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Oguzlu H, Baldelli A, Mohammadi X, Kong A, Bacca M, Pratap-Singh A. Cold Plasma for the Modification of the Surface Roughness of Microparticles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:35634-35644. [PMID: 39184515 PMCID: PMC11339808 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c03787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Cold plasma treatment is commonly used for sterilization. However, another potential of cold plasma treatment is surface modification. To date, several efforts have been directed toward investigating the effect of cold plasma treatment in modifying the surfaces of films. Here, the impact of suspension properties and parameters of cold plasma treatment on the changes of surfaces of monodisperse polymeric microparticles is tested. The plasma treatment did not touch the surface chemistry of the monodisperse polymeric microparticles. The concentration of suspensions of 1 mg/mL was determined to relate to a stronger effect of the plasma treatment on the roughness of the microparticles. Microparticles with an average diameter of 20 μm show a roughness increase with the plasma treatment time. However, a plasma treatment time longer than 15 min damages the microparticles, as observed in particles with an average diameter of 20 and 50 μm. We finally prototyped monodisperse microparticles to deliver drugs to the nasal mucosa by studying the effect of roughness in their (undesired) self-adhesion and (desired) adhesion with tissue. A moderate roughness, with an average peak-to-valley distance of 500 nm, appears to be the most effective in reducing the detachment forces with nasal tissue by up to 5 mN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Oguzlu
- Faculty
of Dentistry, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Sustainable
Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- School
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Alberto Baldelli
- School
of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Queensland
Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
- Faculty of
Food and Land Systems, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xanyar Mohammadi
- Faculty of
Food and Land Systems, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Albert Kong
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mattia Bacca
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, The University
of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Anubhav Pratap-Singh
- Faculty of
Food and Land Systems, The University of
British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
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2
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Patel A, Arik M, Sarkar A. An Undergraduate Laboratory Module Integrating Organic Chemistry and Polymer Science. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2024; 101:1686-1695. [PMID: 38617818 PMCID: PMC11008100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.3c01194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Polymer science is receiving wider acceptance in the organic chemistry community; thus, it is imperative to include it in the undergraduate organic chemistry curriculum. Despite the ever-increasing popularity of the topic of polymer chemistry in undergraduate curricula, a comprehensive laboratory experiment module describing a polypeptide synthesis by ring-opening polymerization of N-carboxyanhydride (NCA ROP) and a homopolymer synthesis by activators-regenerated by electron-transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET ATRP) has yet to be proposed. Herein, we report a semester-long, ten week undergraduate laboratory module focusing on the synthesis and analytical characterization of polyalanine and polystyrene for an advanced organic chemistry class. Students received hands-on-experiences in synthesizing polymers followed by their characterization via proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which are not well-presented in the typical organic chemistry curricula. These engaging hands-on lessons in the newly designed laboratory module not only increase students' interests in an interdisciplinary environment of organic chemistry and polymer science but also cultivate their research interests and communication skills and promote critical thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Patel
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Michael Arik
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey 07043, United States
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Design, Preparation and Thermal Characterization of Polystyrene Composites Reinforced with Novel Three-Cages POSS Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25132967. [PMID: 32605259 PMCID: PMC7412199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25132967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polystyrene (PS)/polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes (POSSs) nanocomposites were designed and prepared by in situ polymerization, using, for the first time, three-cage POSS molecules. The synthesized compounds were first characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1H NMR spectroscopy to verify the obtaining of the designed products before their thermal performance was evaluated and compared with those of pristine PS and the corresponding single-cage POSSs nanocomposites. The thermal behaviour was checked by the means of the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was also used to confirm the hypothesis about the dispersion/aggregation of the POSS molecules into the polymer matrix. The parameters chosen to evaluate the thermal stability of the investigated compounds, namely temperature at 5% of mass loss (T5%) and solid residue at 700 °C, showed a significant increase in the stability of the polymers reinforced with the three-cages POSS, in comparison to both PS and single-cage POSS reinforced PSs, which therefore turn out to be promising molecular fillers for nanocomposite production.
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Poon CK, Tang O, Chen XM, Pham BTT, Gody G, Pollock CA, Hawkett BS, Perrier S. Preparation of Inert Polystyrene Latex Particles as MicroRNA Delivery Vectors by Surfactant-Free RAFT Emulsion Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:965-73. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheuk Ka Poon
- Key
Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Owen Tang
- Kolling
Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Xin-Ming Chen
- Kolling
Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Binh T. T. Pham
- Key
Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Guillaume Gody
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Carol A. Pollock
- Kolling
Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Brian S. Hawkett
- Key
Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sébastien Perrier
- Key
Centre for Polymers and Colloids, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Building F11, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381
Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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Sarker M, Chen X, Schreyer D. Experimental approaches to vascularisation within tissue engineering constructs. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2015; 26:683-734. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2015.1059018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Foti L, Sionek A, Stori EM, Soares PP, Pereira MM, Krieger MA, Petzhold CL, Schreiner WH, Soares MJ, Goldenberg S, Saul CK. Electrospray induced surface activation of polystyrene microbeads for diagnostic applications. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:2725-2731. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01884b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Proposed electrochemical reaction mechanism: (a) highly charged microbeads approach the electrolyte; (b) microbeads sink and are solvated by water molecules; (c) water oxidation reaction disrupts PS surface bonds; (d) oxygen is incorporated into the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Foti
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná
- 81350-010 – Curitiba
- Brazil
| | - Andre Sionek
- Departamento de Física – UFPR
- 81531-990 – Curitiba
- Brazil
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Immunostimulatory Activity of Polysaccharides Isolated fromCaulerpa lentilliferaon Macrophage Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 76:501-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Li C, Meng M, Chen D, Wang Z, Han H, Chen H, Zhang J, Li X. The immunostimulatory effect of novel immunostimulator CH2b with a thiazolidin-4-one ring on the functions of LPS-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:698-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tang KS, Shapiro EM. The effect of cryoprotection on the use of PLGA encapsulated iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic cell labeling. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 24:125101. [PMID: 23459030 PMCID: PMC5026304 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/12/125101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic PLGA nanoparticles are a significant advancement in the quest to translate MRI-based cell tracking to the clinic. The benefits of these types of particles are that they encapsulate large amounts of iron oxide nanocrystals within an FDA-approved polymer matrix, combining the best aspects of inert micron-sized iron oxide particles, or MPIOs, and biodegradable small particles of iron oxide, or SPIOs. Practically, PLGA nanoparticle fabrication and storage requires some form of cryoprotectant to both protect the particle during freeze drying and to promote resuspension. While this is a commonly employed procedure in the fabrication of drug loaded PLGA nanoparticles, it has yet to be investigated for magnetic particles and what effect this might have on internalization of magnetic particles. As such, in this study, magnetic PLGA nanoparticles were fabricated with various concentrations of two common cryoprotectants, dextrose and sucrose, and analyzed for their ability to magnetically label cells. It was found that cryoprotection with either sugar significantly enhanced the ability to resuspend nanoparticles without aggregation. Magnetic cell labeling was impacted by sugar concentration, with higher sugar concentrations used during freeze drying more significantly reducing magnetic cell labeling than lower concentrations. These studies suggest that cryoprotection with 1% dextrose is an optimal compromise that preserves monodispersity following resuspension and high magnetic cell labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Erik M. Shapiro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Molecular and Cellular MRI Laboratory, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, 300 Cedar Street, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Kadam RS, Bourne DWA, Kompella UB. Nano-advantage in enhanced drug delivery with biodegradable nanoparticles: contribution of reduced clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:1380-8. [PMID: 22498894 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.044925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of reduced apparent clearance to the enhanced exposure reported for biodegradable nanoparticles after extravascular and intravascular routes of administration. Plasma concentration profiles for drug and nanoparticle formulations after administration by intravenous, intraduodenal, and oral routes were extracted from the literature. Data were fit to pharmacokinetic models using BOOMER. The compartmental pharmacokinetic analysis of literature data for six drugs (camptothecin, 9-nitrocamptothecin, epirubicin, vinpocetine, clozapine, and cyclosporine) showed that the encapsulation of drug molecules in nanoparticles significantly reduced the apparent clearance and prolonged the apparent circulation half-life compared with those for the plain drug. Positively charged nanoparticles assessed in this study had lower apparent clearance, lower elimination rate constant values, and longer apparent circulation half-life than neutral and negatively charged nanoparticles. After oral administration, a reduction in apparent clearance contributed substantially to elevations in plasma drug exposure with nanoparticles. For the drugs and delivery systems examined, the nano-advantage in drug delivery enhancement can be explained, in part, by reduced clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Kadam
- Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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11
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Altıntaş EB, Türkmen D, Karakoç V, Denizli A. Efficient Removal of Bilirubin from Human Serum by Monosize Dye Affinity Beads. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:957-71. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x496594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Banu Altıntaş
- a Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Türkmen
- b Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Veyis Karakoç
- c Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- d Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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12
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Zhang L, Zha DA, Du T, Mei S, Shi Z, Jin Z. Formation of superhydrophobic microspheres of poly(vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene)/graphene composite via gelation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8943-9. [PMID: 21657267 DOI: 10.1021/la200982n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We report on the spontaneous formation of superhydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP)/graphene composite microspheres with uniform size via gelation. When the suspension of PVDF-HFP/graphene (0.25 wt. % with respect to PVDF-HFP) in DMF adsorbs water vapor, it changes to a hybrid gel. A dried porous gel is obtained after solvent exchange and freeze drying. Morphology characterization shows that this hybrid gel is composed of PVDF-HFP/graphene microspheres with a diameter of 8-10 μm. In contrast, PVDF-HFP solution gives rise to a cellular microstructure following the same experimental procedures. We further elucidate the formation mechanism on the basis of the characterization by freeze fracture transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry characterizations. Furthermore, contact angle measurements of water on PVDF-HFP/graphene indicates that the hydrophobic nature of PVDF-HFP combined with the micro/nanoscale hierarchical texture creates a superhydrophobic surface. Such superhydrophobic microspheres may have potential applications as water-repellent catalyst-supporting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Abstract
Synthetic polymeric microspheres find application in a wide range of medical applications. Among other applications, microspheres are being used as bulking agents, embolic- or drug-delivery particles. The exact composition of the spheres varies with the application and therefore a large array of materials has been used to produce microspheres. In this review, the relation between microsphere synthesis and application is discussed for a number of microspheres that are used for different treatment strategies.
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14
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Hommel H. Developments of the spin labelling study of polymers at interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 141:1-23. [PMID: 18353269 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The spin labelling method has been used in a large variety of situations, in the broad field of polymers at solid interfaces. The relevance of the method is confirmed on linear neutral chains of poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) in well defined situations and compared with the simple theoretical calculations of a mean field theory or some scaling arguments. Both theories have their own strengths and weaknesses. Then the fact, that polymers at solid liquid interfaces are three components systems, is considered and successively the effect of varying the polymer architecture, the solid surface and the solvent is studied. In all these cases specific results are obtained by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) showing the usefulness and the versatility of the method.
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15
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Prokopov NI, Gritskova IA, Cherkasov VR, Chalykh AE. Synthesis of monodisperse functional polymeric microspheres for immunoassay. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1996v065n02abeh000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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16
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Williams JB, Ye Q, Hitchens TK, Kaufman CL, Ho C. MRI detection of macrophages labeled using micrometer-sized iron oxide particles. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25:1210-8. [PMID: 17520727 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate cellular labeling of immune cells using micron-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) and evaluate the MR relaxivity and MRI detection of the labeled cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immune cells isolated from mice and rats were labeled with three different sizes of MPIO particles (0.35, 0.90, or 1.63 microm). These labeled cells were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, MR relaxometry, and MRI. RESULTS Macrophage uptake of MPIOs was found to be highest for the 1.63-microm size particles. MR relaxivity measurements indicated greater spin-spin relaxation for MPIO-labeled cells relative to cells labeled with nanometer-sized ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles with similar iron content. TEM and fluorescence microscopy indicated cellular uptake of multiple MPIO particles per cell. Macrophages labeled with 1.63-microm MPIOs had an average cellular iron uptake of 39.1 pg/cell, corresponding to approximately 35 particles per cell. CONCLUSION Cells labeled with one or more MPIO particles could be readily detected ex vivo at 11.7 Tesla and after infusion of the MPIO-labeled macrophages into the kidney of a rat, hypointense regions of the outer cortex are observed, in vivo, by MRI at 4.7 Tesla.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B Williams
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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17
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Silva GA, Ducheyne P, Reis RL. Materials in particulate form for tissue engineering. 1. Basic concepts. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2007; 1:4-24. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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18
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Den[idot]zl[idot] A, Tuncel A, Kozluca A, Ecev[idot]t K, P[idot]şk[idot]n E. Cibacron Blue F3G-A Attached Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Particles for Specific Albumin Adsorption. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01496399708000942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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19
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Altıntaş EB, Denizli A. Affinity adsorption of recombinant human interferon-α on monosize dye-affinity beads. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Hughes S, El Haj AJ, Dobson J. Magnetic micro- and nanoparticle mediated activation of mechanosensitive ion channels. Med Eng Phys 2005; 27:754-62. [PMID: 15985383 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2005.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 04/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Most cells are known to respond to mechanical cues, which initiate biochemical signalling pathways and play a role in cell membrane electrodynamics. These cues can be transduced either via direct activation of mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels or through deformation of the cell membrane and cytoskeleton. Investigation of the function and role of these ion channels is a fertile area of research and studies aimed at characterizing and understanding the mechanoactive regions of these channels and how they interact with the cytoskeleton are fundamental to discovering the specific role that mechanical cues play in cells. In this review, we will focus on novel techniques, which use magnetic micro- and nanoparticles coupled to external applied magnetic fields for activating and investigating MS ion channels and cytoskeletal mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University, Thornburrow Drive, Hartshill, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 7QB, UK
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21
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Saleem IY, Vordermeier M, Barralet JE, Coombes AGA. Improving peptide-based assays to differentiate between vaccination and Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle using nanoparticle carriers for adsorbed antigens. J Control Release 2005; 102:551-61. [PMID: 15681078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2004] [Accepted: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of diagnostic tests to differentiate between vaccinated animals and those infected with Mycobacterium bovis is required so that test and slaughter control strategies can continue alongside vaccination. In this work, the peptide antigen, ESAT-6, p45, derived from the N-terminal sequence of the ESAT-6 protein, was adsorbed onto a range of microparticulate and nanoparticulate substrates to enhance the in vitro immune response of blood lymphocytes previously sensitised to M. bovis. Two types of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles (both approximately 300 nm in linear dimension), carbonate hydroxyapatite nanospheres (CHA, approximately 50 nm), two sizes of polystyrene nanospheres ( approximately 500 and 40 nm), calcium carbonate microparticles (0.3-1.0 microm) and glass microspheres (1.0-3.0 microm) were incubated in a solution of the peptide in PBS. Peptide adsorption increased on the nanoparticle carriers in the order HA (2.5+/-0.12%w/w), CHA (4.9+/-0.12) polystyrene (500 nm, 6.8+/-0.15%, 40 nm, 9.2+/-0.07) and these systems exhibited fairly low levels of desorption (approximately 10-15% peptide release) over a 24-h incubation period in PBS at 37 degrees C. HA, CHA and polystyrene carriers with adsorbed peptide were subsequently tested in the BOVIGAM assay to investigate the efficiency of the immune response of blood lymphocytes in terms of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production. A general elevation of IFN-gamma production resulted for particle-bound peptide relative to free peptide at high peptide concentrations (>10 microg/ml). Only HA-adsorbed peptide resulted in consistently higher immune responses at low peptide concentration (<0.1 microg/ml) compared with the free peptide, indicating that peptide antigens adsorbed to hydroxyapatite nanoparticles may be useful, in diagnostic assays, for differentiating between tuberculosis (TB)-infected and vaccinated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Saleem
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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22
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Cong H, Zhang M, Cao W. Hollow Cu-NP Spheres Made from Electroless Cu Deposition with Colloidal Particles as Templates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200500026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Musyanovych A, Adler HJP. Grafting of amino functional monomer onto initiator-modified polystyrene particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:2209-2217. [PMID: 15752008 DOI: 10.1021/la047960+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene nanoparticles with grafted chains of an amino functionalized polymer were prepared by a two-step polymerization process. In the first step, the polystyrene seed particles were synthesized by the conventional batch emulsion polymerization using terpolymer HAS (hydroperoxide monomer, acrylic acid, and styrene) as a surface-active initiator. The surface of the obtained particles contains carboxyl groups, which are responsible for the latex stability, and residual undecomposed hydroperoxide groups. Therefore, in the second step, an amino functional monomer was grafted onto the hydroperoxide modified polystyrene particles by a "grafting from" approach. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NMR, and scanning electron microscopy were used to examine the surface of the amino functionalized particles. The amount of incorporated amino groups onto the particles was determined by fluorescenometric titration. In general, the number of amino groups on the particle surface increased with the increase of the functional monomer content in the reaction mixture. The incorporation of the functional monomer was also confirmed by electrophoretic measurements. Final particles possess amphoteric character due to the presence of amino and carboxyl groups on the surface. Adsorption of human immunoglobulins G onto the amino functionalized particles was studied as a function of pH and ionic strength. The covalent binding of human IgG was performed using the glutaraldehyde preactivation method. The immunoreactivity of the latex-IgG complex was examined by the latex agglutination test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Musyanovych
- Organic Chemistry III, Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069 Ulm, Germany.
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Yang Z, Cong H, Cao W. Narrowly dispersed micrometer-sized composite spheres based on diazonium-polystyrene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.20256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Cibacron Blue F3GA incorporated magnetic poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) beads for lysozyme adsorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.20485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Radomska-Galant I, Basinska T. Poly(styrene/α-tert-butoxy-ω-vinylbenzylpolyglycidol) Microspheres for Immunodiagnostics. Principle of a Novel Latex Test Based on Combined Electrophoretic Mobility and Particle Aggregation Measurements. Biomacromolecules 2003; 4:1848-55. [PMID: 14606918 DOI: 10.1021/bm0342887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The principle of a novel latex agglutination test based on combined results of electrophoretic mobility and particle aggregation measurements is described. Poly(styrene/alpha-tert-butoxy-omega-vinylbenzylpolyglycidol) (P(S/PGL)) microspheres were synthesized by a one step soap-free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and alpha-tert-butoxy-omega-vinylbenzylpolyglycidol macromonomer with number average molecular weight Mn = 2700 (polydispersity [Mw]/[Mn] = 1.10). Particles with monomodal size distribution (number average diameter Dn = 220 nm) and surface fraction of polyglycidol equal to f = 0.42 mol % were obtained. Human serum albumin (HSA) was covalently bound onto the surface of P(S/PGL) microspheres activated with 1,3,5-trichlorotriazine. In a model immunodiagnostic assay for anti-HSA, in which P(S/PGL) particles with covalently bound HSA have been used, the electrophoretic mobility and aggregation of microspheres were measured simultaneously. This approach allowed detection of anti-HSA in the serum in the range of anti-HSA concentrations from 0.1 to 150 microg/mL. The highest changes in electrophoretic mobility were registered for microspheres with surface concentration of immobilized HSA equal to Gamma = 9.2 x 10(-4) g/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Radomska-Galant
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Institute of Technical Biochemistry Technical University of Lodz, ul. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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27
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28
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EPR Spectroscopy Analysis of Hydrophobically Modified Dextran-Coated Polystyrene. J Colloid Interface Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Kocakulak M, Denizli A, Rad AY, Pişkin E. New sorbent for bilirubin removal from human plasma: Cibacron Blue F3GA-immobilized poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 693:271-6. [PMID: 9210429 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cibacron Blue F3GA-immobilized poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads were investigated as a specific sorbent for bilirubin removal from human plasma. The poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads were prepared by a modified suspension copolymerization technique. Cibacron Blue F3GA was covalently coupled to the poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads via the nucleophilic reaction between the chloride of its triazine ring and the hydroxyl groups of the HEMA molecule, under alkaline conditions. Bilirubin adsorption was investigated from hyperbilirubinemic human plasma on the poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads containing different amounts of immobilized Cibacron Blue F3GA, (between 5.0-16.5 micromol/g). The non-specific bilirubin adsorption on the unmodified poly(EGDMA-HEMA) microbeads were 0.32 mg/g from human plasma. Higher bilirubin adsorption values, up to 14.8 mg/g, were obtained with the Cibacron Blue F3GA-immobilized microbeads. Bilirubin molecules interacted with these sorbents directly. Contribution of albumin adsorption on the bilirubin adsorption was pronounced. Bilirubin adsorption increased with increasing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kocakulak
- Bioengineering Division, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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30
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Kowalczyk D, Marsault JP, Slomkowski S. Atomic force microscopy of human serum albumin (HSA) on poly(styrene/acrolein) microspheres. Colloid Polym Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00655225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Ozcengiz G. Biotechnological developments in Turkey. Crit Rev Biotechnol 1996; 16:53-94. [PMID: 8935909 DOI: 10.3109/07388559609146600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Turkey is a country not usually associated with industrial biotechnology. However, when current research potential in universities and other R & D centers and particularly contributions made to the international literature since the mid-1980s are taken into account, high-quality international-level work is now commonplace, especially in areas such as industrial microbiology, enzyme technology, biomaterials and biological wastewater treatment. Work in plant biotechnology is at a relatively early stage, but is expected to become a rapidly developing force in the near future. The present article documents current potential in Turkey, based on significant publications produced during the last 8 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ozcengiz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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32
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Miksa B, Slomkowski S. Adsorption and covalent immobilization of human serum albumin (HSA) and gamma globulins (gamma G) onto poly(styrene/acrolein) latexes with pyrene, dansyl, and 2,4-dinitrophenyl labels. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1996; 7:77-96. [PMID: 7545003 DOI: 10.1163/156856295x00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The poly(styrene/acrolein) latexes (P(SA)1 and P(SA)2), differing in poly(acrolein) content, were synthesized by the emulsifier-less emulsion-precipitation polymerization of styrene and acrolein. The fraction of poly(acrolein) in the surface layer was 0.35 and 0.50, for the P(SA)1 and P(SA)2 latex, respectively. Latexes were labelled with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), dansylhdrazine (DAH), and 1-aminopyrene (APY). Surface concentration of labels varied from 4.20.10(-7) mol m-2 (for APY label on P(SA)1 latex) to 1.54.10(-6) mol m-2 (for DNPH label on P(SA)2 latex) reflecting the fraction of polyacrolein in the surface layer and bulkiness of the label. The differences between adsorption and covalent immobilization of human serum albumin and gamma globulins onto the P(SA)2 latex and onto its derivatives labelled with the 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP), dansyl (DA), and pyrene (PY) groups were small. The observation conforms to the hypothesis that polyacrolein forms domains on the surface of the P(SA) latexes and that after labelling some aldehyde groups are still available for the covalent immobilization of proteins. Labelled and parent latexes were used in the model slide and turbidimetric aggregation tests for the goat anti-HSA. The fluorescent latexes, labelled with APY and DAH, and latexes labelled and with DNPH were found to be suitable for the model tests, similarly as the nonlabelled ones, however, some differences in the sensitivity, depending on the presence and the nature of labels, were noticed. The standard goat anti-HSA serum (Sigma) was detected at maximum dilution equal to 2000 in the slide test, and in the dilution region from 1.8.10(3) to 4.7.10(6) times in the turbidimetric test.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miksa
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz
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33
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Ayhan H, Tuncel A, Bor N, Pişkin E. Phagocytosis of monosize polystyrene-based microspheres having different size and surface properties. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1996; 7:329-42. [PMID: 7495763 DOI: 10.1163/156856295x00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nondegradable monosize polystyrene (PS) based polymeric microspheres with different size and surface chemistries were prepared by different polymerization techniques. Surfaces of the plain microspheres were further modified biologically by albumin (BSA) or fibronectin (Fn) preadsorption. Phagocytosis of these polymeric microspheres by leukocytes and macrophages were investigated. The phagocytic response of both leukocytes and macrophages decreased by increasing size of the particles. More hydrophilic particles phagocytosed less. Positive charges increased the uptake while negative charges oppositely reduced the uptake. BSA on the surface almost prevented the uptake, while Fn caused opsonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ayhan
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Miksa B, Wilczynska M, Cierniewski C, Basinska T, Slomkowski S. Composite poly(methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) latex for immunoassay. The case of plasminogen. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1996; 7:503-13. [PMID: 8608087 DOI: 10.1163/156856295x00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate-methacrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) latex (ACRYLAT) was synthesized by radical precipitation polymerization. The mass median diameter (MMD) and the geometrical standard deviation (GSD) of the ACRYLAT particles were 138 nm and 1.2, respectively. The concentration of the titrable carboxylic groups in the surface layer of latex particles was equal to 8.41 x 10(-6) mol m-2. Latex was able to bind up to 2.82 x 10(-7) mol of 1-aminopyrene per 1 m2 of the surface of the latex particles due to the ionic interactions between carboxylate anions and ammonium cations of protonated 1-aminopyrene. ACRYLAT was able to immobilize covalently human serum albumin in amounts up to 0.23 mg m-2. Aggregation of ACRYLAT with immobilized HSA, induced with specific antibodies (anti-HSA), was investigated turbidimetrically. The results indicated that in the model turbidimetric immunoassay, ACRYLAT coated with HSA can be used for the detection of anti-HSA in the goat anti-HSA serum diluted from 50 to 7000-fold. Immobilization of rabbit antibodies to plasminogen (anti-Plg) to ACRYLAT via the epsilon-aminocaproic acid linkers provided particles which were used for the development of the turbidimetric immunoassay for plasminogen. In this assay plasminogen could be detected in concentration ranging from 0.75 to 75 micrograms ml-1 in the blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Miksa
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Polymer Chemistry, Lodz, Poland
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Ciçek H, Tuncel A, Tuncel M, Pişkin E. Degradation and drug release characteristics of monosize polyethylcyanoacrylate microspheres. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 1995; 6:845-56. [PMID: 7772571 DOI: 10.1163/156856295x00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Monosize, biodegradable poly(ethylcyanoacrylate) (PECA) microspheres with a diameter of 1.3 microns were prepared by a relatively new polymerization method, the so-called phase inversion polymerization. The effects of pH and temperature on the degradation behavior of PECA particles were investigated. PECA microspheres were degraded mainly by surface erosion. The degradation rate increased with increasing pH temperature. A model drug, i.e. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) was loaded into the monosize PECA microspheres during polymerization. The drug incorporation into the PECA microspheres increased with increasing initial drug concentration in the monomer phase. Drug release from the PECA microspheres was investigated at different pH. Higher drug release rates were observed in the neutral and alkaline media as compared with the acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ciçek
- Chemical Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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