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Zarobkiewicz MK, Wawryk-Gawda E, Kowalska W, Janiszewska M, Bojarska-Junak A. γδ T Lymphocytes in Asthma: a Complicated Picture. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:4. [PMID: 33661375 PMCID: PMC7932949 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A minor subset (approximately 5%) of peripheral T cells has their TCR build up from γ and δ chains instead of α and β—those are the γδ T lymphocytes. They can be functionally divided into subsets, e.g., Th1-, Th2-, Th9-, Th17-, Tfh-, and Treg-like γδ T cells. They share some specifics of both innate and adaptive immunity, and are capable of rapid response to a range of stimuli, including some viral and bacterial infections. Atopic diseases, including asthma, are one of major health-related problems of modern western societies. Asthma is one of the most common airway diseases, affecting people of all ages and having potential life-threatening consequences. In this paper, we review the current knowledge about the involvement of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of asthma and its exacerbations. We summarize both the studies performed on human subjects as well as on the murine model of asthma. γδ T cells seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, different subsets probably perform opposite functions, e.g., symptom-exacerbating Vγ1 and symptom-suppressing Vγ4 in mice model of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał K Zarobkiewicz
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Wawryk-Gawda
- Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Rheumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Wioleta Kowalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Mariola Janiszewska
- Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics With E-Learning Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bojarska-Junak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
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Ferreira SS, Oliveira MA, Tsujita M, Nunes FPB, Casagrande FB, Gomes E, Russo M, Tavares de Lima W, Martins JO. Insulin Modulates the Immune Cell Phenotype in Pulmonary Allergic Inflammation and Increases Pulmonary Resistance in Diabetic Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:84. [PMID: 32117245 PMCID: PMC7026190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Reports have shown that the onset of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients previously diagnosed with asthma decreases asthmatic symptoms, whereas insulin aggravates asthma. The present study evaluated the modulatory effect of insulin on the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of relative insulin deficiency, an experimental model of diabetes was induced by a single dose of alloxan (50 mg/kg, i.v.). After 10 days, the mice were sensitized with ovalbumin [OVA, 20 μg and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. A booster immunization was performed 6 days after the first sensitization [20 μg of OVA and 2 mg of Al(OH)3, i.p.]. The OVA challenge (1 mg/mL) was performed by daily nebulization for 7 days. Diabetic animals were treated with multiple doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) before each challenge with OVA. The following parameters were measured 24 h after the last challenge: (a) the levels of p38 MAP kinase, ERK 1/2 MAP kinases, JNK, STAT 3, and STAT 6 in lung homogenates; (b) the serum profiles of immunoglobulins IgE and IgG1; (c) the concentrations of cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, VEGF, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) in lung homogenates; (d) cells recovered from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); (e) the profiles of immune cells in the bone marrow, lung, thymus, and spleen; and (f) pulmonary mechanics using invasive (FlexiVent) and non-invasive (BUXCO) methods. Results: Compared to non-diabetic OVA-challenged mice, OVA-challenged diabetic animals showed decreases in ERK 1 (2-fold), ERK 2 (7-fold), JNK (phosphor-54) (3-fold), JNK/SAPK (9-fold), STAT3 (4-fold), the levels of immunoglobulins, including IgE (1-fold) and IgG1 (3-fold), cytokines, including Th2 profile cytokines such as IL-4 (2-fold), IL-5 (2-fold), IL-13 (4-fold), TNF-α (2-fold), VEGF (2-fold), and TGF-β (2-fold), inflammatory infiltrates (14-fold), T cells, NK cells, B cells and eosinophils in the bone marrow, lung, thymus and spleen, and airway hyperreactivity. STAT6 was absent, and no eosinophilia was observed in BALF. Insulin treatment restored all parameters. Conclusion: The data suggested that insulin modulates immune cell phenotypes and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in the development of allergic airway inflammation in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maristela Tsujita
- Laboratory of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda P B Nunes
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Casagrande
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gomes
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Momtchilo Russo
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wothan Tavares de Lima
- Laboratory of Physiopathology of Experimental Lung Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University São Paulo (ICB/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University São Paulo (FCF/USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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Chaker AM. [Biologics in Rhinology - Forthcoming Personalized Concepts: the Future Starts Today]. Laryngorhinootologie 2018; 97:S142-S184. [PMID: 29905356 PMCID: PMC6541111 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-123484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sinunasale Erkrankungen zählen mit zu den häufigsten chronischen Erkrankungen und führen zu einer erheblichen Störung der Lebensqualität, ein komorbides Asthma ist häufig. Trotz leitliniengerechter Therapie ist anzunehmen, dass mind. 20% der Patienten ihre Erkrankungssymptome nicht adäquat kontrollieren können. Neben den etablierten chirurgischen und konservativen Therapieoptionen finden sich nun vielversprechende Therapieansätze, die bspw. mittels therapeutischer Antikörper mechanistisch gezielt in die Pathophysiologie der Erkrankungen eingreifen können. Die Auswahl der geeigneten Patienten durch geeignete Biomarker und die richtige Therapie zum richtigen Stadium der Erkrankung anbieten zu können, ist das Ziel stratifizierter Medizin und eine wichtige Perspektive für die HNO.Chronic diseases of the nose and the paranasal sinuses are most common, frequently associated with bronchial asthma, and result in substantial reduction of quality of life. Despite optimal treatment according to guidelines, approx. 20 % of the patients will report inadequate control of symptoms. Apart from well established surgical and conservative approaches in therapy new therapeutic antibodies are available that aim specifically pathophysiological targets. The optimal allocation of effective therapy for patients using appropriate biomarkers at the most suitable timepoint is the hallmark of stratified medicine and an important perspective in ENT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Chaker
- Klinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde und Zentrum für Allergie und Umwelt, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München
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Strom MA, Silverberg JI. Asthma, hay fever, and food allergy are associated with caregiver-reported speech disorders in US children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2016; 27:604-11. [PMID: 27091599 PMCID: PMC5216174 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with asthma, hay fever, and food allergy may have several factors that increase their risk of speech disorder, including allergic inflammation, ADD/ADHD, and sleep disturbance. However, few studies have examined a relationship between asthma, allergic disease, and speech disorder. We sought to determine whether asthma, hay fever, and food allergy are associated with speech disorder in children and whether disease severity, sleep disturbance, or ADD/ADHD modified such associations. METHODS We analyzed cross-sectional data on 337,285 children aged 2-17 years from 19 US population-based studies, including the 1997-2013 National Health Interview Survey and the 2003/4 and 2007/8 National Survey of Children's Health. RESULTS In multivariate models, controlling for age, demographic factors, healthcare utilization, and history of eczema, lifetime history of asthma (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 1.18 [1.04-1.34], p = 0.01), and one-year history of hay fever (1.44 [1.28-1.62], p < 0.0001) and food allergy (1.35 [1.13-1.62], p = 0.001) were associated with increased odds of speech disorder. Children with current (1.37 [1.15-1.59] p = 0.0003) but not past (p = 0.06) asthma had increased risk of speech disorder. In one study that assessed caregiver-reported asthma severity, mild (1.58 [1.20-2.08], p = 0.001) and moderate (2.99 [1.54-3.41], p < 0.0001) asthma were associated with increased odds of speech disorder; however, severe asthma was associated with the highest odds of speech disorder (5.70 [2.36-13.78], p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION Childhood asthma, hay fever, and food allergy are associated with increased risk of speech disorder. Future prospective studies are needed to characterize the associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Strom
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Departments of Dermatology, Preventive Medicine and Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Northwestern Medicine Multidisciplinary Eczema Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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McGill JL, Sacco RE. γδ T cells and the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 181:24-29. [PMID: 26923879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of nonconventional T cells that play a critical role in bridging the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. γδ T cells are particularly abundant in ruminant species and may constitute up to 60% of the circulating lymphocyte pool in young cattle. The frequency of circulating γδ T cells is highest in neonatal calves and declines as the animal ages, suggesting these cells may be particularly important in the immune system of the very young. Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a significant cause of respiratory infection in calves, and is most severe in animals under one year of age. BRSV is also a significant factor in the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is closely related to BRSV and a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children worldwide. BRSV infection in calves shares striking similarities with RSV infection in human infants. To date, there have been few studies defining the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV or RSV infection in animals or humans, respectively. However, emerging evidence suggests that γδ T cells may play a critical role in the early recognition of infection and in shaping the development of the adaptive immune response through inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production. Further, while it is clear that γδ T cells accumulate in the lungs during BRSV and RSV infection, their role in protection vs. immunopathology remains unclear. This review will summarize what is currently known about the role of γδ T cells in the immune response to BRSV and BRDC in cattle, and where appropriate, draw parallels to the role of γδ T cells in the human response to RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Ave., Manhattan, KS 66503, USA.
| | - Randy E Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1920 Dayton Ave., Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Integriertes Schleimhautimmunsystem der oberen Atemwege: intraepitheliale Lymphozyten, NALT und der Waldeyer-Rachenring. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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The role of the γ δ T cell in allergic diseases. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:963484. [PMID: 24995350 PMCID: PMC4065764 DOI: 10.1155/2014/963484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominant distribution of γδ T cells in the mucosal and epithelial tissues makes these unconventional lymphocytes the “guards” to contact external environment (like allergens) and to contribute to immune surveillance, as well as “vanguards” to participate in initiating mucosal inflammation. Therefore, γδ T cells have been considered to bridge the innate and adaptive immunity. The role these cells play in allergy seems to be complicated and meaningful, so it makes sense to review the characteristics and role of γδ T cells in allergic diseases.
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Zeng S, Wu J, Liu J, Qi F, Kimura Y, Cao Y, Liu B. Infection with respiratory syncytial virus influences FasL-mediated apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells in a murine model of allergen sensitization. J Asthma 2014; 51:360-5. [PMID: 24564286 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.878954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that adoptive transfer of γδ T cells increases the cellular infiltration, especially eosinophils, in the lungs of allergic mice, suggesting that γδ T cells may play a proinflammatory role in allergic airway inflammation. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection can decrease the number of Th2-type γδ T cells. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS BALB/c mice were inoculated intranasally with RSV before or after sensitization to OVA. The amounts of Th1/Th2 cytokines as well as the levels of specific antibodies were determined by ELISA. The apoptotic death of pulmonary γδ T cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Adoptive transfer of γδ T cells increased the production of Th2 cytokines in the lungs and allergy-related antibodies in the serum, further confirming that γδ T cells act as pro-inflammatory cells or a promoter for the development of allergic asthma. RSV infection before sensitization to OVA enhanced apoptotic death of pulmonary γδ T cells. The percentage and absolute number of FasL-expressing γδ T cells in the lungs of allergic mice were elicited significantly by prior RSV infection. Blocking FasL with monoclonal antibody diminished apoptotic death of γδ T cells, suggesting that FasL is important for RSV-induced apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells. CONCLUSIONS This work provides evidence that RSV infection suppresses the subsequent development of OVA-induced allergic responses partly by enhancing FasL-mediated apoptosis of pulmonary γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
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Wu YL, Ding YP, Tanaka Y, Shen LW, Wei CH, Minato N, Zhang W. γδ T cells and their potential for immunotherapy. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:119-35. [PMID: 24520210 PMCID: PMC3920167 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.7823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 (also termed Vγ2Vδ2) T cells, a major human peripheral blood γδ T cell subset, recognize microbial (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate and endogenous isopentenyl diphosphate in a TCR-dependent manner. The recognition does not require specific accessory cells, antigen uptake, antigen processing, or MHC class I, class II, or class Ib expression. This subset of T cells plays important roles in mediating innate immunity against a wide variety of infections and displays potent and broad cytotoxic activity against human tumor cells. Because γδT cells express both natural killer receptors such as NKG2D and γδ T cell receptors, they are considered to represent a link between innate and adaptive immunity. In addition, activated γδ T cells express a high level of antigen-presenting cell-related molecules and can present peptide antigens derived from destructed cells to αβ T cells. Utilizing these antimicrobial and anti-tumor properties of γδ T cells, preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted to develop novel immunotherapies for infections and malignancies. Here, we review the immunological properties of γδ T cells including the underlying recognition mechanism of nonpeptitde antigens and summarize the results of γδ T cell-based therapies so far performed. Based on the results of the reported trials, γδ T cells appear to be a promising tool for novel immunotherapies against certain types of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Wu
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
| | - Yan-Ping Ding
- 1. Lab of Molecular Immunology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 630 Xincheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- 3. Center for Innovation in Immunoregulative Technology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Li-Wen Shen
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Chuan-He Wei
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- 4. Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Wen Zhang
- 2. Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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Vδ2 T cell deficiency in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis). Clin Immunol 2013; 149:65-72. [PMID: 23891739 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have characterized phenotypic and functional alterations within T-cell receptor αβ-expressing T cells in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). We analyzed the frequency, subset composition and in vitro activation of blood γδ T cells in GPA patients. We observed a significant reduction of γδ T cell numbers, due to the selective depletion of the Vδ2 subset which remained consistent over time upon repeated analysis. The loss of Vδ2 T cells was not due to migration into the inflamed lesions as very few γδ T cells were detected in inflammatory infiltrates. The memory subset distribution did not differ among Vδ2 T cells from healthy donors and GPA patients. Importantly, the remaining Vδ2 T cells were capable of responding to phosphoantigen stimulation in vitro. The marked depletion of blood Vδ2 T cells in GPA suggests cellular exhaustion, possibly due to chronic exposure to and continuous overstimulation by microbial phosphoantigens.
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Zhang L, Liu J, Wang E, Wang B, Zeng S, Wu J, Kimura Y, Liu B. Respiratory syncytial virus protects against the subsequent development of ovalbumin-induced allergic responses by inhibiting Th2-type γδ T cells. J Med Virol 2013; 85:149-56. [PMID: 23154879 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection has been hypothesized to be a risk factor for the development of allergy and asthma, but epidemiologic studies in humans still remain inconclusive. The association between RSV infection and allergic diseases may be dependent on an atopic background and previous history of RSV infection. It has been reported that RSV infection before sensitization to an allergen decreased the production of Th2-like cytokines in the lung and the levels of allergen-specific Th2-type antibodies in the serum. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, the role of pulmonary γδ T cells in RSV-affected, allergen-induced airway inflammation was investigated. BALB/c mice were sensitized to or challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) and infected with RSV either before or after the sensitization period. It became clear that sensitization and challenge of mice with OVA induced a large influx of γδ T cells to the lungs. However, prior RSV infection inhibited the infiltration of γδ T cells as well as activated γδ T cells, characterized by expression of CD40L or CD69 molecular in the cell surface. Moreover, prior RSV infection elevated the type 1 cytokine gene expression but suppressed type 2 cytokine expression in the lung γδ T cells. Adoptive transfer of γδ T cells from OVA-sensitized and challenged mice increased airway inflammation, suggesting that γδ T cells may play a proinflammatory role in allergic responses. These results described here support the idea of an unknown γδ T cell-dependent mechanism in the regulation of RSV-affected, allergen-induced allergic airway responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiying Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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de Oliveira Henriques MDGM, Penido C. γδ T Lymphocytes Coordinate Eosinophil Influx during Allergic Responses. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:200. [PMID: 23316161 PMCID: PMC3540995 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue eosinophil infiltration, which is a hallmark of allergic and helminthic diseases, is mainly coordinated by T lymphocytes, via the production of eosinophilotactic chemokines. Among T lymphocyte subsets, lymphocytes expressing γδ T cell receptor have been determined as a key factor for eosinophil accumulation via direct and indirect mechanisms. This knowledge is strongly supported by the fact that, in different experimental models of eosinophilic airway inflammation and helminth-induced Th2 lung inflammation, an evident tissue accumulation of γδ T lymphocytes is observed. In addition, the depletion of γδ T lymphocytes is correlated with the impairment of eosinophil accumulation in inflamed tissue. γδ T lymphocytes are non-conventional T lymphocytes, which comprise a minor T lymphocyte subset, mainly distributed in the tissue, and present crucial roles in innate and acquired immune responses. γδ T lymphocytes recognize several danger- and pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules and stress antigens in a MHC-independent fashion and can provide rapid tissue-specific responses, via the production of a wide range of chemical mediators capable to modulate other cell populations. These mediators include chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines that attract eosinophils into the tissue by either direct recognition (such as IL-5, CCL11/eotaxin), or indirect mechanisms via the modulation of αβ T lymphocytes and macrophages (through the production of interferon-γ, IL-4, and CCL2/Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1, for example). The present review presents an overview of how γδ T lymphocytes coordinate eosinophil accumulation in allergy, by focusing on their role in airway inflammation and by discussing the involvement of cytokines and chemokines in this phenomenon.
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Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients. J Med Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-011-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effects of Immunotherapy on the Distribution and Clonality of TCR Vγ and Vδ Subfamily T Cells in Allergic Rhinitis Patients
The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in the peripheral specific IgE level, distribution of TCR Vg and Vd subfamily T cells and mRNA expressions of TCR Vg I-III following specific immunotherapy (SIT) with house-dust-mite extract in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients. Ten AR patients undergoing SIT with house-dust-mite extract for 1 year were recruited. Quantitative analysis of immunofluorescence was performed to detect the serum specific IgE (sIgE) level before and after SIT; RT-PCR-genescan analysis was employed to detect the mRNA expressions of TCR Vg (I-III) and Vd (1-8) in the peripheral mononuclear cells followed by analysis of T cell clonality. Real-time quantitative PCR was applied to detect the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. For AR patients, SIT treatment could improve the symptoms, but the serum sIgE level was not markedly decreased. Before SIT, the expressions of TCR Vg I-III gene were similar between AR patients and controls (P>0.05) but markedly decreased after SIT in AR patients (P<0.05 in TCR VgI and VgII). The expressions of TCR Vd (1-8) before and after SIT were 5.3±0.82 and 4.9±0.57, respectively, and that in healthy controls was 5.2±1.40. Vd1, 2, 3 and 6 were the most common genes found in these patients. Significant difference in the TCR Vd6 subfamily T cells was found between the two groups. Polyclonal or biclonal proliferation was found in the T cells of patients before SIT and in healthy controls, but oligoclonal proliferation in only 1 subject before SIT. After SIT, the proportion of patients with oligoclonal proliferation of T cells (6/10) was markedly increased (P<0.05). SIT for 1 year could alter the expressions of TCR Vg I-III genes, the distribution of TCR Vg and Vd T cells and the ways in which T cells proliferate. The early improvement of symptoms following immunotherapy might not be related to the serum sIgE content in AR patients, but associated with the TCR gd T cells, especially the TCR V d6 T cells.
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Kiyono H, Okada K. [Mucosal immune systems--frontline of the biological defence mechanism]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 114:843-50. [PMID: 22295432 DOI: 10.3950/jibiinkoka.114.843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Pawankar R, Mori S, Ozu C, Kimura S. Overview on the pathomechanisms of allergic rhinitis. Asia Pac Allergy 2011; 1:157-67. [PMID: 22053313 PMCID: PMC3206239 DOI: 10.5415/apallergy.2011.1.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic rhinitis a chronic inflammatory disease of the upper airways that has a major impact on the quality of life of patients and is a socio-economic burden. Understanding the underlying immune mechanisms is central to developing better and more targeted therapies. The inflammatory response in the nasal mucosa includes an immediate IgE-mediated mast cell response as well as a latephase response characterized by recruitment of eosinophils, basophils, and T cells expressing Th2 cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, a switch factor for IgE synthesis, and IL-5, an eosinophil growth factor and on-going allergic inflammation. Recent advances have suggested new pathways like local synthesis of IgE, the IgE-IgE receptor mast cell cascade in on-going allergic inflammation and the epithelial expression of cytokines that regulate Th2 cytokine responses (i.e., thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and IL-33). In this review, we briefly review the conventional pathways in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and then elaborate on the recent advances in the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. An improved understanding of the immune mechanisms of allergic rhinitis can provide a better insight on novel therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
Asthma has been considered a T helper 2 (T(H)2) cell-associated inflammatory disease, and T(H)2-type cytokines, such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13, are thought to drive the disease pathology in patients. Although atopic asthma has a substantial T(H)2 cell component, the disease is notoriously heterogeneous, and recent evidence has suggested that other T cells also contribute to the development of asthma. Here, we discuss the roles of different T cell subsets in the allergic lung, consider how each subset can contribute to the development of allergic pathology and evaluate how we might manipulate these cells for new asthma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To examine the current evidence for IgE and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms in acute and chronic rhinosinusitis. RECENT FINDINGS Epidemiological studies show that classical IgE-mediated allergy is present in a proportion of acute rhinosinusitis patients. There is conflicting evidence whether the prevalence of IgE-mediated allergy is greater in chronic rhinosinusitis than in individuals without chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite presence of classical IgE-mediated allergy, based on elevated allergen-specific serum IgE levels and positive skin prick tests, currently there is no direct evidence for allergy as a major cause of sinonasal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. There is increasing evidence that non-IgE-mediated fungal hypersensitivity and nonallergic IgE-associated inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis in some forms of chronic rhinosinusitis, including allergic fungal sinusitis. Specific IgE to bacterial superantigens may also be elevated in nasal polyps and modulate eosinophilic inflammation. Recent insights into mucosal immune mechanisms yield intriguing prospects for the roles of mucosal IgE, mast cells and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms that require further examination in rhinosinusitis. SUMMARY There is a need for further immunological studies of the systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral mechanisms in well defined patient groups and controls to better understand the role of IgE and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms and nonhypersensitivity functions of IgE in rhinosinusitis.
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Dodd J, Riffault S, Kodituwakku JS, Hayday AC, Openshaw PJM. Pulmonary V gamma 4+ gamma delta T cells have proinflammatory and antiviral effects in viral lung disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1174-81. [PMID: 19124761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.2.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Host defenses, while effecting viral clearance, contribute substantially to inflammation and disease. This double action is a substantial obstacle to the development of safe and effective vaccines against many agents, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is a common cold virus and the major cause of infantile bronchiolitis worldwide. The role of alphabeta T cells in RSV-driven immunopathology is well studied, but little is known about the role of "unconventional" T cells. During primary RSV challenge of BALB/c mice, some Vgamma7+ gammadelta T cells were present; however, immunization with a live vaccinia vector expressing RSV F protein substantially enhanced Vgamma4+ gammadelta T cell influx after RSV infection. Harvested early, these cells produced IFN-gamma, TNF, and RANTES after ex vivo stimulation. By contrast, those recruited 5 days after challenge made IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10. Depletion of gammadelta T cells in vivo reduced lung inflammation and disease severity and slightly increased peak viral replication but did not prevent viral clearance. These studies demonstrate a novel role for gammadelta T cells in the development of immunopathology and cellular influx into the lungs after immunization and RSV challenge. Though a minor population, gammadelta T cells have a critical influence on disease and are an attractive interventional target in the alleviation of viral lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Dodd
- Center for Respiratory Infections, National Heart and Lung Institute, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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Requirement of L-selectin for gammadelta T lymphocyte activation and migration during allergic pleurisy: co-relation with eosinophil accumulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:303-12. [PMID: 19135179 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intra-thoracic antigenic challenge (ovalbumin, 12.5 microg/cavity) led to increased numbers of gammadelta T lymphocytes in pleural cavities, blood and thoracic lymph nodes in sensitized mice within 48 h. Part of these cells expressed CD62L, which increased on gammadelta T cell surfaces obtained from lymph nodes after ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. Selectin blockade by fucoidan pre-treatment (10 mg/kg, i.v.) impaired in vivo increase in CD25(+) and c-fos(+) gammadelta T cell numbers in lymph nodes, indicating a role for selectins on gammadelta T lymphocyte activation and proliferation. In vivo selectin blockade by fucoidan or alpha-CD62L mAb (200 microg/mice, i.p.) also inhibited OVA-induced gammadelta T cell accumulation in pleural cavities. Confirming the direct effect of CD62L on gammadelta T cell transmigration, the migration of i.v. adoptively-transferred CFSE-labeled gammadelta T lymphocytes into pleural cavities of challenged recipient mice was impaired by fucoidan ex vivo treatment. It is noteworthy that eosinophil influx was also impaired in those mice, indicating that reduced eosinophil migration by CD62L in vivo blockade depended on gammadelta T cell migration via CD62L molecules. Accordingly, pleural gammadelta T lymphocytes from fucoidan-treated mice presented reduced OVA-induced IL-5 and CCL11 production. Supporting these data, the depletion of Vgamma4 T lymphocytes, which are pulmonary gammadelta T cells, decreased OVA-induced eosinophil influx into allergic site. Such results demonstrate that CD62L is crucial for the activation of gammadelta T cells in lymph nodes, for their migration into inflamed tissue and for the modulation of eosinophil influx during allergic response.
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Russano AM, Agea E, Casciari C, de Benedictis FM, Spinozzi F. Complementary roles for lipid and protein allergens in triggering innate and adaptive immune systems. Allergy 2008; 63:1428-37. [PMID: 18925879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent advances in allergy research mostly focussed on two major headings: improving protein allergen purification, which is aimed towards a better characterization of IgE- and T-cell reactive epitopes, and the potential new role for unconventional innate and regulatory T cells in controlling airway inflammation. These advancements could appear to be in conflict each other, as innate T cells have a poorly-defined antigen specificity that is often directed toward nonprotein substances, such as lipids. METHOD To reconcile these contrasting findings, the model of cypress pollinosis as paradigmatic for studying allergic diseases in adults is suggested. RESULTS The biochemical characterization of major native protein allergens from undenatured pollen grain demonstrated that the most relevant substance with IgE-binding activity is a glycohydrolase enzyme, which easily denaturizes in stored grains. Moreover, lipids from the pollen membrane are implicated in early pollen grain capture and recognition by CD1(+) dendritic cells (DC) and CD1-restricted T lymphocytes. These T cells display Th0/Th2 functional activity and are also able to produce regulatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-beta. CD1(+) immature DCs expand in the respiratory mucosa of allergic subjects and are able to process both proteins and lipids. CONCLUSION A final scenario may suggest that expansion and functional activation of CD1(+) DCs is a key step for mounting a Th0/Th2-deviated immune response, and that such innate response does not confer long-lasting protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Russano
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Wolfram C, Rasche C, Audring H, Wahls M, Worm M. Isolation and phenotypic characterization of mucosal nasal lymphocytes by direct ex vivo analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008; 266:677-83. [PMID: 18766360 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-008-0795-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellular inflammation of the nasal mucosa demonstrates a local immune response which plays an important role in allergic rhinitis. The aim of the present study was to characterize nasal mucosal lymphocytes regarding their activation and differentiation state by direct ex vivo flowcytometric analysis. Lymphocytes from the inferior turbinates were isolated by a mechanical method of preparation and, for comparison, from peripheral blood by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Patients suffering from rhinitis or difficulty in nasal breathing were divided into an allergic (pollen-allergy, n = 13) and non-allergic group (n = 24). Expression of different T- and B-cell markers was determined by flowcytometric analysis. CD4+ T-cells from the nasal mucosa exhibited a memory phenotype (CD45RO+, 97%), were highly activated (CD69+, 43-73%), and showed low expression of the cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA+, 5%). Nasal CD20+ B-lymphocytes expressed significantly higher levels of mIgE and lower levels of CD23 and CD80 than peripheral B-cells. Subsets of CD80+ (4%) and CD86+ (6%) CD20+ B-lymphocytes were identified in the nasal mucosa. No significant differences between allergic and non-allergic individuals were determined. As expected, the data show profound phenotypical differences between circulating peripheral blood and nasal mucosal lymphocytes. Activated memory lymphocytes are present in the nasal mucosa from allergic, but also non-allergic patients and may indicate to a significant role of a local inflammatory state without systemic criteria for allergy. In our study, we show that direct ex vivo isolation of lymphocytes is practicable method and offers a new technique to examine the local nasal allergic immune response using a multiparametric phenotypical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Wolfram
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergy-Center-Charité, Medical University Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Kim CH, Witherden DA, Havran WL. Characterization and TCR variable region gene use of mouse resident nasal gammadelta T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1259-63. [PMID: 18667688 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident gammadelta T lymphocytes, such as dendritic epidermal T cells, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), and resident pulmonary lymphocytes, are known to support local tissue homeostasis and host defense. Inhaled antigens, toxins, and microorganisms first interact with the immune system through contact with the nasal mucosa. Herein, we characterized two populations of resident nasal lymphocytes (RNL) that are present in the nasal mucosa: nasal IEL (nIEL) and nasal lamina propria lymphocytes (nLPL). gammadelta TCR+ and alphabeta TCR+ nIEL and nLPL were detected by immunofluorescent staining. Mononuclear cells (5-15%) were CD3+ RNL by FACS analysis. Among the CD3+ RNL, 20-30% were GL3+ gammadelta T cells, which were double-negative for CD4 and CD8 and predominantly expressed a Vgamma4/Vdelta1 TCR. These results demonstrate that RNL might be crucial for the host defense and tissue homeostasis in the nasal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Russano AM, Agea E, Corazzi L, Postle AD, De Libero G, Porcelli S, de Benedictis FM, Spinozzi F. Recognition of pollen-derived phosphatidyl-ethanolamine by human CD1d-restricted gamma delta T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 117:1178-84. [PMID: 16675349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2005] [Revised: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidences from mice and human beings indicate that gammadelta T cells could be relevant in recognition of stress-induced self and/or yet unidentified inhaled foreign antigens. Their specificity differs from classic MHC-restricted alphabeta T cells and involves the immunoglobulin-like structure of the gammadelta T-cell receptor with the recognition of small organic molecules, alkylamines, and self lipid compounds presented by CD1+ dendritic cells. OBJECTIVE Because CD1 receptors are mainly devoted to lipid antigen presentation, we sought to determine whether exogenous pollen membrane lipids may act as allergens for CD1-restricted gammadelta T cells. METHODS Peripheral blood and nasal mucosa-associated gammadelta T cells were cloned from normal controls and cypress-sensitive subjects and tested for their antigen specificity and CD1-restriction with phospholipids extracted from tree pollen grains, as well with other natural or synthetic compounds. Phospholipid reactivity of cloned gammadelta T cells was measured by mean of proliferative response and cytokine release as well as by testing their helper activity on IgE production in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Cloned gammadelta T lymphocytes from subjects with allergy, but not normal controls, were found to recognize pollen-derived phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE) in a CD1d-restricted fashion. Only 16:0/18:2 and 18:2/18:2 PE were stimulatory, whereas no response was recorded for disaturated PE, phosphatidylcholine, neutral lipids, or protein extract. Proliferating clones secreted both T(H)1-type and T(H)2-type cytokines and drove IgE production in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION CD1d-restricted gammadelta T cells specific for phospholipids can represent a key mucosal regulatory subset for the control of early host reactivity against tree pollens. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS By knowing how lipid allergen constituents interact with mucosal immune system, we can expand our possibilities in diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Russano
- Experimental Immunology and Allergy, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
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Cairo C, Arabito E, Landi F, Casati A, Brunetti E, Mancino G, Galli E. Analysis of circulating gammadelta T cells in children affected by IgE-associated and non-IgE-associated allergic atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:116-21. [PMID: 15958077 PMCID: PMC1809419 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that not only alphabeta(+) T cells, but also the less common gammadelta(+) T cells may play a role as effectors and immunoregolatory cells in the development and perpetuation of allergic inflammation. The objective of this study was to focus on the role of gammadelta(+) T cells in atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic relapsing inflammatory disease of the skin, often associated with allergic bronchial asthma. The present study employed flow cytometric analysis to compare numbers and phenotypic characteristics of gammadelta(+) T cells in the peripheral blood of children with atopic dermatitis and age-matched healthy controls. The percentage of circulating Vgamma 9Vdelta2(+) T lymphocytes was significantly increased in AD patients with respect to the age-matched controls, with a positive correlation with clinical score severity. The prevalent phenotype in both AD patients and controls was CD45RO(+), with no differences observed in the percentage of Vdelta2(+) CD45RO(+) between these groups. Conversely, memory CD45RO(+) CD62L(+) Vdelta2(+) lymphocytes were significantly lower in AD patients. Furthermore, naive circulating Vdelta2(+) T lymphocytes were significantly lower in AD children than in aged-matched controls. No correlation was observed between circulating Vgamma 9Vdelta2(+) expansion and IgE serum levels. It was concluded that an association exists between the levels of circulating gammadelta(+) T lymphocytes and atopic dermatitis, with a positive correlation with clinical score but no link with IgE serum levels. The pathophysiological role of gammadelta T lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cairo
- Research Center San Pietro Hospital, Fatebenefratelli- AFaR- Rome, Italy
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McCutcheon JA, Yee H, Hayashi R, Licari B, Lombardo D, Rosenberg PA, Phelan J. Identification of γδT lymphocytes in human periapical lesions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 19:106-10. [PMID: 14871350 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2004.00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Endodontic (root canal) therapy is required when the pulp of a tooth becomes necrotic due to a bacterial infection or trauma. A proportion of patients who receive endodontic therapy subsequently have periapical (around the tooth root) lesions detected by radiolucency. Currently, there are no means to identify susceptible patients. Although tissue from periapical lesions has been described as inflammatory, inflammatory cell types and their functions have been poorly characterized. For example, T lymphocytes were identified using pan specific anti-CD3 mAb, which recognizes both alphabeta and gammadeltaT cells. Using the current model of gammadeltaT cells as immunoregulatory cells; gammadeltaT cells can mediate protective or destructive milieus. We postulated that patients who have a periapical lesion, as identified by radiographic bone loss, mount a gammadeltaT cell response. We collected specimens removed by surgery from both periapical lesions and other oral tissues, generated total RNA and performed reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction to identify rearranged delta genes. Results were confirmed with semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. In addition, we demonstrate that these lesions contain a population of CD3+ cells that are alphabetaT cell receptor negative, implying that these cells are gammadeltaT cells. Here we show that 36/37 of periapical lesions and only 2/11 of other lesions contain gammadeltaT cells (P<0.0001). Vdelta2+ T cells were the most common subtype identified (30/36) in these samples. This is the first report in the literature of the presence of gammadeltaT cells in human periapical lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McCutcheon
- New York University, College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA.
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Isogai S, Rubin A, Maghni K, Ramos-Barbon D, Taha R, Yoshizawa Y, Hamid Q, Martin JG. The effects of CD8+gammadelta T cells on late allergic airway responses and airway inflammation in rats. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:547-55. [PMID: 13679814 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(03)01720-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamma-delta (gammadelta) T cells regulate immune responses to foreign protein at mucosal surfaces. Whether they can modify allergen-induced early (EAR) and late airway responses (LAR) is unknown. OBJECTIVE We have tested the hypothesis that the CD8+ subtype of gammadelta T cells decreases allergen-induced LAR and airway eosinophilia in the rat. METHODS Brown Norway rats were administered, intraperitoneally, 3.5 x 10(4) lymph node CD8+gammadelta T cells from naive or sensitized rats. The recipients were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) in Al(OH)(3) 3 days after cell transfer and challenged with aerosolized OVA 14 days later. Serum IgE was measured before allergen challenge. After challenge, lung resistance was monitored for 8 hours and then bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was analyzed for eosinophil major basic protein (MBP), IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-gamma messenger RNA-expressing cells. RESULTS gammadelta T cells from naive donors significantly decreased LAR in OVA-challenged sensitized rats, whereas MBP(+) eosinophils were decreased by both gammadelta T cells from naive and sensitized donors. EAR and serum IgE levels were unchanged. The expression of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by BAL cells of gammadelta T cell recipients was attenuated compared with OVA-challenged controls. This was accompanied by an increase in the expression of IFN-gamma. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with a suppressive role of CD8+gammadelta T cells on allergic airway responses. However, only gammadelta T cells from naive donors inhibit LAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Isogai
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, 3623 St Urbain, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2X 2P2
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Oyoshi MK, Nagata H, Kimura N, Zhang Y, Demachi A, Hara T, Kanegane H, Matsuo Y, Yamaguchi T, Morio T, Hirano A, Shimizu N, Yamamoto K. Preferential expansion of Vgamma9-JgammaP/Vdelta2-Jdelta3 gammadelta T cells in nasal T-cell lymphoma and chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1629-38. [PMID: 12707047 PMCID: PMC1851204 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64297-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We recently established an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-positive gammadelta T-cell line from a nasal T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphoma (Nagata H, Konno A, Kimura N, Zhang Y, Kimura M, Demachi A, Sekine T, Yamamoto K, Shimizu N: Characterization of novel natural killer (NK)-cell and gammadelta T-cell lines established from primary lesions of nasal T/NK-cell lymphomas associated with the Epstein-Barr virus. Blood 2001, 97:708-713). Subsequently, we established two novel EBV-positive gammadelta T-cell lines from the peripheral blood of patients with chronic active EBV infection. Analysis of the terminal repeat of EBV showed that the three cell lines consisted of monoclonal populations, and flow cytometry showed that they had a common phenotype of gammadelta T cells: CD3(+) CD4(-) CD8(-) CD16(-) CD19(-) CD56(+) CD57(-) HLA-DR(+) T-cell receptor (TCR) alphabeta(-) TCR gammadelta(+). Analysis for the expression of TCR by flow cytometry showed that all three cell lines were Vgamma9(+)/Vdelta2(+), but negative for VgammaI, Vdelta1, or Vdelta3 TCR. Southern blot analysis for TCR genes showed that the three cell lines had a common rearrangement of Vgamma9-JgammaP and Jdelta3 genes. Polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis of the junction between Vdelta and Jdelta genes revealed that the Jdelta3 genes were rearranged with the Vdelta2 genes. In contrast, none of the EBV-negative gammadelta T-cell lines, Molt-14, Peer, or Loucy, which were analyzed for controls, had Vgamma9 or Vdelta2 TCR, or a rearrangement of Jdelta3 genes. These results indicated that Vgamma9-JgammaP/Vdelta2-Jdelta3(+) gammadelta T cells were preferentially affected by EBV and expanded in patients with nasal gammadelta T-cell lymphoma and chronic active EBV infection. Jdelta3(+) gammadelta T cells are known to be a very minor population in gammadelta T cells of peripheral blood, whereas Vgamma9-JgammaP/Vdelta2-Jdelta1(+) cells are the major population. The close association of EBV with this particular gammadelta T-cell population may provide a key to the etiology of EBV-positive lymphoproliferative diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- DNA Primers
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/immunology
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Nose Neoplasms/immunology
- Nose Neoplasms/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Phenotype
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko K Oyoshi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Gurney KB, Yang OO, Wilson SB, Uittenbogaart CH. TCR gamma delta+ and CD161+ thymocytes express HIV-1 in the SCID-hu mouse, potentially contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:5338-46. [PMID: 12391255 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The vast diversity of the T cell repertoire renders the adaptive immune response capable of recognizing a broad spectrum of potential antigenic peptides. However, certain T cell rearrangements are conserved for recognition of specific pathogens, as is the case for TCRgammadelta cells. In addition, an immunoregulatory class of T cells expressing the NK receptor protein 1A (CD161) responds to nonpeptide Ags presented on the MHC-like CD1d molecule. The effect of HIV-1 infection on these specialized T cells in the thymus was studied using the SCID-hu mouse model. We were able to identify CD161-expressing CD3(+) cells but not the CD1d-restricted invariant Valpha24/Vbeta11/CD161(+) NK T cells in the thymus. A subset of TCRgammadelta cells and CD161-expressing thymocytes express CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 during development in the thymus and are susceptible to HIV-1 infection. TCRgammadelta thymocytes were productively infectable by both X4 and R5 virus, and thymic HIV-1 infection induced depletion of CD4(+) TCRgammadelta cells. Similarly, CD4(+)CD161(+) thymocytes were depleted by thymic HIV-1 infection, leading to enrichment of CD4(-)CD161(+) thymocytes. Furthermore, compared with the general CD4-negative thymocyte population, CD4(-)CD161(+) NK T thymocytes exhibited as much as a 27-fold lower frequency of virus-expressing cells. We conclude that HIV-1 infection and/or disruption of cells important in both innate and acquired immunity may contribute to the overall immune dysfunction seen in HIV-1 disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- HIV Infections/genetics
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/virology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, HIV/biosynthesis
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/virology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Gurney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, 90095, USA
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Hamzaoui A, Kahan A, Ayed K, Hamzaoui K. T cells expressing the gammadelta receptor are essential for Th2-mediated inflammation in patients with acute exacerbation of asthma. Mediators Inflamm 2002; 11:113-9. [PMID: 12061423 PMCID: PMC1781649 DOI: 10.1080/09629350220131971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T lymphocytes have a central regulatory role in the pathogenesis of asthma. The objective of this study was to characterize immunologically the activation stage of asthma and the functional profile of lymphocytes from induced sputum, with particular emphasis on gammadelta T cells. METHODS Induced sputum was collected from 10 patients with acute exacerbation of asthma, and from healthy controls. The expression of activation markers on freshly isolated induced sputum lymphocytes and T-cell subsets was analyzed by double immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometry. Fas ligand (FasL) was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. The phenotype of gammadelta T-cell subpopulations was tested by A13 and BB3 monoclonal antibodies. In this context, the functional profile of gammadelta T cells was tested in a chromium releasing test. RESULTS A significantly decreased proportion of alphabeta T cells and an increased proportion of gammadelta T cells, CD56+ cells and CD8+ gammadelta T cells were found in asthma patients compared with healthy controls. In asthmatic patients, there is a significantly increased proportion of T cells expressing CD69 and CD25 antigen. After stimulation of gammadelta T cells, an increased expression of intracellular tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL10 cytokines were found at higher levels than controls. Interferon-gamma was observed at similar levels in asthma patients and healthy controls. Freshly isolated T-cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta+ cells exhibited an increased percentage of FasL in our patient group. FasL mRNA was detected in TCR gammadelta+ cells before and after IL2 stimulation. TCR gammadelta+ cells were cytotoxic against the K562 cell line. This natural killer activity was mediated by the A13-positive subpopulation. CONCLUSION The presence of cytokines producing gammadelta cells in induced sputum of asthmatic patients is consistent with regulatory activities. These cells display also cytotoxic function.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asthma/immunology
- CD56 Antigen/analysis
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Middle Aged
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Hamzaoui
- Department of Paediatric and Respiratory Diseases, A. Mami Hospital, Aciana, Tunisia
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León F, Villarrubia N, Bootello A. Los linfocitos T γδ y su papel en procesos de hipersensibilidad en la mucosa digestiva y respiratoria. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0546(02)79137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Sexual orientation is encoded within immune-cell subsets (ICS) of mucosal and epithelial tissues. Gender orientation may be encoded within other ICS. Many immune cells: recognize and react to H-Y and H-X antigens; and enact these perceptions and reactions in accord with the perceiver's and the perceived's MHC haplotype, XX or XY status, and immune-self recognition. Non-heterosexual orientations derive from excessive cross-priming, accompanied by clonal deletions, clonal expansions, anergy and tolerance. For at least some tissues, cross-priming sufficient to induce altered orientations may occur during critical periods of immunological development and can occur during fetal and infant development via maternal-fetal transfusion, placental pathology, and impaired maternal nutrient-status or via excessive peripheral apoptosis during postnatal illness. Mast cell interactions with neurons illustrate how mucosal perceptions can be transduced into neuronal signals that modulate CNS events. This hypothesis is testable by mixed-lymphocyte reactions in appropriate cell subsets. Dendritic-cell immunizations are a potential therapy.
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Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001; 108:S147-334. [PMID: 11707753 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2094] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Bousquet
- Department of Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, University Hospital and INSERM, Montpellier, France
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Krug N, Erpenbeck VJ, Balke K, Petschallies J, Tschernig T, Hohlfeld JM, Fabel H. Cytokine profile of bronchoalveolar lavage-derived CD4(+), CD8(+), and gammadelta T cells in people with asthma after segmental allergen challenge. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:125-31. [PMID: 11472985 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.1.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-derived cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, but little is known about the cytokine profile of their different subsets. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytokine production potential of CD4(+), CD8(+), or gammadelta(+) T cells derived from the bronchoalveolar space of mild atopic asthmatic subjects (n = 11) and nonatopic control subjects (n = 9) before and 24 h after segmental allergen challenge. The cytokine production was determined using the technique of intracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry. Comparing asthmatic with control subjects we found no difference in the percentage of CD4(+), CD8(+), or gammadelta T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid before and after allergen challenge. Before allergen challenge the proportion of cells producing the cytokines interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was not different in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. The major difference between the groups was an increased percentage of positive-staining cells for the T helper-(Th)2-cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in the gammadelta T-cell subset. After allergen challenge, all T-cell subsets revealed a decreased proportion of cells producing the Th1-type cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-2. The percentage of IL-4- and IL-5-positive cells did not change in all subsets, and there was a decreased proportion of IL-13- positive cells in the CD4(+) subset. These findings indicate an increased Th2-cytokine profile in gammadelta T cells. After allergen challenge, the dysbalance between Th1 and Th2 cytokines was further accentuated by a reduction in Th1 cytokine-producing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Krug
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa typified by the symptoms of nasal itch, sneeze, anterior nasal secretions, and nasal blockage. These symptoms arise from the interaction between mediators and neural, vascular, and glandular structures within the nose. Nasal itch, sneezes, and rhinorrhoea are predominantly neural in origin, while nasal obstruction is predominantly vascular. Nasal biopsy studies show accumulation of eosinophils within the lamina propria and epithelium and an increase in tissue and cell surface basophils in both seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis. These cells are in an activated state. Within the epithelium, increased numbers of mast cells, T cells and Langerhans' cells, which induce T-cell activation, are found. The accumulation of these cells can be linked to chemokine and cytokine generation by the epithelial cells themselves. Thus, the tissue cell recruitment is orchestrated by activated mast cells, T cells, and epithelial cells, with the recruited tissue eosinophils also contributing to their persistence at this site through autocrine mechanisms. Mast cells generate an array of mediators including histamine, tryptase, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins. Histamine is also generated by basophils. Eosinophils and basophils contribute to the leukotriene synthesis within the tissue. Histamine nasal insufflation induces nasal itch, sneeze, and rhinorrhoea as well as nasal blockage, thereby reproducing all the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. These effects are primarily mediated by H1-receptors, and H1-receptor antagonists are a prominent treatment. Antagonism of histamine at these receptors reduces symptoms by about 40-50%, with the greatest effect on the neurally mediated responses. Thus, histamine is a major mediator of allergic rhinitis, but not the sole contributor. Nasal insufflation with leukotrienes, prostaglandins, or kinins is associated with the development of nasal blockage. These mediators act primarily on the nasal vasculature and, in this respect, leukotrienes are potent mediators. Leukotrienes also induce plasma protein exudation, which contributes to the anterior nasal secretions. Studies with combination products have suggested that modifying the effects of both leukotrienes and histamine has complementary effects in relieving nasal symptoms, indicating that both these mediators are relevant to disease expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Howarth
- Department of Medical Specialities, University of Southampton, UK
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Benson M, Adner M, Cardell LO. Cytokines and cytokine receptors in allergic rhinitis: how do they relate to the Th2 hypothesis in allergy? Clin Exp Allergy 2001; 31:361-7. [PMID: 11260146 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Benson
- Allergy Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Malmö General Hospital, S-214 01 Malmö, Sweden.
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Wisnewski AV, Cain H, Magoski N, Wang H, Holm CT, Redlich CA. Human gamma/delta T-cell lines derived from airway biopsies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:332-8. [PMID: 11245633 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma/delta T cells have been postulated to play an important role in the immune response at epithelial boundaries, but have not been well described in human lung tissue. We have identified and characterized gamma/delta T-cell lines from human airway biopsies and compared them with T-cell lines from paired peripheral blood samples. Airway-derived T-cell lines stimulated with tetanus toxoid (TT) contained a greater proportion of gamma/delta T cells compared with T-cell lines stimulated with mitogens, other antigens, or without antigen. TT-stimulated airway T cells expressed different T-cell receptors (TCRs) than did blood- derived T cells, and used predominantly variable region (V)gamma I family genes rather than V gamma II family genes. Airway-derived gamma/delta T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma and were associated with T helper 1--like cytokine profiles. This study describes the presence and antigen-dependent proliferation of gamma/delta T cells from human airway tissue, and demonstrates differences in lung-derived gamma/delta TCRs compared with gamma/delta T cells derived from peripheral blood. The data suggest that gamma/delta T cells may be functionally enriched in human airways relative to peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Wisnewski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Rihoux
- UCB SA, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Olofsson K, Hellström S, Hammarström ML. Human uvula: characterization of resident leukocytes and local cytokine production. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2000; 109:488-96. [PMID: 10823479 DOI: 10.1177/000348940010900509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Upper airway infections often lead to macroscopic changes in the architecture of the uvula. Using immunomorphometric analysis, we investigated the frequency and distribution of immune cells and of cytokine-producing cells in uvular samples. Tissue macrophages, alphabeta T cells, gammadelta T cells, and B cells were, in declining order, the main cell populations. Gammadelta T cells and B cells exhibited reciprocal localization, with almost all gammadelta T cells residing in the vicinity of the epithelium, and all B cells in the glandular area. The presence of cells expressing the suppressor phenotype CD8+CD28- alphabeta T cells is suggested. Fifteen to twenty-five percent of the immune cells expressed the down-regulatory cytokine tumor growth factor beta. Most macrophages were located subepithelially, in the vicinity of the basal lamina. The composition and cytokine profile of leukocytes in the tissue suggest that the uvula may be a site, additional to the jejunal mucosa, for induction of mucosal tolerance to inhaled and ingested antigens. Concomitantly, the uvula appears to be protected from invasion of microbial pathogens by a subepithelial barrier of macrophages and gammadelta T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olofsson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Umeå University Hospital, University of Umeå, Sweden
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43
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pawankar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Schramm CM, Puddington L, Yiamouyiannis CA, Lingenheld EG, Whiteley HE, Wolyniec WW, Noonan TC, Thrall RS. Proinflammatory roles of T-cell receptor (TCR)gammadelta and TCRalphabeta lymphocytes in a murine model of asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:218-25. [PMID: 10657943 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.2.3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lymphocytes bearing alphabeta or gammadelta T-cell receptors (TCRs) was assessed during the acute allergic response in a mouse model of asthma. The inflammatory immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) was characterized in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and congenic TCRbeta(-/-) and TCRdelta(-/-) mice by evaluation of airway eosinophilia, histopathology, serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, and in vivo airway responsiveness to methacholine. OVA-challenged wild-type mice demonstrated marked pulmonary inflammation, evidenced by airway eosinophilia (68 +/- 7 x 10(4) cells), peribronchial lympho-plasmocytic infiltration, and elevated serum IgE (4.9 +/- 0.6 microg/ml). These responses were markedly attenuated in TCRdelta(-/-) animals (5.0 +/- 1.0 x 10(4) eosinophils and 1.6 +/- 0. 3 microg/ml IgE) and were completely absent in TCRbeta(-/-) mice (< 1 x 10(3) eosinophils and 0.38 +/- 0.21 microg/ml IgE). Similar results were observed in mice treated with anti-TCRgammadelta or anti-TCRalphabeta monoclonal antibodies. Airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine was also reduced in challenged TCRdelta(-/-) animals relative to challenged wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that acute allergic airway responses are dependent upon intact TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta lymphocyte function and that TCRgammadelta cells promote acute airway sensitization.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Asthma/immunology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schramm
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Ferrick DA, King DP, Jackson KA, Braun RK, Tam S, Hyde DM, Beaman BL. Intraepithelial gamma delta T lymphocytes: sentinel cells at mucosal barriers. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2000; 22:283-96. [PMID: 11116958 DOI: 10.1007/s002810000047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Ferrick
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary reason for this review is to discuss the relationship between upper and lower airways at various levels with the emphasis on common pathophysiologic mechanisms, and how treatment of the upper airways will benefit the lower airways. DATA SOURCES The main source of information is derived from original articles and books, with an extensive bibliography included. STUDY SELECTION Studies were derived almost exclusively from articles and reviews in peer-reviewed journals. RESULTS The prevalence of rhinitis and asthma are both increasing. Common to both the upper and lower airways are the triggers, many of the inflammatory cells and mediators, and the treatment modalities. By contrast, there are organ-specific differences in the reaction to various stimuli in the nose or lung, with each organ manifesting its own vocabulary of response. CONCLUSIONS There are meaningful relationships between upper and lower airways at various levels of our understanding. Differential responses to medications help us better understand pathogenic mechanisms in rhinitis and asthma. Further, treatment of the upper airways provides additional benefit to the lower airways.
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Klimek L, Dormann D, Jarman ER, Cromwell O, Riechelmann H, Reske-Kunz AB. Short-term preseasonal birch pollen allergoid immunotherapy influences symptoms, specific nasal provocation and cytokine levels in nasal secretions, but not peripheral T-cell responses, in patients with allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy 1999; 29:1326-35. [PMID: 10520053 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00651.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND [corrected] Birch pollen allergic rhinitis can be sufficiently treated with specific subcutaneous allergoid immunotherapy (IT). However, little is known about the clinical and immunological effects of short-term therapy protocols. OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy of a birch pollen allergoid IT using seven preseasonal injections and to evaluate immunological parameters that might explain clinical findings. METHODS Thirty-seven patients were included into the study and randomized to either a symptomatic treatment or allergoid IT plus symptomatic treatment. Patients were examined during the pre-IT season, at two extraseasonal visits both before and after IT and during the post-IT season. At each visit, nasal secretion samples were taken and analysed for levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IFNgamma. In addition, short-term birch-specific T-cell lines (TCLs) were cultured from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 10 patients of the IT group, both before and after IT, and the ratios of lymphocyte subpopulations were determined. Cytokine production by TCLs (IL-4, IL-5, IFNgamma, IL-10) and proliferation of TCLs in response to stimulation with birch pollen allergen were measured. RESULTS It was possible to evaluate 27 patients in accordance with the study protocol. Clinical symptoms and medication intake were reduced as a result of the IT as were nasal secretion levels of IL-5 (P = 0.007). IFNgamma was increased in nasal secretions (P = 0.01), while IL-4 was not measurable in most samples. No effect was found on proliferation of birch pollen-reactive TCLs, cytokine production by TCLs and the frequency and ratio of CD4+ and CD8bright or CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ cells in peripheral blood (all P > 0.05). Conclusion Preseasonal IT with a birch pollen allergoid is clinically effective in allergic rhinitis and influences cytokine production in the nose, but does not modulate the measured responses of peripheral blood T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Klimek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Johannes Gutenberg University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
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Yiamouyiannis CA, Schramm CM, Puddington L, Stengel P, Baradaran-Hosseini E, Wolyniec WW, Whiteley HE, Thrall RS. Shifts in lung lymphocyte profiles correlate with the sequential development of acute allergic and chronic tolerant stages in a murine asthma model. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1999; 154:1911-21. [PMID: 10362818 PMCID: PMC1866641 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65449-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
T lymphocytes have a central regulatory role in the pathogenesis of asthma. We delineated the participation of lymphocytes in the acute allergic and chronic tolerant stages of a murine model of asthma by characterizing the various subsets of lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue associated with these responses. Acute (10-day) aerosol challenge of immunized C57BL/6J mice with ovalbumin resulted in airway eosinophilia, histological evidence of peribronchial and perivascular airway inflammation, clusters of B cells and TCRgammadelta cells in lung tissue, increased serum IgE levels, and airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine. In mice subjected to chronic (6-week) aerosol challenge with ovalbumin, airway inflammation and serum IgE levels were significantly attenuated and airway hyperresponsiveness was absent. The marked increases in lung B and T cell populations seen in the acute stage were also significantly reduced in the chronic stage of this model. Thus, acute ovalbumin challenge resulted in airway sensitization characteristic of asthma, whereas chronic ovalbumin challenge elicited a suppressed or tolerant state. The transition from antigenic sensitization to tolerance was accompanied by shifts in lymphocyte profiles in the lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lynn Puddington
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,¶
| | | | - Ebrahim Baradaran-Hosseini
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,¶
| | | | | | - Roger S. Thrall
- University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut; Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.,¶
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King DP, Hyde DM, Jackson KA, Novosad DM, Ellis TN, Putney L, Stovall MY, Van Winkle LS, Beaman BL, Ferrick DA. Cutting Edge: Protective Response to Pulmonary Injury Requires γδ T Lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes are thought to coordinate responses to pathogens that penetrate the epithelial barrier. To directly test this, mice were inoculated with Nocardia asteroides. At doses that were nonlethal for control mice, γδ-deficient mice became severely ill and died within 14 days. Histologic examination of these lungs demonstrated the presence of severe tissue damage and unimpeded bacterial growth in the γδ-deficient mice compared with neutrophilic lesions and clearance of the organism in control mice. Interestingly, ozone exposure that targets a comparable lung region also resulted in diffuse epithelial necrosis associated with a similar lack of neutrophil recruitment in γδ-deficient mice. These data demonstrate that γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes can protect the host from pathogenic and nonpathogenic insults by targeting the inflammatory response to epithelial necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dallas M. Hyde
- †Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | | | - Denise M. Novosad
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Terri N. Ellis
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Lei Putney
- †Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Mary Y. Stovall
- †Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Laura S. Van Winkle
- †Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Blaine L. Beaman
- ‡Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Jahnsen FL, Farstad IN, Aanesen JP, Brandtzaeg P. Phenotypic distribution of T cells in human nasal mucosa differs from that in the gut. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998; 18:392-401. [PMID: 9490657 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.18.3.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic and functional studies are required to understand the immunoregulatory role of mucosal T cells. Information about T cells in the human upper respiratory tract is limited and conflicting. Therefore, we phenotyped T cells in nasal mucosa by means of multicolor in situ immunofluorescence. In normal mucosa, most CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPLs) (> 90%) expressed T-cell receptor (TCR)alpha/beta, and only approximately 5% expressed TCRgamma/delta. Although most IELs in the surface epithelium were CD8+ (64%), many expressed CD4 (30%) and the CD4 phenotype dominated (55%) only slightly in the lamina propria. This result was strikingly different from that obtained for comparable compartments in histologically normal jejunal mucosa, where IELs consisted of 83% CD8+ and LPLs of 73% CD4(+) T cells. Nasal CD3+ IELs and LPLs were mainly CD45RO+CD45RA- and usually expressed CD7. The integrin alphaEbeta7 was, as expected, more common on IELs than on LPLs (78 versus 20%). In conclusion, nasal T cells show several similarities to those of the normal jejunum but some notable differences exist, especially a relative increase in CD4+ T cells in the epithelium and a decrease in the lamina propria. It should be explored whether this disparity, together with an increased expression of epithelial adhesion molecules, might contribute to local immunological overstimulation and partly explain the relatively high frequency of airway allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Jahnsen
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology, Institute of Pathology, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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