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Akoto T, Hadvina R, Jones S, Cai J, Yu H, McCord H, Jin CXJ, Estes AJ, Gan L, Kuo A, Smith SB, Liu Y. Identification of Keratoconus-Related Phenotypes in Three Ppip5k2 Mouse Models. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:22. [PMID: 38869368 PMCID: PMC11178121 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose It is necessary to establish a mouse model of keratoconus (KC) for research and therapy. We aimed to determine corneal phenotypes in 3 Ppip5k2 mouse models. Methods Central corneal thickness (CCT) was determined using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in Ppip5k2+/K^ (n = 41 eyes), Ppip5k2K^/K^ (n = 17 eyes) and 2 knock-in mice, Ppip5k2S419A/+ (n = 54 eyes) and Ppip5k2S419A/S419A (n = 18 eyes), and Ppip5k2D843S/+ (n = 42 eyes) and Ppip5k2D843S/D843S (n = 44 eyes) at 3 and 6 months. Pachymetry maps were generated using the Mouse Corneal Analysis Program (MCAP) to process OCT images. Slit lamp biomicroscopy was used to determine any corneal abnormalities, and, last, hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining using corneal sections from these animals was used to examine morphological changes. Results CCT significantly decreased from 3 to 6 months in the Ppip5k2+/K^ and Ppip5k2K^/K^ mice compared to their littermate controls. OCT-based pachymetry maps revealed abnormally localized thinning in all three models compared to their wild-type (WT) controls. Slit lamp examinations revealed corneal abnormalities in the form of bullous keratopathy, stromal edema, stromal scarring, deep corneal neovascularization, and opacities in the heterozygous/homozygous mice of the three models in comparison with their controls. Corneal histological abnormalities, such as epithelial thickening and stromal layer damage, were observed in the heterozygous/homozygous mice of the three models in comparison with the WT controls. Conclusions We have identified phenotypic and histological changes in the corneas of three mouse lines that could be relevant in the development of animal models of KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Akoto
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Rachel Hadvina
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Skyler Jones
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hongfang Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Hayden McCord
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Charles X. J. Jin
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Amy J. Estes
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Lin Gan
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Anthony Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Zhou X, Zhao L, Wang C, Sun W, Jia B, Li D, Fu J. Diverse functions and pathogenetic role of Crumbs in retinopathy. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:290. [PMID: 38802833 PMCID: PMC11129452 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01673-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The Crumbs protein (CRB) family plays a crucial role in maintaining the apical-basal polarity and integrity of embryonic epithelia. The family comprises different isoforms in different animals and possesses diverse structural, localization, and functional characteristics. Mutations in the human CRB1 or CRB2 gene may lead to a broad spectrum of retinal dystrophies. Various CRB-associated experimental models have recently provided mechanistic insights into human CRB-associated retinopathies. The knowledge obtained from these models corroborates the importance of CRB in retinal development and maintenance. Therefore, complete elucidation of these models can provide excellent therapeutic prospects for human CRB-associated retinopathies. In this review, we summarize the current animal models and human-derived models of different CRB family members and describe the main characteristics of their retinal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Liangliang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Jinling Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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Stanwyck LK, Anozie CC, Laylani NA, Charoenkijkajorn C, Pakravan M, Ishihara R, Lee AG. The Controversial Role of Homocysteine and Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Mutations in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol 2024:00041327-990000000-00576. [PMID: 38363636 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000002095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lynn K Stanwyck
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine (LKS), Roanoke, Virginia; John Sealy School of Medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch (CCA), Galveston, Texas; Department of Ophthalmology (NAL, CC, MP, AGL), Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas; Department of Ophthalmology (RI, AGL), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery (AGL), Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; University of Texas Maryland Anderson Cancer Center (AGL), Houston, Texas; Texas A and M College of Medicine (AGL), Bryan, Texas; and Department of Ophthalmology (AGL), The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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4
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Washington J, Ritch R, Liu Y. Homocysteine and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10790. [PMID: 37445966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated levels of homocysteine (Hcy), a non-proteinogenic amino acid, may lead to a host of manifestations across the biological systems, particularly the nervous system. Defects in Hcy metabolism have been associated with many neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma, i.e., the leading cause of blindness. However, the pathophysiology of elevated Hcy and its eligibility as a risk factor for glaucoma remain unclear. We aimed to provide a comprehensive review of the relationship between elevated Hcy levels and glaucoma. Through a systemic search of the PubMed and Google Scholar databases, we found that elevated Hcy might play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Further research will be necessary to help clarify the specific contribution of elevated Hcy in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. A discovery and conceptual understanding of Hcy-associated glaucoma could be the keys to providing better therapeutic treatment, if not prophylactic treatment, for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Washington
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Robert Ritch
- New York Eye & Ear Infirmary, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James & Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, 4 Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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5
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Zhang H, Shen H, Gong W, Sun X, Jiang X, Wang J, Jin L, Xu X, Luo D, Wang X. Plasma homocysteine and macular thickness in older adults-the Rugao Longevity and Aging Study. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:1050-1060. [PMID: 33976397 PMCID: PMC9046221 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the association of plasma homocysteine levels with retinal layer thickness in a large community cohort of older adults. METHODS The Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study is an observational, prospective and community-based cohort study. A total of 989 older adults who underwent spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) were included and analyzed. Foveal, macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL) and ganglion cell layer plus inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thicknesses were measured by SD-OCT. Plasma homocysteine levels were measured using chemiluminescence immunoassay. Linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between plasma homocysteine and retinal layer thickness while controlling for confounding factors. RESULTS Of the 989 participants, 500 (50.56%) were men. The mean age was 78.26 (4.58) years, and the mean plasma homocysteine level was 16.38 (8.05) μmol/L. In multivariable analyses, each unit increase in plasma homocysteine was associated with an 8.84 × 10-2 (95% CI: -16.54 × 10-2 to -1.15 × 10-2, p = 0.032) μm decrease in the average inner thickness of the GC-IPL after controlling for confounding factors. The association remained significant even in participants without major cardiovascular disease or diabetes (β = -10.33 × 10-2, 95% CI: -18.49 × 10-2 to -2.18 × 10-2, p = 0.013). No significant associations of plasma homocysteine levels with macular thickness or mRNFL were found in primary and sensitivity analyses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Increased plasma homocysteine levels are associated with a thinner GC-IPL. Plasma homocysteine may be a risk factor for thinner retinas in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hangqi Shen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicin, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gong
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicin, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuehui Sun
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Jiang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicin, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China ,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicin, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China ,grid.412478.c0000 0004 1760 4628National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ,grid.413597.d0000 0004 1757 8802Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine and Huadong Hospital Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China ,grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Effect of long-term chronic hyperhomocysteinemia on retinal structure and function in the cystathionine-β-synthase mutant mouse. Exp Eye Res 2022; 214:108894. [PMID: 34906600 PMCID: PMC9251730 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the excitatory amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) have been implicated in retinal diseases in humans including glaucoma and macular degeneration. It is not clear whether elevated Hcy levels are pathogenic. Models of hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) have proven useful in addressing this including mice with deficiency in the enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Cbs+/- mice have a ∼two-fold increase in plasma and retinal Hcy levels. Previous studies of visual function and structure in Cbs+/- mice during the first 10 months of life revealed mild ganglion cell loss, but minimal electrophysiological alterations. It is not clear whether extended, chronic exposure to moderate Hhcy elevation will lead to visual function loss and retinal pathology. The present study addressed this by performing comprehensive analyses of retinal function/structure in 20 month Cbs+/- and Cbs+/+ (WT) mice including IOP, SD-OCT, scotopic and photopic ERG, pattern ERG (pERG), and visual acuity. Eyes were harvested for histology and immunohistochemical analysis of Brn3a (ganglion cells), dihydroethidium (oxidative stress) and GFAP (gliosis). The analyses revealed no difference in IOP between groups for age/strain. Visual acuity measured ∼0.36c/d for mice at 20 months in Cbs+/- and WT mice; contrast sensitivity did not differ between groups at either age. Similarly SD-OCT, scotopic/photopic ERG and pERG revealed no differences between 20 month Cbs+/- and WT mice. There was minimal disruption in retinal structure when eyes were examined histologically. Morphometric analysis revealed no significant differences in retinal layers. Immunohistochemistry revealed ∼5 RGCs/100 μm retinal length in both Cbs+/- and WT mice at 20 months. While there was greater oxidative stress and gliosis in older (20 month) mice versus young (4 month) mice, there was no difference in these parameters between the 20 month Cbs+/- and WT mice. We conclude that chronic, moderate Hhcy (at least due to deficiency of Cbs) is not accompanied by retinal structural/functional changes that differ significantly from age-matched WT littermates. Despite considerable evidence that severe Hhcy is toxic to retina, moderate Hhcy appears tolerated by retina suggesting compensatory cellular survival mechanisms.
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7
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Ji D, Luo C, Liu J, Cao Y, Wu J, Yan W, Xue K, Chai J, Zhu X, Wu Y, Liu H, Wang W. Insufficient S-Sulfhydration of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Contributes to the Progress of Hyperhomocysteinemia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 36:1-14. [PMID: 34409847 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Aims: Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) has been considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver, and many other pathological conditions. Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, and folate have been used to treat HHcy in clinics. However, at present, clinical therapies of HHcy display unsatisfactory effects. Here, we would like to explore a new mechanism involved in homocysteine (Hcy) metabolic disorders and a novel target for HHcy treatment. The key enzymes involved in Hcy metabolism deserve more insightful investigation. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key enzyme regulating the intracellular Hcy metabolism. Until now, the effect of post-translational modification on the bioactivity of MTHFR still remains unclear. This study aimed at exploring the relationship between MTHFR S-sulfhydration and its bioactivity, and at identifying the contribution of an elevated Hcy level on MTHFR bioactivity. Results: By both in vivo and in vitro studies, we observed the following results: (i) The bioactivity of MTHFR was positively associated with its S-sulfhydration level; (ii) MTHFR was modified at Cys32, Cys130, Cys131, Cys193, and Cys306 by S-sulfhydration under physiological conditions; (iii) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deficiency caused the decrease of MTHFR S-sulfhydration level and bioactivity in HHcy, which resulted in further aggravation of HHcy; and (iv) H2S donors reversed the decreased bioactivity of MTHFR in HHcy, thus reducing the excessive Hcy level. Innovation and Conclusion: Our study suggested that H2S could improve MTHFR bioactivity by S-sulfhydration, which might provide a candidate therapeutic strategy for HHcy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 1-14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengyu Ji
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghua Luo
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Cao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangxu Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Yan
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Chai
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
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8
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Sonmez HK, Polat OA, Erkan G. Inner retinal layer ischemia and vision loss after COVID-19 infection: A case report. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102406. [PMID: 34144260 PMCID: PMC8206550 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: COVID-19 infection may also occur with ocular manifestations. Paracentral acute middle maculopathy(PAMM) is a condition that causes ischemia in the inner retinal layers characterized by disruptions in capillary plexus flow. Also, ischemia in inner retinal layers secondary to COVID-19 infection has not yet been reported. Case report: The case, presented with the complaint of gradually decreasing visual acuity in the right eye after COVID-19 infection. PAMM was suspected, however, ischemia was detected in all inner retinal layers with Optical coherence tomography angiography. Discussion: We showed that it should be kept in mind that atypical retinal involvement of COVID-19 infection could present, with this case.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guzel Erkan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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9
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Abstract
Normal retina and its cell layers are essential for processing visual stimuli, and loss of its integrity has been documented in many disease processes. The numbers and the axonal processes of retinal ganglion cells are reduced substantially in glaucoma, leading to vision loss and blindness. Similarly, selective loss of photoreceptors in age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal dystrophies also results in the compromise of visual acuity. Development of genetically modified mice has led to increased understanding of the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Similarly, in this digital era, usage of modalities to quantify the retinal cell loss has grown exponentially leading to a better understanding of the suitability of animal models to study human retinal diseases. These quantification modalities provide valuable quantifiable data in studying pathogenesis and disease progression. This review will discuss the immunohistochemical markers for various retinal cells, available automated tools to quantify retinal cells, and present an example of retinal ganglion cell quantification using HALO image analysis platform. Additionally, we briefly review retinal cell types and subtypes, salient features of retina in various laboratory animal species, and a few of the main disease processes that affect retinal cell numbers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henry Chen
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Ying Hu
- 7845Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY, USA
| | - Oliver C Turner
- Novartis, 98557Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Preclinical Safety, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Olulanu H Aina
- 426218Janssen Pharmaceutical Company of Johnson & Johnson, Spring House, PA, USA
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10
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Guymer C, Damp L, Chidlow G, Wood J, Tang YF, Casson R. Software for Quantifying and Batch Processing Images of Brn3a and RBPMS Immunolabelled Retinal Ganglion Cells in Retinal Wholemounts. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:28. [PMID: 32821525 PMCID: PMC7409150 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.6.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ability to accurately quantify immunohistochemically labeled retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) on wholemounts is an important histopathological determinant in experimental retinal research. Traditionally, this has been performed by manual or semi-automated counting of RGCs. Here, we describe an automated software that accurately and efficiently counts immunolabeled RGCs with the ability to batch process images and perform whole-retinal analysis to permit isodensity map generation. Methods Retinal wholemounts from control rat eyes, and eyes subjected to either chronic ocular hypertension or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity, were labeled by immunohistochemistry for two different RGC-specific markers, Brn3a and RNA-binding protein with multiple splicing (RBPMS). For feasibility of manual counting, images were sampled from predefined retinal sectors, totaling 160 images for Brn3a and 144 images for RBPMS. The automated program was initially calibrated for each antibody prior to batch analysis to ensure adequate cell capture. Blinded manual RGC counts were performed by three independent observers. Results The automated counts of RGCs labeled for Brn3a and RBPMS closely matched manual counts. The automated script accurately quantified both physiological and damaged retinas. Efficiency in counting labeled RGC wholemount images is accelerated 40-fold with the automated software. Whole-retinal analysis was demonstrated with integrated retinal isodensity map generation. Conclusions This automated cell counting software dramatically accelerates data acquisition while maintaining accurate RGC counts across different immunolabels, methods of injury, and spatial heterogeneity of RGC loss. This software likely has potential for wider application. Translational Relevance This study provides a valuable tool for preclinical RGC neuroprotection studies that facilitates the translation of neuroprotection to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Guymer
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Glyn Chidlow
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Wood
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yi Fan Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robert Casson
- Ophthalmic Research Laboratories, Discipline of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide Health and Medical Sciences Building, North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia.,Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
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Khaled ML, Bykhovskaya Y, Gu C, Liu A, Drewry MD, Chen Z, Mysona BA, Parker E, McNabb RP, Yu H, Lu X, Wang J, Li X, Al-Muammar A, Rotter JI, Porter LF, Estes A, Watsky MA, Smith SB, Xu H, Abu-Amero KK, Kuo A, Shears SB, Rabinowitz YS, Liu Y. PPIP5K2 and PCSK1 are Candidate Genetic Contributors to Familial Keratoconus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19406. [PMID: 31852976 PMCID: PMC6920454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55866-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratoconus (KC) is the most common corneal ectatic disorder affecting >300,000 people in the US. KC normally has its onset in adolescence, progressively worsening through the third to fourth decades of life. KC patients report significant impaired vision-related quality of life. Genetic factors play an important role in KC pathogenesis. To identify novel genes in familial KC patients, we performed whole exome and genome sequencing in a four-generation family. We identified potential variants in the PPIP5K2 and PCSK1 genes. Using in vitro cellular model and in vivo gene-trap mouse model, we found critical evidence to support the role of PPIP5K2 in normal corneal function and KC pathogenesis. The gene-trap mouse showed irregular corneal surfaces and pathological corneal thinning resembling KC. For the first time, we have integrated corneal tomography and pachymetry mapping into characterization of mouse corneal phenotypes which could be widely implemented in basic and translational research for KC diagnosis and therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Lofty Khaled
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yelena Bykhovskaya
- Department of Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Chunfang Gu
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alice Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michelle D Drewry
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara A Mysona
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Emily Parker
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ryan P McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hongfang Yu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaowen Lu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics and Medicine at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Al-Muammar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics and Medicine at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Louise F Porter
- Department of Eye and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, and St Paul's Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Amy Estes
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mitchell A Watsky
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hongyan Xu
- Department of Population Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Khaled K Abu-Amero
- Department of Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthony Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephen B Shears
- Inositol Signaling Group, Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Yaron S Rabinowitz
- Department of Surgery and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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12
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Navneet S, Zhao J, Wang J, Mysona B, Barwick S, Ammal Kaidery N, Saul A, Kaddour-Djebbar I, Bollag WB, Thomas B, Bollinger KE, Smith SB. Hyperhomocysteinemia-induced death of retinal ganglion cells: The role of Müller glial cells and NRF2. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101199. [PMID: 31026769 PMCID: PMC6482349 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy), or increased levels of the excitatory amino acid homocysteine (Hcy), is implicated in glaucoma, a disease characterized by increased oxidative stress and loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Whether Hhcy is causative or merely a biomarker for RGC loss in glaucoma is unknown. Here we analyzed the role of NRF2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response, in Hhcy-induced RGC death in vivo and in vitro. By crossing Nrf2−/− mice and two mouse models of chronic Hhcy (Cbs+/- and Mthfr+/- mice), we generated Cbs+/-Nrf2−/− and Mthfr+/-Nrf2−/− mice and performed systematic analysis of retinal architecture and visual acuity followed by assessment of retinal morphometry and gliosis. We observed significant reduction of inner retinal layer thickness and reduced visual acuity in Hhcy mice lacking NRF2. These functional deficits were accompanied by fewer RGCs and increased gliosis. Given the key role of Müller glial cells in maintaining RGCs, we established an ex-vivo indirect co-culture system using primary RGCs and Müller cells. Hhcy-exposure decreased RGC viability, which was abrogated when cells were indirectly cultured with wildtype (WT) Müller cells, but not with Nrf2−/− Müller cells. Exposure of WT Müller cells to Hhcy yielded a robust mitochondrial and glycolytic response, which was not observed in Nrf2−/− Müller cells. Taken together, the in vivo and in vitro data suggest that deleterious effects of Hhcy on RGCs are likely dependent upon the health of retinal glial cells and the availability of an intact retinal antioxidant response mechanism. Oxidative stress is linked to homocysteine (Hcy)-induced retinal ganglion cell death. NRF2's role in protecting ganglion cells from excess Hcy was studied in vitro/vivo. Hyper-Hcy mice were crossed with Nrf2−/− mice to study retinal function/structure. Ganglion cells co-cultured with primary WT Müller glial cells survived Hcy treatment. Nrf2−/− Müller cells did not afford neuroprotective advantage to Hcy-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Navneet
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Barbara Mysona
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shannon Barwick
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Alan Saul
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ismail Kaddour-Djebbar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, One Freedom Way, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Singh M, George AK, Homme RP, Majumder A, Laha A, Sandhu HS, Tyagi SC. Expression Analysis of the Circular RNA Molecules in the Human Retinal Cells Treated with Homocysteine. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:287-293. [PMID: 30369271 PMCID: PMC6709669 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1542005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the global profile of circular RNAs (circRNAs) and their differential expression levels in homocysteine (Hcy)-treated ARPE-19 cells, a line of human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated ARPE-19 cells with and without Hcy to investigate the influence of Hcy on circRNA expression levels using dedicated human circRNA microarrays. RESULTS A total of 12,233 circRNAs were identified out of them 54 were differentially expressed (17 were down-regulated, and 37 were up-regulated) with a fold change >2.0 (p < 0.05) in Hcy-treated versus untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report profiling circRNAs in human RPE cells post-Hcy treatment mimicking hyperhomocysteinemic (HHcy) conditions that negatively affect retinal biology and vision. These findings are of potential clinical significance as they will help understand Hcy metabolism and HHcy-mediated diseases and identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets for eye diseases that are caused by elevated Hcy concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Akash K George
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rubens Petit Homme
- Eye and Vision Science Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Avisek Majumder
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Anwesha Laha
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Harpal S. Sandhu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
- Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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14
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Navneet S, Cui X, Zhao J, Wang J, Kaidery NA, Thomas B, Bollinger KE, Yoon Y, Smith SB. Excess homocysteine upregulates the NRF2-antioxidant pathway in retinal Müller glial cells. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:228-237. [PMID: 29608906 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of elevated homocysteine (Hcy) on the oxidative stress response in retinal Müller glial cells. Elevated Hcy has been implicated in retinal diseases including glaucoma and optic neuropathy, which are characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss. To understand the mechanisms of Hcy-induced RGC loss, in vitro and in vivo models have been utilized. In vitro isolated RGCs are quite sensitive to elevated Hcy levels, while in vivo murine models of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) demonstrate a more modest RGC loss (∼20%) over a period of many months. This differential response to Hcy between isolated cells and the intact retina suggests that the retinal milieu invokes mechanisms that buffer excess Hcy. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism of Hcy-induced neuron loss and NRF2 is a transcription factor that plays a major role in regulating cytoprotective responses to oxidative stress. In the present study we investigated whether HHcy upregulates NRF2-mediated stress responses in Müller cells, the chief retinal glial cell responsible for providing trophic support to retinal neurons. Primary Müller cells were exposed to L-Hcy-thiolactone [50μM-10mM] and assessed for viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glutathione (GSH) levels. Gene/protein levels of Nrf2 and levels of NRF2-regulated antioxidants (NQO1, CAT, SOD2, HMOX1, GPX1) were assessed in Hcy-exposed Müller cells. Unlike isolated RGCs, isolated Müller cells are viable over a wide range of Hcy concentrations [50 μM - 1 mM]. Moreover, when exposed to elevated Hcy, Müller cells demonstrate decreased oxidative stress and decreased ROS levels. GSH levels increased by ∼20% within 24 h exposure to Hcy. Molecular analyses revealed 2-fold increase in Nrf2 expression. Expression of antioxidant genes Nqo1, Cat, Sod2, Hmox1, Gpx1 increased significantly. The consequences of Hcy exposure were evaluated also in Müller cells harvested from Nrf2-/- mice. In contrast to WT Müller cells, in which oxidative stress decreased upon exposure to Hcy, the Nrf2-/- Müller cells showed a significant increase in oxidative stress. Our data suggest that at least during early stages of Hhcy, a cytoprotective response may be in place, mediated in part by NRF2 in Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Navneet
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xuezhi Cui
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kathryn E Bollinger
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Yisang Yoon
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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15
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Ryals RC, Andrews MD, Datta S, Coyner AS, Fischer CM, Wen Y, Pennesi ME, McGill TJ. Long-term Characterization of Retinal Degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons Rats Using Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1378-1386. [PMID: 28253400 PMCID: PMC5361458 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-20363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Prospective treatments for age-related macular degeneration and inherited retinal degenerations are commonly evaluated in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat before translation into clinical application. Historically, retinal thickness obtained through postmortem anatomic assessments has been a key outcome measure; however, utility of this measurement is limited because it precludes the ability to perform longitudinal studies. To overcome this limitation, the present study was designed to provide a baseline longitudinal quantification of retinal thickness in the RCS rat by using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods Horizontal and vertical linear SD-OCT scans centered on the optic nerve were captured from Long-Evans control rats at P30, P60, P90 and from RCS rats between P17 and P90. Total retina (TR), outer nuclear layer+ (ONL+), inner nuclear layer (INL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) thicknesses were quantified. Histologic sections of RCS retina obtained from P21 to P60 were compared to SD-OCT images. Results In RCS rats, TR and ONL+ thickness decreased significantly as compared to Long-Evans controls. Changes in INL and RPE thickness were not significantly different between control and RCS retinas. From P30 to P90 a subretinal hyperreflective layer (HRL) was observed and quantified in RCS rats. After correlation with histology, the HRL was identified as disorganized outer segments and the location of accumulated debris. Conclusions Retinal layer thickness can be quantified longitudinally throughout the course of retinal degeneration in the RCS rat by using SD-OCT. Thickness measurements obtained with SD-OCT were consistent with previous anatomic thickness assessments. This study provides baseline data for future longitudinal assessment of therapeutic agents in the RCS rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee C Ryals
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Michael D Andrews
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Shreya Datta
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Aaron S Coyner
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Cody M Fischer
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Yuquan Wen
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Mark E Pennesi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Trevor J McGill
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States 3Department of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States
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16
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Singh M, Tyagi SC. Homocysteine mediates transcriptional changes of the inflammatory pathway signature genes in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:696-704. [PMID: 28546923 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To test whether homocysteine (Hcy) can influence the transcriptional profile, we hypothesized that Hcy can lead to the induction of proinflammatory molecules in the retinal cells of aging people. METHODS An unbiased in vitro inflammatory pathway focused study was designed employing retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line, ARPE-19. Cells were cultured in the presence or absence of Hcy to capture target genes' expression profile. Three different concentrations of Hcy were added in the culture medium of confluent monolayers. cRNAs were made from the isolated total RNAs and the labeled cRNA probes were hybridized to microarrays specific for human disease pathway inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and their receptor gene micro-array panels as per manufacture's recommendations. Two Hcy up-regulated molecules: IL6 and CEBPB were further validated via Western blot analysis. Hcy's effect on ARPE-19 cellular morphology and genomic DNA integrity were also evaluated. RESULTS Gene microarray analyses of RPE cells in response to Hcy treatment revealed alterations in the expressions of several inflammatory gene transcripts such as CCL5, CEBPB, IL13RA2, IL15RA, IL6, IL8 and CXCL3 that were up-regulated. The transcripts for C3, CCL2, IL11RA and IL18 genes exhibited down-regulation. The IL6 and CEBPB expressions were subsequently validated at the protein levels. Treatment of the retinal cells with increasing Hcy concentration influenced their density in culture however their morphology and DNA integrity remained unaffected. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that Hcy can potentially mediate the expression of chemokines, cytokines and interleukins receptors in the retinal cells without having any debilitating effects on their morphology and the genomic DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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17
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Majumder A, Behera J, Jeremic N, Tyagi SC. Hypermethylation: Causes and Consequences in Skeletal Muscle Myopathy. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2108-2117. [PMID: 27982479 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A detrimental consequence of hypermethylation is hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), that causes oxidative stress, inflammation, and matrix degradation, which leads to multi-pathology in different organs. Although, it is well known that hypermethylation leads to overall gene silencing and hypomethylation leads to overall gene activation, the role of such process in skeletal muscle dysfunction during HHcy condition is unclear. In this study, we emphasized the multiple mechanisms including epigenetic alteration by which HHcy causes skeletal muscle myopathy. This review also highlights possible role of methylation, histone modification, and RNA interference in skeletal muscle dysfunction during HHcy condition and potential therapeutic molecules, putative challenges, and methodologies to deal with HHcy mediated skeletal muscle dysfunction. We also highlighted that B vitamins (mainly B12 and B6), with folic acid supplementation, could be useful as an adjuvant therapy to reverse these consequences associated with this HHcy conditions in skeletal muscle. However, we would recommend to further study involving long-term trials could help to assess efficacy of the use of these therapeutic agents. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2108-2117, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Jyotirmaya Behera
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, 40202
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18
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Cui X, Navneet S, Wang J, Roon P, Chen W, Xian M, Smith SB. Analysis of MTHFR, CBS, Glutathione, Taurine, and Hydrogen Sulfide Levels in Retinas of Hyperhomocysteinemic Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:1954-1963. [PMID: 28384716 PMCID: PMC5381329 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hyperhomocysteinemia (Hhcy) is implicated in certain retinal neurovascular diseases, although whether it is causative remains uncertain. In isolated ganglion cells (GCs), mild Hhcy induces profound death, whereas retinal phenotypes in Hhcy mice caused by mutations in remethylation (methylene tetrahydrofolatereductase [Mthfr+/-]) or transsulfuration pathways (cystathionine β-synthase [Cbs+/-]) demonstrate mild GC loss and mild vasculopathy. The current work investigated compensation in vivo of one pathway for the other, and, because the transsulfuration pathway yields cysteine necessary for formation of glutathione (GSH), taurine, and hydrogen sulfide (H2S), they were analyzed also. Methods Retinas isolated from wild-type (WT), Mthfr+/-, and Cbs+/- mice (12 and 22 weeks) were analyzed for methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and cystathionase (CTH) RNA/protein levels. Retinas were evaluated for levels of reduced:oxidized GSH (GSH:GSSG), Slc7a11 (xCT), taurine, taurine transporter (TAUT), and H2S. Results Aside from decreased CBS RNA/protein levels in Cbs+/- retinas, there were minimal alterations in remethylation/transsulfuration pathways in the two mutant mice strains. Glutathione and taurine levels in Mthfr+/- and Cbs+/- retinas were similar to WT, which may be due to robust levels of xCT and TAUT in mutant retinas. Interestingly, levels of H2S were markedly increased in retinas of Mthfr+/- and Cbs+/- mice compared with WT. Conclusions Ganglion cell loss and vasculopathy observed in Mthfr+/- and Cbs+/- mouse retinas may be milder than expected, not because of compensatory increases of enzymes in remethylation/transsulfuration pathways, but because downstream transsulfuration pathway products GSH, taurine, and H2S are maintained at robust levels. Elevation of H2S is particularly intriguing owing to neuroprotective properties reported for this gasotransmitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Cui
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Soumya Navneet
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Penny Roon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Ming Xian
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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19
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Detailed electroretinographic findings in rd8 mice. Doc Ophthalmol 2017; 134:195-203. [DOI: 10.1007/s10633-017-9585-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang J, Saul A, Roon P, Smith SB. Activation of the molecular chaperone, sigma 1 receptor, preserves cone function in a murine model of inherited retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E3764-72. [PMID: 27298364 PMCID: PMC4932934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1521749113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are major causes of untreatable blindness, and novel approaches to treatment are being sought actively. Here we explored the activation of a unique protein, sigma 1 receptor (Sig1R), in the treatment of PRC loss because of its multifaceted role in cellular survival. We used Pde6β(rd10) (rd10) mice, which harbor a mutation in the rod-specific phosphodiesterase gene Pde6β and lose rod and cone photoreceptor cells (PRC) within the first 6 wk of life, as a model for severe retinal degeneration. Systemic administration of the high-affinity Sig1R ligand (+)-pentazocine [(+)-PTZ] to rd10 mice over several weeks led to the rescue of cone function as indicated by electroretinographic recordings using natural noise stimuli and preservation of cone cells upon spectral domain optical coherence tomography and retinal histological examination. The protective effect appears to result from the activation of Sig1R, because rd10/Sig1R(-/-) mice administered (+)-PTZ exhibited no cone preservation. (+)-PTZ treatment was associated with several beneficial cellular phenomena including attenuated reactive gliosis, reduced microglial activation, and decreased oxidative stress in mutant retinas. To our knowledge, this is the first report that activation of Sig1R attenuates inherited PRC loss. The findings may have far-reaching therapeutic implications for retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Alan Saul
- James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Penny Roon
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology/Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912
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Wang J, Cui X, Roon P, Smith SB. Role of Sigma 1 Receptor in Retinal Degeneration of the Ins2Akita/+ Murine Model of Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:2770-81. [PMID: 27206247 PMCID: PMC4884059 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.15-18995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sigma receptor 1 (Sigma1R), a nonopioid putative molecular chaperone, has neuroprotective properties in retina. This study sought to determine whether delaying administration of (+)-pentazocine, a high-affinity Sigma1R ligand after onset of diabetes in Ins2Akita/+ diabetic mice would afford retinal neuroprotection and to determine consequences on retinal phenotype in Ins2Akita/+ diabetic mice in the absence of Sigma1R. METHODS Ins2Akita/+ diabetic and WT mice received intraperitoneal injections of (+)-pentazocine beginning 4 or 8 weeks after onset of diabetes; eyes were harvested at 25 weeks. Retinal histologic sections were analyzed to determine thicknesses of retinal layers, number of ganglion cells, and evidence of gliosis (increased glial fibrillary acidic protein levels). Ins2Akita/+/Sig1R-/-mice were generated and subjected to in vivo assessment of retinal architecture (optical coherence tomography [OCT]) and retinal vasculature using fluorescein angiography (FA) at 12 and 16 weeks compared with age-matched Ins2Akita/+ mice. Eyes were then harvested for retinal morphometric assessment and gliosis assessment. RESULTS Wild-type mice had 13 ± 0.06 cells/100 μm retinal length; cell bodies in Ins2Akita/+ mice injected 4 and 8 weeks after onset of diabetes with (+)-pentazocine retained significantly more ganglion cells compared with Ins2Akita/+ mice (9 ± 0.04) and demonstrated significant attenuation of gliosis. Ins2Akita/+/Sig1R-/-mouse retinas, analyzed to determine whether the Ins2Akita/+ phenotype was accelerated when lacking Sigma1R, revealed increased nerve fiber layer thickness (OCT), evidence of vitreal opacities, and vessel beading (FA) compared with Ins2Akita/+ mice. Morphometric analysis revealed significantly fewer ganglion cells in Ins2Akita/+/Sig1R-/-mice compared with Ins2Akita/+ mice. CONCLUSIONS Sigma1R may be a novel retinal stress modulator, and targeting it even after disease onset may afford retinal neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Xuezhi Cui
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Penny Roon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Sylvia B. Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Hundal JS, Sodhi SS, Gupta A, Singh J, Chahal US. Awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab. Vet World 2016; 9:186-91. [PMID: 27051206 PMCID: PMC4819370 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.186-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab. Materials and Methods: 250 livestock farmers were selected randomly and interviewed with a pretested questionnaire, which contained both open and close ended questions on different aspects of zoonotic diseases, i.e., awareness, knowledge, risks, etc. Knowledge scorecard was developed, and each correct answer was awarded one mark, and each incorrect answer was given zero mark. Respondents were categorized into low (mean − ½ standard deviation [SD]), moderate (mean ± ½ SD), and high knowledge (Mean + ½ SD) category based on the mean and SD. The information about independent variables viz., age, education, and herd size were collected with the help of structured schedule and scales. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, and results were prepared to assess awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases and its relation with independent variables. Results: Majority of the respondents had age up to 40 years (70%), had their qualification from primary to higher secondary level (77.6%), and had their herd size up to 10 animals (79.6%). About 51.2% and 54.0% respondents had the history of abortion and retained placenta, respectively, at their farms. The respondents not only disposed off the infected placenta (35.6%), aborted fetus (39.6%), or feces (56.4%) from a diarrheic animal but also gave intrauterine medication (23.2%) bare-handedly. About 3.6-69.6% respondents consumed uncooked or unpasteurized animal products. About 84.8%, 46.0%, 32.8%, 4.61%, and 92.4% of livestock farmers were aware of zoonotic nature of rabies, brucellosis, tuberculosis, anthrax, and bird flu, respectively. The 55.6%, 67.2%, 52.0%, 64.0%, and 51.2% respondents were aware of the transmission of zoonotic diseases to human being through contaminated milk, meat, air, feed, or through contact with infected animals, respectively. The transmission of rabies through dog bite (98.4%), need of post-exposure vaccination (96.8%), and annual vaccination of dogs (78%) were well-known facts but only 47.2% livestock owners were aware of the occurrence of abortion due to brucellosis and availability of prophylactic vaccine (67.6%) against it as a preventive measure. About 69.2% respondents belonged to low to medium knowledge level categories, whereas 30.8% respondents had high knowledge (p<0.05) regarding different aspects of zoonotic diseases. Age, education, and herd size had no significant effect on the knowledge level and awareness of farmers toward zoonotic diseases. Conclusion: Therefore, from the present study, it may be concluded that there is a need to create awareness and improve knowledge of livestock farmers toward zoonotic diseases for its effective containment in Punjab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspal Singh Hundal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Simrinder Singh Sodhi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Aparna Gupta
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ropar, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jaswinder Singh
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Udeybir Singh Chahal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Hundal JS, Sodhi SS, Gupta A, Singh J, Chahal US. Awareness, knowledge, and risks of zoonotic diseases among livestock farmers in Punjab. Vet World 2016. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.186-191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Markand S, Saul A, Tawfik A, Cui X, Rozen R, Smith SB. Mthfr as a modifier of the retinal phenotype of Crb1(rd8/rd8) mice. Exp Eye Res 2015; 145:164-172. [PMID: 26646559 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in crumb homologue 1 (CRB1) in humans are associated with Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). There is no clear genotype-phenotype correlation for human CRB1 mutations in RP and LCA. The high variability in clinical features observed in CRB1 mutations suggests that environmental factors or genetic modifiers influence severity of CRB1 related retinopathies. Retinal degeneration 8 (rd8) is a spontaneous mutation in the Crb1 gene (Crb1(rdr/rd8)). Crb1(rdr/rd8) mice present with focal disruption in the outer retina manifesting as white spots on fundus examination. Mild retinal dysfunction with decreased b-wave amplitude has been reported in Crb1(rdr/rd8) mice at 18 months. Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a crucial enzyme of homocysteine metabolism. MTHFR mutations are prevalent in humans and are linked to a broad spectrum of disorders including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. We recently reported the retinal phenotype in Mthfr-deficient (Mthfr(+/-)) heterozygous mice. At 24 weeks the mice showed decreased RGC function, thinner nerve fiber layer, focal areas of vascular leakage and 20% fewer cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). Considering the variability in CRB1-related retinopathies and the high occurrence of human MTHFR mutations we evaluated whether Mthfr deficiency influences rd8 retinal phenotype. Mthfr heterozygous mice with rd8 mutations (Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8)) and Crb(rd8/rd8) mice (Mthfr(+/+rd8/rd8)) mice were subjected to comprehensive retinal evaluation using ERG, fundoscopy, fluorescein angiography (FA), morphometric and retinal flat mount immunostaining analyses of isolectin-B4 at 8-54 wks. Assessment of retinal function revealed a significant decrease in the a-, b- and c-wave amplitudes in Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice at 52 wks. Fundoscopic evaluation demonstrated the presence of signature rd8 spots in Mthfr(+/+rd8/rd8) mice and an increase in the extent of these rd8 spots in Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice at 24 weeks and beyond. FA revealed marked vascular leakage, ischemia and vascular tortuosity in Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice at 24 and 52 weeks. Retinal dysplasia was observed in ∼14-33% Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice by morphometric analysis. This was accompanied by a ∼20% reduction in cells of the GCL of Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice at 24 and 52 weeks. Retinal flat mount immunostaining with isolectin-B4 showed neovascularization and loss of blood vessel integrity in Mthfr(+/-)(rd8/rd8) mice in contrast to mild vasculopathy in Mthfr(+/+rd8/rd8) mice. Taken together, our data support an earlier onset and worsened retinal phenotype when Mthfr and rd8 mutations coexist. Our study sets the stage for future studies to investigate the role of MTHFR deficiency in human CRB1 retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanu Markand
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Alan Saul
- The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Amany Tawfik
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xuezhi Cui
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Rima Rozen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvia B Smith
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; The James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Hedberg-Buenz A, Christopher MA, Lewis CJ, Meyer KJ, Rudd DS, Dutca LM, Wang K, Garvin MK, Scheetz TE, Abràmoff MD, Harper MM, Anderson MG. RetFM-J, an ImageJ-based module for automated counting and quantifying features of nuclei in retinal whole-mounts. Exp Eye Res 2015; 146:386-392. [PMID: 26283021 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The present article introduces RetFM-J, a semi-automated ImageJ-based module that detects, counts, and collects quantitative data on nuclei of the inner retina from H&E-stained whole-mounted retinas. To illustrate performance, computer-derived outputs were analyzed in inbred C57BL/6J mice. Automated characterization yielded computer-derived outputs that closely matched manual counts. As a method using open-source software that is freely available, inexpensive staining reagents that are robust, and imaging equipment that is routine to most laboratories, RetFM-J could be utilized in a wide variety of experiments benefiting from high-throughput, quantitative, uniform analyses of total cellularity in the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hedberg-Buenz
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mark A Christopher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Carly J Lewis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kacie J Meyer
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Danielle S Rudd
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Laura M Dutca
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Mona K Garvin
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Todd E Scheetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael D Abràmoff
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew M Harper
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Michael G Anderson
- VA Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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