| | - Julian G Simmons
- e Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health , The University of Melbourne
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- e Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health , The University of Melbourne
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21
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Mills KL, Tamnes CK. Methods and considerations for longitudinal structural brain imaging analysis across development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 9:172-90. [PMID: 24879112 PMCID: PMC6989768 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There have now been several longitudinal studies of structural brain development. We discuss current methods and analysis techniques in longitudinal MRI. We relate MRI measures to possible underlying physiological mechanisms. We encourage more open discussion amongst researchers regarding best practices.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has allowed the unprecedented capability to measure the human brain in vivo. This technique has paved the way for longitudinal studies exploring brain changes across the entire life span. Results from these studies have given us a glimpse into the remarkably extended and multifaceted development of our brain, converging with evidence from anatomical and histological studies. Ever-evolving techniques and analytical methods provide new avenues to explore and questions to consider, requiring researchers to balance excitement with caution. This review addresses what MRI studies of structural brain development in children and adolescents typically measure and how. We focus on measurements of brain morphometry (e.g., volume, cortical thickness, surface area, folding patterns), as well as measurements derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). By integrating finding from multiple longitudinal investigations, we give an update on current knowledge of structural brain development and how it relates to other aspects of biological development and possible underlying physiological mechanisms. Further, we review and discuss current strategies in image processing, analysis techniques and modeling of brain development. We hope this review will aid current and future longitudinal investigations of brain development, as well as evoke a discussion amongst researchers regarding best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Mills
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK; Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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