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Procopiou PA, Barrett J, Crawford MHJ, Hatley RJD, Hancock AP, Pritchard JM, Rowedder JE, Copley RCB, Slack RJ, Sollis SL, Thorp LR, Lippa RA, Macdonald SJF, Barrett TN. Discovery and Development of Highly Potent and Orally Bioavailable Nonpeptidic α vβ 6 Integrin Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39269712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
A series of 3-aryl((S)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)butanoic acids were developed as potent orally bioavailable αvβ6 integrin inhibitors. Starting from a zwitterionic peptidomimetic series optimized for inhaled administration, the balancing of potency and passive permeability to achieve suitable oral agents through modification and exploration of aryl substituents and pKa of the central cyclic amine is described. (S)-4-((S)-3-Fluoro-3-(2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-3-(3-(2-methoxyethoxy)phenyl)butanoic acid was found to have highly desirable oral pharmacokinetic profiles in rat, dog, and minipig, with low to moderate clearance (26%, 7%, and 18% liver blood flow, respectively), moderate volumes of distribution (3.6, 1.4, and 0.9 L/kg, respectively), high to complete oral bioavailabilities, high αvβ6 integrin potency of pIC50 of 8.0, and high solubility in physiological media (>2 mg/mL). Equating to the estimated human dose range of 10-75 mg b.i.d. to achieve 90% αvβ6 target engagement at Cmin, it was selected for further investigation as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Barrett
- Discovery Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, In Vitro In Vivo Translation, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew H J Crawford
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J D Hatley
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley P Hancock
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - John M Pritchard
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - James E Rowedder
- Translational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Royston C B Copley
- Medicine Development & Supply, Drug Substance Development, Materials Science, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Slack
- Translational Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L Sollis
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R Thorp
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Rhys A Lippa
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tim N Barrett
- Medicinal Science & Technology, Medicine Design, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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Bellani S, Molyneaux PL, Maher TM, Spagnolo P. Potential of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrin inhibition for treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:575-585. [PMID: 38949181 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2375375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive interstitial lung disease of unknown cause with a dismal prognosis. Nintedanib and Pirfenidone are approved worldwide for the treatment of IPF, but they only slow the rate of functional decline and disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more efficacious and better tolerated drugs. AREAS COVERED αvβ6 and αvβ1 are two integrins overexpressed in fibrotic tissue, which play a critical role in the development of lung fibrosis. They act by converting transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, one of the most important profibrotic cytokine, in its active form. Here, we summarize and critically discuss the potential of a dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor for the treatment of IPF. EXPERT OPINION Bexotegrast, a dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor, has the potential to slow or even halt disease progression in IPF. Indeed, the strong pre-clinical rationale and promising early phase clinical trial data have raised expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Bellani
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- Hastings Centre for Pulmonary Research and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paolo Spagnolo
- Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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MacIsaac S, Somboonviboon D, Scallan C, Kolb M. Treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update on emerging drugs in phase II & III clinical trials. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2024; 29:177-186. [PMID: 38588523 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2024.2340723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive, debilitating lung disease with poor prognosis. Although two antifibrotics have been approved in the past decade there are no curative therapies. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the current landscape of IPF research in the development of novel compounds for the treatment of IPF while also evaluating repurposed medications and their role in the management of IPF. The literature search includes studies found on PubMed, conference abstracts, and press releases until March 2024. EXPERT OPINION Disease progression in IPF is driven by a dysregulated cycle of microinjury, aberrant wound healing, and propagating fibrosis. Current drug development focuses on attenuating fibrotic responses via multiple pathways. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors (PDE4i), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) antagonists, dual-selective inhibitor of αvβ6 and αvβ1 integrins, and the prostacyclin agonist Treprostinil have had supportive phase II clinical trial results in slowing decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) in IPF. Barriers to drug development specific to IPF include the lack of a rodent model that mimics IPF pathology, the nascent understanding of the role of genetics affecting development of IPF and response to treatment, and the lack of a validated biomarker to monitor therapeutic response in patients with IPF. Successful treatment of IPF will likely include a multi-targeted approach anchored in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah MacIsaac
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Respirology, Dalhousie University, Halifax Infirmary, Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Dujrath Somboonviboon
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ciaran Scallan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health - Division of Respirology, McMaster University, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Calver JF, Parmar NR, Harris G, Lithgo RM, Stylianou P, Zetterberg FR, Gooptu B, Mackinnon AC, Carr SB, Borthwick LA, Scott DJ, Stewart ID, Slack RJ, Jenkins RG, John AE. Defining the mechanism of galectin-3-mediated TGF-β1 activation and its role in lung fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107300. [PMID: 38641066 PMCID: PMC11134550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrin-mediated activation of the profibrotic mediator transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), plays a critical role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) pathogenesis. Galectin-3 is believed to contribute to the pathological wound healing seen in IPF, although its mechanism of action is not precisely defined. We hypothesized that galectin-3 potentiates TGF-β1 activation and/or signaling in the lung to promote fibrogenesis. We show that galectin-3 induces TGF-β1 activation in human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) and specifically that extracellular galectin-3 promotes oleoyl-L-α-lysophosphatidic acid sodium salt-induced integrin-mediated TGF-β1 activation. Surface plasmon resonance analysis confirmed that galectin-3 binds to αv integrins, αvβ1, αvβ5, and αvβ6, and to the TGFβRII subunit in a glycosylation-dependent manner. This binding is heterogeneous and not a 1:1 binding stoichiometry. Binding interactions were blocked by small molecule inhibitors of galectin-3, which target the carbohydrate recognition domain. Galectin-3 binding to β1 integrin was validated in vitro by coimmunoprecipitation in HLFs. Proximity ligation assays indicated that galectin-3 and β1 integrin colocalize closely (≤40 nm) on the cell surface and that colocalization is increased by TGF-β1 treatment and blocked by galectin-3 inhibitors. In the absence of TGF-β1 stimulation, colocalization was detectable only in HLFs from IPF patients, suggesting the proteins are inherently more closely associated in the disease state. Galectin-3 inhibitor treatment of precision cut lung slices from IPF patients' reduced Col1a1, TIMP1, and hyaluronan secretion to a similar degree as TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor. These data suggest that galectin-3 promotes TGF-β1 signaling and may induce fibrogenesis by interacting directly with components of the TGF-β1 signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica F Calver
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Nimesh R Parmar
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; Roche Products Limited, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan M Lithgo
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom; Membrane Protein Laboratory, Diamond Light Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Diamond Light Source, Diamond House, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Panayiota Stylianou
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bibek Gooptu
- Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom; Leicester Institute for Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Alison C Mackinnon
- Galecto Biotech AB, Nine Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Carr
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Fibrofind Ltd, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Newcastle Fibrosis Research Group, Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J Scott
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Iain D Stewart
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Slack
- Stevenage Bioscience Catalyst, Galecto Biotech AB, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alison E John
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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5
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Qiu Y, Que Y, Ding Z, Zhang S, Wei R, Xia J, Lin Y. Drugs targeting CTGF in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18448. [PMID: 38774993 PMCID: PMC11109635 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis represents the final alteration seen in a wide variety of lung disorders characterized by increased fibroblast activity and the accumulation of substantial amounts of extracellular matrix, along with inflammatory damage and the breakdown of tissue architecture. This condition is marked by a significant mortality rate and a lack of effective treatments. The depositing of an excessive quantity of extracellular matrix protein follows the damage to lung capillaries and alveolar epithelial cells, leading to pulmonary fibrosis and irreversible damage to lung function. It has been proposed that the connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a critical role in the advancement of pulmonary fibrosis by enhancing the accumulation of the extracellular matrix and exacerbating fibrosis. In this context, the significance of CTGF in pulmonary fibrosis is examined, and a summary of the development of drugs targeting CTGF for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Qiu
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yueyue Que
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zheyu Ding
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Rong Wei
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Jianing Xia
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yingying Lin
- School of PharmacyHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti‐Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines; Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
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6
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Egle K, Dohle E, Hoffmann V, Salma I, Al-Maawi S, Ghanaati S, Dubnika A. Fucoidan/chitosan hydrogels as carrier for sustained delivery of platelet-rich fibrin containing bioactive molecules. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129651. [PMID: 38280707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), derived from human blood, rich in wound healing components, has drawbacks in direct injections, such as rapid matrix degradation and growth factor release. Marine polysaccharides, mimicking the human extracellular matrix, show promising potential in tissue engineering. In this study, we impregnated the self-assembled fucoidan/chitosan (FU_CS) hydrogels with PRF obtaining PRF/FU_CS hydrogels. Our objective was to analyze the properties of a hydrogel and the sustained release of growth factors from the hydrogel that incorporates PRF. The results of SEM and BET-BJH demonstrated the relatively porous nature of the FU_CS hydrogels. ELISA data showed that combining FU_CS hydrogel with PRF led to a gradual 7-day sustained release of growth factors (VEGF, EGF, IL-8, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1), compared to pure PRF. Histology confirmed ELISA data, demonstrating uniform PRF fibrin network distribution within the FU_CS hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, the FU_CS hydrogels revealed excellent cell viability. The results revealed that the PRF/FU_CS hydrogel has the potential to promote wound healing and tissue regeneration. This would be the first step in the search for improved growth factor release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Egle
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia.
| | - Eva Dohle
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Verena Hoffmann
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilze Salma
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Sarah Al-Maawi
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Shahram Ghanaati
- FORM, Frankfurt Oral Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Arita Dubnika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Faculty of Natural Science and Technology, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Headquarters at Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia.
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7
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Zhang S, Hu W, Lv C, Song X. Biogenesis and Function of circRNAs in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Curr Gene Ther 2024; 24:395-409. [PMID: 39005062 DOI: 10.2174/0115665232284076240207073542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a class of fibrosing interstitial lung diseases caused by many pathogenic factors inside and outside the lung, with unknown mechanisms and without effective treatment. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism implicated in pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis is urgently needed to develop new and effective measures. Although circRNAs have been widely acknowledged as new contributors to the occurrence and development of diseases, only a small number of circRNAs have been functionally characterized in pulmonary fibrosis. Here, we systematically review the biogenesis and functions of circRNAs and focus on how circRNAs participate in pulmonary fibrogenesis by influencing various cell fates. Meanwhile, we analyze the current exploration of circRNAs as a diagnostic biomarker, vaccine, and therapeutic target in pulmonary fibrosis and objectively discuss the challenges of circRNA- based therapy for pulmonary fibrosis. We hope that the review of the implication of circRNAs will provide new insights into the development circRNA-based approaches to treat pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songzi Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wenjie Hu
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Changjun Lv
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou 256603, China
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8
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Sofia C, Comes A, Sgalla G, Richeldi L. An update on emerging drugs for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a look towards 2023 and beyond. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2023; 28:283-296. [PMID: 37953604 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2023.2281416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Currently approved drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pirfenidone and nintedanib, have been shown to slow lung function decline and improve clinical outcomes. Since significant advances in the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms in IPF, novel potential agents are being tested to identify new targeted and better tolerated therapeutic strategies. AREAS COVERED This review describes the evidence from IPF phase II and III clinical trials that have been completed or are ongoing in recent years. The literature search was performed using Medline and Clinicaltrials.org databases. Particular attention is paid to the new inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 4B (BI 1015550), being studied in a more advanced research phase. Some emerging critical issues of the pharmacological research are highlighted considering the recent outstanding failures of several phase III trials. EXPERT OPINION An exponential number of randomized clinical trials are underway testing promising new molecules to increase treatment choices for patients with IPF and improve patients' quality of life. The next goals should aim at a deeper understanding of the pathogenic pathways of the disease with the challenging goal of being able not only to stabilize but also to reverse the ongoing fibrotic process in patients with IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Sofia
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Comes
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Sgalla
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Dipartimento di scienze mediche e chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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Phillips AT, Boumil EF, Venkatesan A, Tilstra-Smith C, Castro N, Knox BE, Henty-Ridilla JL, Bernstein AM. The formin DAAM1 regulates the deubiquitinase activity of USP10 and integrin homeostasis. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151347. [PMID: 37562219 PMCID: PMC10839120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of fibroblasts into pathological myofibroblasts during wound healing is characterized by increased cell surface expression of αv-integrins. Our previous studies found that the deubiquitinase (DUB) USP10 removes ubiquitin from αv-integrins, leading to cell surface integrin accumulation, subsequent TGFβ1 activation, and pathological myofibroblast differentiation. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid screen revealed a novel binding partner for USP10, the formin, DAAM1. We found that DAAM1 binds to and inhibits USP10's DUB activity through the FH2 domain of DAAM1 independent of its actin functions. The USP10/DAAM1 interaction was also supported by proximity ligation assay (PLA) in primary human corneal fibroblasts. Treatment with TGFβ1 significantly increased USP10 and DAAM1 protein expression, PLA signal, and co-localization to actin stress fibers. DAAM1 siRNA knockdown significantly reduced co-precipitation of USP10 and DAAM1 on purified actin stress fibers, and β1- and β5-integrin ubiquitination. This resulted in increased αv-, β1-, and β5-integrin total protein levels, αv-integrin recycling, and extracellular fibronectin (FN) deposition. Together, our data demonstrate that DAAM1 inhibits USP10's DUB activity on integrins subsequently regulating cell surface αv-integrin localization and FN accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Phillips
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Edward F Boumil
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Arunkumar Venkatesan
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Christine Tilstra-Smith
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Nileyma Castro
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; New York VA Health Care, Syracuse VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Ave, Syracuse 13210, USA
| | - Barry E Knox
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jessica L Henty-Ridilla
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Audrey M Bernstein
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; SUNY Upstate Medical University, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; New York VA Health Care, Syracuse VA Medical Center, 800 Irving Ave, Syracuse 13210, USA.
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10
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Balzano E, De Cunto G, Goracci C, Bartalesi B, Cavarra E, Lungarella G, Lucattelli M. Immunohistochemical Study of Airways Fibrous Remodeling in Smoking Mice. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:577-599. [PMID: 37818941 PMCID: PMC10617442 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231204926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrotic remodeling in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is held responsible for narrowing of small airways and thus for disease progression. Oxidant damage and cell senescence factors are recently involved in airways fibrotic remodeling. Unfortunately, we have no indications on their sequential expression at anatomical sites in which fibrotic remodeling develops in smoking subjects. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we investigated in two strains of mice after cigarette smoke (CS) exposure what happens at various times in airway areas where fibrotic remodeling occurs, and if there also exists correspondence among DNA damage induced by oxidants, cellular senescence, the presence of senescence-secreted factors involved in processes that affect transcription, metabolism as well as apoptosis, and the onset of fibrous remodeling that appears at later times in mice exposed to CS. A clear positivity for fibrogenic cytokines TGF-β, PDGF-B, and CTGF, and for proliferation marker PCNA around airways that will be remodeled is observed in both strains. Increased expression of p16ink4A senescence marker and MyoD is also seen in the same areas. p16ink4A and MyoD can promote cell cycle arrest, terminal differentiation of myofibroblasts, and can oppose their dedifferentiation. Of interest, an early progressive attenuation of SIRT-1 is observed after CS exposure. This intracellular regulatory protein can reduce premature cell senescence. These findings suggest that novel agents, which promote myofibroblast dedifferentiation and/or the apoptosis of senescent cells, may dampen progression of airway changes in smoking COPD subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Balzano
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Cunto
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Goracci
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Bartalesi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cavarra
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Monica Lucattelli
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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11
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Eriksson O, Velikyan I. Radiotracers for Imaging of Fibrosis: Advances during the Last Two Decades and Future Directions. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1540. [PMID: 38004406 PMCID: PMC10674214 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis accompanies various pathologies, and there is thus an unmet medical need for non-invasive, sensitive, and quantitative methods for the assessment of fibrotic processes. Currently, needle biopsy with subsequent histological analysis is routinely used for the diagnosis along with morphological imaging techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). However, none of these imaging techniques are sufficiently sensitive and accurate to detect minor changes in fibrosis. More importantly, they do not provide information on fibrotic activity on the molecular level, which is critical for fundamental understanding of the underlying biology and disease course. Molecular imaging technology using positron emission tomography (PET) offers the possibility of imaging not only physiological real-time activity, but also high-sensitivity and accurate quantification. This diagnostic tool is well established in oncology and has exhibited exponential development during the last two decades. However, PET diagnostics has only recently been widely applied in the area of fibrosis. This review presents the progress of development of radiopharmaceuticals for non-invasive detection of fibrotic processes, including the fibrotic scar itself, the deposition of new fibrotic components (fibrogenesis), or the degradation of existing fibrosis (fibrolysis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Antaros Tracer AB, Dragarbrunnsgatan 46, 2 tr, 753 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Nuclear Medicine and PET, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 85 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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Massagué J, Sheppard D. TGF-β signaling in health and disease. Cell 2023; 186:4007-4037. [PMID: 37714133 PMCID: PMC10772989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
The TGF-β regulatory system plays crucial roles in the preservation of organismal integrity. TGF-β signaling controls metazoan embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and injury repair through coordinated effects on cell proliferation, phenotypic plasticity, migration, metabolic adaptation, and immune surveillance of multiple cell types in shared ecosystems. Defects of TGF-β signaling, particularly in epithelial cells, tissue fibroblasts, and immune cells, disrupt immune tolerance, promote inflammation, underlie the pathogenesis of fibrosis and cancer, and contribute to the resistance of these diseases to treatment. Here, we review how TGF-β coordinates multicellular response programs in health and disease and how this knowledge can be leveraged to develop treatments for diseases of the TGF-β system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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13
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Roy A, Shi L, Chang A, Dong X, Fernandez A, Kraft JC, Li J, Le VQ, Winegar RV, Cherf GM, Slocum D, Poulson PD, Casper GE, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Valdoz JC, Miranda MC, Bai H, Kipnis Y, Olshefsky A, Priya T, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Chow CM, Johnson MR, Cheng S, Smith M, Overed-Sayer C, Finch DK, Lowe D, Bera AK, Matute-Bello G, Birkland TP, DiMaio F, Raghu G, Cochran JR, Stewart LJ, Campbell MG, Van Ry PM, Springer T, Baker D. De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5660. [PMID: 37704610 PMCID: PMC10500007 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41272-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between homologous αvβ6 and αvβ8 and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have high thermal stability could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecule and antibody inhibitors do not have all these properties, and hence new approaches are needed. Here we describe a generalized method for computationally designing RGD-containing miniproteins selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state. We design hyperstable, selective αvβ6 and αvβ8 inhibitors that bind with picomolar affinity. CryoEM structures of the designed inhibitor-integrin complexes are very close to the computational design models, and show that the inhibitors stabilize specific conformational states of the αvβ6 and the αvβ8 integrins. In a lung fibrosis mouse model, the αvβ6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Encodia Inc, 5785 Oberlin Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Andres Fernandez
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - John C Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Viet Q Le
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Viazzo Winegar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Slocum
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Daniel Poulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Garrett E Casper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Marcos C Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yakov Kipnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Audrey Olshefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Tanu Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Cameron M Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Max R Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Suna Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - McKaela Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donna K Finch
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Lowe
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
- Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, East Building, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG, England
| | - Asim K Bera
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Dept of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Cochran
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Lance J Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Melody G Campbell
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Pam M Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| | - Timothy Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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14
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Smith M, Meliopoulos V, Tan S, Bub T, Brigleb PH, Sharp B, Crawford JC, Prater MS, Pruett-Miller SM, Schultz-Cherry S. The β6 Integrin Negatively Regulates TLR7-Mediated Epithelial Immunity via Autophagy During Influenza A Virus Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.28.555098. [PMID: 37693589 PMCID: PMC10491108 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.28.555098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrins are essential surface receptors that sense extracellular changes to initiate various intracellular signaling cascades. The rapid activation of the epithelial-intrinsic β6 integrin during influenza A virus (IAV) infection has been linked to innate immune impairments. Yet, how β6 regulates epithelial immunity remains undefined. Here, we identify the role of β6 in mediating the Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) through the regulation of intracellular trafficking. We demonstrate that deletion of the β6 integrin in lung epithelial cells significantly enhances the TLR7-mediated activation of the type I interferon (IFN) response during homeostasis and respiratory infection. IAV-induced β6 facilitates TLR7 trafficking to lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2a) components, leading to a reduction in endosomal compartments and associated TLR7 signaling. Our findings reveal an unappreciated role of β6-induced autophagy in influencing epithelial immune responses during influenza virus infection.
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15
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Ding H, Cui Y, Yang J, Li Y, Zhang H, Ju S, Ren X, Ding C, Zhao J. ROS-responsive microneedles loaded with integrin avβ6-blocking antibodies for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. J Control Release 2023; 360:365-375. [PMID: 37331606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fibrotic interstitial pneumonia with poor prognosis and limited treatment methods. Inhibition of integrin αVβ6 expression could prevent pulmonary fibrosis, however, a phase II clinical trial of αVβ6-blocking antibody treating PF stopped prematurely due to low bioavailability and toxic side effects of systematic administration. Here, we describe a micro-invasive percutaneous transthoracic and hydrogen peroxide-responsive microneedle composed of degradable gel for smart delivery of integrin αvβ6-blocking antibody which has the advantages of rapid response, excellent biocompatibility, protection of bioactivity, high tissue permeation and specific targeting to lesions. This microneedle could partially release integrin αvβ6-blocking antibodies when exposed to hydrogen peroxide generated during PF, thus reducing activation of the pro-fibrotic factor TGF-β1 from its latent precursor and showing excellent therapeutic efficacy for PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yuan Cui
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Hongtao Zhang
- Soochow University Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Sheng Ju
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xingyu Ren
- Department of Medical imaging, College of Clinical Medicine, Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China.
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16
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Hu Q, Saleem K, Pandey J, Charania AN, Zhou Y, He C. Cell Adhesion Molecules in Fibrotic Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1995. [PMID: 37509634 PMCID: PMC10377070 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis remain incompletely understood. Emerging evidence suggests that cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are critical in fibrotic progression in many organs, including lung, kidney, skin, and liver. CAMs promote cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions to maintain tissue architecture and normal function in homeostasis. However, dysregulated expression and function of CAMs can lead to chronic inflammation and tissue fibrosis. The major families of CAMs include integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulins. Here, we review the role of the CAMs in fibrosis development across various organs with a focus on integrins and cadherins, and discuss their respective roles in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjiang Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Komal Saleem
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jyotsana Pandey
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Arzoo N. Charania
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chao He
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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17
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Roy A, Shi L, Chang A, Dong X, Fernandez A, Kraft JC, Li J, Le VQ, Winegar RV, Cherf GM, Slocum D, Daniel Poulson P, Casper GE, Vallecillo-Zúniga ML, Valdoz JC, Miranda MC, Bai H, Kipnis Y, Olshefsky A, Priya T, Carter L, Ravichandran R, Chow CM, Johnson MR, Cheng S, Smith M, Overed-Sayer C, Finch DK, Lowe D, Bera AK, Matute-Bello G, Birkland TP, DiMaio F, Raghu G, Cochran JR, Stewart LJ, Campbell MG, Van Ry PM, Springer T, Baker D. De novo design of highly selective miniprotein inhibitors of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.12.544624. [PMID: 37398153 PMCID: PMC10312613 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.12.544624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp)-binding integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 are clinically validated cancer and fibrosis targets of considerable therapeutic importance. Compounds that can discriminate between the two closely related integrin proteins and other RGD integrins, stabilize specific conformational states, and have sufficient stability enabling tissue restricted administration could have considerable therapeutic utility. Existing small molecules and antibody inhibitors do not have all of these properties, and hence there is a need for new approaches. Here we describe a method for computationally designing hyperstable RGD-containing miniproteins that are highly selective for a single RGD integrin heterodimer and conformational state, and use this strategy to design inhibitors of αvβ6 and αvβ8 with high selectivity. The αvβ6 and αvβ8 inhibitors have picomolar affinities for their targets, and >1000-fold selectivity over other RGD integrins. CryoEM structures are within 0.6-0.7Å root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) to the computational design models; the designed αvβ6 inhibitor and native ligand stabilize the open conformation in contrast to the therapeutic anti-αvβ6 antibody BG00011 that stabilizes the bent-closed conformation and caused on-target toxicity in patients with lung fibrosis, and the αvβ8 inhibitor maintains the constitutively fixed extended-closed αvβ8 conformation. In a mouse model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, the αvβ6 inhibitor potently reduced fibrotic burden and improved overall lung mechanics when delivered via oropharyngeal administration mimicking inhalation, demonstrating the therapeutic potential of de novo designed integrin binding proteins with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Encodia Inc, 5785 Oberlin Drive, San Diego, CA 92121
| | - Ashley Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Xianchi Dong
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
- Current address: State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Engineering Research Center of Protein and Peptide Medicine,Ministry of Education
| | - Andres Fernandez
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John C. Kraft
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Viet Q. Le
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rebecca Viazzo Winegar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Gerald Maxwell Cherf
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305
- Current Address: Denali Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dean Slocum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - P. Daniel Poulson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Garrett E. Casper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | | | - Jonard Corpuz Valdoz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Marcos C. Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yakov Kipnis
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Audrey Olshefsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tanu Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current Address: Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Rashmi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron M. Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Max R. Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Suna Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - McKaela Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Catherine Overed-Sayer
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Donna K. Finch
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Alchemab Therapeutics Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Lowe
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Current Address: Evox Therapeutics Limited, Oxford Science Park, Medawar Centre, East Building, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford, OX4 4HG
| | - Asim K. Bera
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gustavo Matute-Bello
- Center for Lung Biology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Timothy P Birkland
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Frank DiMaio
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ganesh Raghu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Lance J. Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melody G. Campbell
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pam M. Van Ry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Timothy Springer
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children’s Hospital Boston, and Departments of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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18
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Sisto M, Lisi S. Towards a Unified Approach in Autoimmune Fibrotic Signalling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24109060. [PMID: 37240405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24109060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmunity is a chronic process resulting in inflammation, tissue damage, and subsequent tissue remodelling and organ fibrosis. In contrast to acute inflammatory reactions, pathogenic fibrosis typically results from the chronic inflammatory reactions characterizing autoimmune diseases. Despite having obvious aetiological and clinical outcome distinctions, most chronic autoimmune fibrotic disorders have in common a persistent and sustained production of growth factors, proteolytic enzymes, angiogenic factors, and fibrogenic cytokines, which together stimulate the deposition of connective tissue elements or epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT) that progressively remodels and destroys normal tissue architecture leading to organ failure. Despite its enormous impact on human health, there are currently no approved treatments that directly target the molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. The primary goal of this review is to discuss the most recent identified mechanisms of chronic autoimmune diseases characterized by a fibrotic evolution with the aim to identify possible common and unique mechanisms of fibrogenesis that might be exploited in the development of effective antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Sisto
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, I-70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Lisi
- Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience (DiBraiN), Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Piazza Giulio Cesare 1, I-70124 Bari, Italy
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19
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Trachalaki A, Sultana N, Wells AU. An update on current and emerging drug treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37183672 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2213436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and devastating lung disease, characterized by progressive lung scarring. AREAS COVERED Prior to antifibrotic therapy (pirfenidone and nintedanib), there was no validated pharmaceutical therapy for IPF. Both antifibrotics can slow disease progression, however, IPF remains a detrimental disease with poor prognosis and treated survival rates of less than 7 years from diagnosis. Despite their effect the disease remains non-reversible and progressing whilst their side effect profile is often challenging. Treatment of comorbidities is also crucial. In this review, we discuss the current pharmacological management as well as management of comorbidities and symptoms. We also reviewed clinicaltrials.gov and summarised all the mid to late stage clinical trials (phase II and III) registered in IPF over the last 7 years and discuss the most promising drugs in clinical development. EXPERT OPINION Future for IPF management will need to focus on current unresolved issues. First a primary pathogenetic pathway has not been clearly identified. Future management may involve a combination of brushstroke approach with antifibrotics with targeted treatments for specific pathways in patient subsets following an 'oncological' approach. Another unmet need is management of exacerbations, which are deathly in most cases as well as either treating or preventing lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Trachalaki
- The Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Diseases, Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- Imperial College NHS Hospitals, London UK
| | | | - Athol Umfrey Wells
- Interstitial Lung Disease Unit, Royal Brompton & Harefield Hospitals, London, UK
- The Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Diseases, Imperial College London National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK
- Imperial College NHS Hospitals, London UK
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20
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Ligresti G, Raslan AA, Hong J, Caporarello N, Confalonieri M, Huang SK. Mesenchymal cells in the Lung: Evolving concepts and their role in fibrosis. Gene 2023; 859:147142. [PMID: 36603696 PMCID: PMC10068350 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.147142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal cells in the lung are crucial during development, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrotic disorders, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common and deadly form of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases. Originally thought to behave as supporting cells for the lung epithelium and endothelium with a singular function of producing basement membrane, mesenchymal cells encompass a variety of cell types, including resident fibroblasts, lipofibroblasts, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes, which all occupy different anatomic locations and exhibit diverse homeostatic functions in the lung. During injury, each of these subtypes demonstrate remarkable plasticity and undergo varying capacity to proliferate and differentiate into activated myofibroblasts. Therefore, these cells secrete high levels of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to tissue repair, or in pathologic situations, scarring and fibrosis. Whereas epithelial damage is considered the initial trigger that leads to lung injury, lung mesenchymal cells are recognized as the ultimate effector of fibrosis and attempts to better understand the different functions and actions of each mesenchymal cell subtype will lead to a better understanding of why fibrosis develops and how to better target it for future therapy. This review summarizes current findings related to various lung mesenchymal cells as well as signaling pathways, and their contribution to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ligresti
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US.
| | - Ahmed A Raslan
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Jeongmin Hong
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston MA, US
| | - Nunzia Caporarello
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, US
| | - Marco Confalonieri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Steven K Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, US
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21
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Stephenson KE, Porte J, Kelly A, Wallace WA, Huntington CE, Overed-Sayer CL, Cohen ES, Jenkins RG, John AE. The IL-33:ST2 axis is unlikely to play a central fibrogenic role in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2023; 24:89. [PMID: 36949463 PMCID: PMC10035257 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating interstitial lung disease (ILD) with limited treatment options. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is proposed to play a role in the development of IPF however the exclusive use of prophylactic dosing regimens means that the therapeutic benefit of targeting this cytokine in IPF is unclear. METHODS IL-33 expression was assessed in ILD lung sections and human lung fibroblasts (HLFs) by immunohistochemistry and gene/protein expression and responses of HLFs to IL-33 stimulation measured by qPCR. In vivo, the fibrotic potential of IL-33:ST2 signalling was assessed using a murine model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced pulmonary fibrosis and therapeutic dosing with an ST2-Fc fusion protein. Lung and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for measurement of inflammatory and fibrotic endpoints. Human precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) were stimulated with transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) or IL-33 and fibrotic readouts assessed. RESULTS IL-33 was expressed by fibrotic fibroblasts in situ and was increased by TGFβ treatment in vitro. IL-33 treatment of HLFs did not induce IL6, CXCL8, ACTA2 and COL1A1 mRNA expression with these cells found to lack the IL-33 receptor ST2. Similarly, IL-33 stimulation had no effect on ACTA2, COL1A1, FN1 and fibronectin expression by PCLS. Despite having effects on inflammation suggestive of target engagement, therapeutic dosing with the ST2-Fc fusion protein failed to reduce BLM-induced fibrosis measured by hydroxyproline content or Ashcroft score. CONCLUSIONS Together these findings suggest the IL-33:ST2 axis does not play a central fibrogenic role in the lungs with therapeutic blockade of this pathway unlikely to surpass the current standard of care for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Stephenson
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Joanne Porte
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aoife Kelly
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Catherine L Overed-Sayer
- Bioscience COPD/IPF, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Suzanne Cohen
- Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Interstitial lung disease unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alison E John
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
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22
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Benson LN, Guo Y, Deck K, Mora C, Liu Y, Mu S. The link between immunity and hypertension in the kidney and heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1129384. [PMID: 36970367 PMCID: PMC10034415 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1129384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the primary cause of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading killer worldwide. Despite the prevalence of this non-communicable disease, still between 90% and 95% of cases are of unknown or multivariate cause ("essential hypertension"). Current therapeutic options focus primarily on lowering blood pressure through decreasing peripheral resistance or reducing fluid volume, but fewer than half of hypertensive patients can reach blood pressure control. Hence, identifying unknown mechanisms causing essential hypertension and designing new treatment accordingly are critically needed for improving public health. In recent years, the immune system has been increasingly implicated in contributing to a plethora of cardiovascular diseases. Many studies have demonstrated the critical role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of hypertension, particularly through pro-inflammatory mechanisms within the kidney and heart, which, eventually, drive a myriad of renal and cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets remain largely unknown. Therefore, identifying which immune players are contributing to local inflammation and characterizing pro-inflammatory molecules and mechanisms involved will provide promising new therapeutic targets that could lower blood pressure and prevent progression from hypertension into renal or cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance N. Benson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Shengyu Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States
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23
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Klee S, Picart-Armada S, Wenger K, Birk G, Quast K, Veyel D, Rist W, Violet C, Luippold A, Haslinger C, Thomas M, Fernandez-Albert F, Kästle M. Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling of young and old mice in the bleomycin model reveals high similarity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L245-L258. [PMID: 36625483 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00253.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common preclinical, in vivo model to study lung fibrosis is the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model in 2- to 3-mo-old mice. Although this model resembles key aspects of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), there are limitations in its predictability for the human disease. One of the main differences is the juvenile age of animals that are commonly used in experiments, resembling humans of around 20 yr. Because IPF patients are usually older than 60 yr, aging appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. Therefore, we compared young (3 months) and old mice (21 months) 21 days after intratracheal bleomycin instillation. Analyzing lung transcriptomics (mRNAs and miRNAs) and proteomics, we found most pathways to be similarly regulated in young and old mice. However, old mice show imbalanced protein homeostasis as well as an increased inflammatory state in the fibrotic phase compared to young mice. Comparisons with published human transcriptomic data sets (GSE47460, GSE32537, and GSE24206) revealed that the gene signature of old animals correlates significantly better with IPF patients, and it also turned human healthy individuals better into "IPF patients" using an approach based on predictive disease modeling. Both young and old animals show similar molecular hallmarks of IPF in the bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model, although old mice more closely resemble several features associated with IPF in comparison to young animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Klee
- Department Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sergio Picart-Armada
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kathrin Wenger
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Gerald Birk
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Karsten Quast
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Daniel Veyel
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rist
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Coralie Violet
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andreas Luippold
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Haslinger
- Department Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Department Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Francesc Fernandez-Albert
- Global Computational Biology and Digital Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Marc Kästle
- Department Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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24
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Guffroy M, Trela B, Kambara T, Stawski L, Chen H, Luus L, Montesinos MS, Olson L, He Y, Maisonave K, Carr T, Lu M, Ray AS, Hazelwood LA. Selective inhibition of integrin αvβ6 leads to rapid induction of urinary bladder tumors in cynomolgus macaques. Toxicol Sci 2023; 191:400-413. [PMID: 36515490 PMCID: PMC9936210 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of a novel and selective small molecule integrin αvβ6 inhibitor, MORF-627, to young cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days resulted in the rapid induction of epithelial proliferative changes in the urinary bladder of 2 animals, in the absence of test agent genotoxicity. Microscopic findings included suburothelial infiltration by irregular nests and/or trabeculae of epithelial cells, variable cytologic atypia, and high mitotic rate, without invasion into the tunica muscularis. Morphologic features and patterns of tumor growth were consistent with a diagnosis of early-stage invasive urothelial carcinoma. Ki67 immunohistochemistry demonstrated diffusely increased epithelial proliferation in the urinary bladder of several monkeys, including those with tumors, and αvβ6 was expressed in some epithelial tissues, including urinary bladder, in monkeys and humans. Spontaneous urothelial carcinomas are extremely unusual in young healthy monkeys, suggesting a direct link of the finding to the test agent. Inhibition of integrin αvβ6 is intended to locally and selectively block transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, which is implicated in epithelial proliferative disorders. Subsequent in vitro studies using a panel of integrin αvβ6 inhibitors in human bladder epithelial cells replicated the increased urothelial proliferation observed in monkeys and was reversed through exogenous application of TGF-β. Moreover, analysis of in vivo models of liver and lung fibrosis revealed evidence of epithelial hyperplasia and cell cycle dysregulation in mice treated with integrin αvβ6 or TGF-β receptor I inhibitors. The cumulative evidence suggests a direct link between integrin αvβ6 inhibition and decreased TGF-β signaling in the local bladder environment, with implications for epithelial proliferation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Trela
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Lukasz Stawski
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Lia Luus
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | | | | | - Yupeng He
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | | | - Tracy Carr
- AbbVie, Inc, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Adrian S Ray
- Morphic Therapeutic, Inc, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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25
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Pang X, He X, Qiu Z, Zhang H, Xie R, Liu Z, Gu Y, Zhao N, Xiang Q, Cui Y. Targeting integrin pathways: mechanisms and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36588107 PMCID: PMC9805914 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 176.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are considered the main cell-adhesion transmembrane receptors that play multifaceted roles as extracellular matrix (ECM)-cytoskeletal linkers and transducers in biochemical and mechanical signals between cells and their environment in a wide range of states in health and diseases. Integrin functions are dependable on a delicate balance between active and inactive status via multiple mechanisms, including protein-protein interactions, conformational changes, and trafficking. Due to their exposure on the cell surface and sensitivity to the molecular blockade, integrins have been investigated as pharmacological targets for nearly 40 years, but given the complexity of integrins and sometimes opposite characteristics, targeting integrin therapeutics has been a challenge. To date, only seven drugs targeting integrins have been successfully marketed, including abciximab, eptifibatide, tirofiban, natalizumab, vedolizumab, lifitegrast, and carotegrast. Currently, there are approximately 90 kinds of integrin-based therapeutic drugs or imaging agents in clinical studies, including small molecules, antibodies, synthetic mimic peptides, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, imaging agents, etc. A serious lesson from past integrin drug discovery and research efforts is that successes rely on both a deep understanding of integrin-regulatory mechanisms and unmet clinical needs. Herein, we provide a systematic and complete review of all integrin family members and integrin-mediated downstream signal transduction to highlight ongoing efforts to develop new therapies/diagnoses from bench to clinic. In addition, we further discuss the trend of drug development, how to improve the success rate of clinical trials targeting integrin therapies, and the key points for clinical research, basic research, and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Pang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Xu He
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwei Qiu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Hanxu Zhang
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xie
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Liu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Yanlun Gu
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhao
- grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034 Beijing, China ,grid.411472.50000 0004 1764 1621Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
| | - Yimin Cui
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University First Hospital, Xishiku Street, Xicheng District, 100034, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Peking University First Hospital, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian District, 100191, Beijing, China.
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26
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García-García T, Fernández-Rodríguez R, Redondo N, de Lucas-Rius A, Zaldívar-López S, López-Ayllón BD, Suárez-Cárdenas JM, Jiménez-Marín Á, Montoya M, Garrido JJ. Impairment of antiviral immune response and disruption of cellular functions by SARS-CoV-2 ORF7a and ORF7b. iScience 2022; 25:105444. [PMID: 36310646 PMCID: PMC9597514 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of the present COVID-19 pandemic, possesses eleven accessory proteins encoded in its genome, and some have been implicated in facilitating infection and pathogenesis through their interaction with cellular components. Among these proteins, accessory protein ORF7a and ORF7b functions are poorly understood. In this study, A549 cells were transduced to express ORF7a and ORF7b, respectively, to explore more in depth the role of each accessory protein in the pathological manifestation leading to COVID-19. Bioinformatic analysis and integration of transcriptome results identified defined canonical pathways and functional groupings revealing that after expression of ORF7a or ORF7b, the lung cells are potentially altered to create conditions more favorable for SARS-CoV-2, by inhibiting the IFN-I response, increasing proinflammatory cytokines release, and altering cell metabolic activity and adhesion. Based on these results, it is plausible to suggest that ORF7a or ORF7b could be used as biomarkers of progression in this pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tránsito García-García
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl Fernández-Rodríguez
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Natalia Redondo
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ana de Lucas-Rius
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Sara Zaldívar-López
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Blanca Dies López-Ayllón
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José M. Suárez-Cárdenas
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ángeles Jiménez-Marín
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
- Corresponding author
| | - Juan J. Garrido
- Immunogenomics and Molecular Pathogenesis Group, UIC Zoonoses and Emergent Diseases ENZOEM, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), GA-14 Research Group, Córdoba, Spain
- Corresponding author
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27
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Sime P, Jenkins G. Goldilocks and the Three Trials: Clinical Trials Targeting the α vβ 6 Integrin in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1062-1063. [PMID: 36018580 PMCID: PMC9704830 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202208-1579ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Sime
- Virginia Commonwealth University Health System Richmond, Virginia
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London, United Kingdom
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28
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Raghu G, Mouded M, Prasse A, Stebbins C, Zhao G, Song G, Arefayene M, Violette SM, Gallagher D, Gibson KF. Randomized Phase IIa Clinical Study of an Anti-α vβ 6 Monoclonal Antibody in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:1166-1168. [PMID: 35830489 PMCID: PMC9704833 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0868le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Raghu
- Center for Interstitial Lung DiseasesUniversity of Washington Medical CenterSeattle, Washington,Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | | | - Antje Prasse
- Department of PneumologyMedical School of HannoverHannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin F. Gibson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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29
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Rimal R, Desai P, Daware R, Hosseinnejad A, Prakash J, Lammers T, Singh S. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: Origin, function, imaging, and therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 189:114504. [PMID: 35998825 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is emerging as one of the primary barriers in cancer therapy. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) are a common inhabitant of the TME in several tumor types and play a critical role in tumor progression and drug resistance via different mechanisms such as desmoplasia, angiogenesis, immune modulation, and cancer metabolism. Due to their abundance and significance in pro-tumorigenic mechanisms, CAF are gaining attention as a diagnostic target as well as to improve the efficacy of cancer therapy by their modulation. In this review, we highlight existing imaging techniques that are used for the visualization of CAF and CAF-induced fibrosis and provide an overview of compounds that are known to modulate CAF activity. Subsequently, we also discuss CAF-targeted and CAF-modulating nanocarriers. Finally, our review addresses ongoing challenges and provides a glimpse into the prospects that can spearhead the transition of CAF-targeted therapies from opportunity to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Rimal
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF), Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prachi Desai
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rasika Daware
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Aisa Hosseinnejad
- DWI-Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, RWTH Aachen University, Forkenbeckstrasse 50, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Advanced Organ Bioengineering and Therapeutics, Section: Engineered Therapeutics, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, the Netherlands.
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (MPImF), Jahnstrasse 29, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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30
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Hung CT, Tsai YW, Wu YS, Yeh CF, Yang KC. The novel role of ER protein TXNDC5 in the pathogenesis of organ fibrosis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:63. [PMID: 36050716 PMCID: PMC9438287 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00850-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis-related disorders account for an enormous burden of disease-associated morbidity and mortality worldwide. Fibrosis is defined by excessive extracellular matrix deposition at fibrotic foci in the organ tissue following injury, resulting in abnormal architecture, impaired function and ultimately, organ failure. To date, there lacks effective pharmacological therapy to target fibrosis per se, highlighting the urgent need to identify novel drug targets against organ fibrosis. Recently, we have discovered the critical role of a fibroblasts-enriched endoplasmic reticulum protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5), in cardiac, pulmonary, renal and liver fibrosis, showing TXNDC5 is required for the activation of fibrogenic transforming growth factor-β signaling cascades depending on its catalytic activity as a PDI. Moreover, deletion of TXNDC5 in fibroblasts ameliorates organ fibrosis and preserves organ function by inhibiting myofibroblasts activation, proliferation and extracellular matrix production. In this review, we detailed the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which TXNDC5 promotes fibrogenesis in various tissue types and summarized potential therapeutic strategies targeting TXNDC5 to treat organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Ting Hung
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shuo Wu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Fan Yeh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, No. 1, Sec. 1, Ren-Ai Rd, 1150R, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Center for Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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31
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Hiroyama S, Matsunaga K, Ito M, Iimori H, Tajiri M, Nakano Y, Shimosegawa E, Abe K. Usefulness of 18F-FPP-RGD2 PET in pathophysiological evaluation of lung fibrosis using a bleomycin-induced rat model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:4358-4368. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05908-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Targeting fibrosis, mechanisms and cilinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:206. [PMID: 35773269 PMCID: PMC9247101 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01070-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by the excessive extracellular matrix deposition due to dysregulated wound and connective tissue repair response. Multiple organs can develop fibrosis, including the liver, kidney, heart, and lung. Fibrosis such as liver cirrhosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis caused substantial disease burden. Persistent abnormal activation of myofibroblasts mediated by various signals, such as transforming growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growh factor, has been recongized as a major event in the occurrence and progression of fibrosis. Although the mechanisms driving organ-specific fibrosis have not been fully elucidated, drugs targeting these identified aberrant signals have achieved potent anti-fibrotic efficacy in clinical trials. In this review, we briefly introduce the aetiology and epidemiology of several fibrosis diseases, including liver fibrosis, kidney fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we summarise the abnormal cells (epithelial cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts) and their interactions in fibrosis. In addition, we also focus on the aberrant signaling pathways and therapeutic targets that regulate myofibroblast activation, extracellular matrix cross-linking, metabolism, and inflammation in fibrosis. Finally, we discuss the anti-fibrotic drugs based on their targets and clinical trials. This review provides reference for further research on fibrosis mechanism, drug development, and clinical trials.
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Ortiz-Zapater E, Signes-Costa J, Montero P, Roger I. Lung Fibrosis and Fibrosis in the Lungs: Is It All about Myofibroblasts? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061423. [PMID: 35740444 PMCID: PMC9220162 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lungs, fibrosis is a growing clinical problem that results in shortness of breath and can end up in respiratory failure. Even though the main fibrotic disease affecting the lung is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), which affects the interstitial space, there are many fibrotic events that have high and dangerous consequences for the lungs. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), excessive allergies, clearance of infection or COVID-19, all are frequent diseases that show lung fibrosis. In this review, we describe the different kinds of fibrosis and analyse the main types of cells involved-myofibroblasts and other cells, like macrophages-and review the main fibrotic mechanisms. Finally, we analyse present treatments for fibrosis in the lungs and highlight potential targets for anti-fibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortiz-Zapater
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine-IIS INCLIVA, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Paula Montero
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (I.R.)
| | - Inés Roger
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (P.M.); (I.R.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre on Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Delacroix C, Hulot JS. [Integrins in cardiac fibrosis]. Med Sci (Paris) 2022; 38:438-444. [PMID: 35608466 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2022055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last 20 years, integrins have been a therapeutic target of interest in the treatment of fibrotic diseases, particularly regarding the integrins of the αV family. Initially developed as anti-cancer drugs but with modest benefits, inhibitors of integrins (such as the anti-αV cilengitide) have shown interesting anti-fibrotic effects in different organs including the heart. Cardiac fibrosis is defined as an accumulation of stiff extracellular matrix in the myocardium, and ultimately leads to heart failure, one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Understanding the determinants of cardiac fibrosis and the involvement of integrins is a major matter of public health. This review presents the current knowledge on the different types of cardiac fibrosis and their etiologies, and report on first data supporting specific integrin inhibition therapy as a novel anti-fibrotic strategy, in particular to treat cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Delacroix
- Paris Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Inserm U.970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Paris Centre de recherche cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Inserm U.970, 56 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
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35
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Zhou H, Wang M, Zhang Y, Su Q, Xie Z, Chen X, Yan R, Li P, Li T, Qin X, Yang H, Wu C, You F, Li S, Liu Y. Functions and clinical significance of mechanical tumor microenvironment: cancer cell sensing, mechanobiology and metastasis. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2022; 42:374-400. [PMID: 35470988 PMCID: PMC9118059 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic and heterogeneous interaction between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment fuels the occurrence, progression, invasion, and metastasis of solid tumors. In this process, the tumor microenvironment (TME) fractures cellular and matrix architecture normality through biochemical and mechanical means, abetting tumorigenesis and treatment resistance. Tumor cells sense and respond to the strength, direction, and duration of mechanical cues in the TME by various mechanotransduction pathways. However, far less understood is the comprehensive perspective of the functions and mechanisms of mechanotransduction. Due to the great therapeutic difficulties brought by the mechanical changes in the TME, emerging studies have focused on targeting the adverse mechanical factors in the TME to attenuate disease rather than conventionally targeting tumor cells themselves, which has been proven to be a potential therapeutic approach. In this review, we discussed the origins and roles of mechanical factors in the TME, cell sensing, mechano‐biological coupling and signal transduction, in vitro construction of the tumor mechanical microenvironment, applications and clinical significance in the TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanying Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Su
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Zhengxin Xie
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Ran Yan
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China.,Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Qin
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Fengming You
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Yiyao Liu
- Department of Biophysics, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China.,Traditional Chinese Medicine Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610072, P. R. China
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Czaja AJ. Immune Inhibitory Properties and Therapeutic Prospects of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Interleukin 10 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:1163-1186. [PMID: 33835375 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-06968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have diverse immune inhibitory properties that have restored homeostatic defense mechanisms in experimental models of autoimmune disease. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of each cytokine, review their investigational use in animal models and patients, and indicate their prospects as interventions in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Transforming growth factor-beta expands the natural and inducible populations of regulatory T cells, limits the proliferation of natural killer cells, suppresses the activation of naïve CD8+ T cells, decreases the production of interferon-gamma, and stimulates fibrotic repair. Interleukin 10 selectively inhibits the CD28 co-stimulatory signal for antigen recognition and impairs antigen-specific activation of uncommitted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. It also inhibits maturation of dendritic cells, suppresses Th17 cells, supports regulatory T cells, and limits production of diverse pro-inflammatory cytokines. Contradictory immune stimulatory effects have been associated with each cytokine and may relate to the dose and accompanying cytokine milieu. Experimental findings have not translated into successful early clinical trials. The recombinant preparation of each agent in low dosage has been safe in human studies. In conclusion, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin 10 have powerful immune inhibitory actions of potential therapeutic value in autoimmune hepatitis. The keys to their therapeutic application will be to match their predominant non-redundant function with the pivotal pathogenic mechanism or cytokine deficiency and to avoid contradictory immune stimulatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Czaja
- Professor Emeritus of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First Street S.W., Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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37
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Quigley NG, Steiger K, Hoberück S, Czech N, Zierke MA, Kossatz S, Pretze M, Richter F, Weichert W, Pox C, Kotzerke J, Notni J. PET/CT imaging of head-and-neck and pancreatic cancer in humans by targeting the "Cancer Integrin" αvβ6 with Ga-68-Trivehexin. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 49:1136-1147. [PMID: 34559266 PMCID: PMC8460406 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop a new probe for the αvβ6-integrin and assess its potential for PET imaging of carcinomas. METHODS Ga-68-Trivehexin was synthesized by trimerization of the optimized αvβ6-integrin selective cyclic nonapeptide Tyr2 (sequence: c[YRGDLAYp(NMe)K]) on the TRAP chelator core, followed by automated labeling with Ga-68. The tracer was characterized by ELISA for activities towards integrin subtypes αvβ6, αvβ8, αvβ3, and α5β1, as well as by cell binding assays on H2009 (αvβ6-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (αvβ6-negative) cells. SCID-mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts of the same cell lines were used for dynamic (90 min) and static (75 min p.i.) µPET imaging, as well as for biodistribution (90 min p.i.). Structure-activity-relationships were established by comparison with the predecessor compound Ga-68-TRAP(AvB6)3. Ga-68-Trivehexin was tested for in-human PET/CT imaging of HNSCC, parotideal adenocarcinoma, and metastatic PDAC. RESULTS Ga-68-Trivehexin showed a high αvβ6-integrin affinity (IC50 = 0.047 nM), selectivity over other subtypes (IC50-based factors: αvβ8, 131; αvβ3, 57; α5β1, 468), blockable uptake in H2009 cells, and negligible uptake in MDA-MB-231 cells. Biodistribution and preclinical PET imaging confirmed a high target-specific uptake in tumor and a low non-specific uptake in other organs and tissues except the excretory organs (kidneys and urinary bladder). Preclinical PET corresponded well to in-human results, showing high and persistent uptake in metastatic PDAC and HNSCC (SUVmax = 10-13) as well as in kidneys/urine. Ga-68-Trivehexin enabled PET/CT imaging of small PDAC metastases and showed high uptake in HNSCC but not in tumor-associated inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Ga-68-Trivehexin is a valuable probe for imaging of αvβ6-integrin expression in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoberück
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Norbert Czech
- Center of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Pretze
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wilko Weichert
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Pox
- Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hospital St. Joseph-Stift Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jörg Kotzerke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Nuklearmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus an der Technischen Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
- Experimental Radiopharmacy, Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Michalski JE, Kurche JS, Schwartz DA. From ARDS to pulmonary fibrosis: the next phase of the COVID-19 pandemic? Transl Res 2022; 241:13-24. [PMID: 34547499 PMCID: PMC8452088 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has transformed the medical and scientific communites since it was first reported in late 2019, we are only beginning to understand the chronic health burdens associated with this disease. Although COVID-19 is a multi-systemic disease, the lungs are the primary source of infection and injury, resulting in pneumonia and, in severe cases, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Given that pulmonary fibrosis is a well-recognized sequela of ARDS, many have questioned whether COVID-19 survivors will face long-term pulmonary consequences. This review is aimed at integrating our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying fibroproliferative ARDS with our current knowledge of the pulmonary consequences of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Michalski
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jonathan S Kurche
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Medicine Service, Pulmonary Section, Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David A Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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Hasan M, Paul NC, Paul SK, Saikat ASM, Akter H, Mandal M, Lee SS. Natural Product-Based Potential Therapeutic Interventions of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Molecules 2022; 27:1481. [PMID: 35268581 PMCID: PMC8911636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease-refractive lung condition with an increased rate of mortality. The potential factors causing PF include viral infections, radiation exposure, and toxic airborne chemicals. Idiopathic PF (IPF) is related to pneumonia affecting the elderly and is characterized by recurring scar formation in the lungs. An impaired wound healing process, defined by the dysregulated aggregation of extracellular matrix components, triggers fibrotic scar formation in the lungs. The potential pathogenesis includes oxidative stress, altered cell signaling, inflammation, etc. Nintedanib and pirfenidone have been approved with a conditional endorsement for the management of IPF. In addition, natural product-based treatment strategies have shown promising results in treating PF. In this study, we reviewed the recently published literature and discussed the potential uses of natural products, classified into three types-isolated active compounds, crude extracts of plants, and traditional medicine, consisting of mixtures of different plant products-in treating PF. These natural products are promising in the treatment of PF via inhibiting inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial mesenchymal transition, as well as affecting TGF-β-mediated cell signaling, etc. Based on the current review, we have revealed the signaling mechanisms of PF pathogenesis and the potential opportunities offered by natural product-based medicine in treating PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbub Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
| | - Nidhan Chandra Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Shamrat Kumar Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Hafeza Akter
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Research Division, Health Medical Science Research Foundation, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh;
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Science Faculty, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Dhaka 8100, Bangladesh; (N.C.P.); (S.K.P.); (A.S.M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Department of Oriental Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Sciences, Sangji University, Wonju 26339, Korea
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40
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Krishn SR, Garcia V, Naranjo NM, Quaglia F, Shields CD, Harris MA, Kossenkov AV, Liu Q, Corey E, Altieri DC, Languino LR. Small extracellular vesicle-mediated ITGB6 siRNA delivery downregulates the αVβ6 integrin and inhibits adhesion and migration of recipient prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2022; 23:173-185. [PMID: 35188070 PMCID: PMC8865252 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2022.2030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The αVβ6 integrin, an epithelial-specific cell surface receptor absent in normal prostate and expressed during prostate cancer (PrCa) progression, is a therapeutic target in many cancers. Here, we report that transcript levels of ITGB6 (encoding the β6 integrin subunit) are significantly increased in metastatic castrate-resistant androgen receptor-negative prostate tumors compared to androgen receptor-positive prostate tumors. In addition, the αVβ6 integrin protein levels are significantly elevated in androgen receptor-negative PrCa patient derived xenografts (PDXs) compared to androgen receptor-positive PDXs. In vitro, the androgen receptor-negative PrCa cells express high levels of the αVβ6 integrin compared to androgen receptor-positive PrCa cells. Additionally, expression of androgen receptor (wild type or variant 7) in androgen receptor-negative PrCa cells downregulates the expression of the β6 but not αV subunit compared to control cells. We demonstrate an efficient strategy to therapeutically target the αVβ6 integrin during PrCa progression by using short interfering RNA (siRNA) loaded into PrCa cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). We first demonstrate that fluorescently-labeled siRNAs can be efficiently loaded into PrCa cell-derived sEVs by electroporation. By confocal microscopy, we show efficient internalization of these siRNA-loaded sEVs into PrCa cells. We show that sEV-mediated delivery of ITGB6-targeting siRNAs into PC3 cells specifically downregulates expression of the β6 subunit. Furthermore, treatment with sEVs encapsulating ITGB6 siRNA significantly reduces cell adhesion and migration of PrCa cells on an αVβ6-specific substrate, LAP-TGFβ1. Our results demonstrate an approach for specific targeting of the αVβ6 integrin in PrCa cells using sEVs encapsulating ITGB6-specific siRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Ram Krishn
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Vaughn Garcia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Nicole M. Naranjo
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Fabio Quaglia
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Christopher D. Shields
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maisha A. Harris
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Andrew V. Kossenkov
- Center for Systems and Computational Biology, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Dario C. Altieri
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Immunology, Microenvironment and Metastasis Program, the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Lucia R. Languino
- Prostate Cancer Discovery and Development Program, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA USA
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Xie H, Jiao Y, Zhou X, Liao X, Chen J, Chen H, Chen L, Yu S, Deng Q, Sun L, Xu X, Wang J. Integrin αvβ6 contributes to the development of intestinal fibrosis via the FAK/AKT signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:113003. [PMID: 34979108 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.113003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal fibrosis is one of the most severe complications of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and frequently requires surgery due to intestinal obstruction. Integrin αvβ6, which is mainly regulated by the integrin β6 subunit gene (ITGB6), is a special integrin subtype expressed only in epithelial cells. In our previous study, we found integrin αvβ6 can promote the development of IBD, but the role of integrin αvβ6 in intestinal fibrosis remains unclear. In this study, we observed a gradual increase of ITGB6 mRNA expression from normal region to stenotic region of IBD patients' intestinal specimens. Next, we established a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced intestinal fibrosis model and a heterotopic intestinal transplant model, and found intestinal fibrosis was decreased in ITGB6-deficient mice compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Furthermore, we performed RNA-sequencing and KEGG pathway analysis on intestinal tissues from ITGB6-overexpressing transgenic mice and WT mice, and found multiple pathways containing ITGB6, are related to the activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK); finding was confirmed by Western blot. At last, we generated a heterotopic intestinal transplant model found the FAK/AKT pathway was inhibited in ITGB6-deficient mice. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that integrin αvβ6 promotes the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis by FAK/AKT pathway, making integrin αvβ6 a potential therapeutic target to prevent this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Xie
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yurong Jiao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinbin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiujun Liao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liubo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaoju Yu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Deng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lifeng Sun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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HSP90 as a regulator of extracellular matrix dynamics. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:2611-2625. [PMID: 34913470 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a dynamic and organised extracellular network assembled from proteins and carbohydrates exported from the cell. The ECM is critical for multicellular life, providing spatial and temporal cellular cues to maintain tissue homeostasis. Consequently, ECM production must be carefully balanced with turnover to ensure homeostasis; ECM dysfunction culminates in disease. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone central to protein homeostasis, including in the ECM. Intracellular and extracellular Hsp90 isoforms collaborate to regulate the levels and status of proteins in the ECM via multiple mechanisms. In so doing, Hsp90 regulates ECM dynamics, and changes in Hsp90 levels or activity support the development of ECM-related diseases, like cancer and fibrosis. Consequently, Hsp90 levels may have prognostic value, while inhibition of Hsp90 may have therapeutic potential in conditions characterised by ECM dysfunction.
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Involvement of the ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR Axis in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Implications for COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312955. [PMID: 34884756 PMCID: PMC8657555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic, fibrotic lung disease affecting 3 million people worldwide. The ACE2/Ang-(1–7)/MasR axis is of interest in pulmonary fibrosis due to evidence of its anti-fibrotic action. Current scientific evidence supports that inhibition of ACE2 causes enhanced fibrosis. ACE2 is also the primary receptor that facilitates the entry of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 is associated with a myriad of symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) leading to respiratory failure, mechanical ventilation, and often death. One of the potential complications in people who recover from COVID-19 is pulmonary fibrosis. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for fibrotic lung diseases, including the idiopathic form of this disease (idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis), which has a prevalence of 41% to 83%. Cigarette smoke increases the expression of pulmonary ACE2 and is thought to alter susceptibility to COVID-19. Cannabis is another popular combustible product that shares some similarities with cigarette smoke, however, cannabis contains cannabinoids that may reduce inflammation and/or ACE2 levels. The role of cannabis smoke in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis remains unknown. This review aimed to characterize the ACE2-Ang-(1–7)-MasR Axis in the context of pulmonary fibrosis with an emphasis on risk factors, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus and exposure to environmental toxicants. In the context of the pandemic, there is a dire need for an understanding of pulmonary fibrotic events. More research is needed to understand the interplay between ACE2, pulmonary fibrosis, and susceptibility to coronavirus infection.
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Yokosaki Y, Nishimichi N. New Therapeutic Targets for Hepatic Fibrosis in the Integrin Family, α8β1 and α11β1, Induced Specifically on Activated Stellate Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12794. [PMID: 34884600 PMCID: PMC8657911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A huge effort has been devoted to developing drugs targeting integrins over 30 years, because of the primary roles of integrins in the cell-matrix milieu. Five αv-containing integrins, in the 24 family members, have been a central target of fibrosis. Currently, a small molecule against αvβ1 is undergoing a clinical trial for NASH-associated fibrosis as a rare agent aiming at fibrogenesis. Latent TGFβ activation, a distinct talent of αv-integrins, has been intriguing as a therapeutic target. None of the αv-integrin inhibitors, however, has been in the clinical market. αv-integrins commonly recognize an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and thus the pharmacophore of inhibitors for the 5-integrins is based on the same RGD structure. The RGD preference of the integrins, at the same time, dilutes ligand specificity, as the 5-integrins share ligands containing RGD sequence such as fibronectin. With the inherent little specificity in both drugs and targets, "disease specificity" has become less important for the inhibitors than blocking as many αv-integrins. In fact, an almighty inhibitor for αv-integrins, pan-αv, was in a clinical trial. On the contrary, approved integrin inhibitors are all specific to target integrins, which are expressed in a cell-type specific manner: αIIbβ3 on platelets, α4β1, α4β7 and αLβ2 on leukocytes. Herein, "disease specific" integrins would serve as attractive targets. α8β1 and α11β1 are selectively expressed in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and distinctively induced upon culture activation. The exceptional specificity to activated HSCs reflects a rather "pathology specific" nature of these new integrins. The monoclonal antibodies against α8β1 and α11β1 in preclinical examinations may illuminate the road to the first medical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Yokosaki
- Integrin-Matrix Biomedical Science, Translational Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-Ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan;
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Yanagihara T, Scallan C, Ask K, Kolb MR. Emerging therapeutic targets for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: preclinical progress and therapeutic implications. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:939-948. [PMID: 34784834 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.2006186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with high associated morbidity and mortality. The therapeutic landscape has significantly changed in the last 20 years with two drugs currently approved that have demonstrated the ability to slow disease progression. Despite these developments, survival in IPF is limited, so there is a major interest in therapeutic targets which could serve to open up new therapeutic avenues. AREAS COVERED We review the most recent information regarding drug targets and therapies currently being investigated in preclinical and early-stage clinical trials. EXPERT OPINION The complex pathogenesis of IPF and variability in disease course and response to therapy highlights the importance of a precision approach to therapy. Novel technologies including transcriptomics and the use of serum biomarkers, will become essential tools to guide future drug development and therapeutic decision making particularly as it pertains to combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toyoshi Yanagihara
- Research Institute for Diseases of the Chest, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ciaran Scallan
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Kjetil Ask
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Rj Kolb
- Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, Research Institute at St Joseph's Healthcare, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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46
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Ong CH, Tham CL, Harith HH, Firdaus N, Israf DA. TGF-β-induced fibrosis: A review on the underlying mechanism and potential therapeutic strategies. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174510. [PMID: 34560077 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) plays multiple homeostatic roles in the regulation of inflammation, proliferation, differentiation and would healing of various tissues. Many studies have demonstrated that TGF-β stimulates activation and proliferation of fibroblasts, which result in extracellular matrix deposition. Its increased expression can result in many fibrotic diseases, and the level of expression is often correlated with disease severity. On this basis, inhibition of TGF-β and its activity has great therapeutic potential for the treatment of various fibrotic diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, systemic sclerosis and etc. By understanding the molecular mechanism of TGF-β signaling and activity, researchers were able to develop different strategies in order to modulate the activity of TGF-β. Antisense oligonucleotide was developed to target the mRNA of TGF-β to inhibit its expression. There are also neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that can target the TGF-β ligands or αvβ6 integrin to prevent binding to receptor or activation of latent TGF-β respectively. Soluble TGF-β receptors act as ligand traps that competitively bind to the TGF-β ligands. Many small molecule inhibitors have been developed to inhibit the TGF-β receptor at its cytoplasmic domain and also intracellular signaling molecules. Peptide aptamer technology has been used to target downstream TGF-β signaling. Here, we summarize the underlying mechanism of TGF-β-induced fibrosis and also review various strategies of inhibiting TGF-β in both preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Hao Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Chau Ling Tham
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Hanis Hazeera Harith
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Nazmi Firdaus
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia
| | - Daud Ahmad Israf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43300, Malaysia.
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47
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Wilkinson AL, John AE, Barrett JW, Gower E, Morrison VS, Man Y, Pun KT, Roper JA, Luckett JC, Borthwick LA, Barksby BS, Burgoyne RA, Barnes R, Fisher AJ, Procopiou PA, Hatley RJD, Barrett TN, Marshall RP, Macdonald SJF, Jenkins RG, Slack RJ. Pharmacological characterisation of GSK3335103, an oral αvβ6 integrin small molecule RGD-mimetic inhibitor for the treatment of fibrotic disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 913:174618. [PMID: 34762934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue due to injury or long-term inflammation and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Activation of the pro-fibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) via the alpha-V beta-6 (αvβ6) integrin has been identified as playing a key role in the development of fibrosis. Therefore, a drug discovery programme to identify an orally bioavailable small molecule αvβ6 arginyl-glycinyl-aspartic acid (RGD)-mimetic was initiated. As part of a medicinal chemistry programme GSK3335103 was identified and profiled in a range of pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo systems. GSK3335103 was shown to bind to the αvβ6 with high affinity and demonstrated fast binding kinetics. In primary human lung epithelial cells, GSK3335103-induced concentration- and time-dependent internalisation of αvβ6 with a rapid return of integrin to the cell surface observed after washout. Following sustained engagement of the αvβ6 integrin in vitro, lysosomal degradation was induced by GSK3335103. GSK3335103 was shown to engage with the αvβ6 integrin and inhibit the activation of TGFβ in both ex vivo IPF tissue and in a murine model of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis, as measured by αvβ6 engagement, TGFβ signalling and collagen deposition, with a prolonged duration of action observed in vivo. In summary, GSK3335103 is a potent αvβ6 inhibitor that attenuates TGFβ signalling in vitro and in vivo with a well-defined pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship. This translates to a significant reduction of collagen deposition in vivo and therefore GSK3335103 represents a potential novel oral therapy for fibrotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex L Wilkinson
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Alison E John
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London, UK
| | - John W Barrett
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - E Gower
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Valerie S Morrison
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Yim Man
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - K Tao Pun
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - James A Roper
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jeni C Luckett
- Nottingham Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lee A Borthwick
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ben S Barksby
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel A Burgoyne
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rory Barnes
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Fibrosis Research Group, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Transplantation, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS, Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Richard J D Hatley
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Tim N Barrett
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Richard P Marshall
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Simon J F Macdonald
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - R Gisli Jenkins
- Margaret Turner Warwick Centre for Fibrosing Lung Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Guy Scadding Building, Cale Street, London, UK
| | - Robert J Slack
- Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK.
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Suezawa T, Kanagaki S, Moriguchi K, Masui A, Nakao K, Toyomoto M, Tamai K, Mikawa R, Hirai T, Murakami K, Hagiwara M, Gotoh S. Disease modeling of pulmonary fibrosis using human pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar organoids. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 16:2973-2987. [PMID: 34798066 PMCID: PMC8693665 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although alveolar epithelial cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, few practical in vitro models exist to study them. Here, we established a novel in vitro pulmonary fibrosis model using alveolar organoids consisting of human pluripotent stem cell-derived alveolar epithelial cells and primary human lung fibroblasts. In this human model, bleomycin treatment induced phenotypes such as epithelial cell-mediated fibroblast activation, cellular senescence, and presence of alveolar epithelial cells in abnormal differentiation states. Chemical screening performed to target these abnormalities showed that inhibition of ALK5 or blocking of integrin αVβ6 ameliorated the fibrogenic changes in the alveolar organoids. Furthermore, organoid contraction and extracellular matrix accumulation in the model recapitulated the pathological changes observed in pulmonary fibrosis. This human model may therefore accelerate the development of highly effective therapeutic agents for otherwise incurable pulmonary fibrosis by targeting alveolar epithelial cells and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Human pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro pulmonary fibrosis model was established Bleomycin-treated alveolar organoids showed epithelium-dependent contraction Abnormal differentiation state and cellular senescence in AT2 cells were mimicked Inhibition of TGFβ signaling ameliorated the fibrogenic changes of the disease model
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suezawa
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kanagaki
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Keita Moriguchi
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Masui
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Nakao
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masayasu Toyomoto
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Tamai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryuta Mikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Murakami
- Watarase Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Drug Discovery for Lung Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Decaris ML, Schaub JR, Chen C, Cha J, Lee GG, Rexhepaj M, Ho SS, Rao V, Marlow MM, Kotak P, Budi EH, Hooi L, Wu J, Fridlib M, Martin SP, Huang S, Chen M, Muñoz M, Hom TF, Wolters PJ, Desai TJ, Rock F, Leftheris K, Morgans DJ, Lepist EI, Andre P, Lefebvre EA, Turner SM. Dual inhibition of α vβ 6 and α vβ 1 reduces fibrogenesis in lung tissue explants from patients with IPF. Respir Res 2021; 22:265. [PMID: 34666752 PMCID: PMC8524858 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-021-01863-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE αv integrins, key regulators of transforming growth factor-β activation and fibrogenesis in in vivo models of pulmonary fibrosis, are expressed on abnormal epithelial cells (αvβ6) and fibroblasts (αvβ1) in fibrotic lungs. OBJECTIVES We evaluated multiple αv integrin inhibition strategies to assess which most effectively reduced fibrogenesis in explanted lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS Selective αvβ6 and αvβ1, dual αvβ6/αvβ1, and multi-αv integrin inhibitors were characterized for potency, selectivity, and functional activity by ligand binding, cell adhesion, and transforming growth factor-β cell activation assays. Precision-cut lung slices generated from lung explants from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or bleomycin-challenged mouse lungs were treated with integrin inhibitors or standard-of-care drugs (nintedanib or pirfenidone) and analyzed for changes in fibrotic gene expression or TGF-β signaling. Bleomycin-challenged mice treated with dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor, PLN-74809, were assessed for changes in pulmonary collagen deposition and Smad3 phosphorylation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 was additive in reducing type I collagen gene expression in explanted lung tissue slices from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. These data were replicated in fibrotic mouse lung tissue, with no added benefit observed from inhibition of additional αv integrins. Antifibrotic efficacy of dual αvβ6/αvβ1 integrin inhibitor PLN-74809 was confirmed in vivo, where dose-dependent inhibition of pulmonary Smad3 phosphorylation and collagen deposition was observed. PLN-74809 also, more potently, reduced collagen gene expression in fibrotic human and mouse lung slices than clinically relevant concentrations of nintedanib or pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS In the fibrotic lung, dual inhibition of integrins αvβ6 and αvβ1 offers the optimal approach for blocking fibrogenesis resulting from integrin-mediated activation of transforming growth factor-β.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chun Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Cha
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gail G Lee
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Steve S Ho
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Prerna Kotak
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Erine H Budi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Hooi
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Shaoyi Huang
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Muñoz
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul J Wolters
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tushar J Desai
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - David J Morgans
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Maze Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Patrick Andre
- Pliant Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Acceleron Pharma, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Steiger K, Quigley NG, Groll T, Richter F, Zierke MA, Beer AJ, Weichert W, Schwaiger M, Kossatz S, Notni J. There is a world beyond αvβ3-integrin: Multimeric ligands for imaging of the integrin subtypes αvβ6, αvβ8, αvβ3, and α5β1 by positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 34636990 PMCID: PMC8506476 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-021-00842-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the context of nuclear medicine and theranostics, integrin-related research and development was, for most of the time, focused predominantly on 'RGD peptides' and the subtype αvβ3-integrin. However, there are no less than 24 known integrins, and peptides without the RGD sequence as well as non-peptidic ligands play an equally important role as selective integrin ligands. On the other hand, multimerization is a well-established method to increase the avidity of binding structures, but multimeric radiopharmaceuticals have not made their way into clinics yet. In this review, we describe how these aspects have been interwoven in the framework of the German Research Foundation's multi-group interdisciplinary funding scheme CRC 824, yielding a series of potent PET imaging agents for selective imaging of various integrin subtypes. RESULTS The gallium-68 chelator TRAP was utilized to elaborate symmetrical trimers of various peptidic and non-peptidic integrin ligands. Preclinical data suggested a high potential of the resulting Ga-68-tracers for PET-imaging of the integrins α5β1, αvβ8, αvβ6, and αvβ3. For the first three, we provide some additional immunohistochemistry data in human cancers, which suggest several future clinical applications. Finally, application of αvβ3- and αvβ6-integrin tracers in pancreatic carcinoma patients revealed that unlike αvβ3-targeted PET, αvβ6-integrin PET is not characterized by off-target uptake and thus, enables a substantially improved imaging of this type of cancer. CONCLUSIONS Novel radiopharmaceuticals targeting a number of different integrins, above all, αvβ6, have proven their clinical potential and will play an increasingly important role in future theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steiger
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Neil Gerard Quigley
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Groll
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frauke Richter
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Wilko Weichert
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Klinik Für Nuklearmedizin Und Zentralinstitut Für Translationale Krebsforschung (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Klinik Für Nuklearmedizin Und Zentralinstitut Für Translationale Krebsforschung (TranslaTUM), Klinikum Rechts Der Isar der Technischen Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Notni
- Institut Für Pathologie Und Pathologische Anatomie, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Experimental Radiopharmacy, Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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