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Jeong JY, Bafor AE, Freeman BH, Chen PR, Park ES, Kim E. Pathophysiology in Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: Focus on Endothelial Dysfunctions and Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1795. [PMID: 39200259 PMCID: PMC11351371 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) substantially increase the risk for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. However, the treatment options for bAVMs are severely limited, primarily relying on invasive methods that carry their own risks for intraoperative hemorrhage or even death. Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents shown to treat this condition, primarily due to a poor understanding of bAVM pathophysiology. For the last decade, bAVM research has made significant advances, including the identification of novel genetic mutations and relevant signaling in bAVM development. However, bAVM pathophysiology is still largely unclear. Further investigation is required to understand the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, which will enable the development of safer and more effective treatment options. Endothelial cells (ECs), the cells that line the vascular lumen, are integral to the pathogenesis of bAVMs. Understanding the fundamental role of ECs in pathological conditions is crucial to unraveling bAVM pathophysiology. This review focuses on the current knowledge of bAVM-relevant signaling pathways and dysfunctions in ECs, particularly the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eunhee Kim
- Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.Y.J.); (A.E.B.); (B.H.F.); (P.R.C.); (E.S.P.)
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2
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Chia ZJ, Cao YN, Little PJ, Kamato D. Transforming growth factor-β receptors: versatile mechanisms of ligand activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1337-1348. [PMID: 38351317 PMCID: PMC11192764 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling is initiated by activation of transmembrane TGF-β receptors (TGFBR), which deploys Smad2/3 transcription factors to control cellular responses. Failure or dysregulation in the TGF-β signaling pathways leads to pathological conditions. TGF-β signaling is regulated at different levels along the pathways and begins with the liberation of TGF-β ligand from its latent form. The mechanisms of TGFBR activation display selectivity to cell types, agonists, and TGF-β isoforms, enabling precise control of TGF-β signals. In addition, the cell surface compartments used to release active TGF-β are surprisingly vibrant, using thrombospondins, integrins, matrix metalloproteinases and reactive oxygen species. The scope of TGFBR activation is further unfolded with the discovery of TGFBR activation initiated by other signaling pathways. The unique combination of mechanisms works in series to trigger TGFBR activation, which can be explored as therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the diverse mechanisms underpinning TGFBR activation, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jie Chia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Ying-Nan Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
- Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia.
- Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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3
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De Lorenzis E, Wasson CW, Del Galdo F. Alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in scleroderma interstitial lung disease: Technical challenges, available evidence and therapeutic perspectives. JOURNAL OF SCLERODERMA AND RELATED DISORDERS 2024; 9:7-15. [PMID: 38333528 PMCID: PMC10848925 DOI: 10.1177/23971983231181727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is the process of transformation of differentiated epithelial cells into mesenchymal-like cells through functional and morphological changes. A partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition process can indirectly contribute to lung fibrosis through a paracrine stimulation of the surrounding cells, while a finalized process could also directly enhance the pool of pulmonary fibroblasts and the extracellular matrix deposition. The direct demonstration of alveolar epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease is challenging due to technical pitfalls and the limited availability of lung tissue samples. Similarly, any inference on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition occurrence driven from preclinical models should consider the limitations of cell cultures and animal models. Notwithstanding, while the occurrence or the relevance of this phenomenon in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease have not been directly and conclusively demonstrated until now, pre-clinical and clinical evidence supports the potential role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in the development and progression of lung fibrosis. Evidence consolidation on scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition would pave the way for new therapeutic opportunities to prevent, slow or even reverse lung fibrosis, drawing lessons from current research lines in neoplastic epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico De Lorenzis
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Del Galdo
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- NIHR Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
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Jimenez SA, Piera-Velazquez S. Cellular Transdifferentiation: A Crucial Mechanism of Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2024; 20:388-404. [PMID: 37921216 DOI: 10.2174/0115733971261932231025045400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with a highly complex pathogenesis that despite extensive investigation is not completely understood. The clinical and pathologic manifestations of the disease result from three distinct processes: 1) Severe and frequently progressive tissue fibrosis causing exaggerated and deleterious accumulation of interstitial collagens and other extracellular matrix molecules in the skin and various internal organs; 2) extensive fibroproliferative vascular lesions affecting small arteries and arterioles causing tissue ischemic alterations; and 3) cellular and humoral immunity abnormalities with the production of numerous autoantibodies, some with very high specificity for SSc. The fibrotic process in SSc is one of the main causes of disability and high mortality of the disease. Owing to its essentially universal presence and the severity of its clinical effects, the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of tissue fibrosis have been extensively investigated, however, despite intensive investigation, the precise molecular mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Several recent studies have suggested that cellular transdifferentiation resulting in the phenotypic conversion of various cell types into activated myofibroblasts may be one important mechanism. Here, we review the potential role that cellular transdifferentiation may play in the development of severe and often progressive tissue fibrosis in SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Jimenez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107, USA
| | - Sonsoles Piera-Velazquez
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine and Scleroderma Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia 19107, USA
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Dy ABC, Girkin J, Marrocco A, Collison A, Mwase C, O'Sullivan MJ, Phung TKN, Mattes J, Koziol-White C, Gern JE, Bochkov YA, Bartlett NW, Park JA. Rhinovirus infection induces secretion of endothelin-1 from airway epithelial cells in both in vitro and in vivo models. Respir Res 2023; 24:205. [PMID: 37598152 PMCID: PMC10440034 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rhinovirus (RV) infection of airway epithelial cells triggers asthma exacerbations, during which airway smooth muscle (ASM) excessively contracts. Due to ASM contraction, airway epithelial cells become mechanically compressed. We previously reported that compressed human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells are a source of endothelin-1 (ET-1) that causes ASM contraction. Here, we hypothesized that epithelial sensing of RV by TLR3 and epithelial compression induce ET-1 secretion through a TGF-β receptor (TGFβR)-dependent mechanism. METHODS To test this, we used primary HBE cells well-differentiated in air-liquid interface culture and two mouse models (ovalbumin and house dust mite) of allergic airway disease (AAD). HBE cells were infected with RV-A16, treated with a TLR3 agonist (poly(I:C)), or exposed to compression. Thereafter, EDN1 (ET-1 protein-encoding gene) mRNA expression and secreted ET-1 protein were measured. We examined the role of TGFβR in ET-1 secretion using either a pharmacologic inhibitor of TGFβR or recombinant TGF-β1 protein. In the AAD mouse models, allergen-sensitized and allergen-challenged mice were subsequently infected with RV. We then measured ET-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) following methacholine challenge. RESULTS Our data reveal that RV infection induced EDN1 expression and ET-1 secretion in HBE cells, potentially mediated by TLR3. TGFβR activation was partially required for ET-1 secretion, which was induced by RV, poly(I:C), or compression. TGFβR activation alone was sufficient to increase ET-1 secretion. In AAD mouse models, RV induced ET-1 secretion in BALF, which positively correlated with AHR. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide evidence that RV infection increased epithelial-cell ET-1 secretion through a TGFβR-dependent mechanism, which contributes to bronchoconstriction during RV-induced asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Blythe C Dy
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA
| | - Jason Girkin
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Antonella Marrocco
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA
| | - Adam Collison
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Chimwemwe Mwase
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA
| | - Michael J O'Sullivan
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA
| | - Thien-Khoi N Phung
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA
| | - Joerg Mattes
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | | | - James E Gern
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yury A Bochkov
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, Australia
| | - Jin-Ah Park
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA, SPH1-315, USA.
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Zhang S, Li X, Liu S, Zhang W, Li M, Qiao C. Research progress on the role of ET-1 in diabetic kidney disease. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:1183-1192. [PMID: 37063089 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus, which usually progresses to end-stage renal disease and causes great damage to the health of patients. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a molecule closely associated with the progression of DKD, has increased expression in response to high glucose stimulation and is involved in hemodynamic changes, inflammation, glomerular and tubular dysfunction in the kidney, causing an increase in proteinuria and a decrease in glomerular filtration function, ultimately leading to glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. This paper aims to review the molecular level changes, regulatory mechanisms, and mechanisms of action of ET-1 under DKD, clinical trials of ET-1 receptor antagonists in recent years and current problems, to provide basic information and new research directions and ideas for the treatment of DKD and ET-1-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghao Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaodan Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanting Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meinuo Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chen Qiao
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wang J, Rong Y, Liu Y, Zhu M, Chen W, Chen Z, Guo J, Deng C, Manyande A, Wang P, Zhang H, Xiang Y. The effect of ET1-CTGF mediated pathway on the accumulation of extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork and its contribution to the increase in IOP. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-023-02733-y. [PMID: 37160587 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02733-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM) and its role in intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation. METHODS Cultured human TM cells (HTMCs) were treated with ET-1, ET-1 + ETA receptor (ETAR) antagonist BQ123, ET-1 + ETB receptor (ETBR) antagonist BQ788. The expressions of fibronectin (FN) and collagen type IV (Col IV) were evaluated by western blotting and immunofluorescence. A time course effect of ET-1 on the transcription level of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was investigated by qRT-PCR. Next, the transcription level of CTGF was downregulated by using antisense oligodeoxynucleotide sequence. Then HTMCs were treated with ET-1, and the expression levels of FN and Col IV were evaluated by western blotting. In addition, by using an ex-vivo model of cultured anterior eye segment, we explored the effect of ET-1 on IOP changes and the expressions of FN and Col IV. RESULTS In cultured HTMCs, the expressions of FN and Col IV were significantly increased after ET-1 treatment, which were blocked by the pretreatment of ETAR antagonist BQ123, rather than ETBR antagonist BQ788. Besides, the CTGF mRNA level increased significantly and reached a peak after 48 h of ET-1 treatment. However, the effect of ET-1 on increasing the expressions of FN and Col IV in HTMCs could be inhibited by the downregulation of CTGF. In an ex-vivo model, IOP increased significantly after ET-1 administration, which could be blocked by BQ123 but not by BQ788. Furthermore, elevated expressions of FN and Col IV in TM were observed after ET-1 perfusion, and could be inhibited by BQ123 pretreatment. CONCLUSION Excessive ET-1 in aqueous humor could lead to the abnormal accumulation of FN and Col IV in TM via the ETA-CTGF pathway, thereby increasing IOP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junming Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Rong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Mengxia Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiqi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Jingmin Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Chaohua Deng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Anne Manyande
- School of Human and Social Sciences, University of West London, London, UK
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei, China.
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Keshavan S, Bannuscher A, Drasler B, Barosova H, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Comparing species-different responses in pulmonary fibrosis research: Current understanding of in vitro lung cell models and nanomaterials. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106387. [PMID: 36652970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic, irreversible lung disease that is typically fatal and characterized by an abnormal fibrotic response. As a result, vast areas of the lungs are gradually affected, and gas exchange is impaired, making it one of the world's leading causes of death. This can be attributed to a lack of understanding of the onset and progression of the disease, as well as a poor understanding of the mechanism of adverse responses to various factors, such as exposure to allergens, nanomaterials, environmental pollutants, etc. So far, the most frequently used preclinical evaluation paradigm for PF is still animal testing. Nonetheless, there is an urgent need to understand the factors that induce PF and find novel therapeutic targets for PF in humans. In this regard, robust and realistic in vitro fibrosis models are required to understand the mechanism of adverse responses. Over the years, several in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed with the goal of mimicking the biological barriers of the lung as closely as possible. This review summarizes recent progress towards the development of experimental models suitable for predicting fibrotic responses, with an emphasis on cell culture methods, nanomaterials, and a comparison of results from studies using cells from various species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Keshavan
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Anne Bannuscher
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Drasler
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Hana Barosova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland; Chemistry Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, Fribourg 1700, Switzerland
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Characterization of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Identifies a Gene Signature for Predicting Clinical Outcomes and Therapeutic Responses in Bladder Cancer. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:9593039. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9593039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The complex etiological variables and high heterogeneity of bladder cancer (BC) make prognostic prediction challenging. We aimed to develop a robust and promising gene signature using advanced machine learning methods for predicting the prognosis and therapy responses of BC patients. Methods. The single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithm and univariable Cox regression were used to identify the primary risk hallmark among the various cancer hallmarks. Machine learning methods were then combined with survival and differential gene expression analyses to construct a novel prognostic signature, which would be validated in two additional independent cohorts. Moreover, relationships between this signature and therapy responses were also identified. Functional enrichment analysis and immune cell estimation were also conducted to provide insights into the potential mechanisms of BC. Results. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was identified as the primary risk factor for the survival of BC patients (HR=1.43, 95% CI: 1.26-1.63). A novel EMT-related gene signature was constructed and validated in three independent cohorts, showing stable and accurate performance in predicting clinical outcomes. Furthermore, high-risk patients had poor prognoses and multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed this to be an independent risk factor for patient survival. CD8+ T cells, Tregs, and M2 macrophages were found abundantly in the tumor microenvironment of high-risk patients. Moreover, it was anticipated that high-risk patients would be more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs, while low-risk patients would benefit more from immunotherapy. Conclusions. We successfully identified and validated a novel EMT-related gene signature for predicting clinical outcomes and therapy responses in BC patients, which may be useful in clinical practice for risk stratification and individualized treatment.
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Romero Y, Balderas-Martínez YI, Vargas-Morales MA, Castillejos-López M, Vázquez-Pérez JA, Calyeca J, Torres-Espíndola LM, Patiño N, Camarena A, Carlos-Reyes Á, Flores-Soto E, León-Reyes G, Sierra-Vargas MP, Herrera I, Luis-García ER, Ruiz V, Velázquez-Cruz R, Aquino-Gálvez A. Effect of Hypoxia in the Transcriptomic Profile of Lung Fibroblasts from Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193014. [PMID: 36230977 PMCID: PMC9564151 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an aging-associated disease characterized by exacerbated extracellular matrix deposition that disrupts oxygen exchange. Hypoxia and its transcription factors (HIF-1α and 2α) influence numerous circuits that could perpetuate fibrosis by increasing myofibroblasts differentiation and by promoting extracellular matrix accumulation. Therefore, this work aimed to elucidate the signature of hypoxia in the transcriptomic circuitry of IPF-derived fibroblasts. To determine this transcriptomic signature, a gene expression analysis with six lines of lung fibroblasts under normoxia or hypoxia was performed: three cell lines were derived from patients with IPF, and three were from healthy donors, a total of 36 replicates. We used the Clariom D platform, which allows us to evaluate a huge number of transcripts, to analyze the response to hypoxia in both controls and IPF. The control′s response is greater by the number of genes and complexity. In the search for specific genes responsible for the IPF fibroblast phenotype, nineteen dysregulated genes were found in lung fibroblasts from IPF patients in hypoxia (nine upregulated and ten downregulated). In this sense, the signaling pathways revealed to be affected in the pulmonary fibroblasts of patients with IPF may represent an adaptation to chronic hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Romero
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Yalbi Itzel Balderas-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Biología Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Vargas-Morales
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Castillejos-López
- Departamento de Epidemiología y Estadística, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Joel Armando Vázquez-Pérez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular de Enfermedades Emergentes y EPOC, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jazmín Calyeca
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | - Nelly Patiño
- Unidad de Citometría de Flujo (UCiF), Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Angel Camarena
- Laboratorio de HLA, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Carlos-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Onco-Inmunobiología, Departamento de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Edgar Flores-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe León-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Martha Patricia Sierra-Vargas
- Departamento de Investigación en Toxicología y Medicina Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, México
| | - Iliana Herrera
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Erika Rubí Luis-García
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Víctor Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Rafael Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City 14610, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.V.-C.); (A.A.-G.)
| | - Arnoldo Aquino-Gálvez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.V.-C.); (A.A.-G.)
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Benfaremo D, Svegliati S, Paolini C, Agarbati S, Moroncini G. Systemic Sclerosis: From Pathophysiology to Novel Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010163. [PMID: 35052842 PMCID: PMC8773282 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic, immune-mediated chronic disorder characterized by small vessel alterations and progressive fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. The combination of a predisposing genetic background and triggering factors that causes a persistent activation of immune system at microvascular and tissue level is thought to be the pathogenetic driver of SSc. Endothelial alterations with subsequent myofibroblast activation, excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, and unrestrained tissue fibrosis are the pathogenetic steps responsible for the clinical manifestations of this disease, which can be highly heterogeneous according to the different entity of each pathogenic step in individual subjects. Although substantial progress has been made in the management of SSc in recent years, disease-modifying therapies are still lacking. Several molecular pathways involved in SSc pathogenesis are currently under evaluation as possible therapeutic targets in clinical trials. These include drugs targeting fibrotic and metabolic pathways (e.g., TGF-β, autotaxin/LPA, melanocortin, and mTOR), as well as molecules and cells involved in the persistent activation of the immune system (e.g., IL4/IL13, IL23, JAK/STAT, B cells, and plasma cells). In this review, we provide an overview of the most promising therapeutic targets that could improve the future clinical management of SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devis Benfaremo
- Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti “Umberto I-G.M. Lancisi-G. Salesi”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Silvia Svegliati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Chiara Paolini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Silvia Agarbati
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
| | - Gianluca Moroncini
- Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine, Ospedali Riuniti “Umberto I-G.M. Lancisi-G. Salesi”, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (S.S.); (C.P.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Liukkonen MPK, Paterno JJ, Kivinen N, Siintamo L, Koskela AKJ, Kaarniranta K. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related serum markers ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 are elevated in a Finnish wet age-related macular degeneration cohort. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 100:e1153-e1162. [PMID: 34699684 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been hypothesized that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) may occur in the retinal pigment epithelium of advanced stage age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Various serum and plasma growth factors and inflammatory mediators have been linked to AMD. We were interested in finding out whether systemic levels of EMT-associated markers were altered in the serum of wet AMD patients. Serum biomarkers associated with the various pathological processes of AMD may present an avenue towards identifying and characterizing the birth mechanisms of wet AMD, its progression and severity, paving the way towards the application of precision medicine. METHODS We chose to measure the serum levels of known biomarkers of EMT - EGF (epidermal growth factor), ET-1 (endothelin 1), IL-8 (interleukin 8), TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 (transforming growth factor-beta 1 and 2) and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) - using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We measured them from 71 Finnish wet AMD patients who were receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF-A injection treatments, as well as 64 age-adjusted controls. RESULTS We found significantly elevated levels of ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 in the serums of wet AMD patients. CONCLUSIONS ET-1, IL-8 and TGF-β2 appear to be useful serum biomarkers in understanding active wet AMD. However, we cannot conclude that local retinal EMT-processes could be observed from the corresponding systemic serum biomarkers in patients undergoing anti-VEGF-A treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko P. K. Liukkonen
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jussi J. Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Niko Kivinen
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Leea Siintamo
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Ali K. J. Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology Institute of Clinical Medicine University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
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Dolivo D, Rodrigues A, Sun L, Li Y, Hou C, Galiano R, Hong SJ, Mustoe T. The Na x (SCN7A) channel: an atypical regulator of tissue homeostasis and disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5469-5488. [PMID: 34100980 PMCID: PMC11072345 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03854-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Within an articulately characterized family of ion channels, the voltage-gated sodium channels, exists a black sheep, SCN7A (Nax). Nax, in contrast to members of its molecular family, has lost its voltage-gated character and instead rapidly evolved a new function as a concentration-dependent sensor of extracellular sodium ions and subsequent signal transducer. As it deviates fundamentally in function from the rest of its family, and since the bulk of the impressive body of literature elucidating the pathology and biochemistry of voltage-gated sodium channels has been performed in nervous tissue, reports of Nax expression and function have been sparse. Here, we investigate available reports surrounding expression and potential roles for Nax activity outside of nervous tissue. With these studies as justification, we propose that Nax likely acts as an early sensor that detects loss of tissue homeostasis through the pathological accumulation of extracellular sodium and/or through endothelin signaling. Sensation of homeostatic aberration via Nax then proceeds to induce pathological tissue phenotypes via promotion of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic responses, induced through direct regulation of gene expression or through the generation of secondary signaling molecules, such as lactate, that can operate in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. We hope that our synthesis of much of the literature investigating this understudied protein will inspire more research into Nax not simply as a biochemical oddity, but also as a potential pathophysiological regulator and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolivo
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Adrian Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Lauren Sun
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Yingxing Li
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Chun Hou
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Robert Galiano
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Seok Jong Hong
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 300 E. Superior St., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
| | - Thomas Mustoe
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University-Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
- , 737 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Stelcer E, Milecka P, Komarowska H, Jopek K, Tyczewska M, Szyszka M, Lesniczak M, Suchorska W, Bekova K, Szczepaniak B, Ruchala M, Karczewski M, Wierzbicki T, Szaflarski W, Malendowicz LK, Rucinski M. Adropin Stimulates Proliferation and Inhibits Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis in the Human Adrenal Carcinoma (HAC15) Cell Line. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:561370. [PMID: 33133015 PMCID: PMC7579427 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.561370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adropin is a multifunctional peptide hormone encoded by the ENHO (energy homeostasis associated) gene. It plays a role in mechanisms related to increased adiposity, insulin resistance, as well as glucose, and lipid metabolism. The low adropin levels are strongly associated with obesity independent insulin resistance. On the other hand, overexpression or exogenous administration of adropin improves glucose homeostasis. The multidirectional, adropin-related effects associated with the regulation of metabolism in humans also appear to be attributable to the effects of this peptide on the activity of various elements of the endocrine system including adrenal cortex. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of adropin on proliferation and secretory activity in the human HAC15 adrenal carcinoma cell line. In this study, we obtained several highly interesting findings. First, GPR19, the main candidate sensitizer of adrenocortical cells to adropin, was expressed in HAC15 cells. Moreover, GPR19 expression was relatively stable and not regulated by ACTH, forskolin, or adropin itself. Our findings also suggest that adropin has the capacity to decrease expression levels of steroidogenic genes such as steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and CYP11A1, which then led to a statistically significant inhibition in cortisol and aldosterone biosynthesis and secretion. Based on whole transcriptome study and research involving transforming growth factor (TGF)-β type I receptor kinase inhibitor we demonstrated that attenuation of steroidogenesis caused by adropin is mediated by the TGF-β signaling pathway likely to act through transactivation mechanism. We found that HAC15 cells treated with adropin presented significantly higher proliferation levels than untreated cells. Using specific intracellular inhibitors, we showed that adropin stimulate proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKT dependent signaling pathways. We have also demonstrated that expression of GPR19 is elevated in adrenocortical carcinoma in relation to normal adrenal glands. High level of GPR19 expression in adrenocortical carcinoma may constitute a negative prognostic factor of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Stelcer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paulina Milecka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Hanna Komarowska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marianna Tyczewska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Szyszka
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Lesniczak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Suchorska
- Radiobiology Lab, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
- Department of Electroradiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Karlygash Bekova
- West Kazakhstan Marat Ospanov Medical University, Aktobe, Kazakhstan
| | - Beata Szczepaniak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Karczewski
- Department of General and Transplantation Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wierzbicki
- Department of General, Endocrinological and Gastroenterological Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Witold Szaflarski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Ludwik K. Malendowicz
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Endothelin-1 Induces Mesothelial Mesenchymal Transition and Correlates with Pleural Fibrosis in Tuberculous Pleural Effusions. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8040426. [PMID: 30925731 PMCID: PMC6517891 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 is involved in various fibrotic diseases. However, its implication in pleural fibrosis remains unknown. We aimed to study the profibrotic role of ET-1 in tuberculous pleural effusion (TBPE). The pleural effusion ET-1 levels were measured among 68 patients including transudative pleural effusion (TPE, n = 12), parapneumonic pleural effusion (PPE, n = 20), and TBPE (n = 36) groups. Pleural fibrosis, defined as radiological residual pleural thickening (RPT) and shadowing, was measured at 12-month follow-up. Additionally, the effect of ET-1 on mesothelial mesenchymal transition (MMT) and extracellular matrix (ECM) producion in human pleural mesothelial cells (PMCs) was assessed. Our findings revealed that effusion ET-1 levels were significantly higher in TBPE than in TPE and PPE, and were markedly higher in TBPE patients with RPT >10 mm than those with RPT ≤10 mm. ET-1 levels correlated substantially with residual pleural shadowing and independently predicted RPT >10 mm in TBPE. In PMCs, ET-1 time-dependently induced MMT with upregulation of α-smooth muscle actin and downregulation of E-cadherin, and stimulated ECM production; furthermore, ET receptor antagonists effectively abrogated these effects. In conclusion, ET-1 induces MMT and ECM synthesis in human PMCs and correlates with pleural fibrosis in TBPE. This study confers a novel insight into the pathogenesis and potential therapies for fibrotic pleural diseases.
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16
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Comeglio P, Filippi S, Sarchielli E, Morelli A, Cellai I, Corno C, Pini A, Adorini L, Vannelli GB, Maggi M, Vignozzi L. Therapeutic effects of obeticholic acid (OCA) treatment in a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model. J Endocrinol Invest 2019; 42:283-294. [PMID: 29923060 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-018-0913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We recently demonstrated a protective effect of the farnesoid X receptor agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in rat models of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis (PF). Aim of the present study was to investigate whether the positive effects of OCA treatment are apparent also on ongoing bleomycin-induced PF, i.e., after 2 weeks of bleomycin administration. METHODS Bleomycin-induced PF rats were treated 2 weeks after bleomycin administration with OCA or pirfenidone for two additional weeks. Pulmonary function test was performed at 2 and 4 weeks in all experimental groups. At the same time points, lung morphological features and mRNA expression profile of genes related to fibrosis, inflammation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were also assessed. RESULTS After 2 weeks, bleomycin significantly increased the pressure at the airway opening (PAO), a functional parameter related to fibrosis-induced lung stiffness, and induced diffuse lung interstitium fibrosis, with upregulation of inflammation (IL1β, MCP1) and tissue remodeling (COL1A1, COL3A1, ET1, MMP7, PDGFa, αSMA, SNAI1) markers. At week four, a further increase of lung fibrosis and PAO was observed, accompanied by upregulation of extracellular matrix-related mRNA expression. OCA administration, even after the establishment of PF, significantly improved pulmonary function, normalizing PAO, and reverted the bleomycin-induced lung alterations, with significant reduction of markers of inflammation (CD206, COX2, HIF1, IL1β, MCP1), epithelial proliferation (CTGF, PDGFa) and fibrosis (COL1A1, COL3A1, ET1, FN1, MMPs, αSMA, SNAIs, TGFβ1, TIMPs). Results with OCA were similar or superior to those obtained with pirfenidone. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, our results demonstrate a significant therapeutic effect of OCA in already established PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Comeglio
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - S Filippi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory of Functional and Cellular Pharmacology of Reproduction, Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Sarchielli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Morelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - I Cellai
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - C Corno
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - A Pini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - L Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, New York, NY, USA
| | - G B Vannelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy
| | - L Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit, Department of Biomedical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, AOU Careggi, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- I.N.B.B. (Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi), Rome, Italy.
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Systemic Sclerosis Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies, beyond the Fibroblast. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4569826. [PMID: 30809542 PMCID: PMC6364098 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4569826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a complex rheumatologic autoimmune disease in which inflammation, fibrosis, and vasculopathy share several pathogenic pathways that lead to skin and internal organ damage. Recent findings regarding the participation and interaction of the innate and acquired immune system have led to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and to the identification of new therapeutic targets, many of which have been tested in preclinical and clinical trials with varying results. In this manuscript, we review the state of the art of the pathogenesis of this disease and discuss the main therapeutic targets related to each pathogenic mechanism that have been discovered so far.
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18
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Grune J, Kuebler WM. Is there a role for endothelin-1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of lung fibrosis associated with pulmonary hypertension? Eur Respir J 2018; 52:52/2/1801287. [PMID: 30166496 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01287-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Grune
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.,The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Surgery and Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Kim HY, Sah SK, Choi SS, Kim TY. Inhibitory effects of extracellular superoxide dismutase on ultraviolet B-induced melanogenesis in murine skin and melanocytes. Life Sci 2018; 210:201-208. [PMID: 30145155 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Several anti-melanogenic molecules have been developed or identified, but their uses are limited due to either adverse effects or instability during the treatment. We aimed to evaluate the effects of extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), a powerful antioxidant, as a candidate anti-melanogenic molecule. MAIN METHODS UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and proliferation in melan-a cells was evaluated by 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, respectively. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to detect the melanogenesis-related gene expression and downstream signaling. Anti-melanogenic effects of SOD3 were also evaluated using SOD3 transgenic mice under UVB exposure in-vivo condition. KEY FINDINGS SOD3 inhibited UVB-induced proliferation, ROS production and melanogenesis in melanocytes. Measurement of melanin content and tyrosinase activity assays showed that SOD3 significantly inhibited melanin synthesis. Moreover, these suppressive effects of SOD3 were dependent on the endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelin B receptor, protein kinase C, melanocortin 1 receptor/protein kinase A, Wnt7a/β-catenin, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, with concomitant downregulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related proteins 1, dopachrome tautomerse. Interestingly, SOD3 was found to inhibit transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) to inactivate the ET-1 signaling pathway, and finally prevents the production of melanin. SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide novel insights into the role of SOD3 in melanocyte homeostasis and its uses as a potential biomedicine to treat hyperpigmentary conditions of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Young Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Shyam Kishor Sah
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung S Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 505 Banpo-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea.
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Raghu G. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: lessons from clinical trials over the past 25 years. Eur Respir J 2017; 50:50/4/1701209. [PMID: 29074545 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01209-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and ultimately fatal disease. A major breakthrough in treatment came when, after decades of clinical trials which failed to identify an efficacious treatment regimen, two therapies were successful in Phase-III trials. The advent of these therapies, nintedanib and pirfenidone, meant that for the first time IPF patients had two treatment options that could reduce disease progression. This review summarises the key lessons to be obtained from the clinical trials that led to the current international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of IPF and provides insights for the design of future clinical trials that are needed if we are to improve outcomes that are clinically meaningful to IPF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Raghu
- Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Gal Y, Mazor O, Falach R, Sapoznikov A, Kronman C, Sabo T. Treatments for Pulmonary Ricin Intoxication: Current Aspects and Future Prospects. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E311. [PMID: 28972558 PMCID: PMC5666358 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin, a plant-derived toxin originating from the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor beans), is one of the most lethal toxins known, particularly if inhaled. Ricin is considered a potential biological threat agent due to its high availability and ease of production. The clinical manifestation of pulmonary ricin intoxication in animal models is closely related to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which involves pulmonary proinflammatory cytokine upregulation, massive neutrophil infiltration and severe edema. Currently, the only post-exposure measure that is effective against pulmonary ricinosis at clinically relevant time-points following intoxication in pre-clinical studies is passive immunization with anti-ricin neutralizing antibodies. The efficacy of this antitoxin treatment depends on antibody affinity and the time of treatment initiation within a limited therapeutic time window. Small-molecule compounds that interfere directly with the toxin or inhibit its intracellular trafficking may also be beneficial against ricinosis. Another approach relies on the co-administration of antitoxin antibodies with immunomodulatory drugs, thereby neutralizing the toxin while attenuating lung injury. Immunomodulators and other pharmacological-based treatment options should be tailored according to the particular pathogenesis pathways of pulmonary ricinosis. This review focuses on the current treatment options for pulmonary ricin intoxication using anti-ricin antibodies, disease-modifying countermeasures, anti-ricin small molecules and their various combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Ohad Mazor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 76100, Israel.
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Ojiaku CA, Yoo EJ, Panettieri RA. Transforming Growth Factor β1 Function in Airway Remodeling and Hyperresponsiveness. The Missing Link? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 56:432-442. [PMID: 27854509 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0307tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of asthma includes a complex interplay among airway inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodeling. Current evidence suggests that airway structural cells, including bronchial smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells, mediate all three aspects of asthma pathogenesis. Although studies show a connection between airway remodeling and changes in bronchomotor tone, the relationship between the two remains unclear. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), a growth factor elevated in the airway of patients with asthma, plays a role in airway remodeling and in the shortening of various airway structural cells. However, the role of TGF-β1 in mediating airway hyperresponsiveness remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the literature addressing the role of TGF-β1 in airway remodeling and shortening. Through our review, we aim to further elucidate the role of TGF-β1 in asthma pathogenesis and the link between airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma and to define TGF-β1 as a potential therapeutic target for reducing asthma morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie A Ojiaku
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Edwin J Yoo
- 1 Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and.,2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- 2 Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Child Health Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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23
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Thanigaimani S, Lau DH, Agbaedeng T, Elliott AD, Mahajan R, Sanders P. Molecular mechanisms of atrial fibrosis: implications for the clinic. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2017; 15:247-256. [DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2017.1299005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shivshankar Thanigaimani
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dennis H Lau
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Thomas Agbaedeng
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Adrian D. Elliott
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rajiv Mahajan
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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24
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Insights into cellular signalling by G protein coupled receptor transactivation of cell surface protein kinase receptors. J Cell Commun Signal 2017; 11:117-125. [PMID: 28168348 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0375-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated by transactivation independent and transactivation dependent pathways. GPCRs transactivate protein tyrosine kinase receptors (PTKRs) and protein serine/threonine kinase receptors (PS/TKR). Since the initial observations of transactivation dependent signalling, there has been an effort to understand the mechanisms behind this phenomena. GPCR signalling has evolved to include biased signalling. Biased signalling, whereby selected ligands can activate the same GPCR that can generate multiple signals, but drive only a unique response. To date, there has been no focus on the ability of biased agonists to activate the PTKR and PS/TKR transactivation pathways differentially. As such, this represents a novel direction for future research. This review will discuss the main mechanisms of GPCR mediated receptor transactivation and the pathways involved in intracellular responses.
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25
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Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: current and future treatment. Rheumatol Int 2017; 37:853-863. [PMID: 28063071 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has the highest fatality rate among connective tissue diseases and is characterized by vascular damage, inflammation and fibrosis of the skin and various internal organs. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) frequently complicates SSc and can be a debilitating disorder with a poor prognosis. ILD is the most frequent cause of death in SSc, and the management of SSc-ILD patients is a great challenge. Early detection of pulmonary involvement based on a recent decline of lung function tests and on the extent of lung involvement at high-resolution computed tomography is critical for the best management of these patients. This article summarizes classification, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, survival and finally current and future treatment options in SSc-ILD.
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26
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Katalan S, Falach R, Rosner A, Goldvaser M, Brosh-Nissimov T, Dvir A, Mizrachi A, Goren O, Cohen B, Gal Y, Sapoznikov A, Ehrlich S, Sabo T, Kronman C. A novel swine model of ricin-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:173-183. [PMID: 28067630 PMCID: PMC5312011 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary exposure to the plant toxin ricin leads to respiratory insufficiency and death. To date, in-depth study of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) following pulmonary exposure to toxins is hampered by the lack of an appropriate animal model. To this end, we established the pig as a large animal model for the comprehensive study of the multifarious clinical manifestations of pulmonary ricinosis. Here, we report for the first time, the monitoring of barometric whole body plethysmography for pulmonary function tests in non-anesthetized ricin-treated pigs. Up to 30 h post-exposure, as a result of progressing hypoxemia and to prevent carbon dioxide retention, animals exhibited a compensatory response of elevation in minute volume, attributed mainly to a large elevation in respiratory rate with minimal response in tidal volume. This response was followed by decompensation, manifested by a decrease in minute volume and severe hypoxemia, refractory to oxygen treatment. Radiological evaluation revealed evidence of early diffuse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates while hemodynamic parameters remained unchanged, excluding cardiac failure as an explanation for respiratory insufficiency. Ricin-intoxicated pigs suffered from increased lung permeability accompanied by cytokine storming. Histological studies revealed lung tissue insults that accumulated over time and led to diffuse alveolar damage. Charting the decline in PaO2/FiO2 ratio in a mechanically ventilated pig confirmed that ricin-induced respiratory damage complies with the accepted diagnostic criteria for ARDS. The establishment of this animal model of pulmonary ricinosis should help in the pursuit of efficient medical countermeasures specifically tailored to deal with the respiratory deficiencies stemming from ricin-induced ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Katalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Reut Falach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Amir Rosner
- Veterinary Center for Preclinical Research, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Michael Goldvaser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tal Brosh-Nissimov
- Infectious Disease Unit, Sheba Medical Center, 5262160 Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ayana Dvir
- General Intensive Care Unit, Asaf Harofeh Medical Center, 70300 Zerifin, Israel
| | - Avi Mizrachi
- General Intensive Care Unit, Kaplan Medical Center, 7661041 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Orr Goren
- Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care Division, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6093000 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Barak Cohen
- Anesthesia, Pain and Intensive Care Division, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, 6093000 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoav Gal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Anita Sapoznikov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sharon Ehrlich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Tamar Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Chanoch Kronman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, 7410001 Ness-Ziona, Israel
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27
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Jiang Y, Zeng Y, Huang X, Qin Y, Luo W, Xiang S, Sooranna SR, Pinhu L. Nur77 attenuates endothelin-1 expression via downregulation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK in A549 cells and in an ARDS rat model. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 311:L1023-L1035. [PMID: 27765761 PMCID: PMC5206403 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00043.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by inflammatory injury to the alveolar and capillary barriers that results in impaired gas exchange and severe acute respiratory failure. Nuclear orphan receptor Nur77 has emerged as a regulator of gene expression in inflammation, and its role in the pathogenesis of ARDS is not clear. The objective of this study is to investigate the potential role of Nur77 and its underlying mechanism in the regulation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced A549 cells and an ARDS rat model. We demonstrate that LPS induced Nur77 expression and nuclear export in A549 cells. Overexpression of Nur77 markedly decreased basal and LPS-induced ET-1 expression in A549 cells, whereas knockdown of Nur77 increased the ET-1 expression. LPS-induced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK were blocked by Nur77 overexpression and augmented by Nur77 knockdown in A549 cells. In vivo, LPS induced Nur77 expression in lung in ARDS rats. Pharmacological activation of Nur77 by cytosporone B (CsnB) inhibited ET-1 expression in ARDS rats, decreased LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK, and relieved lung, liver, and kidney injury. Pharmacological deactivation of Nur77 by 1,1-bis-(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhOH, C-DIM8) had no effect on ET-1 expression and lung injury. These results indicated that Nur77 decreases ET-1 expression by suppressing NF-κB and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated A549 cells in vitro, and, in an LPS-induced ARDS rat model, CsnB reduced ET-1 expression and lung injury in ARDS rats.
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MESH Headings
- A549 Cells
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/pathology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/metabolism
- Male
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/agonists
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Phenylacetates/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/enzymology
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/genetics
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Jiang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Central Laboratory, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | - Xia Huang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Department of Respiratory Medicine
| | - Yueqiu Qin
- Department of Digestive, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China; Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
| | | | - Shulin Xiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the People's Hospital of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Suren R Sooranna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdon; and
| | - Liao Pinhu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi, China
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28
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Wermuth PJ, Li Z, Mendoza FA, Jimenez SA. Stimulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1-Induced Endothelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition and Tissue Fibrosis by Endothelin-1 (ET-1): A Novel Profibrotic Effect of ET-1. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161988. [PMID: 27583804 PMCID: PMC5008786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is a newly recognized source of profibrotic activated myofibroblasts and has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of various fibrotic processes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in the development of tissue fibrosis but its participation in TGF-β-induced EndoMT has not been studied. Here we evaluated the role of ET-1 on TGF-β1-induced EndoMT in immunopurified CD31+/CD102+ murine lung microvascular endothelial cells. The expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), of relevant profibrotic genes, and of various transcription factors involved in the EndoMT process were assessed employing quantitative RT-PCR, immunofluorescence histology and Western blot analysis. TGF-β1 caused potent induction of EndoMT whereas ET-1 alone had a minimal effect. However, ET-1 potentiated TGF-β1-induced EndoMT and TGF-β1-stimulated expression of mesenchymal cell specific and profibrotic genes and proteins. ET-1 also induced expression of the TGF-β receptor 1 and 2 genes, suggesting a plausible autocrine mechanism to potentiate TGF-β-mediated EndoMT and fibrosis. Stimulation of TGF-β1-induced skin and lung fibrosis by ET-1 was confirmed in vivo in an animal model of TGF-β1-induced tissue fibrosis. These results suggest a novel role for ET-1 in the establishment and progression of tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Wermuth
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Zhaodong Li
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Fabian A. Mendoza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gioco F, Piazza M, Buccella V, Guidolin D, Guerzoni E, Montini B, Petrelli L, Pagnin E, Ravarotto V, Belloni AS, Calò LA, Rossi GP. Endothelin-1 Drives Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Hypertensive Nephroangiosclerosis. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003888. [PMID: 27444511 PMCID: PMC5015413 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tubulointerstitial fibrosis, the final outcome of most kidney diseases, involves activation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) activates EMT in cancer cells, but it is not known whether it drives EMT in the kidney. We therefore tested the hypothesis that tubulointerstitial fibrosis involves EMT driven by ET-1. METHODS AND RESULTS Transgenic TG[mRen2]27 (TGRen2) rats developing fulminant angiotensin II-dependent hypertension with prominent cardiovascular and renal damage were submitted to drug treatments targeted to ET-1 and/or angiotensin II receptor or left untreated (controls). Expressional changes of E-cadherin and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were examined as markers of renal EMT. In human kidney HK-2 proximal tubular cells expressing the ETB receptor subtype, the effects of ET-1 with or without ET-1 antagonists were also investigated. The occurrence of renal fibrosis was associated with EMT in control TGRen2 rats, as evidenced by decreased E-cadherin and increased αSMA expression. Irbesartan and the mixed ET-1 receptor antagonist bosentan prevented these changes in a blood pressure-independent fashion (P < 0.001 for both versus controls). In HK-2 cells ET-1 blunted E-cadherin expression, increased αSMA expression (both P < 0.01), collagen synthesis, and metalloproteinase activity (P < 0.005, all versus untreated cells). All changes were prevented by the selective ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788. Evidence for involvement of the Rho-kinase signaling pathway and dephosphorylation of Yes-associated protein in EMT was also found. CONCLUSIONS In angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, ET-1 acting via ETB receptors and the Rho-kinase and Yes-associated protein induces EMT and thereby renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Brasilina Caroccia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Gioco
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Piazza
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Valentina Buccella
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Diego Guidolin
- Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Eugenia Guerzoni
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Montini
- Immunology, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Petrelli
- Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Pagnin
- Nephrology Divisions, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Verdiana Ravarotto
- Nephrology Divisions, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Anna S Belloni
- Human Anatomy, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo A Calò
- Nephrology Divisions, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
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30
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Fan Z, Guan J. Antifibrotic therapies to control cardiac fibrosis. Biomater Res 2016; 20:13. [PMID: 27226899 PMCID: PMC4879750 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis occurs naturally after myocardial infarction. While the initially formed fibrotic tissue prevents the infarcted heart tissue from rupture, the progression of cardiac fibrosis continuously expands the size of fibrotic tissue and causes cardiac function decrease. Cardiac fibrosis eventually evolves the infarcted hearts into heart failure. Inhibiting cardiac fibrosis from progressing is critical to prevent heart failure. However, there is no efficient therapeutic approach currently available. Myofibroblasts are primarily responsible for cardiac fibrosis. They are formed by cardiac fibroblast differentiation, fibrocyte differentiation, epithelial to mesenchymal transdifferentiation, and endothelial to mesenchymal transition, driven by cytokines such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), angiotensin II and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). The approaches that inhibit myofibroblast formation have been demonstrated to prevent cardiac fibrosis, including systemic delivery of antifibrotic drugs, localized delivery of biomaterials, localized delivery of biomaterials and antifibrotic drugs, and localized delivery of cells using biomaterials. This review addresses current progresses in cardiac fibrosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobo Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jianjun Guan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2041 College Road, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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31
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Li X, Xu G, Qiao T, Yuan S, Zhuang X, Zhang J, Sun HB. Effects of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide 1826 on transforming growth factor-beta 1 and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2016; 13:16. [PMID: 27190497 PMCID: PMC4869356 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-016-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) are synthetic DNA fragments containing unmethylated cytosine-guanine motifs with potential immune modulatory effects and have recently been suggested to enhance sensitivity to traditional therapies in lung cancer. This study aimed to examine the effects of CpG ODN1826 on transforming growth factor-beta 1(TGF-β1) and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. Methods The radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was established by a single dose of 20 Gy, 6 MV X-rays exposure to the left lung. ICR mice were evenly randomized into four groups, comprising: a control group, a radiation group (RT group), a CpG group and a radiation combined with CpG ODN1826 group (RT + CpG group), with 40 mice in each group. CpG ODN1826 was intraperitoneally injected into mice at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 d post-irradiation. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 5, 15, 30 and 90 d post-irradiation. Paraffin sections of the radiated lung were subjected to H&E staining and Masson staining. The Ashcroft scale was used for quantitative histological analysis of fibrotic changes induced by irradiation. Concentrations of serum TGF-β1 were determined by ELISA, and concentrations of Hydroxyproline(Hyp) in the lung were determined with the alkaline hydrolysis method. Relative gene expression of FoxP3 was determined by real-time PCR. Results The radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model was successfully established. The serum concentrations of TGF -β1 of RT group were higher than those of the RT + CpG group (t = 5.212, 7.126, 7.972 and 3.785, P < 0.05). The Hyp in the lung of RT group was higher than that of RT + CpG group (t = 4.606, P < 0.05). The relative expressions of FoxP3 gene in the lung of the RT group were higher than those of RT + CpG group (t = 8.395, 5.099 and 6.147, P < 0.05). Conclusions CpG ODN1826 could reduce the serum concentrations of TGF-β1 and the lung content of Hyp in radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which might be related to the possibility that CpG ODN1826 can reduce expression of the FoxP3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxiong Xu
- Central Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiankui Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xibing Zhuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Bin Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
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32
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Ligon C, Hummers LK. Biomarkers in Scleroderma: Progressing from Association to Clinical Utility. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2016; 18:17. [DOI: 10.1007/s11926-016-0565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Uzunhan Y, Bernard O, Marchant D, Dard N, Vanneaux V, Larghero J, Gille T, Clerici C, Valeyre D, Nunes H, Boncoeur E, Planès C. Mesenchymal stem cells protect from hypoxia-induced alveolar epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L439-51. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00117.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) reduces lung inflammation, fibrosis, and mortality in animal models of lung injury, by a mechanism not completely understood. We investigated whether hMSC would prevent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by hypoxia in primary rat alveolar epithelial cell (AEC). In AEC cultured on semipermeable filters, prolonged hypoxic exposure (1.5% O2 for up to 12 days) induced phenotypic changes consistent with EMT, i.e., a change in cell morphology, a decrease in transepithelial resistance (Rte) and in the expression of epithelial markers [zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), E-cadherin, AQP-5, TTF-1], together with an increase in mesenchymal markers [vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)]. Expression of transcription factors driving EMT such as SNAIL1, ZEB1, and TWIST1 increased after 2, 24, and 48 h of hypoxia, respectively. Hypoxia also induced TGF-β1 mRNA expression and the secretion of active TGF-β1 in apical medium, and the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), two inducers of EMT. Coculture of AEC with hMSC partially prevented the decrease in Rte and in ZO-1, E-cadherin, and TTF-1 expression, and the increase in vimentin expression induced by hypoxia. It also abolished the increase in TGF-β1 expression and in TGF-β1-induced genes ZEB1, TWIST1, and CTGF. Finally, incubation with human recombinant KGF at a concentration similar to what was measured in hMSC-conditioned media restored the expression of TTF-1 and prevented the increase in TWIST1, TGF-β1, and CTGF in hypoxic AEC. Our results indicate that hMSC prevent hypoxia-induced alveolar EMT through the paracrine modulation of EMT signaling pathways and suggest that this effect is partly mediated by KGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurdagül Uzunhan
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Olivier Bernard
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Dominique Marchant
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Nicolas Dard
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Valérie Vanneaux
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et CIC de Biothérapies, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Louis, Unité de Thérapie Cellulaire et CIC de Biothérapies, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Gille
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Clerici
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm U1152, Paris, France; and
- AP-HP, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Valeyre
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Hilario Nunes
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Emilie Boncoeur
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
| | - Carole Planès
- Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire Hypoxie & Poumon, Bobigny, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
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Rosenbloom J, Ren S, Macarak E. New frontiers in fibrotic disease therapies: The focus of the Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Center for Fibrotic Diseases at Thomas Jefferson University. Matrix Biol 2016; 51:14-25. [PMID: 26807756 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrotic diseases constitute a world-wide major health problem, but research support remains inadequate in comparison to the need. Although considerable understanding of the pathogenesis of fibrotic reactions has been attained, no completely effective therapies exist. Although fibrotic disorders are diverse, it is universally appreciated that a particular cell type with unique characteristics, the myofibroblast, is responsible for replacement of functioning tissue with non-functional scar tissue. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the creation of myofibroblasts and their activities is central to the development of therapies. Critical signaling cascades, initiated primarily by TGF-β, but also involving other cytokines which stimulate pro-fibrotic reactions in the myofibroblast, offer potential therapeutic targets. However, because of the multiplicity and complex interactions of these signaling pathways, it is very unlikely that any single drug will be successful in modifying a major fibrotic disease. Therefore, we have chosen to examine the effectiveness of administration of several drug combinations in a mouse pneumoconiosis model. Such treatment proved to be effective. Because fibrotic diseases that tend to be chronic, are difficult to monitor, and are patient variable, implementation of clinical trials is difficult and expensive. Therefore, we have made efforts to identify and validate non-invasive biomarkers found in urine and blood. We describe the potential utility of five such markers: (i) the EDA form of fibronectin (Fn(EDA)), (ii) lysyl oxidase (LOX), (iii) lysyl oxidase-like protein 2 (LoxL2), (iv) connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCNII), and (v) the N-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen (PIIINP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Rosenbloom
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States.
| | - Shumei Ren
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - Edward Macarak
- Joan and Joel Rosenbloom Research Center for Fibrotic Diseases, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States; Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
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Heise RL, Link PA, Farkas L. From Here to There, Progenitor Cells and Stem Cells Are Everywhere in Lung Vascular Remodeling. Front Pediatr 2016; 4:80. [PMID: 27583245 PMCID: PMC4988064 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2016.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of stem cell biology, cell therapy, and regenerative medicine has expanded almost exponentially, in the last decade. Clinical trials are evaluating the potential therapeutic use of stem cells in many adult and pediatric lung diseases with vascular component, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Extensive research activity is exploring the lung resident and circulating progenitor cells and their contribution to vascular complications of chronic lung diseases, and researchers hope to use resident or circulating stem/progenitor cells to treat chronic lung diseases and their vascular complications. It is becoming more and more clear that progress in mechanobiology will help to understand the various influences of physical forces and extracellular matrix composition on the phenotype and features of the progenitor cells and stem cells. The current review provides an overview of current concepts in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Patrick A Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Disease and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA , USA
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Dissecting fibrosis: therapeutic insights from the small-molecule toolbox. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:693-720. [PMID: 26338155 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis, which leads to progressive loss of tissue function and eventual organ failure, has been estimated to contribute to ~45% of deaths in the developed world, and so new therapeutics to modulate fibrosis are urgently needed. Major advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying pathological fibrosis are supporting the search for such therapeutics, and the recent approval of two anti-fibrotic drugs for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has demonstrated the tractability of this area for drug discovery. This Review examines the pharmacology and structural information for small molecules being evaluated for lung, liver, kidney and skin fibrosis. In particular, we discuss the insights gained from the use of these pharmacological tools, and how these entities can inform, and probe, emerging insights into disease mechanisms, including the potential for future drug combinations.
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Raghu G, Rochwerg B, Zhang Y, Garcia CAC, Azuma A, Behr J, Brozek JL, Collard HR, Cunningham W, Homma S, Johkoh T, Martinez FJ, Myers J, Protzko SL, Richeldi L, Rind D, Selman M, Theodore A, Wells AU, Hoogsteden H, Schünemann HJ. An Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline: Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Update of the 2011 Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192:e3-19. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201506-1063st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Watanabe-Takano H, Takano K, Hatano M, Tokuhisa T, Endo T. DA-Raf-Mediated Suppression of the Ras--ERK Pathway Is Essential for TGF-β1-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Alveolar Epithelial Type 2 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127888. [PMID: 25996975 PMCID: PMC4440819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myofibroblasts play critical roles in the development of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by depositing components of extracellular matrix. One source of lung myofibroblasts is thought to be alveolar epithelial type 2 cells that undergo epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Rat RLE-6TN alveolar epithelial type 2 cells treated with transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) are converted into myofibroblasts through EMT. TGF-β induces both canonical Smad signaling and non-canonical signaling, including the Ras-induced ERK pathway (Raf–MEK–ERK). However, the signaling mechanisms regulating TGF-β1-induced EMT are not fully understood. Here, we show that the Ras–ERK pathway negatively regulates TGF-β1-induced EMT in RLE-6TN cells and that DA-Raf1 (DA-Raf), a splicing isoform of A-Raf and a dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras–ERK pathway, plays an essential role in EMT. Stimulation of the cells with fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), which activated the ERK pathway, prominently suppressed TGF-β1-induced EMT. An inhibitor of MEK, but not an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, rescued the TGF-β1-treated cells from the suppression of EMT by FGF2. Overexpression of a constitutively active mutant of a component of the Ras–ERK pathway, i.e., H-Ras, B-Raf, or MEK1, interfered with EMT. Knockdown of DA-Raf expression with siRNAs facilitated the activity of MEK and ERK, which were only weakly and transiently activated by TGF-β1. Although DA-Raf knockdown abrogated TGF-β1-induced EMT, the abrogation of EMT was reversed by the addition of the MEK inhibitor. Furthermore, DA-Raf knockdown impaired the TGF-β1-induced nuclear translocation of Smad2, which mediates the transcription required for EMT. These results imply that intrinsic DA-Raf exerts essential functions for EMT by antagonizing the TGF-β1-induced Ras–ERK pathway in RLE-6TN cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Biomedical Research Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takano
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integral Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Biomedical Research Center, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tokuhisa
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Nanobiology, Graduate School of Advanced Integral Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Spagnolo P, Wells AU, Collard HR. Pharmacological treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an update. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:514-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Tsai TL, Wang B, Squire MW, Guo LW, Li WJ. Endothelial cells direct human mesenchymal stem cells for osteo- and chondro-lineage differentiation through endothelin-1 and AKT signaling. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:88. [PMID: 25998005 PMCID: PMC4416238 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) reside in a perivascular niche of the body, suggesting that they interact closely with vascular endothelial cells (ECs) through cell-cell interaction or paracrine signaling to maintain cell functions. Endothelin-1 (ET1) is a paracrine factor mainly secreted by ECs. We thus hypothesize that ECs can regulate cellular activities of hMSCs and direct their stem cell fate. Methods We investigated whether co-cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) were able to regulate expression of potency- and lineage-related markers in bone marrow-derived hMSCs. We further explored the regulatory effects of ET1 on cell proliferation, expression of surface antigens and pluripotency-related markers, and multilineage differentiation in hMSCs. Activation of the AKT signaling pathway in hMSCs was also analyzed to identify its mechanistic role in the ET1-induced regulation. Results Co-cultured HAECs enhanced expression of mesenchymal lineage-related markers in hMSCs. Treatment of ET receptor antagonist downregulated the increased expression of CBFA1 in hMSCs cultured with HAEC-conditioned medium. hMSCs treated with ET1 showed cell proliferation and expression of surface antigens, CD73, CD90, and CD105, comparable with those without ET1 treatment. ET1-treated hMSCs also expressed upregulated mRNA transcript levels of OCT3/4, NANOG, CBFA1 and SOX9. When induced for lineage-specific differentiation, hMSCs pre-treated with ET1 showed enhanced osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. However, adipogenic differentiation of hMSCs was not affected by ET1 pretreatment. We further showed that the ET1-induced regulation was mediated by activation of AKT signaling. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that ET1 secreted by HAECs can direct bone marrow-derived hMSCs for osteo- and chondro-lineage differentiation through activation of the AKT signaling pathway, suggesting that ET1 plays a crucial role in regulation of hMSC activity. Our findings may help understand how hMSCs interact with ECs in a perivascular niche. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0065-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lin Tsai
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Bowen Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5151, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Matthew W Squire
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Lian-Wang Guo
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5151, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Wan-Ju Li
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave, WIMR 5051, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Kamato D, Rostam MA, Bernard R, Piva TJ, Mantri N, Guidone D, Zheng W, Osman N, Little PJ. The expansion of GPCR transactivation-dependent signalling to include serine/threonine kinase receptors represents a new cell signalling frontier. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:799-808. [PMID: 25384733 PMCID: PMC11113717 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling is mediated through transactivation-independent signalling pathways or the transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors and the recently reported activation of the serine/threonine kinase receptors, most notably the transforming growth factor-β receptor family. Since the original observation of GPCR transactivation of protein tyrosine kinase receptors, there has been considerable work on the mechanism of transactivation and several pathways are prominent. These pathways include the "triple membrane bypass" pathway and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The recent recognition of GPCR transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors enormously broadens the GPCR signalling paradigm. It may be predicted that the transactivation of serine/threonine kinase receptors would have mechanistic similarities with transactivation of tyrosine kinase pathways; however, initial studies suggest that these two transactivation pathways are mechanistically distinct. Important questions are the relative importance of tyrosine and serine/threonine transactivation pathways, the contribution of transactivation to overall GPCR signalling, mechanisms of transactivation and the range of cell types in which this phenomenon occurs. The ultimate significance of transactivation-dependent signalling remains to be defined but it appears to be prominent and if so will represent a new cell signalling frontier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Kamato
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Muhamad Ashraf Rostam
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Rebekah Bernard
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Terrence J. Piva
- Discipline of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Nitin Mantri
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Daniel Guidone
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Centre and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Narin Osman
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Peter J. Little
- Diabetes Complications Laboratory, Discipline of Pharmacy, School of Medical Sciences and Diabetes Complications Group, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
- Department of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences and Immunology, Monash University School of Medicine (Central and Eastern Clinical School, Alfred Health), Prahran, VIC 3004 Australia
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Dezső Z, Oestreicher J, Weaver A, Santiago S, Agoulnik S, Chow J, Oda Y, Funahashi Y. Gene expression profiling reveals epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes can selectively differentiate eribulin sensitive breast cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106131. [PMID: 25171249 PMCID: PMC4149521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Eribulin mesylate is a synthetic macrocyclic ketone analog of the marine sponge natural product halichondrin B. Eribulin is a mechanistically unique inhibitor of microtubule dynamics. In this study, we investigated whether selective signal pathways were associated with eribulin activity compared to paclitaxel, which stabilizes microtubules, based on gene expression profiling of cell line panels of breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer in vitro. RESULTS We determined the sets of genes that were differentially altered between eribulin and paclitaxel treatment in breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancer cell line panels. Our unsupervised clustering analyses revealed that expression profiles of gene sets altered with treatments were correlated with the in vitro antiproliferative activities of the drugs. Several tubulin isotypes had significantly lower expression in cell lines treated with eribulin compared to paclitaxel. Pathway enrichment analyses of gene sets revealed that the common pathways altered between treatments in the 3 cancer panels were related to cytoskeleton remodeling and cell cycle regulation. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) pathway was enriched in genes with significantly altered expression between the two drugs for breast and endometrial cancers, but not for ovarian cancer. Expression of genes from the EMT pathway correlated with eribulin sensitivity in breast cancer and with paclitaxel sensitivity in endometrial cancer. Alteration of expression profiles of EMT genes between sensitive and resistant cell lines allowed us to predict drug sensitivity for breast and endometrial cancers. CONCLUSION Gene expression analysis showed that gene sets that were altered between eribulin and paclitaxel correlated with drug in vitro antiproliferative activities in breast and endometrial cancer cell line panels. Among the panels, breast cancer provided the strongest differentiation between eribulin and paclitaxel sensitivities based on gene expression. In addition, EMT genes were predictive of eribulin sensitivity in the breast and endometrial cancer panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Dezső
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Judith Oestreicher
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amy Weaver
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Santiago
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sergei Agoulnik
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jesse Chow
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoshiya Oda
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Biomarkers and Personalized Medicine Core Function Unit, Eisai Product Creation Systems, Eisai Inc., Andover, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Busnadiego O, Loureiro-Álvarez J, Sandoval P, Lagares D, Dotor J, Pérez-Lozano ML, López-Armada MJ, Lamas S, López-Cabrera M, Rodríguez-Pascual F. A pathogenetic role for endothelin-1 in peritoneal dialysis-associated fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 26:173-82. [PMID: 25012164 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD), chronic exposure to nonphysiologic PD fluids elicits low-grade peritoneal inflammation, leading to fibrosis and angiogenesis. Phenotype conversion of mesothelial cells into myofibroblasts, the so-called mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT), significantly contributes to the peritoneal dysfunction related to PD. A number of factors have been described to induce MMT in vitro and in vivo, of which TGF-β1 is probably the most important. The vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a transcriptional target of TGF-β1 and mediates excessive scarring and fibrosis in several tissues. This work studied the contribution of ET-1 to the development of peritoneal damage and failure in a mouse model of PD. ET-1 and its receptors were expressed in the peritoneal membrane and upregulated on PD fluid exposure. Administration of an ET receptor antagonist, either bosentan or macitentan, markedly attenuated PD-induced MMT, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and peritoneal functional decline. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of ET-1 induced MMT in human mesothelial cells in vitro and promoted the early cellular events associated with peritoneal dysfunction in vivo. Notably, TGF-β1-blocking peptides prevented these actions of ET-1. Furthermore, a positive reciprocal relationship was observed between ET-1 expression and TGF-β1 expression in human mesothelial cells. These results strongly support a role for an ET-1/TGF-β1 axis as an inducer of MMT and subsequent peritoneal damage and fibrosis, and they highlight ET-1 as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of PD-associated dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Busnadiego
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Loureiro-Álvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Laboratorio de Envejecimiento e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Pilar Sandoval
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Lagares
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Luisa Pérez-Lozano
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María J López-Armada
- Laboratorio de Envejecimiento e Inflamación, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica, A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Santiago Lamas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Cabrera
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Pascual
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;
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Tsou PS, Haak AJ, Khanna D, Neubig RR. Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis. 8. Current and future drug targets in fibrosis: focus on Rho GTPase-regulated gene transcription. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C2-13. [PMID: 24740541 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00060.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs with excessive extracellular matrix deposition from myofibroblasts, resulting in tissue scarring and inflammation. It is driven by multiple mediators, such as the G protein-coupled receptor ligands lysophosphatidic acid and endothelin, as well as signaling by transforming growth factor-β, connective tissue growth factor, and integrins. Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in the developed world. As current therapeutic options for tissue fibrosis are limited and organ transplantation is the only effective treatment for end-stage disease, there is an imminent need for efficacious antifibrotic therapies. This review discusses the various molecular pathways involved in fibrosis. It highlights the Rho GTPase signaling pathway and its downstream gene transcription output through myocardin-related transcription factor and serum response factor as a convergence point for targeting this complex set of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Andrew J Haak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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Tang L, Li H, Gou R, Cheng G, Guo Y, Fang Y, Chen F. Endothelin-1 mediated high glucose-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 104:176-82. [PMID: 24447812 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The pathogenesis of interstitial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy (DN) is an intractable problem without good therapy. Emerging evidence suggests that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important mechanism for tubular epithelial cells undergoing profibrotic change in DN. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is an important cytokine which can cause fibrogenesis and is reportedly involved in DN. However, the role of ET-1 in EMT in DN is unknown. The present study was designed to investigate the role of ET-1 in high glucose-induced EMT and the signaling pathway mediating the effect of ET-1 in renal tubular cells. METHOD Tubular epithelial cells (NRK52E) were treated with normal glucose (d-glucose 5.6mmol/L, NG), high glucose (30mmol/L, HG), high osmotic (d-glucose 5.6mmol/L+d-mannitol 24.4mmol/L), HG+ETA antagonist BQ123 (2μg/ml), ET-1, ET-1+ hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α siRNA, CoCl2 (100μmol/L), CoCl2+HIF-1α siRNA or CoCl2+BQ123. The supernatant level of ET-1 was measured by ELISA and the expression of vimentin, E-cadherin and HIF-1α was detected by RT-PCR and western blot. RESULT The ET-1 level increased markedly in the supernatant of NRK52E incubated with HG. In NRK52E induced with HG or ET-1, the expression of vimentin was upregulated, whereas the expression of E-cadherin was downregulated. BQ123 attenuated HG- and CoCl2-induced EMT while HIF-1α siRNA did not affect ET-1 induced EMT. CONCLUSIONS High glucose induced ET-1 production that mediated the EMT induced by high glucose in renal tubular epithelial cells, and HIF-1α acted as the upstream signal to regulate ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Rong Gou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Genyang Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Yudong Fang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
| | - Fengmei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, PR China
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The profibrotic role of endothelin-1: is the door still open for the treatment of fibrotic diseases? Life Sci 2013; 118:156-64. [PMID: 24378671 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelin (ET) system consists of two G-protein-coupled receptors (ETA and ETB), three peptide ligands (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3), and two activating peptidases (endothelin-converting enzyme-, ECE-1 and ECE-2). While initially described as a vasoregulatory factor, shown to influence several cardiovascular diseases, from hypertension to heart failure, ET-1, the predominant form in most cells and tissues, has expanded its pathophysiological relevance by recent evidences implicating this factor in the regulation of fibrosis. In this article, we review the current knowledge of the role of ET-1 in the development of fibrosis, with particular focus on the regulation of its biosynthesis and the molecular mechanisms involved in its profibrotic actions. We summarize also the contribution of ET-1 to fibrotic disorders in several organs and tissues. The development and availability of specific ET receptor antagonists have greatly stimulated a number of clinical trials in these pathologies that unfortunately have so far given negative or inconclusive results. This review finally discusses the circumstances underlying these disappointing results, as well as provides basic and clinical researchers with arguments to keep exploring the complex physiology of ET-1 and its therapeutic potential in the process of fibrosis.
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Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure due to vascular remodeling and increased vessel tension secondary to chronic hypoxia during the fetal and newborn period. In comparison to the adult, the pulmonary vasculature of the fetus and the newborn undergoes tremendous developmental changes that increase susceptibility to a hypoxic insult. Substantial evidence indicates that chronic hypoxia alters the production and responsiveness of various vasoactive agents such as endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostanoids, platelet-activating factor, and reactive oxygen species, resulting in sustained vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling. These changes occur in most cell types within the vascular wall, particularly endothelial and smooth muscle cells. At the cellular level, suppressed nitric oxide-cGMP signaling and augmented RhoA-Rho kinase signaling appear to be critical to the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Kalita M, Tian B, Gao B, Choudhary S, Wood TG, Carmical JR, Boldogh I, Mitra S, Minna JD, Brasier AR. Systems approaches to modeling chronic mucosal inflammation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:505864. [PMID: 24228254 PMCID: PMC3818818 DOI: 10.1155/2013/505864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory mucosa is a major coordinator of the inflammatory response in chronic airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Signals produced by the chronic inflammatory process induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) that dramatically alters the epithelial cell phenotype. The effects of EMT on epigenetic reprogramming and the activation of transcriptional networks are known, its effects on the innate inflammatory response are underexplored. We used a multiplex gene expression profiling platform to investigate the perturbations of the innate pathways induced by TGF β in a primary airway epithelial cell model of EMT. EMT had dramatic effects on the induction of the innate pathway and the coupling interval of the canonical and noncanonical NF- κ B pathways. Simulation experiments demonstrate that rapid, coordinated cap-independent translation of TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2 is required to reduce the noncanonical pathway coupling interval. Experiments using amantadine confirmed the prediction that TRAF-1 and NF- κ B2/p100 production is mediated by an IRES-dependent mechanism. These data indicate that the epigenetic changes produced by EMT induce dynamic state changes of the innate signaling pathway. Further applications of systems approaches will provide understanding of this complex phenotype through deterministic modeling and multidimensional (genomic and proteomic) profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridul Kalita
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bing Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Choudhary
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas G. Wood
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joseph R. Carmical
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Istvan Boldogh
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Department of Internal Medicine Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Allan R. Brasier
- Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Almudéver P, Milara J, De Diego A, Serrano-Mollar A, Xaubet A, Perez-Vizcaino F, Cogolludo A, Cortijo J. Role of tetrahydrobiopterin in pulmonary vascular remodelling associated with pulmonary fibrosis. Thorax 2013; 68:938-48. [PMID: 23739137 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is indicative of a poor prognosis. Recent evidence suggests that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), the cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), is involved in pulmonary hypertension and that pulmonary artery endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EnMT) may contribute to pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of BH4 in pulmonary remodelling secondary to pulmonary fibrosis is unknown. This study examined the BH4 system in plasma and pulmonary arteries from patients with IPF as well as the antiremodelling and antifibrotic effects of the BH4 precursor sepiapterin in rat bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and in vitro EnMT models. METHODS BH4 and nitrotyrosine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and ELISA, respectively. Expression of sepiapterin reductase (SPR), GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH-1), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were measured by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS BH4 plasma levels were downregulated in patients with IPF compared with controls while nitrites, nitrates and nitrotyrosine were upregulated. GCH-1 and eNOS were absent in pulmonary arteries of patients with IPF; however, iNOS expression increased while SPR expression was unchanged. In rats, oral sepiapterin (10 mg/kg twice daily) attenuated bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, mortality, vascular remodelling and pulmonary hypertension by increasing rat plasma BH4, decreasing plasma nitrotyrosine and increasing vascular eNOS and GCH-1 expression. Both transforming growth factor β1 and endothelin-1 induced EnMT by decreasing BH4 and eNOS expression. In vitro administration of sepiapterin increased endothelial BH4 and inhibited EnMT in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the BH4 synthesis 'salvage pathway' with sepiapterin may be a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate pulmonary hypertension in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Almudéver
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, , Valencia, Spain
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