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Xu L, Tian D, Zhou M, Ma J, Sun G, Jin H, Li M, Zhang D, Wu J. OX40 Expression in Eosinophils Aggravates OVA-Induced Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:841141. [PMID: 35720294 PMCID: PMC9201343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.841141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Eosinophils are the main inflammatory effector cells that damage gastrointestinal tissue in eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases (EGIDs). Activation of the OX40 pathway aggravates allergic diseases, such as asthma, but it is not clear whether OX40 is expressed in eosinophils to regulate inflammation in EGIDs. In this study, we assessed the expression and effect of OX40 on eosinophils in WT and Ox40-/- eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EGE) mice. Methods Eosinophil infiltration, ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Ig production, OX40 expression and inflammatory factor levels in the intestine and bone marrow (BM) were investigated to evaluate inflammation. Results We confirmed that OVA-challenged mice produced high levels of Ox40, Mbp, Ccl11, Il5, Il4, Il13, and Il6 mRNA and a low level of Ifng mRNA in the intestine. Increased eosinophils were observed in intestinal and lymph tissues, accompanied by significantly upregulated OX40 and Type 2 cytokine production in eosinophils of EGE mice. Ox40 deficiency ameliorated OVA-induced inflammation, eosinophil infiltration, and cytokine production in the intestine. Consistently, Ox40-/ - eosinophils exhibited decreased proliferation and proinflammatory function. The stimulation of the agonistic anti-OX40 antibody, OX86, promoted the effect of OX40 on eosinophils. The present study also showed that Ox40 deficiency dampened the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway in eosinophils. Conclusions OX40 may play a critical role in the progress of OVA-induced EGE by promoting the maturation and function of eosinophils via the Traf2/6-related NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Minsi Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuyue Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Tolerance Induction and Organ Protection in Transplantation, Beijing, China.,Immunology Research Center for Oral and Systemic Health, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, Beijing, China
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Odinius TO, Buschhorn L, Wagner C, Hauch RT, Dill V, Dechant M, Buck MC, Shoumariyeh K, Moog P, Schwaab J, Reiter A, Brockow K, Götze K, Bassermann F, Höckendorf U, Branca C, Jost PJ, Jilg S. Comprehensive characterization of central BCL-2 family members in aberrant eosinophils and their impact on therapeutic strategies. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:331-340. [PMID: 34654952 PMCID: PMC8800915 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03827-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Hypereosinophilia represents a heterogenous group of severe medical conditions characterized by elevated numbers of eosinophil granulocytes in peripheral blood, bone marrow or tissue. Treatment options for hypereosinophilia remain limited despite recent approaches including IL-5-targeted monoclonal antibodies and tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Methods To understand aberrant survival patterns and options for pharmacologic intervention, we characterized BCL-2-regulated apoptosis signaling by testing for BCL-2 family expression levels as well as pharmacologic inhibition using primary patient samples from diverse subtypes of hypereosinophilia (hypereosinophilic syndrome n = 18, chronic eosinophilic leukemia not otherwise specified n = 9, lymphocyte-variant hypereosinophilia n = 2, myeloproliferative neoplasm with eosinophilia n = 2, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis n = 11, reactive eosinophilia n = 3). Results Contrary to published literature, we found no difference in the levels of the lncRNA Morrbid and its target BIM. Yet, we identified a near complete loss of expression of pro-apoptotic PUMA as well as a reduction in anti-apoptotic BCL-2. Accordingly, BCL-2 inhibition using venetoclax failed to achieve cell death induction in eosinophil granulocytes and bone marrow mononuclear cells from patients with hypereosinophilia. In contrast, MCL1 inhibition using S63845 specifically decreased the viability of bone marrow progenitor cells in patients with hypereosinophilia. In patients diagnosed with Chronic Eosinophilic Leukemia (CEL-NOS) or Myeloid and Lymphatic Neoplasia with hypereosinophilia (MLN-Eo) repression of survival was specifically powerful. Conclusion Our study shows that MCL1 inhibition might be a promising therapeutic option for hypereosinophilia patients specifically for CEL-NOS and MLN-Eo. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03827-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo O Odinius
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lars Buschhorn
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Celina Wagner
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard T Hauch
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veronika Dill
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marta Dechant
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michele C Buck
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Khalid Shoumariyeh
- Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg Im Breisgau, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Philipp Moog
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine II, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juliana Schwaab
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Reiter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Knut Brockow
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Götze
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Bassermann
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Höckendorf
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Caterina Branca
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp J Jost
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Centre for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Division of Clinical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Jilg
- Clinic and Policlinic for Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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3
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BCL-XL antagonism selectively reduces neutrophil life span within inflamed tissues without causing neutropenia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:2550-2562. [PMID: 34100903 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils help to clear pathogens and cellular debris, but can also cause collateral damage within inflamed tissues. Prolonged neutrophil residency within an inflammatory niche can exacerbate tissue pathology. Using both genetic and pharmacological approaches, we show that BCL-XL is required for the persistence of neutrophils within inflammatory sites in mice. We demonstrate that a selective BCL-XL inhibitor (A-1331852) has therapeutic potential by causing apoptosis in inflammatory human neutrophils ex vivo. Moreover, in murine models of acute and chronic inflammatory disease, it reduced inflammatory neutrophil numbers and ameliorated tissue pathology. In contrast, there was minimal effect on circulating neutrophils. Thus, we show a differential survival requirement in activated neutrophils for BCL-XL and reveal a new therapeutic approach to neutrophil-mediated diseases.
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4
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Shen ZJ, Malter JS. Determinants of eosinophil survival and apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis 2015; 20:224-34. [PMID: 25563855 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils (Eos) are potent inflammatory cells and abundantly present in the sputum and lung of patients with allergic asthma. During both transit to and residence in the lung, Eos contact prosurvival cytokines, particularly IL-3, IL-5 and GM-CSF, that attenuate cell death. Cytokine signaling modulates the expression and function of a number of intracellular pro- and anti-apoptotic molecules. Both intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways are affected. This article discusses the fundamental role of the extracellular and intracellular molecules that initiate and control survival decisions by human Eos and highlights the role of the cis-trans isomerase, Pin1 in controlling these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jian Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9072, USA,
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5
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Eosinophil-specific deletion of IκBα in mice reveals a critical role of NF-κB-induced Bcl-xL for inhibition of apoptosis. Blood 2015; 125:3896-904. [PMID: 25862560 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-607788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are associated with type 2 immune responses to allergens and helminths. They release various proinflammatory mediators and toxic proteins on activation and are therefore considered proinflammatory effector cells. Eosinophilia is promoted by the cytokines interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, and granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and can result from enhanced de novo production or reduced apoptosis. In this study, we show that only IL-5 induces differentiation of eosinophils from bone marrow precursors, whereas IL-5, GM-CSF, and to a lesser extent IL-3 promote survival of mature eosinophils. The receptors for these cytokines use the common β chain, which serves as the main signaling unit linked to signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathways. Inhibition of NF-κB induced apoptosis of in vitro cultured eosinophils. Selective deletion of IκBα in vivo resulted in enhanced expression of Bcl-xL and reduced apoptosis during helminth infection. Retroviral overexpression of Bcl-xL promoted survival, whereas pharmacologic inhibition of Bcl-xL in murine or human eosinophils induced rapid apoptosis. These results suggest that therapeutic strategies targeting Bcl-xL in eosinophils could improve health conditions in allergic inflammatory diseases.
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6
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Holmes DA, Yeh JH, Yan D, Xu M, Chan AC. Dusp5 negatively regulates IL-33-mediated eosinophil survival and function. EMBO J 2014; 34:218-35. [PMID: 25398911 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation controls diverse cellular functions including cellular survival, proliferation, and apoptosis. Tuning of MAPK activation is counter-regulated by a family of dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs). IL-33 is a recently described cytokine that initiates Th2 immune responses through binding to a heterodimeric IL-33Rα (ST2L)/IL-1α accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) receptor that coordinates activation of ERK and NF-κB pathways. We demonstrate here that DUSP5 is expressed in eosinophils, is upregulated following IL-33 stimulation and regulates IL-33 signaling. Dusp5(-/-) mice have prolonged eosinophil survival and enhanced eosinophil effector functions following infection with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. IL-33-activated Dusp5(-/-) eosinophils exhibit increased cellular ERK1/2 activation and BCL-XL expression that results in enhanced eosinophil survival. In addition, Dusp5(-/-) eosinophils demonstrate enhanced IL-33-mediated activation and effector functions. Together, these data support a role for DUSP5 as a novel negative regulator of IL-33-dependent eosinophil function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A Holmes
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hua Yeh
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Donghong Yan
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Translational Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Chan
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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7
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Mitochondria in the center of human eosinophil apoptosis and survival. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:3952-69. [PMID: 24603536 PMCID: PMC3975377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15033952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are abundantly present in most phenotypes of asthma and they contribute to the maintenance and exacerbations of the disease. Regulators of eosinophil longevity play critical roles in determining whether eosinophils accumulate into the airways of asthmatics. Several cytokines enhance eosinophil survival promoting eosinophilic airway inflammation while for example glucocorticoids, the most important anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat asthma, promote the intrinsic pathway of eosinophil apoptosis and by this mechanism contribute to the resolution of eosinophilic airway inflammation. Mitochondria seem to play central roles in both intrinsic mitochondrion-centered and extrinsic receptor-mediated pathways of apoptosis in eosinophils. Mitochondria may also be important for survival signalling. In addition to glucocorticoids, another important agent that regulates human eosinophil longevity via mitochondrial route is nitric oxide, which is present in increased amounts in the airways of asthmatics. Nitric oxide seems to be able to trigger both survival and apoptosis in eosinophils. This review discusses the current evidence of the mechanisms of induced eosinophil apoptosis and survival focusing on the role of mitochondria and clinically relevant stimulants, such as glucocorticoids and nitric oxide.
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8
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Ilmarinen P, Moilanen E, Kankaanranta H. Regulation of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis-a neglected area of importance. J Cell Death 2014; 7:1-9. [PMID: 25278781 PMCID: PMC4167313 DOI: 10.4137/jcd.s13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by the accumulation of eosinophils in the airways in most phenotypes. Eosinophils are inflammatory cells that require an external survival-prolonging stimulus such as granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-5, or IL-3 for survival. In their absence, eosinophils are programmed to die by spontaneous apoptosis in a few days. Eosinophil apoptosis can be accelerated by Fas ligation or by pharmacological agents such as glucocorticoids. Evidence exists for the relevance of these survival-prolonging and pro-apoptotic agents in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in inflamed airways. Much less is known about the physiological significance and mechanisms of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis even though it forms the basis of regulation of eosinophil longevity by pathophysiological factors and pharmacological agents. This review concentrates on discussing the mechanisms of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis compared to those of glucocorticoid- and Fas-induced apoptosis. We aim to answer the question whether the external apoptotic stimuli only augment the ongoing pathway of spontaneous apoptosis or truly activate a specific pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Ilmarinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eeva Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hannu Kankaanranta
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group, School of Medicine University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland. ; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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9
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Abstract
Asthma is an increasingly common respiratory condition characterized by reversible airway obstruction, bronchial hyper-responsiveness and airway inflammation with a clear unmet need for more effective therapy. Eosinophilic asthma is a phenotype of the condition that features increased blood or sputum eosinophils whose numbers correlate with disease severity. Several lines of evidence are now emerging, which implicate increased persistence of eosinophils in the lungs of patients with asthma as a consequence of inhibition of and defects in the apoptotic process, together with impaired apoptotic cell removal mechanisms. This article will update our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling eosinophil apoptosis and clearance, together with evidence implicating defects in apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cell removal in asthma. Recent developments in novel therapies for asthma that target eosinophil apoptotic and/or clearance pathways will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry M Walsh
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
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10
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The human stem cell hierarchy is defined by a functional dependence on Mcl-1 for self-renewal capacity. Blood 2010; 116:1433-42. [PMID: 20525924 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-12-258095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for the unique proliferative and self-renewal properties that hierarchically distinguish human stem cells from progenitors and terminally differentiated cells remains largely unknown. We report a role for the Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) as an indispensable regulator of self-renewal in human stem cells and show that a functional dependence on Mcl-1 defines the human stem cell hierarchy. In vivo pharmacologic targeting of the Bcl-2 family members in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and human leukemic stem cells reduced stem cell regenerative and self-renewal function. Subsequent protein expression studies showed that, among the Bcl-2 family members, only Mcl-1 was up-regulated exclusively in the human HSC fraction on in vivo regeneration of hematopoiesis. Short hairpin RNA-knockdown of Mcl-1 in human cord blood cells did not affect survival in the HSC or hematopoietic progenitor cell fractions in vitro but specifically reduced the in vivo self-renewal function of human HSCs. Moreover, knockdown of Mcl-1 in ontogenetically primitive human pluripotent stem cells resulted in almost complete ablation of stem cell self-renewal function. Our findings show that Mcl-1 is an essential regulator of stem cell self-renewal in humans and therefore represents an axis for therapeutic interventions.
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11
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Jakiela B, Szczeklik W, Sokolowska B, Mastalerz L, Sanak M, Plutecka H, Szczeklik A. Intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in peripheral blood eosinophils of Churg-Strauss syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1202-7. [PMID: 19643727 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS) is a rare necrotizing vasculitis associated with asthma, blood and tissue eosinophilia and granuloma formation. We wondered whether eosinophil accumulation in CSS results from the defect of intrinsic apoptosis pathway in blood eosinophils, leading to their prolonged survival. METHODS We analysed immunophenotype (flow cytometry), expression of apoptosis-related genes (real-time PCR) and spontaneous apoptosis in blood eosinophils isolated from nine patients in exacerbation (active CSS), seven patients in remission (inactive CSS) and 14 matched healthy subjects. Serum IL-5 levels were also measured. RESULTS In active CSS, blood eosinophils were characterized by small (<2-fold) decrease in expression of a few genes, primarily proapoptotic (e.g. BCL2L13, CASP2, CARD4) or involved in regulation of NF-kappaB (IKBKB, REL), but they did not differ in the rate of spontaneous apoptosis, when compared with other groups. Only selected genes were positively (BNIPL, PYCARD, CASP8, CRADD, BCAP31), or negatively (IKBKE) correlated with disease activity. In active CSS, eosinophils expressed activation markers (CD69, CD25), especially in subjects with most severe disease and elevated serum IL-5. CONCLUSIONS High susceptibility of peripheral blood eosinophils to spontaneous apoptosis in vitro, and minor changes in expression of apoptotic-related genes in transcriptome analysis, do not support the hypothesis on intrinsic defect in apoptosis, as the cause of eosinophil accumulation in CSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Jakiela
- Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Skawinska 8, 31-066 Krakow, Poland
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Walsh GM. EOSINOPHIL APOPTOSIS: MECHANISMS and CLINICAL RELEVANCE IN ASTHMATIC and ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION. Br J Haematol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Differential rates of apoptosis and recruitment limit eosinophil accumulation in the lungs of asthma-resistant CBA/Ca mice. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:3609-17. [PMID: 18582944 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of eosinophils is a common feature of allergic airway inflammation and correlates with disease severity. In an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced murine model of allergic lung disease, CBA/Ca mice develop much lower levels of lung eosinophilia, lung oedema, mucus hypersecretion and airways obstruction than BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains. In this study these strains have been examined to identify mechanisms that control the recruitment and survival of eosinophils in the allergic lung. Following immunization with OVA, CBA/Ca mice developed a robust systemic allergic response, with high levels of total and OVA-specific IgE and increases in peripheral blood eosinophils. Lung eotaxin-1 levels and expression of CD18 on eosinophils recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were least pronounced in CBA/Ca mice, whereas mRNA for L-selectin was highest in eosinophils from C57BL/6 mice. Apoptosis of BAL eosinophils ex vivo was most pronounced in the CBA/Ca strain. BALB/c mice expressed the highest levels of the eosinophil growth and survival factor interleukin (IL)-5 in the lungs and BAL eosinophils from these animals expressed more of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 than cells from the other strains. A combination of lower levels of recruitment and rapid apoptosis may therefore limit the accumulation of eosinophils and pathology in the lungs of CBA/Ca mice. In addition, although the level of pathology that developed in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice was similar, some of the underlying mechanisms are likely to differ.
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Raap U, Wardlaw AJ. A new paradigm of eosinophil granulocytes: neuroimmune interactions. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17:731-8. [PMID: 18505411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophil granulocytes have long been regarded as potent effector cells with the potential to release an array of inflammatory mediators involved in cytotoxicity to helminths and tissue destruction in chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. However, it has become evident that eosinophils are also involved in regulatory mechanisms modulating local tissue immune responses. Eosinophils take part in remodelling and repair mechanisms and contribute to the localized innate and acquired immune response as well as systemic adaptive immunity. In addition, eosinophils are involved in neuroimmune interactions modulating the functional activity of peripheral nerves. Neuromediators can also modulate the functional activity of eosinophils, revealing bidirectional interactions between the two cell types. Eosinophils are tissue-resident cells and have been found in close vicinity of peripheral nerves. This review describes neuroimmune interactions between eosinophil granulocytes and peripheral nerves and highlights why eosinophils are important in allergic diseases such as asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Raap
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Segal M, Niazi S, Simons MP, Galati SA, Zangrilli JG. Bid activation during induction of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in eosinophils. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:518-24. [PMID: 17549073 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils readily undergo apoptosis when removed from a physiological environment via activation of the intrinsic cell death pathway. This can be further enhanced by certain chemicals (for example, glucocorticoid), or by extrinsic means (that is, Fas receptor engagement). In this investigation, we examined the relative importance of these pathways in cultured human peripheral blood eosinophils in the context of expression and activation of the BH3-only Bcl2 homologue Bid. Bid activation was examined under conditions where programmed cell death was either stimulated (via Fas engagement or glucocorticoid treatment) or inhibited (interleukin-5 (IL-5)) relative to control. Full-length Bid was found to be highly expressed in eosinophils, and processed to a similar extent during either agonist anti-Fas or glucocorticoid treatment. IL-5 blocked intrinsic Bid activation during factor withdrawal or glucocorticoid treatment, and partially attenuated that caused by Fas activation. Caspase 8 (but not caspase 9) antagonism partly but significantly affected receptor-mediated Bid activation and cell death; these processes were not altered by either caspase inhibitor during simple factor withdrawal or glucocorticoid treatment. Bid processing appears to be central to both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of cell death in eosinophils. The role of IL-5 in blocking the intrinsic pathway of eosinophil apoptosis is underscored. Results of specific inhibition support the existence of Bid activation pathways in eosinophils other than those mediated by the classic initiator caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manav Segal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Rosenberg HF, Phipps S, Foster PS. Eosinophil trafficking in allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 119:1303-10; quiz 1311-2. [PMID: 17481712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood eosinophilia and tissue eosinophilia are characteristic features of allergic inflammation and asthma, conditions associated with prominent production of T(H)2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. In this review, we will consider recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that promote expansion and differentiation of eosinophil progenitors in bone marrow, eosinophil recruitment in response to chemokine receptor 3 agonists eosinophil transit mediated by specific ligand-receptor interactions, and prolonged survival of eosinophils in peripheral tissues. Novel rational therapies including antiselectin and antichemokine receptor modalities designed to block eosinophil development and trafficking are discussed, together with the implications of recent clinical studies that have evaluated the efficacy of humanized anti-IL-5 mAb therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Xu J, Jiang F, Nayeri F, Zetterström O. Apoptotic eosinophils in sputum from asthmatic patients correlate negatively with levels of IL-5 and eotaxin. Respir Med 2007; 101:1447-54. [PMID: 17379492 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophilic inflammation of the airways is a key characteristic of asthma. A defect in eosinophil apoptosis might contribute to the chronic tissue eosinophilia associated with asthma. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to examine whether the occurrence of apoptotic eosinophils in induced sputum from asthmatic patients correlate with interleukin (IL)-5 and eotaxin. METHODS Thirty stable and 30 exacerbated asthmatic patients were recruited. Twenty healthy subjects were enrolled as a control group. Induced sputum was obtained from asthmatic patients and from control subjects. The number of apoptotic eosinophils in sputum was assessed by flow cytometry. In sputum supernatant, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was measured by sensitive radioimmunoassay, and IL-5 and eotaxin by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS Levels of eosinophils, apoptotic eosinophils, IL-5, ECP and eotaxin from asthmatic patients were higher than those from healthy subjects. Thirty exacerbated asthmatics showed higher proportions of eosinophils (median 29.3%, range 13.4%-40.9%), more detectable levels of IL-5 (50.44, 32.99-67.01 pg/ml) and eotaxin (644.6, 197.4-937.7 pg/ml) in their sputum than the patients with stable asthma (P<0.05). There were significant inverse correlations between the levels of sputum IL-5 and the proportion of sputum eosinophil apoptosis in patients with exacerbated and stable asthma (r=-0.85 and -0.79, P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Also inverse correlations were found between the levels of eotaxin and the proportion of sputum eosinophil apoptosis in exacerbated (r=-0.85, P<0.01), or stable asthma (r=-0.69, P<0.05). Additional positive correlations between the levels of sputum IL-5 and eotaxin in either exacerbatated (r=0.93, P<0.01) or stable asthma (r=0.82, P<0.05) were observed. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis of eosinophils might be suppressed by proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as IL-5 and eotaxin leading to their accumulation in the lung. Stimulation of eosinophils in airway with IL-5 and eotaxin may play a crucial role in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, China
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18
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Dolgachev V, Thomas M, Berlin A, Lukacs NW. Stem cell factor-mediated activation pathways promote murine eosinophil CCL6 production and survival. J Leukoc Biol 2007; 81:1111-9. [PMID: 17234680 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0906595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil activation during allergic diseases has a detrimental role in the generation of pathophysiologic responses. Stem cell factor (SCF) has recently shown an inflammatory, gene-activating role on eosinophils and contributes to the generation of pathophysiologic changes in the airways during allergic responses. The data in the present study outline the signal transduction events that are induced by SCF in eosinophils and further demonstrate that MEK-mediated signaling pathways are crucial for SCF-induced CCL6 chemokine activation and eosinophil survival. SCF-mediated eosinophil activation was demonstrated to include PI-3K activation as well as MEK/MAPK phosphorylation pathways. Subsequent analysis of CCL6 gene activation and production induced by SCF in the presence or absence of rather specific inhibitors for certain pathways demonstrated that the MEK/MAPK pathway but not the PI-3K pathway was crucial for the SCF-induced CCL6 gene activation. These same signaling pathways were shown to initiate antiapoptotic events and promote eosinophil survival, including up-regulation of BCL2 and BCL3. Altogether, SCF appears to be a potent eosinophil activation and survival factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Dolgachev
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Room 4618, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
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Bianchi SM, Dockrell DH, Renshaw SA, Sabroe I, Whyte MKB. Granulocyte apoptosis in the pathogenesis and resolution of lung disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2006; 110:293-304. [PMID: 16464171 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, of neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes is a potential control point in the physiological resolution of innate immune responses. There is also increasing evidence that cellular processes of apoptosis can be dysregulated by pathogens as a mechanism of immune evasion and that delayed apoptosis, resulting in prolonged inflammatory cell survival, is important in persistence of tissue inflammation. The identification of cell-type specific pathways to apoptosis may allow the design of novel anti-inflammatory therapies or agents to augment the innate immune responses to infection. This review will explore the physiological roles of granulocyte apoptosis and their importance in infectious and non-infectious lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bianchi
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, M Floor, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield S10 2JF, U.K
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20
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El-Gamal Y, Heshmat N, Mahran M, El-Gabbas Z. Expression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-2 in sputum eosinophils from children with acute asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 34:1701-6. [PMID: 15544593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis of eosinophils is of increasingly important value in modulating allergic airway inflammation in asthma. Our purpose was to investigate the degree of expression of the antiapoptotic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia-2 (Bcl-2) protein in sputum eosinophils during acute asthma exacerbation and its relationship with exacerbation severity. METHODS Sputum was obtained from 33 asthmatic children and 15 healthy children as a control group. Patients were studied during an acute asthma exacerbation. They were classified according to the severity of exacerbation into mild, moderate and severe (n=11 for each). Patients with severe exacerbation were followed up until remission and another sputum sample was obtained. Number of sputum eosinophils was expressed as percentage of leucocytes. Bcl-2 expression in sputum eosinophils was assessed by immunohistochemical staining techniques; the results were expressed as percentage of positively stained cells over total eosinophils. RESULTS Sputum eosinophils and Bcl-2(+) eosinophils' percentages were significantly higher in patients with acute exacerbation than controls (P<0.01). Patients with severe exacerbation had significantly higher sputum Bcl-2(+) eosinophils' percentage than those with mild-to-moderate exacerbation (mean+/-SD=42.4+/-31.96% vs. 5.7+/-14.5%, P<0.01). A significant negative correlation was found between Bcl-2(+) eosinophils' percentage and peak expiratory flow rate % predicted (P<0.05). After remission, patients with severe exacerbation showed a significant decrease of Bcl-2(+) eosinophils' percentage (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that Bcl-2 prolongs survival and decreases apoptosis of airway eosinophils in asthma especially during exacerbation. Eosinophil apoptosis and Bcl-2 represent a target for new and effective therapeutic strategies of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y El-Gamal
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Abstract
When asthma is diagnosed, eosinophilic inflammation and airway remodeling are established in the bronchial airways and can no longer be separated as cause and effect because both processes contribute to persistence and progression of disease, despite anti-inflammatory therapy. Th2 cells are continually active in the airways, even when disease is quiescent. IL-13 is the key effector cytokine in asthma and stimulates airway fibrosis through the action of matrix metalloproteinases on TGF-beta and promotes epithelial damage, mucus production, and eosinophilia. The production of IL-13 and other Th2 cytokines by non-T cells augments the inflammatory response. Inflammation is amplified by local responses of the epithelium, smooth muscle, and fibroblasts through the production of chemokines, cytokines, and proteases. Injured cells produce adenosine that enhances IL-13 production. We review human and animal data detailing the cellular and molecular interactions in established allergic asthma that promote persistent disease, amplify inflammation, and, in turn, cause disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Cohn
- Yale University School of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Matsumoto K, Terakawa M, Miura K, Fukuda S, Nakajima T, Saito H. Extremely rapid and intense induction of apoptosis in human eosinophils by anti-CD30 antibody treatment in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:2186-93. [PMID: 14764685 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is an important cellular mechanism for controlling cell viability and proliferation. With respect to eosinophils, cytokines prolong their survival, whereas corticosteroids reduce their survival in vitro. CD30, a member of the TNFR family, is expressed on the surface of many cell types, including Hodgkin's lymphoma cells. CD30 is capable of inducing apoptosis after Ab treatment in some cell lines. To determine whether this surface structure is involved in apoptosis of human eosinophils, we examined its expression and the effect of anti-CD30 Ab treatment on the viability of eosinophils. Purified human eosinophils expressed low, but consistently detectable, levels of CD30. Immobilized, but not soluble, forms of anti-CD30 Abs (HRS-4 and Ber-H8) or recombinant mouse CD30 ligand exhibited an extremely rapid and intense survival-reducing effect on the eosinophils in the presence of exogenous IL-5; this effect was both concentration and time dependent. Furthermore, high concentrations of IL-5 could not reverse the reduced survival rates. After treatment with anti-CD30 Ab, gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from the eosinophils demonstrated changes consistent with apoptosis. The immobilized F(ab')(2) of the anti-CD30 Ab failed to induce eosinophil apoptosis. The addition of anti-CD18 Ab also completely abrogated the induction of eosinophil apoptosis. Further examination using specific signal transduction inhibitors suggested the involvement of p38, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2, and specific tyrosine kinase, but not NF-kappaB, in the induction of CD30-mediated eosinophil apoptosis. These data demonstrate that CD30 can modify eosinophil survival by causing an extremely rapid and intense induction of apoptosis through a tightly regulated intracellular signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Matsumoto
- National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
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Zhang X, Moilanen E, Lahti A, Hämäläinen M, Giembycz MA, Barnes PJ, Lindsay MA, Kankaanranta H. Regulation of eosinophil apoptosis by nitric oxide: Role of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003; 112:93-101. [PMID: 12847485 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2003.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced eosinophil apoptosis is considered to be a key mechanism for eosinophilia in allergic diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, and eczema. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to investigate the possible modulatory effect of nitric oxide (NO) in human eosinophils. METHODS Apoptosis in isolated eosinophils was assessed by relative DNA fragmentation assay, annexin-V binding, and morphologic analysis. The activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) was assessed by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS The NO donor S-nitroso-N -acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reversed the survival-prolonging effect of IL-5 by inducing apoptosis. This effect was blocked by the NO scavenger (2-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3 oxide.potassium salt), indicating that reversal of IL-5-mediated eosinophil survival was due to NO. The effect of NO on IL-5-afforded cell survival was not mediated by cyclic guanosine 3': 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), because neither an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase nor inhibitors of phosphodiesterases had any effect on SNAP-induced eosinophil apoptosis in IL-5-treated cells. SNAP induced a time-dependent increase in the activity of JNK, and an inhibitor peptide specific for JNK, L-JNKI1, completely reversed SNAP-induced apoptosis in IL-5-treated eosinophils. In contrast, SNAP did not inhibit IL-5-induced STAT5 activation. Inhibition of the activity of caspases by Z-Asp-CH(2)-DCB reversed the effect of SNAP, suggesting that NO promotes apoptosis in IL-5-treated human eosinophils in a caspase-dependent manner. However, this effect of NO was not mediated by means of activation of caspases 3, 8, or 9. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that exogenous NO reverses IL-5-mediated eosinophil survival by inducing apoptosis, and this is mediated by means of activation of JNK in a cGMP-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Zhang
- Immunopharmacological Research Group, Medical School, University of Tampere, Finland
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Dayyani F, Belge KU, Frankenberger M, Mack M, Berki T, Ziegler-Heitbrock L. Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced depletion of human CD14+CD16+ monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 74:33-9. [PMID: 12832440 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1202612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy donors infused with high doses of glucocorticoids [GCs; methyl-prednisolone (MP); 500 mg/day for 3 days] suffer a selective depletion of the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes such that these cells are reduced by 95% on day 5. In vitro studies revealed that at 11 h of culture in the presence of 10(-)(5) M MP, no depletion was observed as yet, but a reduction by 80% was seen after 24 h. In dose-response analysis, MP still led to a 50% reduction of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes at 10(-)(7) M. Depletion could not be overcome by addition of the cytokines interleukin-1beta or macrophage-colony stimulating factor, and it was independent of CD95. Depletion was, however, inhibited by the caspase 3,8 blocker z-Val-Ala-Asp, suggesting that cell death occurs in a caspase-dependent manner. Furthermore, blockade of depletion by RU-486 indicates that the intracellular GC receptor (GCR) is involved. Measurement of GCR by flow cytometry revealed a 50% higher level of expression in the CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes. Our studies show a selective depletion of CD14(+)CD16(+) monocytes by GC treatment in vivo and in vitro, an effect to which the modestly increased level of GCR may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Dayyani
- Institute for Immunology and. Medizinische Poliklinik, University of Muenchen, Germany
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Khaldoyanidi S, Sikora L, Broide DH, Rothenberg ME, Sriramarao P. Constitutive overexpression of IL-5 induces extramedullary hematopoiesis in the spleen. Blood 2003; 101:863-8. [PMID: 12393708 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of eosinophils from hematopoietic precursors and their subsequent maturation, chemotaxis, and activation is primarily regulated by interleukin-5 (IL-5). To examine the effect of chronic IL-5 exposure on hematopoiesis, IL-5 transgenic (IL-5trg) mice and wild-type BALB/c (WT) mice were examined. In comparison to WT mice, a significant alteration in bone marrow hematopoiesis was observed in IL-5trg mice. Although the total number of myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow of IL-5trg mice was not significantly altered, the number of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) was 1.5-fold lower than that observed in WT mice. Furthermore, IL-5trg mice failed to demonstrate hematopoietic activity in long-term bone marrow cultures, which correlated with a significant decrease in the number of bone marrow mesenchymal/stromal progenitor (MSP) cells in these mice. In comparison to WT mice, a 10-fold decrease was observed in the number of fibroblast colony-forming units (CFU-Fs) in IL-5trg bone marrow. Hematopoietic activity of IL-5trg bone marrow cells was rescued by cultivation on preestablished layers of bone marrow-derived stromal cells. However, in contrast to bone marrow, increased hematopoietic activity was observed in the spleen and peripheral blood of IL-5trg mice. Likewise, the numbers of LTC-ICs and granulocyte-macrophage, macrophage, eosinophil, B-lymphocyte progenitors in the peripheral blood and spleen of IL-5trg mice were approximately 20-fold higher than in WT mice. A significant increase in CFU-F numbers was also observed in the spleens of IL-5trg mice compared with WT mice. Overall, our results suggest that constitutive overexpression of IL-5 can potentially induce colonization of spleen with MSP cells, which provides the necessary microenvironment for establishment of hematopoiesis in extramedullary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Khaldoyanidi
- Division of Vascular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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Kodama T, Kuribayashi K, Nakamura H, Fujita M, Fujita T, Takeda K, Dakhama A, Gelfand EW, Matsuyama T, Kitada O. Role of interleukin-12 in the regulation of CD4+ T cell apoptosis in a mouse model of asthma. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:199-205. [PMID: 12562378 PMCID: PMC1808630 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma, a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, is characterized by the presence of T helper 2 cells and eosinophils in sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and mucosal biopsy specimens. Although the T helper 1-promoting cytokine, interleukin-12, is capable of inhibiting the T helper 2-driven asthma symptoms and bronchial responsiveness, the specific mechanisms underlying these interleukin-12 actions are unclear. The anti-allergic response to interleukin-12 is only partially dependent on interferon-gamma, which induces apoptosis by enhancing expression of Fas antigen. We therefore investigated in vivo whether the anti-allergic action of interleukin-12 is mediated through induction of apoptosis. C57BL/6 mice immunized to ovalbumin by intraperitoneal injection were challenged three times with an ovalbumin aerosol every second day for 7 days. Recombinant interleukin-12 was administered intravenously after the final challenge. After the last ovalbumin challenge, mice were examined for effects of interleukin-12 on inflammatory cell infiltration and apoptosis in the lung as detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate nick end-labelling. Administration of interleukin-12 reduced ovalbumin-induced pulmonary eosinophilia (P < 0.01) and CD4+ T cell infiltration (P < 0.01). Moreover, treatment with interleukin-12 shortly after ovalbumin inhalation resulted in both increased interferon-gamma production (P < 0.01) and enhanced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in allergic airway infiltrates (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the beneficial effects of interleukin-12 in asthma may include enhancement of apoptosis of CD4+ T cells in airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kodama
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, USA.
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27
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Gardai SJ, Hoontrakoon R, Goddard CD, Day BJ, Chang LY, Henson PM, Bratton DL. Oxidant-mediated mitochondrial injury in eosinophil apoptosis: enhancement by glucocorticoids and inhibition by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:556-66. [PMID: 12496443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mainstay of asthma therapy, glucocorticosteroids (GCs) have among their therapeutic effects the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and induction of eosinophil apoptosis. In the absence of prosurvival cytokines (e.g., GM-CSF), eosinophils appear to be short-lived, undergoing apoptosis over 96 h in vitro. In a dose-dependent manner, GC further enhances apoptosis, while prosurvival cytokines inhibit apoptosis and antagonize the effect of GC. The mechanisms of eosinophil apoptosis, its enhancement by GC, and antagonism of GC by GM-CSF are not well-understood. As demonstrated in this study, baseline apoptosis of eosinophils resulted from oxidant-mediated mitochondrial injury that was significantly enhanced by GC. Mitochondrial injury was detected by early and progressive loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and the antioxidant protein, Mn superoxide dismutase (SOD). Also observed was the activation/translocation of the proapoptotic protein, Bax, to mitochondria. Underscoring the role of oxidants was the inhibition of mitochondrial changes and apoptosis with culture in hypoxia, or pretreatment with a flavoprotein inhibitor or a SOD mimic. GCs demonstrated early (40 min) and late (16 h) activation of proapoptotic c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and decreased the antiapoptotic protein X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, a recently demonstrated inhibitor of JNK activation. Similarly, inhibition of JNK prevented GC-enhanced mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. Importantly, GM-CSF prevented GC-induced loss of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, late activation of JNK, and mitochondrial injury even in the face of unchanged oxidant production, loss of MnSOD, and early JNK activation. These data demonstrate that oxidant-induced mitochondrial injury is pivotal in eosinophil apoptosis, and is enhanced by GC-induced prolonged JNK activation that is in turn inhibited by GM-CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra J Gardai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Lavigne F, Cameron L, Renzi PM, Planet JF, Christodoulopoulos P, Lamkioued B, Hamid Q. Intrasinus administration of topical budesonide to allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis following surgery. Laryngoscope 2002; 112:858-64. [PMID: 12150618 DOI: 10.1097/00005537-200205000-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Whether instillation into the maxillary sinus of topical budesonide affected the immune response and improved allergic patients with chronic rhinosinusitis that had persistence of symptoms despite appropriate surgical intervention was assessed. STUDY DESIGN Double-blind placebo-controlled. METHODS Twenty-six patients with allergy to house dust mites who had previously had surgery and who had persistent symptoms of disabling rhinorrhea or pressure-pain resistant to oral antibiotics and intranasal corticosteroids were recruited. During the double-blind study, patients instilled 256 microg budesonide daily or placebo through an intubation device (maxillary antrum sinusotomy tube) into one of the maxillary sinuses for 3 weeks before clinical assessment and a second biopsy. RESULTS We found an improvement in the symptom scores in 11 of the 13 patients who received budesonide; we also found a decrease in CD-3 (P = .02) and eosinophils (P = .002), and a decrease in the density of cells expressing interleukin4 (P = .0001) and interleukin-5 messenger RNA (P = .006) after treatment. CONCLUSION Topical budesonide delivered through a maxillary antrum sinusotomy tube can control chronic rhinosinusitis that persists after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lavigne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montréal-Hôspital Nôtre-Dame, McGill University Montréal, Québec, Canada
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Zangrilli
- Division of Critical Care, Pulmonary, and Allergic and Immunologic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.
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Craig RW. MCL1 provides a window on the role of the BCL2 family in cell proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Leukemia 2002; 16:444-54. [PMID: 11960321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2001] [Accepted: 12/18/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The MCL1 gene (myeloid cell leukemia-1) was discovered serendipitously about a decade ago and proved to be a member of the emerging BCL2 gene family. Ongoing studies of this gene provide an interesting perspective on the role of the BCL2 family in transitions in cell phenotype. Specifically, gene products that influence cell viability as a major effect (eg MCL1, BCL2 and other family members) can act as key determinants in cell proliferation, differentiation and tumorigenesis. Although they do not have a direct role in proliferation/differentiation programs, these genes can either permit these programs to proceed or prevent them. Through such effects, the BCL2 family regulates the normal flow of cells through cycles of proliferation and along various pathways of differentiation. A model is presented suggesting that this is accomplished by sustaining or inhibiting viability at critical points in the cell lifecycle. These critical points represent windows of time during which cell fate transitions are effected. They can also be visualized as windows that open or close to promote or prevent continued progression along various cell fate pathways. The pattern of BCL2 family expression at these points allows for the proliferation differentiation, and continued viability of cell types that are needed, while aborting these processes for cells that are overabundant or no longer needed. The combined action of the various family members can therefore control the fate of cells, tissues and even the organism. This mechanism involving apoptosis-related genes is readily executable, and is poised to respond to external signals through the differential regulation of BCL2 family members. As such, it plays an important role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and function. Alterations that affect the BCL2 family impair the capacity to control the flow of cells through these critical points, and thereby 'leave the window open' for cell immortalization and cancer. Targeting this family may thus provide a means of inhibiting cancer development and inducing apoptosis in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Craig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
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Hoontrakoon R, Chu HW, Gardai SJ, Wenzel SE, McDonald P, Fadok VA, Henson PM, Bratton DL. Interleukin-15 inhibits spontaneous apoptosis in human eosinophils via autocrine production of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2002; 26:404-12. [PMID: 11919076 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.26.4.4517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolonged eosinophil survival, i.e., reduced apoptosis, is implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic allergic inflammation. Here we demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-15, in the presence or absence of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, reduces spontaneous apoptosis in freshly isolated human eosinophils. The prosurvival effect of IL-15 was abrogated by neutralizing antibody to granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), although GM-CSF was not detected in conditioned media by ELISA. Additionally, the effect of IL-15 on spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis appeared to require nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation based on evidence for NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and abrogation of the effect by the NF-kappaB inhibitor, Bay 11- 7082. Finally, the data demonstrate that IL-15 expression is higher in the submucosa of endobronchial tissues from subjects with moderate to severe asthma when compared with control subjects. Thus, our results suggest that IL-15, either alone or in combination with TNF-alpha, may perpetuate allergic inflammation by reduction of spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis through autocrine production of GM-CSF and NF-kappaB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raweewan Hoontrakoon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA
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32
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Sugaya H, Abe T, Yoshimura K. Eosinophils in the cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis are resistant to apoptosis. Int J Parasitol 2001; 31:1649-58. [PMID: 11730792 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(01)00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL-5) transgenic mice were used to assess the immunological features of CSF eosinophils from mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis. CSF eosinophils were hypodense by day 14 post infection (p.i.). CSF eosinophils survived longer in vitro than peritoneal eosinophils collected from cadmium sulphate (CdSO(4)) -treated normal IL-5 transgenic mice. Apoptosis was measured by Annexin V binding and the presence of a distinct laddering pattern of DNA fragmentation on agarose electrophoresis. Regardless of the presence or absence of Actinomycin D, CSF eosinophils collected from IL-5 transgenic mice from days 15-36 p.i. exhibited less apoptosis than peritoneal eosinophils collected from uninfected IL-5 transgenic mice. CSF eosinophils collected from A. cantonensis infected C57BL/6 mice at days 15-34 p.i. showed elongation of survival time and less apoptosis during in vitro cultivation. Reduced apoptosis was noted only in CSF eosinophils, but not in peritoneal eosinophils recovered from the same infected IL-5 transgenic mice. CPP32/Caspase 3 activity of cultured peritoneal eosinophils from both infected and uninfected IL-5 transgenic mice was higher than that of cultured CSF eosinophils. Stimulation with A23187 readily induced apoptosis of peritoneal eosinophils, but not CSF eosinophils or peritoneal eosinophils cultured with mouse recombinant IL-5. The latter cells were morphologically identical to hypodense eosinophils. RT-PCR analysis indicated that bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) mRNA expression was higher in CSF eosinophils compared with peritoneal eosinophils and this expression in the latter cells was upregulated after culture with mouse recombinant IL-5. These results suggest that CSF eosinophils, shifting to hypodense status through an accumulation from peripheral blood, are resistant to apoptosis. These changes may explain the long-lasting, helminthotoxic and neurotoxic actions of CSF eosinophils in A. cantonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugaya
- Department of Parasitology, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
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33
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Dewson G, Cohen GM, Wardlaw AJ. Interleukin-5 inhibits translocation of Bax to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases in human eosinophils. Blood 2001; 98:2239-47. [PMID: 11568012 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.7.2239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptosis and subsequent clearance of eosinophils without histotoxic mediator release is thought to be crucial in the resolution of airway inflammation in asthma. Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is a potent suppressor of eosinophil apoptosis. The mechanism by which IL-5 inhibits spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis was investigated. Freshly isolated eosinophils constitutively expressed the conformationally active form of Bax in the cytosol and nucleus. During spontaneous and staurosporine-induced apoptosis, Bax underwent a caspase-independent translocation to the mitochondria, which was inhibited by IL-5. Eosinophil apoptosis was associated with the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, which was also inhibited by IL-5. IL-5 and the cell-permeable caspase inhibitor, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (z-VAD.fmk), prevented phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization, although only IL-5 inhibited loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim). Peripheral blood eosinophils endogenously expressed "initiator" caspase-8 and -9, and "effector" caspase-3, -6, and -7. Spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis was associated with processing of caspase-3, -6, -7, -8, and -9. IL-5 and z-VAD.fmk prevented caspase activation in spontaneous apoptosis. The results suggest that spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis involves Bax translocation to the mitochondria, cytochrome c release, caspase-independent perturbation of the mitochondrial membrane, and subsequent activation of caspases. IL-5 inhibits spontaneous eosinophil apoptosis at a site upstream of Bax translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Dewson
- Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Temple R, Allen E, Fordham J, Phipps S, Schneider HC, Lindauer K, Hayes I, Lockey J, Pollock K, Jupp R. Microarray analysis of eosinophils reveals a number of candidate survival and apoptosis genes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 25:425-33. [PMID: 11694447 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.25.4.4456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in eosinophils at the site of antigen challenge has been used as evidence to suggest that this cell type plays a role in the pathophysiology of asthma. Aberrant production of several different cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-5, has been shown to result in eosinophilia. IL-5 influences the development and maturation of eosinophils in a number of different ways. Of note is the ability of IL-5 to act as a survival factor for eosinophils specifically inhibiting apoptosis. The precise mechanism by which IL-5 exerts its effect remains obscure. We used microarray technologies to investigate the changes in the messenger RNA expression profile of eosinophils after treatment with IL-5. Using the Affymetrix Hu6800 chip, a total of 80 genes were observed to be regulated by 2-fold or greater. Many of the genes previously identified as regulated by IL-5 were regulated in our microarray experiments. Of the 73 genes found to be upregulated, many were shown to play a role in adhesion, migration, activation, or survival of eosinophils or hematopoietic cells, whereas the function of others was unknown. To facilitate the identification of genes that govern the apoptosis and survivability of eosinophils, we used an alternative cellular model, TF1.8 cells, whose survival was also dependent on IL-5. Comparison of these models identified four genes, Pim-1, DSP-5 (hVH3, B23), CD24, and SLP-76, whose regulation was similarly coordinated in both systems. Identification of Pim-1 and SLP-76 as regulated by IL-5 led us to suggest a direct role for these proteins in the IL-5 signaling pathway in eosinophils. The tissue distribution of these genes demonstrated that Pim-1 and SLP-76 were relatively restricted to the eosinophil compared with their expression in brain, bone marrow, kidney, liver, and lung. By contrast, DSP-5 and CD24 were confirmed as ubiquitous in their expression by microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Temple
- Aventis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Route 202-206, Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA
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Cheng G, Ueda T, Eda F, Kinjyo S, Nakajima H, Ishii Y, Fukuda T. Suppressive effect of tranilast on interleukin-5 prolonged eosinophils survival via apoptosis. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2001; 86:130-3. [PMID: 11430466 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.86.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tranilast has long been used clinically to treat allergic diseases such as bronchial asthma. To further clarify the antiinflammatory machanism, we examined the ability of tranilast to counteract the prolongation of eosinophil survival induced by interleukin (IL)-5. Tranilast reduced the IL-5 prolonged survival of eosinophils at the concentration range of 30 microg/ml to 100 microg/ml. The DNA extracted from eosinophils cultured with tranilast showed signs of fragmentation that was comparable with apoptosis. Electron-microscopic analysis of activated eosinophils cultured with 100 microg/ml of tranilast also revealed morphologic features of apoptosis. These data suggest that tranilast may act in vivo on activated eosinophils to reduce inflammation in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cheng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan.
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36
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Chung IY, Nam-Kung EK, Lee NM, Chang HS, Kim DJ, Kim YH, Park CS. The downregulation of Bcl-2 expression is necessary for theophylline-induced apoptosis of eosinophil. Cell Immunol 2000; 203:95-102. [PMID: 11006007 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis of eosinophils is of increasingly important value in modulating allergic inflammatory airway diseases, such as asthma, and is suppressed by interleukin-5 (IL-5) in in vitro culture. In this study, we examined the effects of theophylline on survival/apoptosis, intracellular cAMP concentration, and Bcl-2 protein expression. Treatment with theophylline protected eosinophils against IL-5-mediated inhibition of apoptosis with a simultaneous suppression of survival in a dose-dependent manner. Theophylline caused an increase in the intracellular cAMP levels of IL-5-stimulated eosinophils. Enhancement of eosinophil apoptosis was consistent with an increase in DNA fragmentation in eosinophils treated with theophylline. On the other hand, the Bcl-2 protein appeared to be expressed constitutively in freshly isolated eosinophils. Bcl-2 expression was augmented by IL-5 stimulation, yet it was considerably inhibited by theophylline treatment. These data suggest that intracellular cAMP levels and Bcl-2 expression are involved in the suppression of eosinophil survival by theophylline.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Chung
- Division of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Jang AS, Choi IS, Lee S, Seo JP, Yang SW, Park CS. Bcl-2 expression in sputum eosinophils in patients with acute asthma. Thorax 2000; 55:370-4. [PMID: 10770817 PMCID: PMC1745763 DOI: 10.1136/thorax.55.5.370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eosinophils play a pivotal role in asthmatic airway inflammation. Apoptosis is thought to be critically relevant in promoting the clearance of inflammatory cells and the resolution of inflammation. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis in cellular systems. A study was undertaken to determine whether bcl-2 expression in sputum reflects the clinical severity of patients with asthma. The relationship between bcl-2 expression in sputum eosinophils and eosinophil activation markers such as interleukin (IL)-5 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels in sputum supernatant was evaluated. METHODS Sputum was obtained from 18 patients with asthma. Fresh expectorated sputum separated from saliva was treated with an equal volume of dithiothreitol 0.1%, cytospun for cell differentials and bcl-2 stain, and the supernatant was collected for biochemical assay. Bcl-2+ eosinophils were stained using immunocytochemistry, ECP was measured by fluoroimmunoassay, and IL-5 was detected by sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbant assay. RESULTS Twelve patients with severe or life threatening asthma had more bcl-2+ eosinophils (mean difference 46.8% (95% CI 27.0 to 66.6), p<0.01) and a higher ECP level (p<0.01) in the sputum than those with mild to moderate asthma (n = 6). IL-5 was frequently detected in patients with severe or life threatening asthma (11/12 versus 1/6, p<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between bcl-2+ eosinophils and ECP levels (r = 0.61, p<0.01) and between bcl-2+ eosinophils and IL-5 levels (r = 0.83, p<0.01). There was a significant negative correlation between bcl-2+ eosinophils and FEV(1)/FVC (r = -0.54, p<0.05). CONCLUSION The increased expression of bcl-2 in eosinophils from sputum of subjects with severe asthma suggests that bcl-2 may prolong survival and decrease apoptosis of airway eosinophils in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seonam University College of Medicine, Seogu Marukdong 120-1, Kwangju, Korea 502-157.
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Zangrilli J, Robertson N, Shetty A, Wu J, Hastie A, Fish JE, Litwack G, Peters SP. Effect of IL-5, glucocorticoid, and Fas ligation on Bcl-2 homologue expression and caspase activation in circulating human eosinophils. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:12-21. [PMID: 10759758 PMCID: PMC1905610 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01173.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-5 is a potent eosinophil viability-enhancing factor that has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of IgE-mediated inflammation in vivo. Recently published data have suggested that IL-5 (and related cytokines) may act by altering the expression of the anti-apoptotic regulator Bcl-2 or its homologues, but this is controversial. The behaviour of the recently described pro-apoptotic cysteine proteases (caspases) in eosinophils after IL-5 treatment has not been explored. We examined the effect of IL-5 on the expression of four major Bcl-2 homologues, as well as on the expression/activation of key members of the caspase cell death cascade in cultured circulating human eosinophils. The effect of relevant inducers of eosinophil apoptosis (glucocorticoid and Fas ligation) on these regulatory proteins was also examined. We observed baseline expression of the anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and pro-apoptotic Bax proteins in immunoblots of eosinophil lysates, but not Bcl-x, Bcl-2. IL-5 treatment had the effect of maintaining this basal level of expression over time without altering the balance of Bcl-2 homologues. The (upstream) caspase 8 and (downstream) caspase 3 proenzymes were detected in eosinophils at baseline, and were processed during spontaneous and stimulated eosinophil death. IL-5 completely blocked caspase processing in spontaneous and dexamethasone-induced cell death, and significantly slowed processing during Fas ligation. Our data do not support the theory that IL-5 acts by altering the balance of anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 homologues, but suggest that it may act by regulating activation of the caspase cell death cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zangrilli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, Pulmonary, Allergic and Immunologic Diseases, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5083, USA
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Christodoulopoulos P, Cameron L, Durham S, Hamid Q. Molecular pathology of allergic disease. II: Upper airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000; 105:211-23. [PMID: 10669839 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(00)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic upper airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis and chronic sinusitis are an increasing problem. Although the pathogenesis remains elusive, an individual's genetic predisposition as well as exposure to the allergen are currently considered factors in their development. Clinical symptoms of sneezing, rhinorrhea, and congestion are primarily a consequence of granulocyte release of chemical mediators such as histamine, prostanoids, and leukotrienes as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Observations subsequent to allergen provocation are comparable to natural exposure and as such much of our understanding of allergic responses is derived from this model. A prominence of CD4(+) T cells and eosinophils, synthesis and release of T(H)2 cytokines, and the coordinate expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules are all characteristic of the allergic response observed in rhinitis and sinusitis. Corticosteroids and immunotherapy target these inflammatory processes and have been observed to successfully reduce and shift the predominantly T(H)2 environment toward T(H)1 cytokine expression. As our understanding of the pathophysiologic features of allergic upper airway disease improves, as well as the relationship between their development and that of lower airway disease, new strategies of diagnosis and treatment will allow for more effective modulation of the allergic process and associated morbidity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Humans
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial/therapy
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/metabolism
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/pathology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/therapy
- Sinusitis/immunology
- Sinusitis/metabolism
- Sinusitis/pathology
- Sinusitis/therapy
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40
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Ochiai K, Tanabe E, Ishihara C, Kagami M, Sugiyama T, Sueishi M, Koya N, Tomioka H. Role of JAK2 signal transductional pathway in activation and survival of human peripheral eosinophils by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 118:340-3. [PMID: 10594549 PMCID: PMC1905443 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1999.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the JAK pathway is involved in eosinophil activation and survival through IFN-gamma receptor signalling in human peripheral eosinophils. Eosinophils were purified from the blood of six atopic disease patients by anti-CD16 magnetic bead-negative selection. IFN-gamma significantly up-regulated survival and CD69 expression in 24-48 h cultured eosinophils. Further, IFN-gamma induced tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2 in eosinophils, as indicated by Western blot analysis. Finally, the specific JAK2 inhibitor AG-490 inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of JAK2, IFN-gamma-induced survival and CD69 expression in eosinophils. In conclusion, these results indicate that IFN-gamma induces eosinophil survival and CD69 expression through the activation of JAK2 in peripheral eosinophils, suggesting that JAK2 may play a significant role in eosinophil regulation by IFN-gamma-IFN-gammaR interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ochiai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Sakura Hospital, Shimoshizu, Sakura City, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Eosinophils play a protective role in host immunity to infections by parasitic worms and, detrimentally, are involved in the pathophysiology of asthma and other allergic diseases. Airway inflammation is central to the pathology of asthma and is characterized by infiltration of the bronchial mucosa by large numbers of proinflammatory cells, amongst which the eosinophil is prominent despite being a minority constituent of circulating leukocytes. Crucial steps in eosinophilic inflammation include augmented production of eosinophils in the bone marrow, their increased release into the circulation, and their selective accumulation in the conducting airways. The eosinophil has a potent armory of proinflammatory mediators, including cytotoxic granule proteins, cytokines and lipid mediators with considerable potential to initiate and sustain an inflammatory response. Thus there is much interest in the elucidation of the mechanisms responsible for eosinophil accumulation, persistence, activation and ultimate fate. This article reviews our current understanding of the role of the eosinophil in human disease and the immunobiology of this important proinflammatory cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Walsh
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Aberdeen Medical School, Foresterhill, United Kingdom
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