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Basalova N, Alexandrushkina N, Grigorieva O, Kulebyakina M, Efimenko A. Fibroblast Activation Protein Alpha (FAPα) in Fibrosis: Beyond a Perspective Marker for Activated Stromal Cells? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1718. [PMID: 38136590 PMCID: PMC10742035 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of tissue fibrosis is a complex process involving the interaction of multiple cell types, which makes the search for antifibrotic agents rather challenging. So far, myofibroblasts have been considered the key cell type that mediated the development of fibrosis and thus was the main target for therapy. However, current strategies aimed at inhibiting myofibroblast function or eliminating them fail to demonstrate sufficient effectiveness in clinical practice. Therefore, today, there is an unmet need to search for more reliable cellular targets to contribute to fibrosis resolution or the inhibition of its progression. Activated stromal cells, capable of active proliferation and invasive growth into healthy tissue, appear to be such a target population due to their more accessible localization in the tissue and their high susceptibility to various regulatory signals. This subpopulation is marked by fibroblast activation protein alpha (FAPα). For a long time, FAPα was considered exclusively a marker of cancer-associated fibroblasts. However, accumulating data are emerging on the diverse functions of FAPα, which suggests that this protein is not only a marker but also plays an important role in fibrosis development and progression. This review aims to summarize the current data on the expression, regulation, and function of FAPα regarding fibrosis development and identify promising advances in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Basalova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalya Alexandrushkina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Olga Grigorieva
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Kulebyakina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Anastasia Efimenko
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Educational Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia (O.G.); (A.E.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia;
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Hu P, Leyton L, Hagood JS, Barker TH. Thy-1-Integrin Interactions in cis and Trans Mediate Distinctive Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:928510. [PMID: 35733855 PMCID: PMC9208718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.928510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is a cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein that bears a broad mosaic of biological roles across various cell types. Thy-1 displays strong physiological and pathological implications in development, cancer, immunity, and tissue fibrosis. Quite uniquely, Thy-1 is capable of mediating integrin-related signaling through direct trans- and cis-interaction with integrins. Both interaction types have shown distinctive roles, even when interacting with the same type of integrin, where binding in trans or in cis often yields divergent signaling events. In this review, we will revisit recent progress and discoveries of Thy-1–integrin interactions in trans and in cis, highlight their pathophysiological consequences and explore other potential binding partners of Thy-1 within the integrin regulation/signaling paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile and Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - James S. Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Program for Rare and Interstitial Lung Disease, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas H. Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Thomas H. Barker,
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Hata A, Guo Y, Miller AE, Hata M, Mei Z, Manafi A, Li D, Banerjee A, Lazear E, Lau C, Gelman AE, Kreisel D, Yoshino I, Wilkes D, Barker TH, Krupnick AS. Loss of Stromal Cell Thy-1 Plays a Critical Role in Lipopolysaccharide Induced Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 41:1044-1054. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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A robust vasculogenic microfluidic model using human immortalized endothelial cells and Thy1 positive fibroblasts. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121032. [PMID: 34303155 PMCID: PMC9891349 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and stromal cells, such as human lung fibroblasts (FBs), have been widely used to generate functional microvascular networks (μVNs) in vitro. However, primary cells derived from different donors have batch-to-batch variations and limited lifespans when cultured in vitro, which hampers the reproducibility of μVN formation. Here, we immortalize HUVECs and FBs by exogenously expressing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) to obtain stable endothelial cell and FB sources for μVN formation in vitro. Interestingly, we find that immortalized HUVECs can only form functional μVNs with immortalized FBs from earlier passages but not from later passages. Mechanistically, we show that Thy1 expression decreases in FBs from later passages. Compared to Thy1 negative FBs, Thy1 positive FBs express higher IGFBP2, IGFBP7, and SPARC, which are important for angiogenesis and lumen formation during vasculogenesis in 3D. Moreover, Thy1 negative FBs physically block microvessel openings, reducing the perfusability of μVNs. Finally, by culturing immortalized FBs on gelatin-coated surfaces in serum-free medium, we are able to maintain the majority of Thy1 positive immortalized FBs to support perfusable μVN formation. Overall, we establish stable cell sources for μVN formation and characterize the functions of Thy1 positive and negative FBs in vasculogenesis in vitro.
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Li X, Wong SS, Tan C, Espinoza CR, Hagood JS. Loss of Thy-1 may reduce lung regeneration after pneumonectomy in mice. Minerva Med 2020; 112:622-630. [PMID: 32696636 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.20.06691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung regeneration plays an important role in lung repair after injury. It is reliant upon proliferation of multiple cell types in the lung, including endothelium, epithelium, and fibroblasts, as well as remodeling of the extracellular matrix. METHODS Lung regeneration following injury progresses via an initial infammatory response during which macrophages clear the tissue of cellular debris. This process continues through cellular proliferation when existing cells and progenitors act to repopulate cells lost during injury, followed by tissue maturation in which newly formed cells achieve a diferentiated phenotype. RESULTS Signaling pathways critical for lung regeneration include FGF, EGF, WNT, and NOTCH. In addition, HDACs, miRNAs, ELASTIN, and MMP14 have been shown to regulate lung regeneration. Partial pneumonectomy (PNX) has been used as a therapeutic and investigational tool for several decades. Following PNX the remaining lung increases in size to compensate for loss of volume and respiratory capacity. CONCLUSIONS Much has been learned about the triggers and mechanisms regulating pulmonary regeneration. However, the role of thymocyte differentiation antigen-1(thy-1) in post-PNX lung growth remains incompletely characterized. Thy-1 is a phosphatidylinositol glycoprotein with a relative molecular weight of 25000~37000 Da, which is expressed in almost all types of fibroblasts and regulates many biological functions. It not only supports the structure of fibroblasts, but also can balance cell proliferation, migration and regulate the synthesis of immune inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.,Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Department of Paediatrics, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA -
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Li Y, Song D, Mao L, Abraham DM, Bursac N. Lack of Thy1 defines a pathogenic fraction of cardiac fibroblasts in heart failure. Biomaterials 2020; 236:119824. [PMID: 32028169 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In response to heart injury, inflammation, or mechanical overload, quiescent cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) can become activated myofibroblasts leading to pathological matrix remodeling and decline in cardiac function. Specific targeting of fibroblasts may thus enable new therapeutic strategies to delay or reverse the progression of heart failure and cardiac fibrosis. However, it remains unknown if all CFs are equally responsive to specific pathological insults and if there exist sub-populations of resident fibroblasts in the heart that have distinctive pathogenic phenotypes. Here, we show that in response to transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced heart failure, previously uncharacterized Thy1neg (Thy1-/MEFSK4+/CD45-/CD31-) fraction of mouse ventricular fibroblasts became more abundant and attained a more activated, pro-fibrotic myofibroblast phenotype compared to Thy1Pos fraction. In a tissue-engineered 3D co-culture model of healthy cardiomyocytes and freshly isolated CFs, Thy1neg CFs from TAC hearts significantly decreased cardiomyocyte contractile function and calcium transient amplitude, and increased extracellular collagen deposition yielding a profibrotic heart tissue phenotype. In vivo, mice with global knockout of Thy1 developed more severe cardiac dysfunction and fibrosis in response to TAC-induced heart failure than wild-type mice. Taken together, our studies identify cardiac myofibroblasts lacking Thy1 as a pathogenic CF fraction in cardiac fibrosis and suggest important roles of Thy1 in pathophysiology of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Daniel Song
- Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Lan Mao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Tan C, Jiang M, Wong SS, Espinoza CR, Kim C, Li X, Connors E, Hagood JS. Soluble Thy-1 reverses lung fibrosis via its integrin-binding motif. JCI Insight 2019; 4:131152. [PMID: 31672942 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.131152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of Thy-1 expression in fibroblasts correlates with lung fibrogenesis; however, the clinical relevance of therapeutic targeting of myofibroblasts via Thy-1-associated pathways remains to be explored. Using single (self-resolving) or repetitive (nonresolving) intratracheal administration of bleomycin in type 1 collagen-GFP reporter mice, we report that Thy-1 surface expression, but not mRNA, is reversibly diminished in activated fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in self-resolving fibrosis. However, Thy-1 mRNA expression is silenced in lung with nonresolving fibrosis following repetitive bleomycin administration, associated with persistent activation of αv integrin. Thy1-null mice showed progressive αv integrin activation and myofibroblast accumulation after a single dose of bleomycin. In vitro, targeting of αv integrin by soluble Thy-1-Fc (sThy-1), but not RLE-mutated Thy-1 or IgG, reversed TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that Thy-1's integrin-binding RGD motif is required for the reversibility of myofibroblast differentiation. In vivo, treatment of established fibrosis induced either by single-dose bleomycin in WT mice or by induction of active TGF-β1 by doxycycline in Cc10-rtTA-tTS-Tgfb1 mice with sThy-1 (1000 ng/kg, i.v.) promoted resolution of fibrosis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that sThy-1 therapeutically inhibits the αv integrin-driven feedback loop that amplifies and sustains fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Celia R Espinoza
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Ceonne Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Edward Connors
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UCSD, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Fiore VF, Wong SS, Tran C, Tan C, Xu W, Sulchek T, White ES, Hagood JS, Barker TH. αvβ3 Integrin drives fibroblast contraction and strain stiffening of soft provisional matrix during progressive fibrosis. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97597. [PMID: 30333317 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is characterized by persistent deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) by fibroblasts. Fibroblast mechanosensing of a stiffened ECM is hypothesized to drive the fibrotic program; however, the spatial distribution of ECM mechanics and their derangements in progressive fibrosis are poorly characterized. Importantly, fibrosis presents with significant histopathological heterogeneity at the microscale. Here, we report that fibroblastic foci (FF), the regions of active fibrogenesis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), are surprisingly of similar modulus as normal lung parenchyma and are nonlinearly elastic. In vitro, provisional ECMs with mechanical properties similar to those of FF activate both normal and IPF patient-derived fibroblasts, whereas type I collagen ECMs with similar mechanical properties do not. This is mediated, in part, by αvβ3 integrin engagement and is augmented by loss of expression of Thy-1, which regulates αvβ3 integrin avidity for ECM. Thy-1 loss potentiates cell contractility-driven strain stiffening of provisional ECM in vitro and causes elevated αvβ3 integrin activation, increased fibrosis, and greater mortality following fibrotic lung injury in vivo. These data suggest a central role for αvβ3 integrin and provisional ECM in overriding mechanical cues that normally impose quiescent phenotypes, driving progressive fibrosis through physical stiffening of the fibrotic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F Fiore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Simon S Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Coleen Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chunting Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Wenwei Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Todd Sulchek
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Eric S White
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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A Profibrotic Phenotype in Naïve and in Fibrotic Lung Myofibroblasts Is Governed by Modulations in Thy-1 Expression and Activation. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:4638437. [PMID: 30002599 PMCID: PMC5996423 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4638437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of Thy-deficient fibroblasts in the interstitium of the alveolar space. We have previously shown in bleomycin-treated chimeric Thy1-deficient mice with wild-type lymphocytes that Thy1-deficient fibroblasts accumulate and promote fibrosis and an “inflammation-free” environment. Here, we aimed to identify the critical effects of Thy1, or the absence of Thy1, in lung myofibroblast profibrotic functions, particularly proliferation and collagen deposition. Using specific Thy1 siRNA in Thy1-positive cells, Thy1 knockout cells, Thy1 cDNA expression vector in Thy1-deficient cells, and Thy1 cross-linking, we evaluated cell proliferation (assessed by cell mass and BrdU uptake), differentiation (using immunofluorescence), and collagen deposition (using Sircol assay). We found that myofibroblast Thy1 cross-linking and genetic manipulation modulate cell proliferation and expression of Fgf (fibroblast growth factor) and Angtl (angiotensin) receptors (using qPCR) that are involved in myofibroblast proliferation, differentiation, and collagen deposition. In conclusion, lung myofibroblast downregulation of Thy1 expression is critical to increase proliferation, differentiation, and collagen deposition.
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Helal MAM, Shaheen NEM, Abu Zahra FA. Immunomodulatory capacity of the local mesenchymal stem cells transplantation after severe skeletal muscle injury in female rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:414-422. [PMID: 27560658 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1222617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cell therapy technique with stem cells is a very attractive strategy for the treatment of muscle disorders. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of local transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which could contribute to skeletal muscle healing. MATERIALS AND METHODS Female rats were divided into three equal groups as the following: group 1, the negative control group (untreated group), group 2, sham-treated group, rats with muscle injuries involving volumetric muscle loss (VML) of adductor brevis muscle and injected locally with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) 0.5 ml without stem cells after 7 d of muscle injury, group 3, treated group, rats with VML and injected locally (intramuscular) with 1.5 × 106 bone marrow MSCs suspended in PBS 0.5 ml (1) after 7 d of muscle tissue injury. All animals were sacrificed after 4 weeks of stem cell transplantation. RESULTS In vitro culture the morphology of MSCs reached confluence and appeared as long spindle in shape on 9-14 d. Most of the cells did not express the hematopoietic cell marker, CD34 and CD45 but expressed MSCs marker CD44, CD90 and CD105. The remarkable increase of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive nucleus was recorded in MSCs group as compared to PBS group. After 28 d of injection, administration of only PBS into the site of muscle injury caused up-regulation in the levels of interleukins IL-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), interferon alpha (IFN-α) and down-regulate the level of IL-10 in muscular tissue comparing to the untreated control. Bone marrow MSCs + PBS injected at the site of muscle injury significantly down-regulate the inflammatory cytokines levels IL-1β and IL-6 and TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IFN-α and up-regulate the level of IL-10. Collagen concentrations in the injured skeletal muscle estimated by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay and stained with Masson trichrome stain were increased with PBS group and decreased after transplantation of bone marrow MSCs in the site of injury. Muscle sections stained with H&E showed a higher number of centronucleated regenerating myofibers in the stem-cell-treated group than in the (PBS) and untreated control group. Microvasculature of skeletal muscle was decreased as demonstrated by immunostaining technique for CD34 in PBS group from untreated control. The MSCs group showed angiogenesis and marked increase of skeletal muscle microvasculature than PBS group. CONCLUSION MSCs can modify the local immunological responses and improve muscle regeneration by suppressing of inflammatory cytokines, activating of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, restoration of muscle fibers and angiogenesis. By means of increase in TGF-β production in response to muscle injury prevent the repair of injured fibers and increase connective tissue production (collagen fibers), thus propagating skeletal muscle weakness and fibrosis whereas MSCs + PBS injected at the site of muscle injury significantly down-regulate (TGF-β1) and hence the level of collagen (fibrosis or scar areas). MSCs are able to block the fibrotic signaling cascade by declining TGF-β1 and scar areas in the injured muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A M Helal
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Noura E M Shaheen
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Women for Arts, Science & Education , Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Fatma A Abu Zahra
- b Molecular Biology and Tissue Culture , Medical Research Center, Ain Shams University , Cairo , Egypt
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Yousefi-Rad N, Shokrgozar MA, Behdani M, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Motamedi-Rad M, Habibi-Anbouhi M. Antigenic assessment of a recombinant human CD90 protein expressed in prokaryotic expression system. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 116:139-43. [PMID: 26297626 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of Differentiation 90 (CD90, Thy-1) has been proposed as one of the most important biomarkers in several cancer cells including cancer stem cells (CSCs). CD90 is considered as a potential normal stem cell and CSCs biomarker and also has been identified in lung cancer stem cells, hepatocellular carcinoma cells and high-grade gliomas. Using eukaryotic host systems involves complex procedures and frequently results in low protein yields. The expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is comparatively easier than eukaryotic host cells. The potential of large scale production of recombinant protein has made this system an economic production platform. In this study we expressed the extra-membrane domain of human CD90 (exCD90) antigen (Gln15-Cys130) in E. coli expression host cells. The epitope integrity of purified recombinant antigen was confirmed by antibody-antigen interaction using 5E10 anti-CD90 monoclonal antibody and binding study through ELISA and florescent staining of CD90(+) cells in a flow cytometry experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Yousefi-Rad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Behdani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Bleomycin-Treated Chimeric Thy1-Deficient Mice with Thy1-Deficient Myofibroblasts and Thy-Positive Lymphocytes Resolve Inflammation without Affecting the Fibrotic Response. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:942179. [PMID: 26300593 PMCID: PMC4537759 DOI: 10.1155/2015/942179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fibroblasts in the interstitium of the alveolar space. Two populations of myofibroblasts, distinguished by Thy1 expression, are detected in human and murine lungs. Accumulation of Thy1-negative (Thy1(-)) myofibroblasts was shown in the lungs of humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and of bleomycin-treated mice. We aimed to identify genetic changes in lung myofibroblasts following Thy1 crosslinking and assess the impact of specific lung myofibroblast Thy1-deficiency, in vivo, in bleomycin-injured mouse lungs. Thy1 increased in mouse lung lymphocytes following bleomycin injury but decreased in myofibroblasts when fibrosis was at the highest point (14 days), as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Using gene chip analysis, we detected that myofibroblast Thy1 crosslinking mediates downregulation of genes promoting cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and reduces production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, while concurrently mediating the upregulation of genes known to foster inflammation and immunological functions. Chimeric Thy1-deficient mice with Thy1(+) lymphocytes and Thy1(-) myofibroblasts showed fibrosis similar to wild-type mice and an increased number of CD4/CD25 regulatory T cells, with a concomitant decrease in inflammation. Lung myofibroblasts downregulate Thy1 expression to increase their proliferation but to diminish the in vivo inflammatory milieu. Inflammation is not essential for evolution of fibrosis as was previously stated.
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Cero FT, Hillestad V, Sjaastad I, Yndestad A, Aukrust P, Ranheim T, Lunde IG, Olsen MB, Lien E, Zhang L, Haugstad SB, Løberg EM, Christensen G, Larsen KO, Skjønsberg OH. Absence of the inflammasome adaptor ASC reduces hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L378-87. [PMID: 26071556 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00342.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a serious condition that can lead to premature death. The mechanisms involved are incompletely understood although a role for the immune system has been suggested. Inflammasomes are part of the innate immune system and consist of the effector caspase-1 and a receptor, where nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) is the best characterized and interacts with the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain (ASC). To investigate whether ASC and NLRP3 inflammasome components are involved in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, we utilized mice deficient in ASC and NLRP3. Active caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β, which are regulated by inflammasomes, were measured in lung homogenates in wild-type (WT), ASC(-/-), and NLRP3(-/-) mice, and phenotypical changes related to pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular remodeling were characterized after hypoxic exposure. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) of ASC(-/-) mice was significantly lower than in WT exposed to hypoxia (40.8 ± 1.5 mmHg vs. 55.8 ± 2.4 mmHg, P < 0.001), indicating a substantially reduced pulmonary hypertension in mice lacking ASC. Magnetic resonance imaging further supported these findings by demonstrating reduced right ventricular remodeling. RVSP of NLRP3(-/-) mice exposed to hypoxia was not significantly altered compared with WT hypoxia. Whereas hypoxia increased protein levels of caspase-1, IL-18, and IL-1β in WT and NLRP3(-/-) mice, this response was absent in ASC(-/-) mice. Moreover, ASC(-/-) mice displayed reduced muscularization and collagen deposition around arteries. In conclusion, hypoxia-induced elevated right ventricular pressure and remodeling were attenuated in mice lacking the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC, suggesting that inflammasomes play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadila Telarevic Cero
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;
| | - Vigdis Hillestad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arne Yndestad
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine Ranheim
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ida Gjervold Lunde
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Belland Olsen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil Lien
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts; Centre of Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Solveig Bjærum Haugstad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Else Marit Løberg
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Christensen
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl-Otto Larsen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Heart Failure Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Henning Skjønsberg
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Thy-1-Interacting Molecules and Cellular Signaling in Cis and Trans. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 305:163-216. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407695-2.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Lobba ARM, Forni MF, Carreira ACO, Sogayar MC. Differential expression of CD90 and CD14 stem cell markers in malignant breast cancer cell lines. Cytometry A 2012; 81:1084-91. [PMID: 23090904 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged concept of cancer stem cell (CSC) has led to a new hypothesis on the basis for tumor progression. Basically, the CSC theory hypothesizes the presence of a hierarchically organized and relatively rare cell population, which is responsible for tumor initiation, self-renewal, and maintenance, in addition to accumulation of mutation and resistance to chemotherapy. CSCs have recently been described in breast cancer. Different genetic markers have been used to isolate breast CSCs, none of which have been correlated with the tumorigenicity or metastatic potential of the cells, limiting their precise characterization and clinical application in the development of therapeutic protocols. Here, we sought for subpopulations of CSCs by analyzing 10 judiciously chosen stem cell markers in a normal breast cell line (MCF10-A) and in four human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, and Hs578-T) displaying different degrees of metastatic and invasiveness potential. We were able to identify two markers, which are differentially expressed in nontumorigenic versus tumor cells. The CD90 marker was highly expressed in the malignant cell lines. Interestingly, the CD14 molecule displayed higher expression levels in the nontumorigenic cell line. Therefore, we demonstrated that these two markers, which are more commonly used to isolate and characterize stem cells, are differentially expressed in breast tumor cells, when compared with nontumorigenic breast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R M Lobba
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, Cell and Molecular Therapy Center (NUCEL), University of São Paulo, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Shan B, Hagood JS, Zhuo Y, Nguyen HT, MacEwen M, Morris GF, Lasky JA. Thy-1 attenuates TNF-alpha-activated gene expression in mouse embryonic fibroblasts via Src family kinase. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11662. [PMID: 20657842 PMCID: PMC2906514 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous surface expression of Thy-1 in fibroblasts modulates inflammation and may thereby modulate injury and repair. As a paradigm, patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, a disease with pathologic features of chronic inflammation, demonstrate an absence of Thy-1 immunoreactivity within areas of fibrotic activity (fibroblast foci) in contrast to the predominant Thy-1 expressing fibroblasts in the normal lung. Likewise, Thy-1 deficient mice display more severe lung fibrosis in response to an inflammatory injury than wildtype littermates. We investigated the role of Thy-1 in the response of fibroblasts to the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha. Our study demonstrates distinct profiles of TNF-alpha-activated gene expression in Thy-1 positive (Thy-1+) and negative (Thy-1-) subsets of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). TNF-alpha induced a robust activation of MMP-9, ICAM-1, and the IL-8 promoter driven reporter in Thy-1- MEFs, in contrast to only a modest increase in Thy-1+ counterparts. Consistently, ectopic expression of Thy-1 in Thy-1- MEFs significantly attenuated TNF-alpha-activated gene expression. Mechanistically, TNF-alpha activated Src family kinase (SFK) only in Thy-1- MEFs. Blockade of SFK activation abrogated TNF-alpha-activated gene expression in Thy-1- MEFs, whereas restoration of SFK activation rescued the TNF-alpha response in Thy-1+ MEFs. Our findings suggest that Thy-1 down-regulates TNF-alpha-activated gene expression via interfering with SFK- and NF-kappaB-mediated transactivation. The current study provides a novel mechanistic insight to the distinct roles of fibroblast Thy-1 subsets in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shan
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James S. Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hong T. Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mark MacEwen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama-Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gilbert F. Morris
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Lasky
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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17
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Miller JD, Lankford SM, Adler KB, Brody AR. Mesenchymal stem cells require MARCKS protein for directed chemotaxis in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 43:253-8. [PMID: 20224071 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0015rc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside within tissues such as bone marrow, cord blood, and dental pulp and can differentiate into other mesenchymal cell types. Differentiated MSCs, called circulating fibrocytes, have been demonstrated in human lungs and migrate to injured lung tissue in experimental models. It is likely that MSCs migrate from the bone marrow to sites of injury by following increasing chemokine concentrations. In the present study, we show that primary mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) exhibit directed chemotaxis through transwell inserts toward increasing concentrations of the chemokines complement component 5a, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1. Prior research has indicated that myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate (MARCKS) protein is critically important for motility in macrophages, neutrophils, and fibroblasts, and here we investigated a possible role for MARCKS in BM-MSC directed chemotaxis. The presence of MARCKS in these cells as well as in human cord blood MSC was verified by Western blotting, and MARCKS was rapidly phosphorylated in these cells after exposure to chemokines. A synthetic peptide that inhibits MARCKS function attenuated, in a concentration-dependent manner, directed chemotaxis of BM-MSCs, while a missense control peptide had no effect. Our results illustrate, for the first time, that MARCKS protein plays an integral role in BM-MSC-directed chemotaxis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Miller
- Dept. of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, 27606, USA
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18
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Baglole CJ, Ray DM, Bernstein SH, Feldon SE, Smith TJ, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. More Than Structural Cells, Fibroblasts Create and Orchestrate the Tumor Microenvironment. Immunol Invest 2009; 35:297-325. [PMID: 16916756 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600754960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises many cell types including infiltrating immune cells such as lymphocytes, endothelial cells and a complex stroma consisting mainly of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are heterogeneous and consist of Thy-1+ and Thy-1- subsets that define different biosynthetic and differentiation potential. They produce mediators linked to carcinogenesis and metastasis, including Cox-2 and PGE2, both of which are also increased in most cancers. This review will highlight the emerging role of the complex fibroblastic stroma in establishing a microenvironment supporting malignant transformation, tumor growth and attenuation of host anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Lymphoma Biology Program, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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19
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Hardie WD, Glasser SW, Hagood JS. Emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:3-16. [PMID: 19497999 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibrogenesis is an often-deadly process with increasing world-wide incidence and limited therapeutic options. Pulmonary fibrogenesis involves remodeling of the distal airspace and parenchyma of the lung, and is characterized by excessive extracellular matrix deposition and accumulation of apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts. Recent studies have added significantly to our understanding of the complex mechanisms involved in lung fibrogenesis. Emerging concepts in this field include the critical role of the epithelium, particularly type II pneumocytes, in the initiation and perpetuation of fibrosis in response to either endogenous or exogenous stress; a growing awareness of alternative activation of macrophages in tissue remodeling; growing appreciation of the alternative origins and phenotypic plasticity of fibroblasts; the roles of epigenetic reprogramming and context-dependent signaling in profibrotic phenotype alterations; and recognition of the importance of cross talk and convergence of intracellular signaling pathways. In vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches support a paradigm of "disordered re-development" of the lung. Designing effective antifibrotic interventions will require accurate understanding of the complex interactions among the genetic, environmental, epigenetic, biochemical, cellular, and contextual abnormalities that promote pulmonary fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hardie
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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20
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Rege TA, Pallero MA, Gomez C, Grenett HE, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Hagood JS. Thy-1, via its GPI anchor, modulates Src family kinase and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation and subcellular localization, and fibroblast migration, in response to thrombospondin-1/hep I. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:3752-67. [PMID: 17027000 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Normal fibroblast subpopulations have differential surface expression of the GPI-linked raft protein Thy-1, which correlates with differences in cellular adhesion and migration in vitro. Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) induces an intermediate state of adhesion in fibroblasts and other cells which facilitates migration. TSP-1 and the hep I peptide derived from the amino-terminal/heparin-binding domain of TSP-1 induce disassembly of cellular focal adhesions. Our lab previously reported that the induction of focal adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts by TSP-1 or by hep I requires surface expression of Thy-1, as well as lipid raft integrity and Src family kinase (SFK) signaling. We now report that TSP-1/hep I-induced fibroblast migration requires Thy-1 expression and FAK phosphorylation, and that following TSP-1/hep I stimulation, Thy-1 associates with FAK and SFK in a lipid raft-dependent manner. Furthermore, the GPI anchor of Thy-1, which localizes the protein to specific lipid raft microdomains, is necessary for hep I-induced FAK and SFK phosphorylation, focal adhesion disassembly, and migration. This is the first report of an association between Thy-1 and FAK. Thy-1 modulates SFK and FAK phosphorylation and subcellular localization, promoting focal adhesion disassembly and migration in fibroblasts, following exposure to TSP-1/hep I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Rege
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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21
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Sanders YY, Kumbla P, Hagood JS. Enhanced myofibroblastic differentiation and survival in Thy-1(-) lung fibroblasts. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:226-35. [PMID: 16960126 PMCID: PMC2720117 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0178oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol-linked cell surface glycoprotein whose exact biological role remains unclear. Differential expression of Thy-1 affects fibroblast proliferation and fibrogenic signaling. In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the proliferating myofibroblasts within the fibroblastic foci are Thy-1(-), whereas normal lung fibroblasts are predominantly Thy-1(+). In this study, we used rat lung fibroblasts sorted for Thy-1 expression to examine myofibroblastic differentiation in response to fibrogenic stimuli. We examined the effects of transforming growth factor-beta, endothelin-1, and connective tissue growth factor on the expression of myofibroblast proteins and myogenic regulatory factors by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Thy-1(-) cells have significantly higher myofibroblast and myogenic regulatory factor gene and protein expression compared with Thy-1(+) cells, confirmed by immunofluorescence. We also used floating collagen matrix contraction assays to assess the functional differentiation of the fibroblasts. At baseline and after stimulation with transforming growth factor-beta and endothelin-1, Thy-1(-) cells caused significantly greater collagen contraction than did Thy-1(+) cells, supporting the hypothesis that Thy-1(-) cells are more fully differentiated myofibroblasts. Because apoptosis has been implicated in the regression of myofibroblasts, we examined the percentage of apoptotic cells in the contracted collagen matrices at baseline and after stimulation with fibrogenic agents. A significantly greater proportion of Thy-1(+) cells underwent apoptosis in all conditions compared with Thy-1(-) fibroblasts. Transfection of Thy-1 into Thy-1(-) cells inhibits collagen matrix contraction and reduces cell survival. Our data indicate that Thy-1 regulates myogenic gene expression, myofibroblastic differentiation, and survival in lung fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Y Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Division, University of Alabama - Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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22
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Rege TA, Hagood JS. Thy-1, a versatile modulator of signaling affecting cellular adhesion, proliferation, survival, and cytokine/growth factor responses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2006; 1763:991-9. [PMID: 16996153 PMCID: PMC1781924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 08/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thy-1 is a 25-37 kDa glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein involved in T cell activation, neurite outgrowth, apoptosis, tumor suppression, wound healing, and fibrosis. To mediate these diverse effects, Thy-1 participates in multiple signaling cascades. In this review, we discuss Thy-1 signaling primarily in non-immunologic cell types, including neurons, mesangial cells, ovarian cancer cells, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. We review the current literature regarding Thy-1 signaling via integrins, protein tyrosine kinases, and cytokines and growth factors; and the roles of these signaling pathways in cellular adhesion, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell adhesion and migration. We also discuss the role of Thy-1 localization to lipid rafts, and of the GPI anchor in Thy-1 signaling. Ongoing research on the mechanisms of Thy-1 signaling will add to our understanding of the diverse physiologic and pathologic processes in which Thy-1 plays a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James S. Hagood
- *Correspondence: Department of Pediatrics & Cell Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 648A, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, Tel. 205-934-6458, Fax 205-996-2333,
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23
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Hagood JS, Prabhakaran P, Kumbla P, Salazar L, MacEwen MW, Barker TH, Ortiz LA, Schoeb T, Siegal GP, Alexander CB, Pardo A, Selman M. Loss of fibroblast Thy-1 expression correlates with lung fibrogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:365-79. [PMID: 16049324 PMCID: PMC1603564 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62982-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts consist of heterogeneous subpopulations that have distinct roles in fibrotic responses. Previously we reported enhanced proliferation in response to fibrogenic growth factors and selective activation of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in fibroblasts lacking cell surface expression of Thy-1 glycoprotein, suggesting that Thy-1 modulates the fibrogenic potential of fibroblasts. Here we report that compared to controls Thy-1-/- C57BL/6 mice displayed more severe histopathological lung fibrosis, greater accumulation of lung collagen, and increased TGF-beta activation in the lungs 14 days after intratracheal bleomycin. The majority of cells demonstrating TGF-beta activation and myofibroblast differentiation in bleomycin-induced lesions were Thy-1-negative. Histological sections from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis demonstrated absent Thy-1 staining within fibroblastic foci. Normal lung fibroblasts, in both mice and humans, were predominantly Thy-1-positive. The fibrogenic cytokines interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced loss of fibroblast Thy-1 surface expression in vitro, which was associated with Thy-1 shedding, Smad phosphorylation, and myofibroblast differentiation. These results suggest that fibrogenic injury promotes loss of lung fibroblast Thy-1 expression, resulting in enhanced fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Traditional wisdom has considered fibroblasts as contributing to the structural integrity of tissues rather than playing a dynamic role in physiological or pathological processes. It is only recently that they have been recognized as comprising diverse populations of cells exhibiting complex patterns of biosynthetic activity. They represent determinants that react to stimuli and help define tissue remodelling through the expression of molecules imposing constraints on their cellular neighbourhood. Moreover, fibroblasts can initiate the earliest molecular events leading to inflammatory responses. Thus they must now be viewed as active participants in tissue reactivity. In this short review, I will provide an overview of contemporary thought about the contribution of fibroblasts to the pathogenesis of autoimmune processes through their expression of, and responses to, mediators of inflammation and tissue remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Smith
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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25
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Zhou Y, Hagood JS, Murphy-Ullrich JE. Thy-1 expression regulates the ability of rat lung fibroblasts to activate transforming growth factor-beta in response to fibrogenic stimuli. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 165:659-69. [PMID: 15277239 PMCID: PMC1618578 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Distinct subpopulations of fibroblasts contribute to lung fibrosis, although the mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis in these subpopulations are not clear. Differential expression of the glycophosphatidylinositol-linked protein Thy-1 affects proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation. Lung fibroblast populations selected on the basis of Thy-1 expression by cell sorting were examined for responses to fibrogenic stimuli. Thy-1 (-) and Thy-1 (+) fibroblast populations were treated with platelet-derived growth factor-BB, interleukin-1beta, interleukin-4, or bleomycin and assessed for activation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, Smad3 phosphorylation, and alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin expression. Thy-1 (-) fibroblasts responded to these stimuli with increased TGF-beta activity, Smad3 phosphorylation, and expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin, whereas Thy-1 (+) fibroblasts resisted stimulation. The unresponsiveness of Thy-1 (+) cells is not because of defective TGF-beta signaling because both subsets respond to exogenous active TGF-beta. Rather, Thy-1 (-) fibroblasts activate latent TGF-beta in response to fibrogenic stimuli, whereas Thy-1 (+) cells fail to do so. Defective activation is common to multiple mechanisms of TGF-beta activation, including thrombospondin 1, matrix metalloproteinase, or plasmin. Thy-1 (-) lung fibroblasts transfected with Thy-1 also become resistant to fibrogenic stimulation, indicating that Thy-1 is a critical biological response modifier that protects against fibrotic progression by controlling TGF-beta activation. These studies provide a molecular basis for understanding the differential roles of fibroblast subpopulations in fibrotic lung disease through control of latent TGF-beta activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall 668, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL 35294-0019, USA
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26
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Barker TH, Pallero MA, MacEwen MW, Tilden SG, Woods A, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Hagood JS. Thrombospondin-1-induced focal adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts requires Thy-1 surface expression, lipid raft integrity, and Src activation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:23510-6. [PMID: 15033989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m402169200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hep I peptide of thrombospondin-1 is known to induce the disassembly of focal adhesions, a critical step in regulating cellular adhesive changes needed for cell motility. Fibroblasts that are heterogeneous with respect to the surface expression of Thy-1 differ markedly in morphology, cytoskeletal organization, and migration, suggesting differential regulation of focal adhesion dynamics. Here we demonstrate that disassembly of focal adhesions mediated by both full-length thrombospondin-1 and the hep I peptide in fibroblasts requires the expression of Thy-1, although it does not appear to function as a stable member of the hep I receptor complex. Consistent with a known function of Thy-1 in regulating lipid raft-associated signaling, intact lipid rafts are necessary for hep I-mediated focal adhesion disassembly. Furthermore, we establish Src family kinase (SFK) activation as a novel component required for hep I-induced signaling leading to focal adhesion disassembly. hep I induces transient phosphorylation of SFKs in Thy-1-expressing fibroblasts only. Therefore, we conclude that Thy-1 surface expression is required for thrombospondin-1-induced focal adhesion disassembly in fibroblasts through an SFK-dependent mechanism. This represents a novel role for Thy-1 in the regulation of fibroblast-matrix interactions critical to tissue homeostasis and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Barker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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27
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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Proceedings of the 1st Annual Pittsburgh International Lung Conference. October 2002. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2003; 29:S1-105. [PMID: 12936907 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0159su] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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