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Tarasco E, Fanelli E, Salvemini C, El-Khoury Y, Troccoli A, Vovlas A, De Luca F. Entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria: from genes to field uses. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1195254. [PMID: 38469514 PMCID: PMC10926393 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1195254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The term "microbial control" has been used to describe the use of microbial pathogens (bacteria, viruses, or fungi) or entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to control various insect pest populations. EPNs are among the best biocontrol agents, and major developments in their use have occurred in recent decades, with many surveys having been conducted all over the world to identify EPNs that may have potential in the management of insect pests. For nematodes, the term "entomopathogenic" means "causing disease to insects" and is mainly used in reference to the bacterial symbionts of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis (Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively), which cause EPN infectivity. A compendium of our multiannual experiences on EPN surveys and on their collection, identification, characterization, and use in agro-forestry ecosystems is presented here to testify and demonstrate once again that biological control with EPNs is possible and offers many advantages over chemicals, such as end-user safety, minimal damage to natural enemies, and lack of environmental pollution, which are essential conditions for an advanced IPM strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustachio Tarasco
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Elena Fanelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Salvemini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Yara El-Khoury
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy
| | - Alberto Troccoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Vovlas
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca De Luca
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Bari, Italy
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Price C, Campbell H, Pope T. Potential of Entomopathogenic Nematodes to Control the Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle Psylliodes chrysocephala. INSECTS 2023; 14:665. [PMID: 37504671 PMCID: PMC10381009 DOI: 10.3390/insects14070665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Cabbage stem flea beetle (CSFB) is an important pest of oilseed rape that was controlled by neonicotinoid seed treatments until they were banned for this use in 2013. Since then, CSFB has been a difficult pest to control, partly due to widespread resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. Alternate solutions are necessary. Here, four entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) species were tested against CSFB adults under laboratory conditions. In addition, a bioassay was completed to test for EPN compatibility with a range of adjuvants (glycerin, xanthan gum and flame retardant) to protect EPNs from UV radiation and desiccation. Results show that EPNs have the potential to control CSFB adults under laboratory conditions. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora caused 75% CSFB mortality at a concentration of 4000 nematodes/mL after six days, Steinernema feltiae caused 80% CSFB mortality when applied at a concentration of 40,000 nematodes/mL after two days, Steinernema carpocapsae caused 85% mortality at a concentration of 10,000 nematodes/mL after six days, and Steinernema kraussei caused no more than 70% CSFB mortality overall compared to the water control, which led to 23% mortality. Steinernema feltiae and H. bacteriophora survival was 100% when exposed to adjuvants, except S. feltiae with glycerin and H. bacteriophora with flame retardant. Further research to evaluate the efficacy of EPN and adjuvants under field conditions is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Price
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Heather Campbell
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
| | - Tom Pope
- Agriculture and Environment Department, Harper Adams University, Newport, Shropshire TF10 8NB, UK
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Sumaya NH, Gohil R, Okolo C, Addis T, Doerfler V, Ehlers RU, Molina C. Applying inbreeding, hybridization and mutagenesis to improve oxidative stress tolerance and longevity of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 151:50-58. [PMID: 29108857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Poor shelf-life and sensitivity to environmental stress of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are traits, which deserve attention for improvement. Recently, a strong positive correlation between oxidative stress tolerance and longevity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora dauer juveniles (DJs) has been reported. In this study, the improvement of H. bacteriophora DJ longevity was achieved by hybridization and mutagenesis. A hybrid pool deriving from two oxidative stress tolerant and long-living parental strains was generated. This hybrid AU1 × HU2 survived 2.6 days and 18 days longer than its best parent under oxidative stress and control conditions, respectively. In addition to the natural genetic variability, an EMS-mutant pool (M-OXI) with high longevity was generated and one of the derived mutagenized inbred lines (MOX-IL6) survived 5.8 days and 28.4 days longer than its donor line (IL3) under oxidative stress and control conditions, respectively. A genetic cross between the mutagenized inbred line and its donor line (MOX-IL × IL3) still survived 2.5 days and 18.5 days longer than the donor line under oxidative stress and control conditions, respectively. Concerning virulence and reproductive potential, trade-off effects were not observed as a result of hybridization and mutagenesis. These results underline the potential of classical genetic approaches for trait improvement in the nematode H. bacteriophora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette Hope Sumaya
- e-nema, GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Riddhi Gohil
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christopher Okolo
- Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Temesgen Addis
- e-nema, GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Verena Doerfler
- e-nema, GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e-nema, GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany; Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 4, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Carlos Molina
- e-nema, GmbH, Klausdorfer Str. 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
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Edgington S, Thompson E, Moore D, Hughes KA, Bridge P. Investigating the insecticidal potential of Geomyces (Myxotrichaceae: Helotiales) and Mortierella (Mortierellacea: Mortierellales) isolated from Antarctica. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:289. [PMID: 25013747 PMCID: PMC4071458 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fungi isolated from environmentally challenging habitats can have adaptations of potential value when developed as insect pest-controls. Fungal isolates collected from Antarctica, Geomyces sp. I, Geomyces sp. II, Mortierella signyensis and M. alpina, were investigated for (i) growth characteristics at 0-35°C, (ii) spore production at 10 and 20°C, (iii) viability following exposure to freezing temperatures, and (iv) insecticidal activity against waxmoths (Galleria mellonella L.), houseflies (Musca domestica L.), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor L.) and black vine weevils (Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabricius). All isolates showed growth between 5-20°C, with some showing growth outside this range. Geomyces isolates sporulated over a wider range of conditions than the Mortierella isolates. Spore germination at 10°C was higher for Geomyces sp. II when this isolate was produced at 10 compared to 20°C (greatest difference 74.6 vs 32.7%). All isolates grew, with the exception of M. alpina, following exposure to -20°C for 4 weeks. Insecticidal investigations showed M. alpina and M. signyensis caused significant mortality of waxmoth and housefly larvae via injection and soil inoculation, and M. alpina caused significant mortality of housefly larvae via baiting; the Geomyces isolates had little lethal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Thompson
- CABI UK-Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY UK
| | - Dave Moore
- CABI UK-Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY UK
| | - Kevin A Hughes
- British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ET UK
| | - Paul Bridge
- CABI UK-Centre, Bakeham Lane, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9TY UK
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Zhang C, Liu J, Xu M, Sun J, Yang S, An X, Gao G, Lin M, Lai R, He Z, Wu Y, Zhang K. Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), a novel member of the entomopathogenic nematodes. J Invertebr Pathol 2008; 98:153-68. [PMID: 18410943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 02/02/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During a recent soil sample survey in Eastern China, a new entomopathogenic nematode species, collected from the Chongming Islands in the southern-eastern area of Shanghai, was discovered. Morphological characteristics of different developmental stages of the nematode combined with molecular data showed that this nematode is a new genus of Rhabditidae, and described as Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov., for that it shares more morphological characteristics with heterorhabditids than with steinernematids. For males, the papillae formula of bursa is 1, 2, 3, 3, with constant papillae number in the terminal group, stoma tubular-shaped and about 1.5 head width; cheilorhabdions cuticularized, esophageal collar present and long, median bulb present. For infective juveniles, EP=90 (80-105)microm, ES=104 (92-120)microm, tail length=111 (89-159)microm, and a=19.1 (15-21). The percentages of the nucleotides A, T, C and G in the ITS1 regions of the new species are significantly different from those of heterorhabditids and other rhabditids. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data revealed that the new entomopathogenic nematode species forms a monophyletic group, which is a sister group of the clade comprised of some genera of Rhabditidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxing Zhang
- Department of Zoology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Stock SP, Griffin CT, Burnell AM. Morphological characterisation of three isolates of Heterorhabditis Poinar, 1976 from the 'Irish group' (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) and additional evidence supporting their recognition as a distinct species, H.downesi n.sp. Syst Parasitol 2002; 51:95-106. [PMID: 11924599 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014062429652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The morphological variation of three representative isolates of the 'Irish group' of Heterorhabditis was examined. First generation hermaphrodites were characterised by having a blunt and mucronate tail. Females (second generation) and third-stage infective juveniles were also distinguished by the morphology of the tail and the presence of a refractile projection in the tail tip. Males were characterised by the position of the excretory pore and by the value of ratio SW. These morphological features do not fit the description of currently recognised Heterorhabditis species, and provide additional evidence in support for the consideration of the Irish group as a new species. A description of this species, as H. downesi n. sp., is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Patricia Stock
- Department of Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616-8668, USA
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