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Madl AK, Donnell MT, Covell LT. Synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs): adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) and considerations for next generation new approach methods (NAMs). Crit Rev Toxicol 2024:1-51. [PMID: 39287182 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2390020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Fiber dimension, durability/dissolution, and biopersistence are critical factors for the risk of fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. In the modern era, to reduce, refine, and replace animals in toxicology research, the application of in vitro test methods is paramount for hazard evaluation and designing synthetic vitreous fibers (SVFs) for safe use. The objectives of this review are to: (1) summarize the international frameworks and acceptability criteria for implementation of new approach methods (NAMs), (2) evaluate the adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), key events (KEs), and key event relationships (KERs) for fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis in accordance with Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) guidelines, (3) consider existing and emerging technologies for in silico and in vitro toxicity testing for the respiratory system and the ability to predict effects in vivo, (4) outline a recommended testing strategy for evaluating the hazard and safety of novel SVFs, and (5) reflect on methods needs for in vitro in vivo correlation (IVIVC) and predictive approaches for safety assessment of new SVFs. AOP frameworks following the conceptual model of the OECD were developed through an evaluation of available molecular and cellular initiating events, which lead to KEs and KERs in the development of fiber-induced fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis. AOP framework development included consideration of fiber physicochemical properties, respiratory deposition and clearance patterns, biosolubility, and biopersistence, as well as cellular, organ, and organism responses. Available data support that fiber AOPs begin with fiber physicochemical characteristics which influence fiber exposure and biosolubility and subsequent key initiating events are dependent on fiber biopersistence and reactivity. Key cellular events of pathogenic fibers include oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and epithelial/fibroblast proliferation and differentiation, which ultimately lead to hyperplasia, metaplasia, and fibrosis/tumor formation. Available in vitro models (e.g. single-, multi-cellular, organ system) provide promising NAMs tools to evaluate these intermediate KEs. However, data on SVFs demonstrate that in vitro biosolubility is a reasonable predictor for downstream events of in vivo biopersistence and biological effects. In vitro SVF fiber dissolution rates >100 ng/cm2/hr (glass fibers in pH 7 and stone fibers in pH 4.5) and in vivo SVF fiber clearance half-life less than 40 or 50 days were not associated with fibrosis or tumors in animals. Long (fiber lengths >20 µm) biodurable and biopersistent fibers exceeding these fiber dissolution and clearance thresholds may pose a risk of fibrosis and cancer. In vitro fiber dissolution assays provide a promising avenue and potentially powerful tool to predict in vivo SVF fiber biopersistence, hazard, and health risk. NAMs for fibers (including SVFs) may involve a multi-factor in vitro approach leveraging in vitro dissolution data in complement with cellular- and tissue- based in vitro assays to predict health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K Madl
- Valeo Sciences LLC, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
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2
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Ishii D, Kawasaki T, Sato H, Tatsumi K, Imamoto T, Yoshioka K, Abe M, Hasegawa Y, Ohara O, Suzuki T. Effects of Anti-Fibrotic Drugs on Transcriptome of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3750. [PMID: 38612561 PMCID: PMC11011476 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Two anti-fibrotic drugs, pirfenidone (PFD) and nintedanib (NTD), are currently used to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are immunocompetent cells that could orchestrate cell-cell interactions associated with IPF pathogenesis. We employed RNA sequencing to examine the transcriptome signature in the bulk PBMCs of patients with IPF and the effects of anti-fibrotic drugs on these signatures. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between "patients with IPF and healthy controls" and "before and after anti-fibrotic treatment" were analyzed. Enrichment analysis suggested that fatty acid elongation interferes with TGF-β/Smad signaling and the production of oxidative stress since treatment with NTD upregulates the fatty acid elongation enzymes ELOVL6. Treatment with PFD downregulates COL1A1, which produces wound-healing collagens because activated monocyte-derived macrophages participate in the production of collagen, type I, and alpha 1 during tissue damage. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulates wound healing by inhibiting plasmin-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activation, and the inhibition of PAI-1 activity attenuates lung fibrosis. DEG analysis suggested that both the PFD and NTD upregulate SERPINE1, which regulates PAI-1 activity. This study embraces a novel approach by using RNA sequencing to examine PBMCs in IPF, potentially revealing systemic biomarkers or pathways that could be targeted for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Ishii
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawasaki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Takuro Imamoto
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Yoshioka
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Abe
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Osamu Ohara
- Department of Applied Genomics, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Takuji Suzuki
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Synergy Institute for Futuristic Mucosal Vaccine Research and Development, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Magdaleno C, Tschumperlin DJ, Rajasekaran N, Varadaraj A. SOCS domain targets ECM assembly in lung fibroblasts and experimental lung fibrosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.14.580347. [PMID: 38469152 PMCID: PMC10926664 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.14.580347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal disease defined by a progressive decline in lung function due to scarring and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. The SOCS (Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling) domain is a 40 amino acid conserved domain known to form a functional ubiquitin ligase complex targeting the Von Hippel Lindau (VHL) protein for proteasomal degradation. Here we show that the SOCS conserved domain operates as a molecular tool, to disrupt collagen and fibronectin fibrils in the ECM associated with fibrotic lung myofibroblasts. Our results demonstrate that fibroblasts differentiated using TGFß, followed by transduction with the SOCS domain, exhibit significantly reduced levels of the contractile myofibroblast-marker, α-SMA. Furthermore, in support of its role to retard differentiation, we find that lung fibroblasts expressing the SOCS domain present with significantly reduced levels of α-SMA and fibrillar fibronectin after differentiation with TGFß. We show that adenoviral delivery of the SOCS domain in the fibrotic phase of experimental lung fibrosis in mice, significantly reduces collagen accumulation in disease lungs. These data underscore a novel function for the SOCS domain and its potential in ameliorating pathologic matrix deposition in lung fibroblasts and experimental lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Magdaleno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Daniel J. Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Narendiran Rajasekaran
- Correspondence to: Archana Varadaraj, PO Box 5698, Science and Health Building, Rm430, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. Tel: (928) 523-6394, Fax: (928) 523-8111, ; Narendiran Rajasekaran, PO Box 5698, Science and Health Building, Rm430, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA. Tel: (928) 523-6394, Fax: (928) 523-8111,
| | - Archana Varadaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
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4
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Mahdi AF, Nolan J, O’Connor RÍ, Lowery AJ, Allardyce JM, Kiely PA, McGourty K. Collagen-I influences the post-translational regulation, binding partners and role of Annexin A2 in breast cancer progression. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1270436. [PMID: 37941562 PMCID: PMC10628465 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1270436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The extracellular matrix (ECM) has been heavily implicated in the development and progression of cancer. We have previously shown that Annexin A2 is integral in the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and in the clinical progression of ER-negative breast cancer, processes which are highly influenced by the surrounding tumor microenvironment and ECM. Methods We investigated how modulations of the ECM may affect the role of Annexin A2 in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells using western blotting, immunofluorescent confocal microscopy and immuno-precipitation mass spectrometry techniques. Results We have shown that the presence of collagen-I, the main constituent of the ECM, increases the post-translational phosphorylation of Annexin A2 and subsequently causes the translocation of Annexin A2 to the extracellular surface. In the presence of collagen-I, we identified fibronectin as a novel interactor of Annexin A2, using mass spectrometry analysis. We then demonstrated that reducing Annexin A2 expression decreases the degradation of fibronectin by cancer cells and this effect on fibronectin turnover is increased according to collagen-I abundance. Discussion Our results suggest that Annexin A2's role in promoting cancer progression is mediated by collagen-I and Annexin A2 maybe a therapeutic target in the bi-directional cross-talk between cancer cells and ECM remodeling that supports metastatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira F. Mahdi
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Joanne Nolan
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ruth Í. O’Connor
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Aoife J. Lowery
- Lambe Institute for Translational Research, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Joanna M. Allardyce
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Patrick A. Kiely
- School of Medicine, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre in Pharmaceuticals (SSPC), University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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5
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Mebratu YA, Soni S, Rosas L, Rojas M, Horowitz JC, Nho R. The aged extracellular matrix and the profibrotic role of senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C565-C579. [PMID: 37486065 PMCID: PMC10511170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00124.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an irreversible and fatal lung disease that is primarily found in the elderly population, and several studies have demonstrated that aging is the major risk factor for IPF. IPF is characterized by the presence of apoptosis-resistant, senescent fibroblasts that generate an excessively stiff extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM profoundly affects cellular functions and tissue homeostasis, and an aberrant ECM is closely associated with the development of lung fibrosis. Aging progressively alters ECM components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction through the expression of factors linked to a senescence-associated secretary phenotype (SASP). There is growing evidence that SASP factors affect various cell behaviors and influence ECM turnover in lung tissue through autocrine and/or paracrine signaling mechanisms. Since life expectancy is increasing worldwide, it is important to elucidate how aging affects ECM dynamics and turnover via SASP and thereby promotes lung fibrosis. In this review, we will focus on the molecular properties of SASP and its regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, the pathophysiological process of ECM remodeling by SASP factors and the influence of an altered ECM from aged lungs on the development of lung fibrosis will be highlighted. Finally, recent attempts to target ECM alteration and senescent cells to modulate fibrosis will be introduced.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Aging is the most prominent nonmodifiable risk factor for various human diseases including Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Aging progressively alters extracellular matrix components and is associated with the accumulation of senescent cells that promote age-related tissue dysfunction. In this review, we will discuss the pathological impact of aging and senescence on lung fibrosis via senescence-associated secretary phenotype factors and potential therapeutic approaches to limit the progression of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes A Mebratu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Sourabh Soni
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Lorena Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Richard Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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6
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Makena P, Kikalova T, Prasad GL, Baxter SA. Oxidative Stress and Lung Fibrosis: Towards an Adverse Outcome Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12490. [PMID: 37569865 PMCID: PMC10419527 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is a progressive fatal disease in which deregulated wound healing of lung epithelial cells drives progressive fibrotic changes. Persistent lung injury due to oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are central features of lung fibrosis. Chronic cigarette smoking causes oxidative stress and is a major risk factor for lung fibrosis. The objective of this manuscript is to develop an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) that serves as a framework for investigation of the mechanisms of lung fibrosis due to lung injury caused by inhaled toxicants, including cigarette smoke. Based on the weight of evidence, oxidative stress is proposed as a molecular initiating event (MIE) which leads to increased secretion of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators (key event 1 (KE1)). At the cellular level, these proinflammatory signals induce the recruitment of inflammatory cells (KE2), which in turn, increase fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblast differentiation (KE3). At the tissue level, an increase in extracellular matrix deposition (KE4) subsequently culminates in lung fibrosis, the adverse outcome. We have also defined a new KE relationship between the MIE and KE3. This AOP provides a mechanistic platform to understand and evaluate how persistent oxidative stress from lung injury may develop into lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrudu Makena
- RAI Services Company, P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA;
| | - Tatiana Kikalova
- Clarivate Analytics, 1500 Spring Garden, Philadelphia, PA 19130, USA
| | - Gaddamanugu L. Prasad
- Former Employee of RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, 490 Friendship Place Ct, Lewisville, NC 27023, USA
| | - Sarah A. Baxter
- RAI Services Company, P.O. Box 1487, Winston-Salem, NC 27102, USA;
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7
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McElhinney K, Irnaten M, O’Brien C. p53 and Myofibroblast Apoptosis in Organ Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076737. [PMID: 37047710 PMCID: PMC10095465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis represents a dysregulated, maladaptive wound repair response that results in progressive disruption of normal tissue architecture leading to detrimental deterioration in physiological function, and significant morbidity/mortality. Fibrosis is thought to contribute to nearly 50% of all deaths in the Western world with current treatment modalities effective in slowing disease progression but not effective in restoring organ function or reversing fibrotic changes. When physiological wound repair is complete, myofibroblasts are programmed to undergo cell death and self-clearance, however, in fibrosis there is a characteristic absence of myofibroblast apoptosis. It has been shown that in fibrosis, myofibroblasts adopt an apoptotic-resistant, highly proliferative phenotype leading to persistent myofibroblast activation and perpetuation of the fibrotic disease process. Recently, this pathological adaptation has been linked to dysregulated expression of tumour suppressor gene p53. In this review, we discuss p53 dysregulation and apoptotic failure in myofibroblasts and demonstrate its consistent link to fibrotic disease development in all types of organ fibrosis. An enhanced understanding of the role of p53 dysregulation and myofibroblast apoptosis may aid in future novel therapeutic and/or diagnostic strategies in organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan McElhinney
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mustapha Irnaten
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm O’Brien
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 R2WY Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Montesi SB, Horowitz JC. Fibroblast Activating Protein: Skimming the Surface of Molecular Imaging to Assess Fibrotic Disease Activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:122-124. [PMID: 36075072 PMCID: PMC9893323 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202208-1638ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sydney B Montesi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio
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9
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Distinguishing Plasmin-Generating Microvesicles: Tiny Messengers Involved in Fibrinolysis and Proteolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021571. [PMID: 36675082 PMCID: PMC9860915 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of stressors and inflammatory mediators (cytokines, proteases, oxidative stress mediators) released during inflammation or ischemia stimulate and activate cells in blood, the vessel wall or tissues. The most well-known functional and phenotypic responses of activated cells are (1) the immediate expression and/or release of stored or newly synthesized bioactive molecules, and (2) membrane blebbing followed by release of microvesicles. An ultimate response, namely the formation of extracellular traps by neutrophils (NETs), is outside the scope of this work. The main objective of this article is to provide an overview on the mechanism of plasminogen reception and activation at the surface of cell-derived microvesicles, new actors in fibrinolysis and proteolysis. The role of microvesicle-bound plasmin in pathological settings involving inflammation, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, and tumour growth, remains to be investigated. Further studies are necessary to determine if profibrinolytic microvesicles are involved in a finely regulated equilibrium with pro-coagulant microvesicles, which ensures a balanced haemostasis, leading to the maintenance of vascular patency.
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10
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Zeitlmayr S, Zierler S, Staab-Weijnitz CA, Dietrich A, Geiger F, Horgen FD, Gudermann T, Breit A. TRPM7 restrains plasmin activity and promotes transforming growth factor-β1 signaling in primary human lung fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2767-2783. [PMID: 35864199 PMCID: PMC9302958 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03342-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sustained exposure of the lung to various environmental or occupational toxins may eventually lead to pulmonary fibrosis, a devastating disease with no cure. Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins such as fibronectin and collagens. The peptidase plasmin degrades the ECM, but protein levels of the plasmin activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) are increased in fibrotic lung tissue, thereby dampening plasmin activity. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced activation of SMAD transcription factors promotes ECM deposition by enhancing collagen, fibronectin and PAI-1 levels in pulmonary fibroblasts. Hence, counteracting TGF-β1-induced signaling is a promising approach for the therapy of pulmonary fibrosis. Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M Member 7 (TRPM7) supports TGF-β1-promoted SMAD signaling in T-lymphocytes and the progression of fibrosis in kidney and heart. Thus, we investigated possible effects of TRPM7 on plasmin activity, ECM levels and TGF-β1 signaling in primary human pulmonary fibroblasts (pHPF). We found that two structurally unrelated TRPM7 blockers enhanced plasmin activity and reduced fibronectin or PAI-1 protein levels in pHPF under basal conditions. Further, TRPM7 blockade strongly inhibited fibronectin and collagen deposition induced by sustained TGF-β1 stimulation. In line with these data, inhibition of TRPM7 activity diminished TGF-β1-triggered phosphorylation of SMAD-2, SMAD-3/4-dependent reporter activation and PAI-1 mRNA levels. Overall, we uncover TRPM7 as a novel supporter of TGF-β1 signaling in pHPF and propose TRPM7 blockers as new candidates to control excessive ECM levels under pathophysiological conditions conducive to pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zeitlmayr
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Susanna Zierler
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, Johannes Kepler University, Life Science Park, Huemerstraße 3-5, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity and Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Max-Lebsche-Platz 31, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabienne Geiger
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - F David Horgen
- Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 33, 80336, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Nho RS, Ballinger MN, Rojas MM, Ghadiali SN, Horowitz JC. Biomechanical Force and Cellular Stiffness in Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:750-761. [PMID: 35183510 PMCID: PMC9088200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lung fibrosis is characterized by the continuous accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins produced by apoptosis-resistant (myo)fibroblasts. Lung epithelial injury promotes the recruitment and activation of fibroblasts, which are necessary for tissue repair and restoration of homeostasis. However, under pathologic conditions, a vicious cycle generated by profibrotic growth factors/cytokines, multicellular interactions, and matrix-associated signaling propagates the wound repair response and promotes lung fibrosis characterized not only by increased quantities of ECM proteins but also by changes in the biomechanical properties of the matrix. Importantly, changes in the biochemical and biomechanical properties of the matrix itself can serve to perpetuate fibroblast activity and propagate fibrosis, even in the absence of the initial stimulus of injury. The development of novel experimental models and methods increasingly facilitates our ability to interrogate fibrotic processes at the cellular and molecular levels. The goal of this review is to discuss the impact of ECM conditions in the development of lung fibrosis and to introduce new approaches to more accurately model the in vivo fibrotic microenvironment. This article highlights the pathologic roles of ECM in terms of mechanical force and the cellular interactions while reviewing in vitro and ex vivo models of lung fibrosis. The improved understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that contribute to lung fibrosis holds promise for identification of new therapeutic targets and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Nho
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Megan N Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Mauricio M Rojas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Samir N Ghadiali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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12
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Kanno Y, Shu E. α2-Antiplasmin as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Systemic Sclerosis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030396. [PMID: 35330147 PMCID: PMC8953682 DOI: 10.3390/life12030396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis is a connective tissue disease of unknown origin that is characterized by immune system abnormalities, vascular damage, and extensive fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs. α2-antiplasmin is known to be the main plasmin inhibitor and has various functions such as cell differentiation and cytokine production, as well as the regulation of the maintenance of the immune system, endothelial homeostasis, and extracellular matrix metabolism. The expression of α2-antiplasmin is elevated in dermal fibroblasts from systemic sclerosis patients, and the blockade of α2-antiplasmin suppresses fibrosis progression and vascular dysfunction in systemic sclerosis model mice. α2-antiplasmin may have promise as a potential therapeutic target for systemic sclerosis. This review considers the role of α2-antiplasmin in the progression of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Doshisha Women’s College of Liberal Arts, 97-1 Kodo Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+81-0774-65-8629
| | - En Shu
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan;
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13
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Sharma S, Watanabe T, Nishimoto T, Takihara T, Mlakar L, Nguyen XX, Sanderson M, Su Y, Chambers RA, Feghali-Bostwick C. E4 engages uPAR and enolase-1 and activates urokinase to exert antifibrotic effects. JCI Insight 2021; 6:144935. [PMID: 34935642 PMCID: PMC8783693 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.144935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroproliferative disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) have no effective therapies and result in significant morbidity and mortality. We recently demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of endostatin, known as E4, prevented and reversed both dermal and pulmonary fibrosis. Our goal was to identify the mechanism by which E4 abrogates fibrosis and its cell surface binding partner(s). Our findings show that E4 activated the urokinase pathway and increased the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) to type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) ratio. In addition, E4 substantially increased MMP-1 and MMP-3 expression and activity. In vivo, E4 reversed bleomycin induction of PAI-1 and increased uPA activity. In patients with SSc, the uPA/PAI-1 ratio was decreased in both lung tissues and pulmonary fibroblasts compared with normal donors. Proteins bound to biotinylated-E4 were identified as enolase-1 (ENO) and uPA receptor (uPAR). The antifibrotic effects of E4 required uPAR. Further, ENO mediated the fibrotic effects of TGF-β1 and exerted TGF-β1–independent fibrotic effects. Our findings suggest that the antifibrotic effect of E4 is mediated, in part, by regulation of the urokinase pathway and induction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 levels and activity in a uPAR-dependent manner, thus promoting extracellular matrix degradation. Further, our findings identify a moonlighting function for the glycolytic enzyme ENO in fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailza Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Takahisa Takihara
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Logan Mlakar
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Xinh-Xinh Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Sanderson
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yunyun Su
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Roger A Chambers
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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14
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Fibroblast Differentiation and Matrix Remodeling Impaired under Simulated Microgravity in 3D Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111911. [PMID: 34769342 PMCID: PMC8584780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to microgravity affects astronauts' health in adverse ways. However, less is known about the extent to which fibroblast differentiation during the wound healing process is affected by the lack of gravity. One of the key steps of this process is the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, which contribute functionally through extracellular matrix production and remodeling. In this work, we utilized collagen-based three-dimensional (3D) matrices to mimic interstitial tissue and studied fibroblast differentiation under simulated microgravity (sµG). Our results demonstrated that alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression and translocation of Smad2/3 into the cell nucleus were reduced upon exposure to sµG compared to the 1g control, which suggests the impairment of fibroblast differentiation under sµG. Moreover, matrix remodeling and production were decreased under sµG, which is in line with the impaired fibroblast differentiation. We further investigated changes on a transcriptomic level using RNA sequencing. The results demonstrated that sµG has less effect on fibroblast transcriptomes, while sµG triggers changes in the transcriptome of myofibroblasts. Several genes and biological pathways found through transcriptome analysis have previously been reported to impair fibroblast differentiation. Overall, our data indicated that fibroblast differentiation, as well as matrix production and remodeling, are impaired in 3D culture under sµG conditions.
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15
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17,20S(OH) 2pD Can Prevent the Development of Skin Fibrosis in the Bleomycin-Induced Scleroderma Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168926. [PMID: 34445632 PMCID: PMC8396226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) is a chronic fibrotic disease involving TGF-β1. Low serum vitamin D (vit D) correlates with the degree of fibrosis and expression of TGF-β1. This study was designed to determine whether the noncalcemic vit D analog, 17,20S(OH)2pD, suppresses fibrosis and mediators of the TGF-β1 pathway in the bleomycin (BLM) model of fibrosis. Fibrosis was induced into the skin of female C57BL/6 mice by repeated injections of BLM (50 μg/100 μL) subcutaneously. Mice received daily oral gavage with either vehicle (propylene glycol) or 17,20S(OH)2pD using 5, 15, or 30 μg/kg for 21 days. The injected skin was biopsied; analyzed histologically; examined for total collagen by Sircol; and examined for mRNA expression of MMP-13, BMP-7, MCP-1, Gli1, and Gli2 by TR-PCR. Spleen was analyzed for lymphocytes using flow cytometry. Serum was analyzed for cytokines using a multiplexed ELISA. Results showed that all three doses of 17,20S(OH)2pD suppressed net total collagen production, dermal thickness, and total collagen content in the BLM fibrosis model. 17,20S(OH)2pD also increased MMP-13 expression, decreased MCP-1 and Gli-2 expression in vivo, and suppressed serum levels of IL-13, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-12p70. In summary, 17,20S(OH)2pD modulates the mediators of fibrosis in vivo and suppresses total collagen production and dermal thickness. This antifibrotic property of 17,20S(OH)2pD offers new therapeutic approaches for fibrotic disorders.
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16
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Jiang C, Liu G, Cai L, Deshane J, Antony V, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. Divergent Regulation of Alveolar Type 2 Cell and Fibroblast Apoptosis by Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 in Lung Fibrosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1227-1239. [PMID: 33887217 PMCID: PMC8351125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Increased apoptosis sensitivity of alveolar type 2 (ATII) cells and increased apoptosis resistance of (myo)fibroblasts, the apoptosis paradox, contributes to the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The mechanism underlying the apoptosis paradox in IPF lungs, however, is unclear. Aging is the greatest risk factor for IPF. In this study, we show, for the first time, that ATII cells from old mice are more sensitive, whereas fibroblasts from old mice are more resistant, to apoptotic challenges, compared with the corresponding cells from young mice. The expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), an important profibrogenic mediator, was significantly increased in both ATII cells and lung fibroblasts from aged mice. In vitro studies using PAI-1 siRNA and active PAI-1 protein indicated that PAI-1 promoted ATII cell apoptosis but protected fibroblasts from apoptosis, likely through dichotomous regulation of p53 expression. Deletion of PAI-1 in adult mice led to a reduction in p53, p21, and Bax protein expression, as well as apoptosis sensitivity in ATII cells, and their increase in the lung fibroblasts, as indicated by in vivo studies. This increase was associated with an attenuation of lung fibrosis after bleomycin challenge. Since PAI-1 is up-regulated in both ATII cells and fibroblasts in IPF, the results suggest that increased PAI-1 may underlie the apoptosis paradox of ATII cells and fibroblasts in IPF lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gang Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lu Cai
- Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics of the University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Jessy Deshane
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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17
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Evangelista-Leite D, Carreira ACO, Gilpin SE, Miglino MA. Protective Effects of Extracellular Matrix-Derived Hydrogels in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:517-530. [PMID: 33899554 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2020.0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive disease with significant gas exchange impairment owing to exaggerated extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and myofibroblast activation. IPF has no cure, and although nintedanib and pirfenidone are two approved medications for symptom management, the total treatment cost is exuberant and prohibitive to a global uninsured patient population. New therapeutic alternatives with moderate costs are needed to treat IPF. ECM hydrogels derived from decellularized lungs are cost-effective therapeutic candidates to treat pulmonary fibrosis because of their reported antioxidant properties. Oxidative stress contributes to IPF pathophysiology by damaging macromolecules, interfering with tissue remodeling, and contributing to myofibroblast activation. Thus, preventing oxidative stress has beneficial outcomes in IPF. For this purpose, this review describes ECM hydrogel's properties to regulate oxidative stress and tissue remodeling in IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Evangelista-Leite
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia O Carreira
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,NUCEL (Cell and Molecular Therapy Center), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sarah E Gilpin
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maria Angélica Miglino
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Significance: Fibrosis is a stereotypic, multicellular tissue response to diverse types of injuries that fundamentally result from a failure of cell/tissue regeneration. This complex tissue remodeling response disrupts cellular/matrix composition and homeostatic cell-cell interactions, leading to loss of normal tissue architecture and progressive loss of organ structure/function. Fibrosis is a common feature of chronic diseases that may affect the lung, kidney, liver, and heart. Recent Advances: There is emerging evidence to support a combination of genetic, environmental, and age-related risk factors contributing to susceptibility and/or progression of fibrosis in different organ systems. A core pathway in fibrogenesis involving these organs is the induction and activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) family enzymes. Critical Issues: We explore current pharmaceutical approaches to targeting NOX enzymes, including repurposing of currently U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs. Specific inhibitors of various NOX homologs will aid establishing roles of NOXs in the various organ fibroses and potential efficacy to impede/halt disease progression. Future Directions: The discovery of novel and highly specific NOX inhibitors will provide opportunities to develop NOX inhibitors for treatment of fibrotic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bernard
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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19
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Horowitz JC, Tschumperlin DJ, Kim KK, Osterholzer JJ, Subbotina N, Ajayi IO, Teitz-Tennenbaum S, Virk A, Dotson M, Liu F, Sicard D, Jia S, Sisson TH. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Overexpression Reverses Established Lung Fibrosis. Thromb Haemost 2019; 119:1968-1980. [PMID: 31705517 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Impaired plasminogen activation (PA) is causally related to the development of lung fibrosis. Prior studies demonstrate that enhanced PA in the lung limits the severity of scarring following injury and in vitro studies indicate that PA promotes matrix degradation and fibroblast apoptosis. These findings led us to hypothesize that increased PA in an in vivo model would enhance the resolution of established lung fibrosis in conjunction with increased myofibroblast apoptosis. METHODS Transgenic C57BL/6 mice with doxycycline inducible lung-specific urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) expression or littermate controls were treated (day 0) with bleomycin or saline. Doxycycline was initiated on days 1, 9, 14, or 21. Lung fibrosis, stiffness, apoptosis, epithelial barrier integrity, and inflammation were assessed. RESULTS Protection from fibrosis with uPA upregulation from day 1 through day 28 was associated with reduced parenchymal stiffness as determined by atomic force microscopy. Initiation of uPA expression beginning in the late inflammatory or the early fibrotic phase reduced stiffness and fibrosis at day 28. Induction of uPA activity in mice with established fibrosis decreased lung collagen and lung stiffness while increasing myofibroblast apoptosis. Upregulation of uPA did not alter lung inflammation but was associated with improved epithelial cell homeostasis. CONCLUSION Restoring intrapulmonary PA activity diminishes lung fibrogenesis and enhances the resolution of established lung fibrosis. This PA-mediated resolution is associated with increased myofibroblast apoptosis and improved epithelial cell homeostasis. These studies support the potential capacity of the lung to resolve existing scar in murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Natalya Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Iyabode O Ajayi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Seagal Teitz-Tennenbaum
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ammara Virk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Megan Dotson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Delphine Sicard
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Shijing Jia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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20
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Padula SL, Anand D, Hoang TV, Chaffee BR, Liu L, Liang C, Lachke SA, Robinson ML. High-throughput transcriptome analysis reveals that the loss of Pten activates a novel NKX6-1/RASGRP1 regulatory module to rescue microphthalmia caused by Fgfr2-deficient lenses. Hum Genet 2019; 138:1391-1407. [PMID: 31691004 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
FGFR signaling is critical to development and disease pathogenesis, initiating phosphorylation-driven signaling cascades, notably the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK and PI3 K-AKT cascades. PTEN antagonizes FGFR signaling by reducing AKT and ERK activation. Mouse lenses lacking FGFR2 exhibit microphakia and reduced ERK and AKT phosphorylation, widespread apoptosis, and defective lens fiber cell differentiation. In contrast, simultaneous deletion of both Fgfr2 and Pten restores ERK and AKT activation levels as well as lens size, cell survival and aspects of fiber cell differentiation; however, the molecular basis of this "rescue" remains undefined. We performed transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing of mouse lenses with conditional deletion of Fgfr2, Pten or both Fgfr2 and Pten, which reveal new molecular mechanisms that uncover how FGFR2 and PTEN signaling interact during development. The FGFR2-deficient lens transcriptome demonstrates overall loss of fiber cell identity with deregulated expression of 1448 genes. We find that ~ 60% of deregulated genes return to normal expression levels in lenses lacking both Fgfr2 and Pten. Further, application of customized filtering parameters to these RNA-seq data sets identified 68 high-priority candidate genes. Bioinformatics analyses showed that the cis-binding motif of a high-priority homeodomain transcription factor, NKX6-1, was present in the putative promoters of ~ 78% of these candidates. Finally, biochemical reporter assays demonstrate that NKX6-1 activated the expression of the high-priority candidate Rasgrp1, a RAS-activating protein. Together, these data define a novel regulatory module in which NKX6-1 directly activates Rasgrp1 expression to restore the balance of ERK and AKT activation, thus providing new insights into alternate regulation of FGFR downstream events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Thanh V Hoang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Blake R Chaffee
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Chun Liang
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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21
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Abstract
Fibrosis is a dynamic process with the potential for reversibility and restoration of near-normal tissue architecture and organ function. Herein, we review mechanisms for resolution of organ fibrosis, in particular that involving the lung, with an emphasis on the critical roles of myofibroblast apoptosis and clearance of deposited matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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22
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PAI-1 inhibition by simvastatin as a positive adjuvant in cell therapy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1511-1517. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-018-4562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Wang W, Chen ZJ, Myatt L, Sun K. 11β-HSD1 in Human Fetal Membranes as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Preterm Birth. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:241-260. [PMID: 29385440 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human parturition is a complex process involving interactions between the myometrium and signals derived from the placenta, fetal membranes, and fetus. Signals originating from fetal membranes are crucial components that trigger parturition, which is clearly illustrated by the labor-initiating consequence of membrane rupture. It has been recognized for a long time that among fetal tissues in late gestation the fetal membranes possess the highest capacity for cortisol regeneration by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). However, the exact role of this unique feature remains a mystery. Accumulating evidence indicates that this extra-adrenal source of cortisol may serve as an upstream signal for critical events in human parturition, including enhanced prostaglandin and estrogen synthesis as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. This may explain why such high capacity for cortisol regeneration develops in human fetal membranes at late gestation. Therefore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 may provide a potential therapeutic target for prevention of preterm birth. This review summarizes the current understanding of the functional role of cortisol regeneration by 11β-HSD1 in human fetal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Jiang Chen
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Leslie Myatt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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24
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Knockdown of Heparanase Suppresses Invasion of Human Trophoblasts by Activating p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:7413027. [PMID: 29849826 PMCID: PMC5932509 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7413027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-related disease with increasing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Defective trophoblast invasion is considered to be a major factor in the pathophysiological mechanism of preeclampsia. Heparanase, the only endo-β-glucuronidase in mammalian cells, has been shown to be abnormally expressed in the placenta of preeclampsia patients in our previous study. The biological role and potential mechanism of heparanase in trophoblasts remain unclear. In the present study, stably transfected HTR8/SVneo cell lines with heparanase overexpression or knockdown were constructed. The effect of heparanase on cellular proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, tube formation, and potential pathways in trophoblasts was explored. Our results showed that overexpression of heparanase promoted proliferation and invasion. Knockdown of heparanase suppressed proliferation, invasion, and tube formation but induced apoptosis. These findings reveal that downregulation of heparanase may contribute to defective placentation and plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Furthermore, increased activation of p38 MAPK in heparanase-knockdown HTR8/SVneo cell was shown by MAPK pathway phosphorylation array and Western blotting assay. After pretreatment with 3 specific p38 MAPK inhibitors (BMS582949, SB203580, or BIRB796), inadequate invasion in heparanase-knockdown HTR8/SVneo cell was rescued. That indicates that knockdown of heparanase decreases HTR8/SVneo cell invasion through excessive activation of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Our study suggests that heparanase can be a potential predictive biomarker for preeclampsia at an early stage of pregnancy and represents a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of preeclampsia.
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25
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Zhou Y, Horowitz JC, Naba A, Ambalavanan N, Atabai K, Balestrini J, Bitterman PB, Corley RA, Ding BS, Engler AJ, Hansen KC, Hagood JS, Kheradmand F, Lin QS, Neptune E, Niklason L, Ortiz LA, Parks WC, Tschumperlin DJ, White ES, Chapman HA, Thannickal VJ. Extracellular matrix in lung development, homeostasis and disease. Matrix Biol 2018. [PMID: 29524630 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lung's unique extracellular matrix (ECM), while providing structural support for cells, is critical in the regulation of developmental organogenesis, homeostasis and injury-repair responses. The ECM, via biochemical or biomechanical cues, regulates diverse cell functions, fate and phenotype. The composition and function of lung ECM become markedly deranged in pathological tissue remodeling. ECM-based therapeutics and bioengineering approaches represent promising novel strategies for regeneration/repair of the lung and treatment of chronic lung diseases. In this review, we assess the current state of lung ECM biology, including fundamental advances in ECM composition, dynamics, topography, and biomechanics; the role of the ECM in normal and aberrant lung development, adult lung diseases and autoimmunity; and ECM in the regulation of the stem cell niche. We identify opportunities to advance the field of lung ECM biology and provide a set recommendations for research priorities to advance knowledge that would inform novel approaches to the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, United States.
| | | | - Kamran Atabai
- Lung Biology Center, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | | | | | - Richard A Corley
- Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, United States.
| | - Bi-Sen Ding
- Weill Cornell Medical College, United States.
| | - Adam J Engler
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, United States.
| | - Kirk C Hansen
- Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, United States.
| | - James S Hagood
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, United States.
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Qing S Lin
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, United States.
| | - Enid Neptune
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, United States.
| | - Laura Niklason
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University, United States.
| | - Luis A Ortiz
- Division of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, United States.
| | - William C Parks
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, United States.
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, United States.
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, United States.
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States.
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Beach TA, Johnston CJ, Groves AM, Williams JP, Finkelstein JN. Radiation induced pulmonary fibrosis as a model of progressive fibrosis: Contributions of DNA damage, inflammatory response and cellular senescence genes. Exp Lung Res 2017; 43:134-149. [PMID: 28534660 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2017.1318975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Purpose/Aim of Study: Studies of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) have resulted in DNA damage, inflammatory response, and cellular senescence being widely hypothesized to play a role in the progression of the disease. Utilizing these aforementioned terms, genomics databases were interrogated along with the term, "pulmonary fibrosis," to identify genes common among all 4 search terms. Findings were compared to data derived from a model of radiation-induced progressive pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) to verify that these genes are similarly expressed, supporting the use of radiation as a model for diseases involving PF, such as human idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). MATERIALS AND METHODS In an established model of RIPF, C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 12.5 Gy thorax irradiation and sacrificed at 24 hours, 1, 4, 12, and 32 weeks following exposure, and lung tissue was compared to age-matched controls by RNA sequencing. RESULTS Of 176 PF associated gene transcripts identified by database interrogation, 146 (>82%) were present in our experimental model, throughout the progression of RIPF. Analysis revealed that nearly 85% of PF gene transcripts were associated with at least 1 other search term. Furthermore, of 22 genes common to all four terms, 16 were present experimentally in RIPF. CONCLUSIONS This illustrates the validity of RIPF as a model of progressive PF/IPF based on the numbers of transcripts reported in both literature and observed experimentally. Well characterized genes and proteins are implicated in this model, supporting the hypotheses that DNA damage, inflammatory response and cellular senescence are associated with the pathogenesis of PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Beach
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Carl J Johnston
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Angela M Groves
- b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Jacqueline P Williams
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA
| | - Jacob N Finkelstein
- a Department of Environmental Medicine , University of Rochester Medical Center , Rochester , New York , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology , University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry , Rochester , New York , USA
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Hiwatashi N, Benedict PA, Dion GR, Bing R, Kraja I, Amin MR, Branski RC. SMAD3 expression and regulation of fibroplasia in vocal fold injury. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:E308-E316. [PMID: 28543554 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent reports highlight the efficacy of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting SMAD3 to regulate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-mediated fibroplasia in vocal fold fibroblasts. The current study sought to investigate SMAD3 expression during wound healing in vivo and quantify the downstream transcriptional events associated with SMAD3 knockdown in vitro. STUDY DESIGN In vivo and in vitro. METHODS Unilateral vocal fold injury was created in a rabbit model. SMAD3 and SMAD7 mRNA expression was quantified at 1 hour and 1, 3, 7, 14, 30, 60, and 90 days following injury. In vitro, multi-gene analysis technology was employed in our immortalized human vocal-fold fibroblast cell line following TGF-β1 stimulation ± SMAD3 knockdown across time points. RESULTS SMAD3 mRNA expression increased following injury; upregulation was significant at 3 and 7 days compared to control (both P < 0.001). SMAD7 mRNA was also upregulated at 3, 7, and 14 days (P = 0.02, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). In vitro, SMAD3 knockdown reduced the expression of multiple profibrotic, TGF-β signaling, and extracellular matrix metabolism genes at 6 and 24 hours following TGF-β1 stimulation. CONCLUSION Cumulatively, these data support SMAD3 as a potential master regulator of TGF-β-mediated fibrosis. SMAD3 transcription peaked 7 days following injury. Multi-gene analysis indicated that the therapeutic effectiveness of SMAD3 knockdown may be related to regulation of downstream mediators of fibroplasia and altered TGF-β signaling. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA. Laryngoscope, 127:E308-E316, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Hiwatashi
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Peter A Benedict
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Gregory R Dion
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Renjie Bing
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Iv Kraja
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Milan R Amin
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Ryan C Branski
- NYU Voice Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Waasdorp M, Duitman J, Spek CA. Plasmin reduces fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells in a protease-activated receptor-1 independent manner. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:152-156. [PMID: 29114573 PMCID: PMC5637235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) potentiates diabetic nephropathy (DN) as evident from reduced kidney injury in diabetic PAR-1 deficient mice. Although thrombin is the prototypical PAR-1 agonist, anticoagulant treatment does not limit DN in experimental animal models suggesting that thrombin is not the endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Objectives To identify the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating diabetes-induced nephropathy. Methods Unbiased protease expression profiling in glomeruli from human kidneys with DN was performed using publically available microarray data. The identified prime candidate PAR-1 agonist was subsequently analysed for PAR-1-dependent induction of fibrosis in vitro. Results Of the 553 proteases expressed in the human genome, 247 qualified as potential PAR-1 agonists of which 71 were significantly expressed above background in diabetic glomeruli. The recently identified PAR-1 agonist plasmin(ogen), together with its physiological activator tissue plasminogen activator, were among the highest expressed proteases. Plasmin did however not induce mesangial proliferation and/or fibronectin deposition in vitro. In a PAR-1 independent manner, plasmin even reduced fibronectin deposition. Conclusion Expression profiling identified plasmin as potential endogenous PAR-1 agonist driving DN. Instead of inducing fibronectin expression, plasmin however reduced mesangial fibronectin deposition in vitro. Therefore we conclude that plasmin may not be the endogenous PAR-1 agonist potentiating DN. Plasmin is highly expressed in kidneys of diabetic nephropathy patients. Plasmin limits fibronectin deposition by mesangial cells. Plasmin-dependent PAR-1 activation does not drive diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Waasdorp
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - JanWillem Duitman
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.,INSERM, UMR1152, Medical School Xavier Bichat, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Département Hospitalo-Universitaire FIRE (Fibrosis, Inflammation and Remodeling), LabEx Inflamex, Paris, France
| | - C Arnold Spek
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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Taroni JN, Greene CS, Martyanov V, Wood TA, Christmann RB, Farber HW, Lafyatis RA, Denton CP, Hinchcliff ME, Pioli PA, Mahoney JM, Whitfield ML. A novel multi-network approach reveals tissue-specific cellular modulators of fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Genome Med 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28330499 PMCID: PMC5363043 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-017-0417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-organ autoimmune disease characterized by skin fibrosis. Internal organ involvement is heterogeneous. It is unknown whether disease mechanisms are common across all involved affected tissues or if each manifestation has a distinct underlying pathology. Methods We used consensus clustering to compare gene expression profiles of biopsies from four SSc-affected tissues (skin, lung, esophagus, and peripheral blood) from patients with SSc, and the related conditions pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and pulmonary arterial hypertension, and derived a consensus disease-associate signature across all tissues. We used this signature to query tissue-specific functional genomic networks. We performed novel network analyses to contrast the skin and lung microenvironments and to assess the functional role of the inflammatory and fibrotic genes in each organ. Lastly, we tested the expression of macrophage activation state-associated gene sets for enrichment in skin and lung using a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results We identified a common pathogenic gene expression signature—an immune–fibrotic axis—indicative of pro-fibrotic macrophages (MØs) in multiple tissues (skin, lung, esophagus, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) affected by SSc. While the co-expression of these genes is common to all tissues, the functional consequences of this upregulation differ by organ. We used this disease-associated signature to query tissue-specific functional genomic networks to identify common and tissue-specific pathologies of SSc and related conditions. In contrast to skin, in the lung-specific functional network we identify a distinct lung-resident MØ signature associated with lipid stimulation and alternative activation. In keeping with our network results, we find distinct MØ alternative activation transcriptional programs in SSc-associated PF lung and in the skin of patients with an “inflammatory” SSc gene expression signature. Conclusions Our results suggest that the innate immune system is central to SSc disease processes but that subtle distinctions exist between tissues. Our approach provides a framework for examining molecular signatures of disease in fibrosis and autoimmune diseases and for leveraging publicly available data to understand common and tissue-specific disease processes in complex human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13073-017-0417-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn N Taroni
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Viktor Martyanov
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Tammara A Wood
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Romy B Christmann
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Harrison W Farber
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Robert A Lafyatis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | | | - Monique E Hinchcliff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Patricia A Pioli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - J Matthew Mahoney
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, HSRF 426, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA.
| | - Michael L Whitfield
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, 7400 Remsen, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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30
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Predescu SA, Zhang J, Bardita C, Patel M, Godbole V, Predescu DN. Mouse Lung Fibroblast Resistance to Fas-Mediated Apoptosis Is Dependent on the Baculoviral Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein 4 and the Cellular FLICE-Inhibitory Protein. Front Physiol 2017; 8:128. [PMID: 28352235 PMCID: PMC5348516 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is accumulation of apoptotic resistant fibroblasts/myofibroblasts in the fibroblastic foci. As caveolin (Cav)-null mice develop pulmonary fibrosis (PF), we hypothesized that the participating fibroblasts display an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. To test this hypothesis and identify the molecular mechanisms involved we isolated lung fibroblasts from Cav-null mice and examined the expression of several inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), of c-FLIP, of Bcl-2 proteins and of the death receptor CD95/Fas. We found significant increase in XIAP and c-FLIP constitutive protein expression with no alteration of Bcl-2 and lower levels of CD95/Fas. The isolated fibroblasts were then treated with the CD95/Fas ligand (FasL) to induce apoptosis. While the morphological and biochemical alterations induced by FasL were similar in wild-type (wt) and Cav-null mouse lung fibroblasts, the time course and the extent of the alterations were greater in the Cav-null fibroblasts. Several salient features of Cav-null fibroblasts response such as loss of membrane potential, fragmentation of the mitochondrial continuum concurrent with caspase-8 activation, and subsequent Bid cleavage, prior to caspase-3 activation were detected. Furthermore, M30 antigen formation, phosphatidylserine expression and DNA fragmentation were caspase-3 dependent. SiRNA-mediated silencing of XIAP and c-FLIP, individually or combined, enhanced the sensitivity of lung fibroblasts to FasL-induced apoptosis. Pharmacological inhibition of Bcl-2 had no effect. Together our findings support a mechanism in which CD95/Fas engagement activates caspase-8, inducing mitochondrial apoptosis through Bid cleavage. XIAP and c-FLIP fine tune this process in a cell-type specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda A Predescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University, Medical College Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Bardita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University, Medical College Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Monal Patel
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Varun Godbole
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University, Medical College Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dan N Predescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Rush University, Medical College Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Schuliga M, Jaffar J, Harris T, Knight DA, Westall G, Stewart AG. The fibrogenic actions of lung fibroblast-derived urokinase: a potential drug target in IPF. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41770. [PMID: 28139758 PMCID: PMC5282574 DOI: 10.1038/srep41770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) remains unclear. uPA-generated plasmin has potent fibrogenic actions involving protease activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Here we characterize uPA distribution or levels in lung tissue and sera from IPF patients to establish the mechanism of its fibrogenic actions on lung fibroblasts (LFs). uPA immunoreactivity was detected in regions of fibrosis including fibroblasts of lung tissue from IPF patients (n = 7). Serum uPA levels and activity were also higher in IPF patients (n = 18) than controls (n = 18) (P < 0.05), being negatively correlated with lung function as measured by forced vital capacity (FVC) %predicted (P < 0.05). The culture supernatants of LFs from IPF patients, as compared to controls, showed an increase in plasmin activity after plasminogen incubation (5–15 μg/mL), corresponding with increased levels of uPA and IL-6 (n = 5–6, P < 0.05). Plasminogen-induced increases in plasmin activity and IL-6 levels were attenuated by reducing uPA and/or PAR-1 expression by RNAi. Plasmin(ogen)-induced mitogenesis was also attenuated by targeting uPA, PAR-1 or IL-6. Our data shows uPA is formed in active regions of fibrosis in IPF lung and contributes to LF plasmin generation, IL-6 production and proliferation. Urokinase is a potential target for the treatment of lung fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schuliga
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jade Jaffar
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trudi Harris
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Darryl A Knight
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Glen Westall
- Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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33
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Ricciardelli C, Lokman NA, Ween MP, Oehler MK. WOMEN IN CANCER THEMATIC REVIEW: Ovarian cancer-peritoneal cell interactions promote extracellular matrix processing. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T155-T168. [PMID: 27578826 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a distinct tendency for metastasising via shedding of cancerous cells into the peritoneal cavity and implanting onto the peritoneum that lines the pelvic organs. Once ovarian cancer cells adhere to the peritoneal cells, they migrate through the peritoneal layer and invade the local organs. Alterations in the extracellular environment are critical for tumour initiation, progression and intra-peritoneal dissemination. To increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in ovarian cancer metastasis and to identify novel therapeutic targets, we recently studied the interaction of ovarian cancer and peritoneal cells using a proteomic approach. We identified several extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins including, fibronectin, TGFBI, periostin, annexin A2 and PAI-1 that were processed as a result of the ovarian cancer-peritoneal cell interaction. This review focuses on the functional role of these proteins in ovarian cancer metastasis. Our findings together with published literature support the notion that ECM processing via the plasminogen-plasmin pathway promotes the colonisation and attachment of ovarian cancer cells to the peritoneum and actively contributes to the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAdelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - N A Lokman
- Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAdelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M P Ween
- Lung Research LaboratoryHanson Institute, Department of Thoracic Medicine, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - M K Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and GynaecologyAdelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gynaecological OncologyRoyal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Abstract
Rupture of fetal membranes (ROM) can initiate parturition at both term and preterm birth. Apoptosis of the amnion epithelium plays a key role in structural remodeling of the membranes preceding ROM. However, the causative factors for apoptosis remain unidentified. Toward the end of gestation, a feed-forward regeneration of cortisol via 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 exists in the fetal membranes. Here, we have examined whether cortisol accumulation is a causative factor for amnion cells apoptosis. By using primary human amnion epithelial and fibroblast cells, we demonstrated cortisol induced apoptosis specifically in epithelial cells but not in fibroblasts via reciprocal regulation of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasmin system. Cortisol increased PLAT expression, the gene encoding tPA, via glucocorticoid receptor binding to a glucocorticoid response element in PLAT promoter, thereby increasing plasmin activity in epithelial cells. Further study revealed that a Fas-mediated extrinsic apoptotic pathway was involved in the induction of epithelial cells apoptosis by cortisol, which was blocked by inhibiting either tPA or plasmin. Consistently, cortisol increased cleaved-caspase-3 and tPA abundance in amnion tissue explants. Moreover, the abundance of cortisol, cleaved-caspase-3, and tPA was significantly increased in amnion tissue after labor-initiated spontaneous rupture of membranes. In conclusion, local accumulation of cortisol is a causative factor for amnion epithelial apoptosis via activation of tPA/plasmin system toward the end of gestation. This may contribute to the ROM at both term and preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangsheng Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction and Reproductive Genetics, Shanghai 200135, People's Republic of China
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35
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The Fibrinolytic System in the Interstitial Space. Protein Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1201/9781315374307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Wheaton AK, Velikoff M, Agarwal M, Loo TT, Horowitz JC, Sisson TH, Kim KK. The vitronectin RGD motif regulates TGF-β-induced alveolar epithelial cell apoptosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L1206-17. [PMID: 27106291 PMCID: PMC4935469 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00424.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a critical driver of acute lung injury and fibrosis. Injury leads to activation of TGF-β, which regulates changes in the cellular and matrix makeup of the lung during the repair and fibrosis phase. TGF-β can also initiate alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis. Injury leads to destruction of the laminin-rich basement membrane, which is replaced by a provisional matrix composed of arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) motif-containing plasma matrix proteins, including vitronectin and fibronectin. To determine the role of specific matrix proteins on TGF-β-induced apoptosis, we studied primary AECs cultured on different matrix conditions and utilized mice with deletion of vitronectin (Vtn(-/-)) or mice in which the vitronectin RGD motif is mutated to nonintegrin-binding arginine-glycine-glutamate (RGE) (Vtn(RGE/RGE)). We found that AECs cultured on fibronectin and vitronectin or in wild-type mouse serum are resistant to TGF-β-induced apoptosis. In contrast, AECs cultured on laminin or in serum from Vtn(-/-) or Vtn(RGE/RGE) mice undergo robust TGF-β-induced apoptosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) sensitizes AECs to greater apoptosis by disrupting AEC engagement to vitronectin. Inhibition of integrin-associated signaling proteins augments AEC apoptosis. Mice with transgenic deletion of PAI-1 have less apoptosis after bleomycin, but deletion of vitronectin or disruption of the vitronectin RGD motif reverses this protection, suggesting that the proapoptotic function of PAI-1 is mediated through vitronectin inhibition. Collectively, these data suggest that integrin-matrix signaling is an important regulator of TGF-β-mediated AEC apoptosis and that PAI-1 functions as a natural regulator of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Wheaton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Miranda Velikoff
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Manisha Agarwal
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Tiffany T Loo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hyaluronan synthase 2 regulates fibroblast senescence in pulmonary fibrosis. Matrix Biol 2016; 55:35-48. [PMID: 26987798 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated repair of lung injury often results in lung fibrosis characterized by unremitting deposition of matrix components including glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA). HA is mainly produced by hyaluronan synthases (HAS) in mesenchymal cells. We previously demonstrated that over-expression of HAS2 in mesenchymal cells in mice regulates the invasiveness of fibroblasts and promotes severe lung fibrosis. The mechanisms that control the resolution of lung fibrosis are unknown. We propose that a critical step in resolving fibrosis is the induction of senescence in fibrotic fibroblasts and hyaluronan synthase 2 may regulate this process. We found that fibrotic fibroblasts developed the characteristics of replicative senescence in culture and that HAS2 expression was dramatically down-regulated. Furthermore, down-regulation of HAS2 initiated and regulated fibroblast senescence through a p27-CDK2-SKP2 pathway. Deletion of HAS2 in mouse mesenchymal cells increased the cellular senescence of fibroblasts in bleomycin-induced mouse lung fibrosis in vivo. These data suggest that HAS2 may be a critical regulator of the fate of pulmonary fibrosis and we propose a model where over-expression of HAS2 promotes an invasive phenotype resulting in severe fibrosis and down-regulation of HAS2 promotes resolution. Targeting HAS2 to induce fibroblast senescence could be an attractive approach to resolve tissue fibrosis.
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Liu RM, Desai LP. Reciprocal regulation of TGF-β and reactive oxygen species: A perverse cycle for fibrosis. Redox Biol 2015; 6:565-577. [PMID: 26496488 PMCID: PMC4625010 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 447] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is the most potent pro-fibrogenic cytokine and its expression is increased in almost all of fibrotic diseases. Although signaling through Smad pathway is believed to play a central role in TGF-β's fibrogenesis, emerging evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulate TGF-β's signaling through different pathways including Smad pathway. TGF-β1 increases ROS production and suppresses antioxidant enzymes, leading to a redox imbalance. ROS, in turn, induce/activate TGF-β1 and mediate many of TGF-β's fibrogenic effects, forming a vicious cycle (see graphic flow chart on the right). Here, we review the current knowledge on the feed-forward mechanisms between TGF-β1 and ROS in the development of fibrosis. Therapeutics targeting TGF-β-induced and ROS-dependent cellular signaling represents a novel approach in the treatment of fibrotic disorders. TGF-β1 is the most potent ubiquitous profibrogenic cytokine. TGF- β 1 induces redox imbalance by ↑ ROS production and ↓ anti-oxidant defense system Redox imbalance, in turn, activates latent TGF-β1 and induces TGF-β1 expression. Redox imbalance also mediates many of TGF-β1’s profibrogenic effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Ming Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Leena P Desai
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmi ngham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Nätynki M, Kangas J, Miinalainen I, Sormunen R, Pietilä R, Soblet J, Boon LM, Vikkula M, Limaye N, Eklund L. Common and specific effects of TIE2 mutations causing venous malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6374-89. [PMID: 26319232 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous malformations (VMs) are localized defects in vascular morphogenesis frequently caused by mutations in the gene for the endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor TIE2. Here, we report the analysis of a comprehensive collection of 22 TIE2 mutations identified in patients with VM, either as single amino acid substitutions or as double-mutations on the same allele. Using endothelial cell (EC) cultures, mouse models and ultrastructural analysis of tissue biopsies from patients, we demonstrate common as well as mutation-specific cellular and molecular features, on the basis of which mutations cluster into categories that correlate with data from genetic studies. Comparisons of double-mutants with their constituent single-mutant forms identified the pathogenic contributions of individual changes, and their compound effects. We find that defective receptor trafficking and subcellular localization of different TIE2 mutant forms occur via a variety of mechanisms, resulting in attenuated response to ligand. We also demonstrate, for the first time, that TIE2 mutations cause chronic activation of the MAPK pathway resulting in loss of normal EC monolayer due to extracellular matrix (ECM) fibronectin deficiency and leading to upregulation of plasminogen/plasmin proteolytic pathway. Corresponding EC and ECM irregularities are observed in affected tissues from mouse models and patients. Importantly, an imbalance between plasminogen activators versus inhibitors would also account for high d-dimer levels, a major feature of unknown cause that distinguishes VMs from other vascular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjut Nätynki
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangas
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Raija Sormunen
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, Department of Pathology and Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Riikka Pietilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Julie Soblet
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and
| | - Laurence M Boon
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and Center for Vascular Anomalies, Division of Plastic Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Nisha Limaye
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, and
| | - Lauri Eklund
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Biocenter Oulu and Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland,
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Inhibition of SERPINE1 Function Attenuates Wound Closure in Response to Tissue Injury: A Role for PAI-1 in Re-Epithelialization and Granulation Tissue Formation. J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/jdb3010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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41
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Sisson TH, Ajayi IO, Subbotina N, Dodi AE, Rodansky ES, Chibucos LN, Kim KK, Keshamouni VG, White ES, Zhou Y, Higgins PDR, Larsen SD, Neubig RR, Horowitz JC. Inhibition of myocardin-related transcription factor/serum response factor signaling decreases lung fibrosis and promotes mesenchymal cell apoptosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:969-86. [PMID: 25681733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are crucial to the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. Their formation of stress fibers results in the release of myocardin-related transcription factor (MRTF), a transcriptional coactivator of serum response factor (SRF). MRTF-A (Mkl1)-deficient mice are protected from lung fibrosis. We hypothesized that the SRF/MRTF pathway inhibitor CCG-203971 would modulate myofibroblast function in vitro and limit lung fibrosis in vivo. Normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung fibroblasts were treated with/without CCG-203971 (N-[4-chlorophenyl]-1-[3-(2-furanyl)benzoyl]-3-piperidine carboxamide) and/or Fas-activating antibody in the presence/absence of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and apoptosis was assessed. In vivo studies examined the effect of therapeutically administered CCG-203971 on lung fibrosis in two distinct murine models of fibrosis induced by bleomycin or targeted type II alveolar epithelial injury. In vitro, CCG-203971 prevented nuclear localization of MRTF-A; increased the apoptotic susceptibility of normal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts; blocked TGF-β1-induced myofibroblast differentiation; and inhibited TGF-β1-induced expression of fibronectin, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. TGF-β1 did not protect fibroblasts or myofibroblasts from apoptosis in the presence of CCG-203971. In vivo, CCG-203971 significantly reduced lung collagen content in both murine models while decreasing alveolar plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and promoting myofibroblast apoptosis. These data support a central role of the SRF/MRTF pathway in the pathobiology of lung fibrosis and suggest that its inhibition can help resolve lung fibrosis by promoting fibroblast apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | - Iyabode O Ajayi
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Natalya Subbotina
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amos E Dodi
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eva S Rodansky
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical School, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lauren N Chibucos
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kevin K Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Venkateshwar G Keshamouni
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eric S White
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Peter D R Higgins
- Division of Gastroenterology, Medical School, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Scott D Larsen
- Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Richard R Neubig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Crucial Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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Simone TM, Higgins SP, Archambeault J, Higgins CE, Ginnan RG, Singer H, Higgins PJ. A small molecule PAI-1 functional inhibitor attenuates neointimal hyperplasia and vascular smooth muscle cell survival by promoting PAI-1 cleavage. Cell Signal 2015; 27:923-33. [PMID: 25617690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary inhibitor of urokinase-and tissue-type plasminogen activators (uPA and tPA), is an injury-response gene implicated in the development of tissue fibrosis and cardiovascular disease. PAI-1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in the balloon catheter-injured carotid and in the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-enriched neointima of ligated arteries. PAI-1/uPA complex formation and PAI-1 antiproteolytic activity can be inhibited, via proteolytic cleavage, by the small molecule antagonist tiplaxtinin which effectively increased the VSMC apoptotic index in vitro and attenuated carotid artery neointimal formation in vivo. In contrast to the active full-length serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN), elastase-cleaved PAI-1 (similar to tiplaxtinin) also promoted VSMC apoptosis in vitro and similarly reduced neointimal formation in vivo. The mechanism through which cleaved PAI-1 (CL-PAI-1) stimulates apoptosis appears to involve the TNF-α family member TWEAK (TNF-α weak inducer of apoptosis) and it's cognate receptor, fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-inducible 14 (FN14). CL-PAI-1 sensitizes cells to TWEAK-stimulated apoptosis while full-length PAI-1 did not, presumably due to its ability to down-regulate FN14 in a low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-dependent mechanism. It appears that prolonged exposure of VSMCs to CL-PAI-1 induces apoptosis by augmenting TWEAK/FN14 pro-apoptotic signaling. This work identifies a critical, anti-stenotic, role for a functionally-inactive (at least with regard to its protease inhibitory function) cleaved SERPIN. Therapies that promote the conversion of full-length to cleaved PAI-1 may have translational implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M Simone
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Stephen P Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Jaclyn Archambeault
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Craig E Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Roman G Ginnan
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Harold Singer
- Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
| | - Paul J Higgins
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, United States.
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Liu F, Lagares D, Choi KM, Stopfer L, Marinković A, Vrbanac V, Probst CK, Hiemer SE, Sisson TH, Horowitz JC, Rosas IO, Fredenburgh LE, Feghali-Bostwick C, Varelas X, Tager AM, Tschumperlin DJ. Mechanosignaling through YAP and TAZ drives fibroblast activation and fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L344-57. [PMID: 25502501 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00300.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological fibrosis is driven by a feedback loop in which the fibrotic extracellular matrix is both a cause and consequence of fibroblast activation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Here we identify yes-associated protein (YAP) (homolog of drosophila Yki) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) (also known as Wwtr1), transcriptional effectors of the Hippo pathway, as key matrix stiffness-regulated coordinators of fibroblast activation and matrix synthesis. YAP and TAZ are prominently expressed in fibrotic but not healthy lung tissue, with particularly pronounced nuclear expression of TAZ in spindle-shaped fibroblastic cells. In culture, both YAP and TAZ accumulate in the nuclei of fibroblasts grown on pathologically stiff matrices but not physiologically compliant matrices. Knockdown of YAP and TAZ together in vitro attenuates key fibroblast functions, including matrix synthesis, contraction, and proliferation, and does so exclusively on pathologically stiff matrices. Profibrotic effects of YAP and TAZ operate, in part, through their transcriptional target plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, which is regulated by matrix stiffness independent of transforming growth factor-β signaling. Immortalized fibroblasts conditionally expressing active YAP or TAZ mutant proteins overcome soft matrix limitations on growth and promote fibrosis when adoptively transferred to the murine lung, demonstrating the ability of fibroblast YAP/TAZ activation to drive a profibrotic response in vivo. Together, these results identify YAP and TAZ as mechanoactivated coordinators of the matrix-driven feedback loop that amplifies and sustains fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David Lagares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Kyoung Moo Choi
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lauren Stopfer
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Aleksandar Marinković
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Clemens K Probst
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha E Hiemer
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas H Sisson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jeffrey C Horowitz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ivan O Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Fredenburgh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Xaralabos Varelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew M Tager
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit and Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J Tschumperlin
- Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;
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44
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Huang WT, Akhter H, Jiang C, MacEwen M, Ding Q, Antony V, Thannickal VJ, Liu RM. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, fibroblast apoptosis resistance, and aging-related susceptibility to lung fibrosis. Exp Gerontol 2014; 61:62-75. [PMID: 25451236 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disorder with unknown cause and no effective treatment. The incidence of and mortality from IPF increase with age, suggesting that advanced age is a major risk factor for IPF. The mechanism underlying the increased susceptibility of the elderly to IPF, however, is unknown. In this study, we show for the first time that the protein level of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), a protease inhibitor which plays an essential role in the control of fibrinolysis, was significantly increased with age in mouse lung homogenate and lung fibroblasts. Upon bleomycin challenge, old mice experienced augmented PAI-1 induction and lung fibrosis as compared to young mice. Most interestingly, we show that fewer (myo)fibroblasts underwent apoptosis and more (myo)fibroblasts with increased level of PAI-1 accumulated in the lung of old than in young mice after bleomycin challenge. In vitro studies further demonstrate that fibroblasts isolated from lungs of old mice were resistant to H2O2 and tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis and had augmented fibrotic responses to TGF-β1, compared to fibroblasts isolated from young mice. Inhibition of PAI-1 activity with a PAI-1 inhibitor, on the other hand, eliminated the aging-related apoptosis resistance and TGF-β1 sensitivity in isolated fibroblasts. Moreover, we show that knocking down PAI-1 in human lung fibroblasts with PAI-1 siRNA significantly increased their sensitivity to apoptosis and inhibited their responses to TGF-β1. Together, the results suggest that increased PAI-1 expression may underlie the aging-related sensitivity to lung fibrosis in part by protecting fibroblasts from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Tan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Hasina Akhter
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Chunsun Jiang
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Mark MacEwen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Veena Antony
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Victor John Thannickal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Rui-Ming Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
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45
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Stewart AG, Xia YC, Harris T, Royce S, Hamilton JA, Schuliga M. Plasminogen-stimulated airway smooth muscle cell proliferation is mediated by urokinase and annexin A2, involving plasmin-activated cell signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1421-35. [PMID: 24111848 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The conversion of plasminogen into plasmin by interstitial urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is potentially important in asthma pathophysiology. In this study, the effect of uPA-mediated plasminogen activation on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cell proliferation was investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Human ASM cells were incubated with plasminogen (0.5-50 μg·mL(-1) ) or plasmin (0.5-50 mU·mL(-1) ) in the presence of pharmacological inhibitors, including UK122, an inhibitor of uPA. Proliferation was assessed by increases in cell number or MTT reduction after 48 h incubation with plasmin(ogen), and by earlier increases in [(3) H]-thymidine incorporation and cyclin D1 expression. KEY RESULTS Plasminogen (5 μg·mL(-1) )-stimulated increases in cell proliferation were attenuated by UK122 (10 μM) or by transfection with uPA gene-specific siRNA. Exogenous plasmin (5 mU·mL(-1) ) also stimulated increases in cell proliferation. Inhibition of plasmin-stimulated ERK1/2 or PI3K/Akt signalling attenuated plasmin-stimulated increases in ASM proliferation. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of cell signalling mediated by the EGF receptor, a receptor trans-activated by plasmin, also reduced plasmin(ogen)-stimulated cell proliferation. Knock down of annexin A2, which has dual roles in both plasminogen activation and plasmin-signal transduction, also attenuated ASM cell proliferation following incubation with either plasminogen or plasmin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Plasminogen stimulates ASM cell proliferation in a manner mediated by uPA and involving multiple signalling pathways downstream of plasmin. Targeting mediators of plasminogen-evoked ASM responses, such as uPA or annexin A2, may be useful in the treatment of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Lung Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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Garcia-Irigoyen O, Carotti S, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Fernández-Barrena MG, Elizalde M, Urtasun R, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Morini S, Banales JM, Parks WC, Rodriguez JA, Orbe J, Prieto J, Páramo JA, Berasain C, Ávila MA. Matrix metalloproteinase-10 expression is induced during hepatic injury and plays a fundamental role in liver tissue repair. Liver Int 2014; 34:e257-70. [PMID: 24119197 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Upon tissue injury, the liver mounts a potent reparative and regenerative response. A role for proteases, including serine and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in this process is increasingly recognized. We have evaluated the expression and function of MMP10 (stromelysin-2) in liver wound healing and regeneration. METHODS The hepatic expression of MMP10 was examined in two murine models: liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PH) and bile duct ligation (BDL). MMP10 was detected in liver tissues by qPCR, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The effect of growth factors and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists on MMP10 expression was studied in cultured parenchymal and biliary epithelial cells and macrophages respectively. The role of MMP10 was evaluated by comparing the response of Mmp10+/+ and Mmp10-/- mice to PH and BDL. The intrahepatic turnover of the extracellular matrix proteins fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin was examined. RESULTS MMP10 mRNA was readily induced after PH and BDL. MMP10 protein was detected in hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and macrophages. In cultured liver epithelial cells, MMP10 expression was additively induced by transforming growth factor-β and epidermal growth factor receptor ligands. TLR4 ligands also stimulated MMP10 expression in macrophages. Lack of MMP10 resulted in increased liver injury upon PH and BDL. Resolution of necrotic areas was impaired, and Mmp10-/- mice showed increased fibrogenesis and defective turnover of fibrin (ogen) and fibronectin. CONCLUSIONS MMP10 expression is induced during mouse liver injury and participates in the hepatic wound healing response. The profibrinolytic activity of MMP10 may be essential in this novel hepatoprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oihane Garcia-Irigoyen
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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47
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Matrix biology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a workshop report of the national heart, lung, and blood institute. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1643-51. [PMID: 24726499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is excessive and disordered deposition of extracellular matrix. Although the lung extracellular matrix normally plays an essential role in development and maintenance of lung tissue through reciprocal interactions with resident cells, the disordered matrix in the diseased lung is increasingly recognized as an active and important contributor to IPF pathogenesis. This working group summary from a recently conducted National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute strategic planning workshop for IPF research highlights recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in the study of matrix biology in IPF. Particular attention is given to the composition and mechanical properties of the matrix in normal and diseased lungs, and the biochemical and biomechanical influences exerted by pathological matrix. Recently developed model systems are also summarized as key tools for advancing our understanding of matrix biology in IPF. Emerging approaches to therapeutically target the matrix in preclinical and clinical settings are discussed, as are important concepts, such as alterations of the matrix with aging and the potential for the resolution of fibrosis. Specific recommendations for future studies in matrix biology of IPF are also proposed.
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48
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Mekkawy AH, Pourgholami MH, Morris DL. Involvement of urokinase-type plasminogen activator system in cancer: an overview. Med Res Rev 2014; 34:918-56. [PMID: 24549574 DOI: 10.1002/med.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there are several studies supporting the role of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) system in cancer. The association of uPA to its receptor triggers the conversion of plasminogen into plasmin. This process is regulated by the uPA inhibitors (PAI-1 and PAI-2). Plasmin promotes degradation of basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM) components as well as activation of ECM latent matrix metalloproteases. Degradation and remodeling of the surrounding tissues is crucial in the early steps of tumor progression by facilitating expansion of the tumor mass, release of tumor growth factors, activation of cytokines as well as induction of tumor cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Hence, many tumors showed a correlation between uPA system component levels and tumor aggressiveness and survival. Therefore, this review summarizes the structure of the uPA system, its contribution to cancer progression, and the clinical relevance of uPA family members in cancer diagnosis. In addition, the review evaluates the significance of uPA system in the development of cancer-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Department of Surgery, Cancer Research Laboratories, St. George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2217, Australia
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49
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Wyganowska-Świątkowska M, Surdacka A, Skrzypczak-Jankun E, Jankun J. The plasminogen activation system in periodontal tissue (Review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 33:763-8. [PMID: 24535478 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasminogen activation system (PAS) plays an essential role in tissue proteolysis in physiological and pathological processes. Periodontitis is a chronic infection associated with increased proteolysis driven by plasminogen activation. In this comprehensive review, we summarise the effects of PAS in wound healing, tissue remodelling, inflammation, bacterial infection, and in the initiation and progression of periodontal disease. Specifically, we discuss the role of plasminogen activators (PAs), including urokinase PA (uPA), tissue-type PA (tPA), PA inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and 2 (PAI-2) and activated plasminogen in periodontal tissue, where their concentrations can reach much higher values than those found in other parts of the body. We also discuss whether PA deficiencies can have effects on periodontal tissue. We conclude that in periodontal disease, PAS is unbalanced and equalizing its function can improve the clinical periodontal tissue condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Surdacka
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań 60-820, Poland
| | - Ewa Skrzypczak-Jankun
- Urology Research Center, Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Jerzy Jankun
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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50
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Huang SK, Horowitz JC. Outstaying their Welcome: The Persistent Myofibroblast in IPF. AUSTIN JOURNAL OF PULMONARY AND RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2014; 1:3. [PMID: 25309962 PMCID: PMC4189780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey C. Horowitz
- Corresponding author: Jeffrey C. Horowitz, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 6301 MSRB III, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor MI 48109; Tel: 734-936-5010;
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