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Zhao X, Fan DG, Zhang XC, You SW, Kuang F, Wu MM. Etomidate protects retinal ganglion cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1606-1613. [PMID: 39296564 PMCID: PMC11367447 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine whether etomidate (ET) has a protective effect on retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) injured with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to explore the potential mechanism underlying the antioxidative stress effect of ET. METHODS Cultured RGCs were identified by double immunofluorescent labeling of microtubule-associated protein 2 and Thy1.1. An injury model of H2O2-induced RGCs oxidative stress was established in vitro. Cells were pretreated with different concentrations of ET (1, 5, and 10 µmol/L) for 4h, followed by further exposure to H2O2 at 1000 µmol/L. Cell counting kit 8 and Annexin V/propidium iodide assays were applied to detect the viabilities and apoptosis rates of the RGCs at 12, 24, and 48h after H2O2 stimulation. The levels of nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, and glutathione in culture media were measured at these time points. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were performed to observe the effects of ET on the messenger RNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 and the level of conjugated acrolein in RGCs at 12, 24, and 48h after H2O2 stimulation and in the retina at 12h after optic nerve transection (ONT). RESULTS The applications of 5 and 10 µmol/L of ET significantly increased the viability of RGCs. Results from qRT-PCR indicated a decrease in the expression of iNOS and an increase in the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in ET-pretreated RGCs at 12, 24 and 48h after H2O2 stimulation, as well as in ET-treated retinas at 12h after ONT. Western blot analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of iNOS and levels of conjugated acrolein, along with an increase in the expressions of Nrf2 and HO-1 in ET-pretreated RGCs in vitro and ET-treated retinas in vivo. CONCLUSION ET is a neuroprotective agent in primary cultured RGCs injured by H2O2. The effect of ET is dose-dependent with the greatest effect being at 10 µmol/L. ET plays an antioxidant role by inhibiting iNOS, up-regulating Nrf2/HO-1, decreasing the production of acrolein, and increasing the scavenge of acrolein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an 710021, Shaanxi Province, China
- Department of Neurobiology, the Basic Medical Science Academy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - De-Gang Fan
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Chao Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, the Basic Medical Science Academy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwestern University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Si-Wei You
- Department of Neurobiology, the Basic Medical Science Academy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Fang Kuang
- Department of Neurobiology, the Basic Medical Science Academy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming-Mei Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, the Basic Medical Science Academy, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
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Chaqour B, Duong TT, Yue J, Liu T, Camacho D, Dine KE, Esteve-Rudd J, Ellis S, Bennett J, Shindler KS, Ross AG. AAV2 vector optimization for retinal ganglion cell-targeted delivery of therapeutic genes. Gene Ther 2024; 31:175-186. [PMID: 38200264 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-2 has significant potential as a delivery vehicle of therapeutic genes to retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which are key interventional targets in optic neuropathies. Here we show that when injected intravitreally, AAV2 engineered with a reporter gene driven by cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer and chicken β-actin (CBA) promoters, displays ubiquitous and high RGC expression, similar to its synthetic derivative AAV8BP2. A novel AAV2 vector combining the promoter of the human RGC-selective γ-synuclein (hSNCG) gene and woodchuck hepatitis post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) inserted upstream and downstream of a reporter gene, respectively, induces widespread transduction and strong transgene expression in RGCs. High transduction efficiency and selectivity to RGCs is further achieved by incorporating in the vector backbone a leading CMV enhancer and an SV40 intron at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively, of the reporter gene. As a delivery vehicle of hSIRT1, a 2.2-kb therapeutic gene with anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress properties, this recombinant vector displayed improved transduction efficiency, a strong, widespread and selective RGC expression of hSIRT1, and increased RGC survival following optic nerve crush. Thus, AAV2 vector carrying hSNCG promoter with additional regulatory sequences may offer strong potential for enhanced effects of candidate gene therapies targeting RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thu T Duong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- GlaxoSmithKline, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Jipeng Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tehui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Spark Therapeutics, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - David Camacho
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly E Dine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | | | - Scott Ellis
- Gyroscope Therapeutics Limited, a Novartis Company, London, N7 9AS, UK
| | - Jean Bennett
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Faraji J, Bettenson D, Yong VW, Metz GAS. Early life stress aggravates disease pathogenesis in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Support for a two-hit hypothesis of multiple sclerosis etiology. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 385:578240. [PMID: 37951203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Vision problems are one of the earliest diagnosed symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The onset and progression of vision loss and the underlying pathogenesis in MS may be influenced by cumulative psychophysiological stress. Here, we used a two-hit model of stress in female mice to determine if early life stress (ELS, the first hit) influences the response to an immunization that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, the second hit) later in life. We hypothesized that ELS caused by animal transportation from a vendor during early postnatal development represents a co-factor which can exacerbate the clinical severity of EAE. Indeed, adult EAE mice with a history of ELS displayed more severe clinical signs and delayed recovery compared to non-stressed EAE mice. ELS also diminished visual acuity measured by optokinetic responses, as well as locomotion and exploratory behaviours in EAE mice. Notably, ELS accelerated vision loss and caused earlier onset of visual impairments in EAE. Exacerbated functional impairments in stressed EAE mice were highly correlated with circulating corticosterone levels. The findings show that the progression of induced EAE in adulthood can be significantly impacted by adverse early life experiences. These observations emphasize the importance of comprehensive behavioural testing, including non-motor functions, to enhance the translational value of preclinical animal models of MS. Moreover, shipment stress of laboratory animals should be considered a necessary variable in preclinical MS research. The consideration of cumulative lifetime stresses provides a new perspective of MS pathogenesis within a personalized medicine framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamshid Faraji
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dennis Bettenson
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - V Wee Yong
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerlinde A S Metz
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada; Southern Alberta Genome Sciences Centre, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Del Negro I, Pauletto G, Verriello L, Spadea L, Salati C, Ius T, Zeppieri M. Uncovering the Genetics and Physiology behind Optic Neuritis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2192. [PMID: 38137014 PMCID: PMC10742654 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON) is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerve, leading to vision impairment and potential vision loss. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current understanding of ON, including its definition, epidemiology, physiology, genetics, molecular pathways, therapy, ongoing clinical studies, and future perspectives. ON is characterized by inflammation of the optic nerve, often resulting from an autoimmune response. Epidemiological studies have shown a higher incidence in females and an association with certain genetic factors. The physiology of ON involves an immune-mediated attack on the myelin sheath surrounding the optic nerve, leading to demyelination and subsequent impairment of nerve signal transmission. This inflammatory process involves various molecular pathways, including the activation of immune cells and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Genetic factors play a significant role in the susceptibility to ON. Several genes involved in immune regulation and myelin maintenance have been implicated in the disease pathogenesis. Understanding the genetic basis can provide insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Therapy for ON focuses on reducing inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration. Future perspectives involve personalized medicine approaches based on genetic profiling, regenerative therapies to repair damaged myelin, and the development of neuroprotective strategies. Advancements in understanding molecular pathways, genetics, and diagnostic tools offer new opportunities for targeted therapies and improved patient outcomes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Del Negro
- Clinical Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Giada Pauletto
- Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Lorenzo Verriello
- Neurology Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy; (G.P.)
| | - Leopoldo Spadea
- Eye Clinic, Policlinico Umberto I, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00142 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Salati
- Department of Ophthalmology, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Tamara Ius
- Neurosurgery Unit, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Marco Zeppieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Head-Neck and Neurosciences Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Anders JJ, Elwood BW, Kardon RH, Gramlich OW. Acriflavine, a HIF-1 inhibitor, preserves vision in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model of optic neuritis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271118. [PMID: 37942317 PMCID: PMC10628762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Optic neuritis (ON) is often an early sign of multiple sclerosis (MS), and recent studies show a link between HIF-1 pathway activation and inflammation. This study aimed to determine if inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway using the HIF-1a antagonist acriflavine (ACF) can reduce clinical progression and rescue the ocular phenotype in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) ON model. Methods EAE-related ON was induced in 60 female C57BL/6J mice by immunization with MOG33-55, and 20 EAE mice received daily systemic injections of ACF at 5 mg/kg. Changes in the visual function and structure of ACF-treated EAE mice were compared to those of placebo-injected EAE mice and naïve control mice. Results ACF treatment improved motor-sensory impairment along with preserving visual acuity and optic nerve function. Analysis of retinal ganglion cell complex alsoshowed preserved thickness correlating with increased survival of retinal ganglion cells and their axons. Optic nerve cell infiltration and magnitude of demyelination were decreased in ACF-treated EAE mice. Subsequent in vitro studies revealed improvements not only attributed to the inhibition of HIF-1 butalso to previously unappreciated interaction with the eIF2a/ATF4 axis in the unfolded protein response pathway. Discussion This study suggests that ACF treatment is effective in an animal model of MS via its pleiotropic effects on the inhibition of HIF-1 and UPR signaling, and it may be a viable approach to promote rehabilitation in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Anders
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Elwood
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Randy H. Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Oliver W. Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Camacho DK, Go CC, Chaqour B, Shindler KS, Ross AG. Emerging Gene Therapy Technologies for Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection. J Neuroophthalmol 2023; 43:330-340. [PMID: 37440418 PMCID: PMC10527513 DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000001955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Optic neuropathies encompass a breadth of diseases that ultimately result in dysfunction and/or loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although visual impairment from optic neuropathies is common, there is a lack of effective clinical treatments. Addressing a critical need for novel interventions, preclinical studies have been generating a growing body of evidence that identify promising new drug-based and cell-based therapies. Gene therapy is another emerging therapeutic field that offers the potential of specifically and robustly increasing long-term RGC survival in optic neuropathies. Gene therapy offers additional benefits of driving improvements following a single treatment administration, and it can be designed to target a variety of pathways that may be involved in individual optic neuropathies or across multiple etiologies. This review explores the history of gene therapy, the fundamentals of its application, and the emerging development of gene therapy technology as it relates to treatment of optic neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Camacho
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Cammille C. Go
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ahmara G. Ross
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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Shamsher E, Khan RS, Davis BM, Dine K, Luong V, Somavarapu S, Cordeiro MF, Shindler KS. Nanoparticles Enhance Solubility and Neuroprotective Effects of Resveratrol in Demyelinating Disease. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:1138-1153. [PMID: 37160530 PMCID: PMC10457259 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01378-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol which may be useful for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). To date, current immunomodulatory treatments for MS aim to reduce inflammation with limited effects on the neurodegenerative component of this disease. The purpose of the current study is to develop a novel nanoparticle formulation of resveratrol to increase its solubility, and to assess its ability to prevent optic nerve and spinal cord degeneration in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Resveratrol nanoparticles (RNs) were made using a thin rehydration technique. EAE mice received a daily oral administration of vehicle, RNs or unconjugated resveratrol for one month. They were assessed daily for clinical signs of paralysis and weekly for their visual acuity with optokinetic responses (OKR). After one month, their spinal cords and optic nerves were stained for inflammation and demyelination and retinal ganglion cells immunostained for Brn3a. RNs were stable for three months. The administration of RNs did not have any effect on clinical manifestation of EAE and did not preserve OKR scores but reduced the intensity of the disease. It did not reduce inflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord and the optic nerve. However, RNs were able to decrease RGC loss compared to the vehicle. Results demonstrate that resveratrol is neuroprotective by reducing RGC loss. Interestingly, neuroprotective effects and decreased disease severity occurred without reduction of inflammation or demyelination, suggesting this therapy may fill an unmet need to limit the neurodegenerative component of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Shamsher
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reas S Khan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Benjamin M Davis
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kimberly Dine
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Vy Luong
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Imperial College London Ophthalmology Research Group, London, UK
- Western Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 51 N 39th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Yue J, Khan RS, Duong TT, Dine KE, Cui QN, O'Neill N, Aravand P, Liu T, Chaqour B, Shindler KS, Ross AG. Cell-Specific Expression of Human SIRT1 by Gene Therapy Reduces Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss Induced by Elevated Intraocular Pressure. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:896-907. [PMID: 36941497 PMCID: PMC10275821 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-023-01364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
SIRT1 prevents retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in several acute and subacute optic neuropathy models following pharmacologic activation or genetic overexpression. We hypothesized that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated overexpression of SIRT1 in RGCs in a chronic ocular hypertension model can reduce RGC loss, thereby preserving visual function by sustained therapeutic effect. A control vector AAV-eGFP and therapeutic vector AAV-SIRT1 were constructed and optimized for transduction efficiency. A magnetic microbead mouse model of ocular hypertension was optimized to induce a time-dependent and chronic loss of visual function and RGC degeneration. Mice received intravitreal injection of control or therapeutic AAV in which a codon-optimized human SIRT1 expression is driven by a RGC selective promoter. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured, and visual function was examined by optokinetic response (OKR) weekly for 49 days following microbead injection. Visual function, RGC survival, and axon numbers were compared among control and therapeutic AAV-treated animals. AAV-eGFP and AAV-SIRT1 showed transduction efficiency of ~ 40%. AAV-SIRT1 maintains the transduction of SIRT1 over time and is selectively expressed in RGCs. Intravitreal injections of AAV-SIRT1 in a glaucoma model preserved visual function, increased RGC survival, and reduced axonal degeneration compared with the control construct. Over-expression of SIRT1 through AAV-mediated gene transduction indicates a RGC-selective component of neuroprotection in multiple models of acute optic nerve degeneration. Results here show a neuroprotective effect of RGC-selective gene therapy in a chronic glaucoma model characterized by sustained elevation of IOP and subsequent RGC loss. Results suggest that this strategy may be an effective therapeutic approach for treating glaucoma, and warrants evaluation for the treatment of other chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Yue
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reas S Khan
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thu T Duong
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly E Dine
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi N Cui
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nuala O'Neill
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Puya Aravand
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tehui Liu
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Shindler
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ahmara G Ross
- University of Pennsylvania/Ophthalmology, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kubiliute A, Gedvilaite G, Vilkeviciute A, Kriauciuniene L, Bruzaite A, Zaliuniene D, Liutkeviciene R. The role of SIRT1 level and SIRT1 gene polymorphisms in optic neuritis patients with multiple sclerosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:64. [PMID: 36949521 PMCID: PMC10031967 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
THE AIM To investigate the role of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) level and SIRT1 (rs3818292, rs3758391, rs7895833) gene polymorphisms in patients with optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS 79 patients with ON and 225 healthy subjects were included in the study. ON patients were divided into 2 subgroups: patients with MS (n = 30) and patients without MS (n = 43). 6 ON patients did not have sufficient data for MS diagnosis and were excluded from the subgroup analysis. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results were analysed using the program "IBM SPSS Statistics 27.0". RESULTS We discovered that SIRT1 rs3758391 was associated with a twofold increased odds of developing ON under the codominant (p = 0.007), dominant (p = 0.011), and over-dominant (p = 0.008) models. Also, it was associated with a threefold increased odds ofON with MS development under the dominant (p = 0.010), twofold increased odds under the over-dominant (p = 0.032) models and a 1.2-fold increased odds of ON with MS development (p = 0.015) under the additive model. We also discovered that the SIRT1 rs7895833 was significantly associated with a 2.5-fold increased odds of ON development under the codominant (p = 0.001), dominant (p = 0.006), and over-dominant (p < 0.001) models, and a fourfold increased odds of ON with MS development under the codominant (p < 0.001), dominant (p = 0.001), over-dominant (p < 0.001) models and with a twofold increased odds of ON with MS development (p = 0.013) under the additive genetic model. There was no association between SIRT1 levels and ON with/without MS development. CONCLUSIONS SIRT1 rs3758391 and rs7895833 polymorphisms are associated with ON and ON with MS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kubiliute
- Medical Faculty, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Greta Gedvilaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Alvita Vilkeviciute
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Loresa Kriauciuniene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Akvile Bruzaite
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Dalia Zaliuniene
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu 2 Str, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Liutkeviciene
- Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu Str. 2, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Medical Academy, Eiveniu 2 Str, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Treatment with MDL 72527 Ameliorated Clinical Symptoms, Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss, Optic Nerve Inflammation, and Improved Visual Acuity in an Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244100. [PMID: 36552864 PMCID: PMC9776605 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a highly disabling neurological disease characterized by inflammation, neuronal damage, and demyelination. Vision impairment is one of the major clinical features of MS. Previous studies from our lab have shown that MDL 72527, a pharmacological inhibitor of spermine oxidase (SMOX), is protective against neurodegeneration and inflammation in the models of diabetic retinopathy and excitotoxicity. In the present study, utilizing the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, we determined the impact of SMOX blockade on retinal neurodegeneration and optic nerve inflammation. The increased expression of SMOX observed in EAE retinas was associated with a significant loss of retinal ganglion cells, degeneration of synaptic contacts, and reduced visual acuity. MDL 72527-treated mice exhibited markedly reduced motor deficits, improved neuronal survival, the preservation of synapses, and improved visual acuity compared to the vehicle-treated group. The EAE-induced increase in macrophage/microglia was markedly reduced by SMOX inhibition. Upregulated acrolein conjugates in the EAE retina were decreased through MDL 72527 treatment. Mechanistically, the EAE-induced ERK-STAT3 signaling was blunted by SMOX inhibition. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate the potential benefits of targeting SMOX to treat MS-mediated neuroinflammation and vision loss.
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11
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Transplanted human induced pluripotent stem cells- derived retinal ganglion cells embed within mouse retinas and are electrophysiologically functional. iScience 2022; 25:105308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Bizoń A, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Piwowar A, Budrewicz S, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Role of Sirtuins in Physiology and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2434. [PMID: 36289696 PMCID: PMC9598817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulators, sirtuins (SIRTs), are a family of enzymes which take part in major posttranslational modifications of proteins and contribute to multiple cellular processes, including metabolic and energetic transformations, as well as regulation of the cell cycle. Recently, SIRTs have gained increased attention as the object of research because of their multidirectional activity and possible role in the complex pathomechanisms underlying human diseases. The aim of this study was to review a current literature evidence of SIRTs' role in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). SIRTs have been demonstrated to be crucial players in the crosstalk between neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and metabolic alterations. The elucidation of SIRTs' role in the background of various CNS diseases offers a chance to define relevant markers of their progression and promising candidates for novel therapeutic targets. Possible diagnostic and therapeutic implications from SIRTs-related investigations are discussed, as well as their future directions and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bizoń
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Budrewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pokryszko-Dragan
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Ross AG, Chaqour B, McDougald DS, Dine KE, Duong TT, Shindler RE, Yue J, Liu T, Shindler KS. Selective Upregulation of SIRT1 Expression in Retinal Ganglion Cells by AAV-Mediated Gene Delivery Increases Neuronal Cell Survival and Alleviates Axon Demyelination Associated with Optic Neuritis. Biomolecules 2022; 12:830. [PMID: 35740955 PMCID: PMC9221096 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Optic neuritis (ON), the most common ocular manifestation of multiple sclerosis, is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease also characterized by degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons, which commonly leads to visual impairment despite attempted treatments. Although ON disease etiology is not known, changes in the redox system and exacerbated optic nerve inflammation play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Silent information regulator 1 (sirtuin-1/SIRT1) is a ubiquitously expressed NAD+-dependent deacetylase, which functions to reduce/prevent both oxidative stress and inflammation in various tissues. Non-specific upregulation of SIRT1 by pharmacologic and genetic approaches attenuates RGC loss in experimental ON. Herein, we hypothesized that targeted expression of SIRT1 selectively in RGCs using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector as a delivery vehicle is an effective approach to reducing neurodegeneration and preserving vision in ON. We tested this hypothesis through intravitreal injection of AAV7m8.SNCG.SIRT1, an AAV2-derived vector optimized for highly efficient SIRT1 transgene transfer and protein expression into RGCs in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis that recapitulates optic neuritis RGC loss and axon demyelination. Our data show that EAE mice injected with a control vehicle exhibit progressive alteration of visual function reflected by decreasing optokinetic response (OKR) scores, whereas comparatively, AAV7m8.SNCG.SIRT1-injected EAE mice maintain higher OKR scores, suggesting that SIRT1 reduces the visual deficit imparted by EAE. Consistent with this, RGC survival determined by immunolabeling is increased and axon demyelination is decreased in the AAV7m8.SNCG.SIRT1 RGC-injected group of EAE mice compared to the mouse EAE counterpart injected with a vehicle or with control vector AAV7m8.SNCG.eGFP. However, immune cell infiltration of the optic nerve is not significantly different among all EAE groups of mice injected with either vehicle or AAV7m8.SNCG.SIRT1. We conclude that despite minimally affecting the inflammatory response in the optic nerve, AAV7m8-mediated SIRT1 transfer into RGCs has a neuroprotective potential against RGC loss, axon demyelination and vison deficits associated with EAE. Together, these data suggest that SIRT1 exerts direct effects on RGC survival and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmara G. Ross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brahim Chaqour
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Devin S. McDougald
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kimberly E. Dine
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thu T. Duong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan E. Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jipeng Yue
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tehui Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Shindler
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (A.G.R.); (B.C.); (D.S.M.); (K.E.D.); (T.T.D.); (R.E.S.); (J.Y.); (T.L.)
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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Dietrich M, Hecker C, Martin E, Langui D, Gliem M, Stankoff B, Lubetzki C, Gruchot J, Göttle P, Issberner A, Nasiri M, Ramseier P, Beerli C, Tisserand S, Beckmann N, Shimshek D, Petzsch P, Akbar D, Levkau B, Stark H, Köhrer K, Hartung HP, Küry P, Meuth SG, Bigaud M, Zalc B, Albrecht P. Increased Remyelination and Proregenerative Microglia Under Siponimod Therapy in Mechanistic Models. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/3/e1161. [PMID: 35354603 PMCID: PMC8969301 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Siponimod is an oral, selective sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1/5 modulator approved for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Methods Mouse MRI was used to investigate remyelination in the cuprizone model. We then used a conditional demyelination Xenopus laevis model to assess the dose-response of siponimod on remyelination. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis–optic neuritis (EAEON) in C57Bl/6J mice, we monitored the retinal thickness and the visual acuity using optical coherence tomography and optomotor response. Optic nerve inflammatory infiltrates, demyelination, and microglial and oligodendroglial differentiation were assessed by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and bulk RNA sequencing. Results An increased remyelination was observed in the cuprizone model. Siponimod treatment of demyelinated tadpoles improved remyelination in comparison to control in a bell-shaped dose-response curve. Siponimod in the EAEON model attenuated the clinical score, reduced the retinal degeneration, and improved the visual function after prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, also in a bell-shaped manner. Inflammatory infiltrates and demyelination of the optic nerve were reduced, the latter even after therapeutic treatment, which also shifted microglial differentiation to a promyelinating phenotype. Discussion These results confirm the immunomodulatory effects of siponimod and suggest additional regenerative and promyelinating effects, which follow the dynamics of a bell-shaped curve with high being less efficient than low concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dietrich
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Hecker
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Elodie Martin
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominique Langui
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Gliem
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bruno Stankoff
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joel Gruchot
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Göttle
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Issberner
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Milad Nasiri
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Pamela Ramseier
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Beerli
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sarah Tisserand
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Derya Shimshek
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Petzsch
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - David Akbar
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bodo Levkau
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Holger Stark
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Köhrer
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Küry
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sven Günther Meuth
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc Bigaud
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernard Zalc
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- From the Department of Neurology (M.D., C.H., M.G., J.G., P.G., A.I., M.N., H.-P.H., P.K., S.G.M.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty (P.A.), Düsseldorf, Germany; Sorbonne Université (E.M., D.L., B.S., C.L., D.A., B.Z.), Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital; AP-HP (B.S.), Saint-Antoine Hospital; AP-HP (C.L.), Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France; Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (P.R., C.B., S.T., N.B., D.S., M.B.), Basel, Switzerland; Biological and Medical Research Center (BMFZ) (P.P., K.K.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty; Institute for Molecular Medicine III (B.L.), University Hospital Düsseldorf and Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf; Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry (H.S.), Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Center (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; and Medical University of Vienna (H.-P.H.), Vienna, Austria
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Finnegan LK, Chadderton N, Kenna PF, Palfi A, Carty M, Bowie AG, Millington-Ward S, Farrar GJ. SARM1 Ablation Is Protective and Preserves Spatial Vision in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031606. [PMID: 35163535 PMCID: PMC8835928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of developing gene therapies for genetic forms of blindness is heightened by the heterogeneity of these conditions. However, mechanistic commonalities indicate key pathways that may be targeted in a gene-independent approach. Mitochondrial dysfunction and axon degeneration are common features of many neurodegenerative conditions including retinal degenerations. Here we explore the neuroprotective effect afforded by the absence of sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1), a prodegenerative NADase, in a rotenone-induced mouse model of retinal ganglion cell loss and visual dysfunction. Sarm1 knockout mice retain visual function after rotenone insult, displaying preservation of photopic negative response following rotenone treatment in addition to significantly higher optokinetic response measurements than wild type mice following rotenone. Protection of spatial vision is sustained over time in both sexes and is accompanied by increased RGC survival and additionally preservation of axonal density in optic nerves of Sarm1−/− mice insulted with rotenone. Primary fibroblasts extracted from Sarm1−/− mice demonstrate an increased oxygen consumption rate relative to those from wild type mice, with significantly higher basal, maximal and spare respiratory capacity. Collectively, our data indicate that Sarm1 ablation increases mitochondrial bioenergetics and confers histological and functional protection in vivo in the mouse retina against mitochondrial dysfunction, a hallmark of many neurodegenerative conditions including a variety of ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Finnegan
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Naomi Chadderton
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Paul F. Kenna
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
- The Research Foundation, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, D02 XK51 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arpad Palfi
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - Michael Carty
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (M.C.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Andrew G. Bowie
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, The School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland; (M.C.); (A.G.B.)
| | - Sophia Millington-Ward
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
| | - G. Jane Farrar
- Department of Genetics, The School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, D02 VF25 Dublin, Ireland; (N.C.); (P.F.K.); (A.P.); (S.M.-W.); (G.J.F.)
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16
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Shen P, Deng X, Chen Z, Ba X, Qin K, Huang Y, Huang Y, Li T, Yan J, Tu S. SIRT1: A Potential Therapeutic Target in Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779177. [PMID: 34887866 PMCID: PMC8650132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of autoimmune diseases (Ads) have been increasing worldwide, and the identification of novel therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment is urgently needed. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the class III family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases, has been reported to participate in the progression of several diseases. SIRT1 also regulates inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, immune responses, cellular differentiation, proliferation and metabolism, and its altered functions are likely involved in Ads. Several inhibitors and activators have been shown to affect the development of Ads. SIRT1 may represent a novel therapeutic target in these diseases, and small molecules or natural products that modulate the functions of SIRT1 are potential therapeutic agents. In the present review, we summarize current studies of the biological functions of SIRT1 and its role in the pathogenesis and treatment of Ads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Shen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Deng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Ba
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Qin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenghao Tu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Chan YK, Dick AD, Hall SM, Langmann T, Scribner CL, Mansfield BC. Inflammation in Viral Vector-Mediated Ocular Gene Therapy: A Review and Report From a Workshop Hosted by the Foundation Fighting Blindness, 9/2020. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:3. [PMID: 34003982 PMCID: PMC8024774 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
On September 14–15, 2020, the Foundation Fighting Blindness convened a virtual workshop to discuss intraocular inflammation during viral vector-mediated gene therapy for inherited retinal diseases. The workshop's goals were to understand immune activation's nature and significance during ocular gene therapy, consider whether ocular inflammation limits gene therapy's potential, and identify knowledge gaps for future research. The event brought together a small group of experienced researchers in the field to present and discuss current data. Collectively, participants agreed that clinical, as well as subclinical, inflammation during ocular gene therapy is common. The severity of inflammation in both animal and clinical studies varied widely but is generally related to vector dose. Severe inflammation was associated with reduced gene therapy efficacy. However, the relationship between outcomes and subclinical inflammation, pre-existing antivector antibodies, or induced adaptive immune responses is still unclear. Uncertainties about the contribution of vector manufacturing issues to inflammation were also noted. Importantly, various immunosuppressive treatment protocols are being used, and this heterogeneity confounds conclusions about optimal strategies. Proposed near-term next steps include establishing an immunological consultant directory, establishing a data repository for pertinent animal and clinical data, and developing a larger meeting. Priority areas for future research include deeper understanding of immune activation during retinal diseases and during ocular gene therapy; better, harmonized application of animal models; and identifying best practices for managing gene therapy vector-related ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Dick
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Chien JY, Lin SF, Chou YY, Huang CYF, Huang SP. Protective Effects of Oroxylin A on Retinal Ganglion Cells in Experimental Model of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060902. [PMID: 34204966 PMCID: PMC8226497 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common cause of acute vision loss in older people, and there is no effective therapy. The effect of the systemic or local application of steroids for NAION patients remains controversial. Oroxylin A (OA) (5,7-dihydroxy-6-methoxyflavone) is a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Scutellariae baicalensis Georgi. with various beneficial effects, including anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. A previous study showed that OA promotes retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival after optic nerve (ON) crush injury. The purpose of this research was to further explore the potential actions of OA in ischemic injury in an experimental anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (rAION) rat model induced by photothrombosis. Our results show that OA efficiently attenuated ischemic injury in rats by reducing optic disc edema, the apoptotic death of retinal ganglion cells, and the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Moreover, OA significantly ameliorated the pathologic changes of demyelination, modulated microglial polarization, and preserved visual function after rAION induction. OA activated nuclear factor E2 related factor (Nrf2) signaling and its downstream antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO-1) and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the retina. We demonstrated that OA activates Nrf2 signaling, protecting retinal ganglion cells from ischemic injury, in the rAION model and could potentially be used as a therapeutic approach in ischemic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ying Chien
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Fang Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Yau Chou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Ying F. Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (S.-P.H.); Tel.: +886-2-28267904 (C.-Y.F.H.); +886-3-8565301#2664 (S.-P.H.)
| | - Shun-Ping Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taichung Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 472, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-Y.F.H.); (S.-P.H.); Tel.: +886-2-28267904 (C.-Y.F.H.); +886-3-8565301#2664 (S.-P.H.)
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19
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Rhee J, Shih KC. Use of Gene Therapy in Retinal Ganglion Cell Neuroprotection: Current Concepts and Future Directions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040581. [PMID: 33920974 PMCID: PMC8071340 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically reviewed published translational research on gene-based therapy for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neuroprotection. A search was conducted on Entrez PubMed on 23 December 2020 using the keywords "gene therapy", "retinal ganglion cell" and "neuroprotection". The initial search yielded 82 relevant articles. After restricting publications to those with full text available and in the English language, and then curating for only original articles on gene-based therapy, the final yield was 18 relevant articles. From the 18 papers, 17 of the papers utilized an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector for gene therapy encoding specific genes of interest. Specifically, six of the studies utilized an AAV vector encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), two of the studies utilized an AAV vector encoding erythropoietin (EPO), the remaining 10 papers utilized AAV vectors encoding different genes and one microRNA study. Although the literature shows promising results in both in vivo and in vitro models, there is still a significant way to go before gene-based therapy for RGC neuroprotection can proceed to clinical trials. Namely, the models of injury in many of the studies were more acute in nature, unlike the more progressive and neurodegenerative pathophysiology of diseases, such as glaucoma. The regulation of gene expression is also highly unexplored despite the use of AAV vectors in the majority of the studies reviewed. It is also expected that with the successful launch of messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)-based vaccinations in 2020, we will see a shift towards this technology for gene-based therapy in glaucoma neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess Rhee
- Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A3K7, Canada;
| | - Kendrick Co Shih
- Department of Ophthalmology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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20
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Fuller-Carter PI, Basiri H, Harvey AR, Carvalho LS. Focused Update on AAV-Based Gene Therapy Clinical Trials for Inherited Retinal Degeneration. BioDrugs 2021; 34:763-781. [PMID: 33136237 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-020-00453-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) comprise a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders that can ultimately result in photoreceptor dysfunction/death and vision loss. With over 270 genes known to be involved in IRDs, translation of treatment strategies into clinical applications has been historically difficult. However, in recent years there have been significant advances in basic research findings as well as translational studies, culminating in an increasing number of clinical trials with the ultimate goal of reducing vision loss and associated morbidities. The recent approval of Luxturna® (voretigene neparvovec-rzyl) for Leber congenital amaurosis type 2 (LCA2) prompts a review of the current clinical trials for IRDs, with a particular focus on the importance of adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapies. The present article reviews the current state of AAV use in gene therapy clinical trials for IRDs, with a brief background on AAV and the reasons behind its dominance in ocular gene therapy. It will also discuss pre-clinical progress in AAV-based therapies aimed at treating other ocular conditions that can have hereditable links, and what alternative technologies are progressing in the same therapeutic space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Fuller-Carter
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Hamed Basiri
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Alan R Harvey
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Livia S Carvalho
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (Incorporating Lions Eye Institute), The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
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21
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Freeborn RA, Rockwell CE. The role of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious disease: Therapeutic possibilities. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:61-110. [PMID: 34099113 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a cytoprotective transcription factor which is involved in ameliorating oxidative stress and toxic insults. Recently, an immunomodulatory role for Nrf2 has gained appreciation as it has been shown to protect cells and hosts alike in a variety of immune and inflammatory disorders. However, Nrf2 utilizes numerous distinct pathways to elicit its immunomodulatory effects. In this review, we summarize the literature discussing the roles of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious diseases with a goal of understanding the potential to therapeutically target Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Freeborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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22
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Rescue of retinal ganglion cells in optic nerve injury using cell-selective AAV mediated delivery of SIRT1. Gene Ther 2021; 28:256-264. [PMID: 33589779 PMCID: PMC8149296 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SIRT1 prevents retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in models of optic neuropathy following pharmacologic activation or genetic overexpression. The exact mechanism of loss is not known, prior evidence suggests this is through oxidative stress to either neighboring cells or RGC specifically. We investigated the neuroprotective potential of RGC-selective SIRT1 gene therapy in the optic nerve crush (ONC) model. We hypothesized that AAV-mediated overexpression of SIRT1 in RGCs reduces RGC loss, thereby preserving visual function. Cohorts of C57Bl/6J mice received intravitreal injection of experimental or control AAVs using either a ganglion cell promoter or a constitutive promoter and ONC was performed. Visual function was examined by optokinetic response (OKR) for 7 days following ONC. Retina and optic nerves were harvested to investigate RGC survival by immunolabeling. The AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 vector showed 44% transduction efficiency for RGCs compared with 25% (P > 0.05) by AAV2-CAG.SIRT1, and AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 drives expression selectively in RGCs in vivo. Animals modeling ONC demonstrated reduced visual acuity compared to controls. Intravitreal delivery of AAV7m8-SNCG.SIRT1 mediated significant preservation of the OKR and RGC survival compared to AAV7m8-SNCG.eGFP controls, an effect not seen with the AAV2 vector. RGC-selective expression of SIRT1 offers a targeted therapy for an animal model with significant ganglion cell loss. Over-expression of SIRT1 through AAV-mediated gene transduction suggests a RGC selective component of neuro-protection using the ONC model. This study expands our understanding of SIRT1 mediated neuroprotection in the context of compressive or traumatic optic neuropathy, making it a strong therapeutic candidate for testing in all optic neuropathies.
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23
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Kratz EM, Sołkiewicz K, Kubis-Kubiak A, Piwowar A. Sirtuins as Important Factors in Pathological States and the Role of Their Molecular Activity Modulators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020630. [PMID: 33435263 PMCID: PMC7827102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs), enzymes from the family of NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases, play an important role in the functioning of the body at the cellular level and participate in many biochemical processes. The multi-directionality of SIRTs encourages scientists to undertake research aimed at understanding the mechanisms of their action and the influence that SIRTs have on the organism. At the same time, new substances are constantly being sought that can modulate the action of SIRTs. Extensive research on the expression of SIRTs in various pathological conditions suggests that regulation of their activity may have positive results in supporting the treatment of certain metabolic, neurodegenerative or cancer diseases or this connected with oxidative stress. Due to such a wide spectrum of activity, SIRTs may also be a prognostic markers of selected pathological conditions and prove helpful in assessing their progression, especially by modulating their activity. The article presents and discusses the activating or inhibiting impact of individual SIRTs modulators. The review also gathered selected currently available information on the expression of SIRTs in individual disease cases as well as the biological role that SIRTs play in the human organism, also in connection with oxidative stress condition, taking into account the progress of knowledge about SIRTs over the years, with particular reference to the latest research results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(71)-784-01-52
| | - Katarzyna Sołkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Adriana Kubis-Kubiak
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (A.P.)
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24
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Song W, Liu ML, Zhao ZJ, Huang CQ, Xu JW, Wang AQ, Li P, Fan YB. SIRT1 Inhibits High Shear Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Rat Cortical Neurons. Cell Mol Bioeng 2020; 13:621-631. [PMID: 33281991 PMCID: PMC7704980 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-020-00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sirtuin1 (SIRT1), one of NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases, is proved to be neuroprotective in aging diseases, but its effect on neuronal apoptosis has not been clarified. To investigate the role of SIRT1 in inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, SIRT1 was interfered or overexpressed in cortical neurons. METHODS We exerted overloading laminar shear stress with 10 dyn/cm2 for 4, 8, and 12 h on neurons to cause cortical neuronal apoptosis, and the apoptosis percentage was tested by TUNEL assay. The adenovirus plasmids containing SIRT1 RNA interference or SIRT1 wild type gene were transfected into neurons before shear stress loading. SIRT1 mRNA and protein level were tested by Real-time PCR, immunofluorescence and western blots assay. RESULTS SIRT1 was primarily expressed in nucleus of cortical neurons, and its mRNA level was significantly increased after 4 h stimulation. SIRT1 RNAi cortical neurons had higher TUNEL positive cells, while SIRT1 overexpression significantly decreased the percentage of died cells induced by shear stress compared to control group. CONCLUSIONS SIRT1 plays a neuroprotective role in shear stress induced apoptosis and could be as potential pharmacological targets against neuronal degeneration in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mei-Li Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Chong-Quan Huang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - An-Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yu-Bo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
- National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176 China
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25
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Evaluation of silent information regulator T (SIRT) 1 and Forkhead Box O (FOXO) transcription factor 1 and 3a genes in glaucoma. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9337-9344. [PMID: 33200312 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05994-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detoxifying biomarkers may elucidate the mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma pathogenesis. Therefore, we purposed to investigate the effects of ROS-detoxifying molecules including Silent Information Regulator T1 (SIRT1) and Forkhead Box O 1 (FOXO1) and 3a (FOXO3a) transcription factors in patients with glaucoma. Our analyses included 20 eyes from patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and 20 eyes from patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PXG) who were scheduled for trabeculectomy. After extraction of total RNA from trabecular meshwork tissue, we compared the levels of SIRT1, FOXO1and FOXO3a genes in the oxidative pathway with the level of glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the reference gene, using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Relative gene expression was calculated using the threshold cycle (2-ΔΔCT) method. We observed similarly reduced expression levels of SIRT1, FOXO1, and FOXO3a genes versus GAPDH among patient groups (p = 0.40; p = 0.56; p = 0.35, respectively). This is the first study to identify the role of SIRT1 and FOXOs in human TM with glaucoma. Relative expression levels of SIRT1, FOXO1, and FOXO3a genes versus a control gene (GAPDH) were decreased in POAG and PXG groups. Our results show that SIRT1and FOXOs (1-3a) deserve special attention in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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26
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Gramlich OW, Brown AJ, Godwin CR, Chimenti MS, Boland LK, Ankrum JA, Kardon RH. Systemic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Treatment Mitigates Structural and Functional Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:16. [PMID: 32855863 PMCID: PMC7422913 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.8.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy efficacy on rescuing the visual system in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of multiple sclerosis (MS) and to provide new mechanistic insights. Methods EAE was induced in female C57BL6 mice by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35–55, complete Freund's adjuvant, and pertussis toxin. The findings were compared to sham-immunized mice. Half of the EAE mice received intraperitoneally delivered stem cells (EAE + MSC). Clinical progression was monitored according to a five-point EAE scoring scheme. Pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured 32 days after induction. Retinas were harvested to determine retinal ganglion cell (RGC) density and prepared for RNA-sequencing. Results EAE animals that received MSC treatment seven days after EAE induction showed significantly lower motor-sensory impairment, improvement in the PERG amplitude, and preserved RNFL. Analysis of RNA-sequencing data demonstrated statistically significant differences in gene expression in the retina of MSC-treated EAE mice. Differentially expressed genes were enriched for pathways involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, endothelial cell differentiation, HIF-1 signaling, and cholesterol transport in the MSC-treated EAE group. Conclusions Systemic MSC treatment positively affects RGC function and survival in EAE mice. Better cholesterol handling by increased expression of Abca1, the cholesterol efflux regulatory protein, paired with the resolution of HIF-1 signaling activation might explain the improvements seen in PERG of EAE animals after MSC treatment. Translational Relevance Using MSC therapy in a mouse model of MS, we discovered previously unappreciated biochemical pathways associated with RGC neuroprotection, which have the potential to be pharmacologically targeted as a new treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Gramlich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Alexander J Brown
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cheyanne R Godwin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Michael S Chimenti
- Iowa Institute of Human Genetics, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Lauren K Boland
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - James A Ankrum
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering College, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Randy H Kardon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Visual Loss, Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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27
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Zheng F, Gonçalves FM, Abiko Y, Li H, Kumagai Y, Aschner M. Redox toxicology of environmental chemicals causing oxidative stress. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101475. [PMID: 32336668 PMCID: PMC7327986 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms are surrounded with heavy metals such as methylmercury, manganese, cobalt, cadmium, arsenic, as well as pesticides such as deltamethrin and paraquat, or atmospheric pollutants such as quinone. Extensive studies have demonstrated a strong link between environmental pollutants and human health. Redox toxicity is proposed as one of the main mechanisms of chemical-induced pathology in humans. Acting as both a sensor of oxidative stress and a positive regulator of antioxidants, the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) has attracted recent attention. However, the role NRF2 plays in environmental pollutant-induced toxicity has not been systematically addressed. Here, we characterize NRF2 function in response to various pollutants, such as metals, pesticides and atmospheric quinones. NRF2 related signaling pathways and epigenetic regulations are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Zheng
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
| | - Filipe Marques Gonçalves
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Huangyuan Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China.
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Forchheimer 209, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, United States.
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28
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Tan J, Zhang X, Li D, Liu G, Wang Y, Zhang D, Wang X, Tian W, Dong X, Zhou L, Zhu X, Liu X, Fan N. scAAV2-Mediated C3 Transferase Gene Therapy in a Rat Model with Retinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injuries. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:894-903. [PMID: 32382585 PMCID: PMC7200613 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death and axonal loss. Therefore, neuroprotection is important in treating glaucoma. In this study, we explored whether exoenzyme C3 transferase (C3)-based gene therapy could protect retinas in an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury rat model. Self-complementary adeno-associated virus 2 (scAAV2) vectors encoding either C3 protein (scAAV2-C3) or enhanced green fluorescence protein (scAAV2-EGFP) were intravitreally delivered into both eyes of rats, and I/R models (acute ocular hypertension) were made in one eye of each rat at day 7 after the injection. The rats were divided into six groups: scAAV2-C3, scAAV2-C3 with I/R, scAAV2-EGFP, scAAV2-EGFP with I/R, blank control, and blank control with I/R. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling), immunohistochemistry of cleaved caspase-3, NeuN and Brn-3a, and H&E staining were used to detect apoptotic cells and other changes in the retina. The results showed that scAAV2-C3 significantly reduced the number of apoptotic RGCs and decreased cell loss in the ganglion cell layer after I/R injury, and the I/R-injured retinas treated with scAAV2-C3 were the thickest in all I/R groups. These results suggest that scAAV2-mediated C3 gene therapy is able to protect the rat retina from I/R injury and has potential in the treatment of glaucoma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkai Tan
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Danli Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guo Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Daren Zhang
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, China
| | - Xizhen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenhong Tian
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Xiaoyan Dong
- Beijing FivePlus Molecular Medicine Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102600, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610212, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610212, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Xiamen Eye Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ning Fan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shenzhen Eye Hospital, School of Optometry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Liu YF, Huang S, Ng TK, Liang JJ, Xu Y, Chen SL, Xu C, Zhang M, Pang CP, Cen LP. Longitudinal evaluation of immediate inflammatory responses after intravitreal AAV2 injection in rats by optical coherence tomography. Exp Eye Res 2020; 193:107955. [PMID: 32017940 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene therapy has been proposed as a feasible strategy for RGC survival and optic nerve regeneration. Some preclinical and clinical studies revealed intraocular inflammation after intravitreal injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV) by slit-lamp or indirect ophthalmoscope. Here we evaluate the longitudinal profile of immediate inflammatory responses after AAV2 injection in rat retina and vitreous body by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Adult Fischer F344 rats were intravitreally injected once with saline, AAV2 or zymosan. Retinal thickness and cell infiltration were recorded by OCT longitudinally for 2 months and verified by histological analysis. The transduction rate of single intravitreal AAV2 injection was 21.3 ± 4.9% of whole retina, and the transduction efficiency on RGCs was 91.5 ± 2.5% in the transduced area. Significant increase in cell infiltration was observed from Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, compared to very few infiltrating cells observed in the saline-injected group. The infiltrating cells ceased at Day 5 after intravitreal injection and remained absent at 2 months. The thicknesses of total and inner retina were increased along Day 1-3 after AAV2 injection, but reverted to normal afterwards. The surviving RGCs in the AAV2-injected groups at Day 14 showed no significant difference compared to saline-injected group. In summary, this study revealed the immediate inflammatory responses and retinal edema after intravitreal AAV2 injection in normal rats, without influencing long-term retinal thickness and RGC survival. OCT can be implemented for the time-lapse in vivo evaluation of inflammatory response after AAV-mediated gene therapy through intravitreal injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fen Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shaofen Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tsz Kin Ng
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jia-Jian Liang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxuan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Lang Chen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ciyan Xu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingzhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ling-Ping Cen
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
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Potential Protective and Therapeutic Roles of the Nrf2 Pathway in Ocular Diseases: An Update. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:9410952. [PMID: 32273949 PMCID: PMC7125500 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9410952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor- (erythroid-derived 2-) like 2 (Nrf2) is a regulator of many processes of life, and it plays an important role in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic responses and in cancer. This review is focused on the potential mechanism of Nrf2 in the occurrence and development of ocular diseases. Also, several Nrf2 inducers, including noncoding RNAs and exogenous compounds, which control the expression of Nrf2 through different pathways, are discussed in ocular disease models and ocular cells, protecting them from dysfunctional changes. Therefore, Nrf2 might be a potential target of protecting ocular cells from various stresses and preventing ocular diseases.
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Assessing the anterior visual pathway in optic neuritis: recent experimental and clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol 2020; 32:346-357. [PMID: 30694926 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple sclerosis (MS) and related autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are characterized by chronic disability resulting from autoimmune neuroinflammation, with demyelination, astrocyte damage, impaired axonal transmission and neuroaxonal loss. Novel therapeutics stopping or reversing the progression of disability are still urgently warranted. This review addresses research on optic neuritis in preclinical experimental models and their translation to clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Optic neuritis can be used as paradigm for an MS relapse which can serve to evaluate the efficacy of novel therapeutics in clinical trials with a reasonable duration and cohort size. The advantage is the linear structure of the visual pathway allowing the assessment of visual function and retinal structure as highly sensitive outcome parameters. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is an inducible, inflammatory and demyelinating central nervous system disease extensively used as animal model of MS. Optic neuritis is part of the clinicopathological manifestations in a number of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models. These have gained increasing interest for studies evaluating neuroprotective and/or remyelinating substances as longitudinal, visual and retinal readouts have become available. SUMMARY Translation of preclinical experiments, evaluating neuroprotective or remyelinating therapeutics to clinical studies is challenging. In-vivo readouts like optical coherence tomography, offers the possibility to transfer experimental study designs to clinical optic neuritis trials.
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Pozyuchenko K, Shouchane-Blum K, Brody J, Lazdon E, Yassur I, Nisgav Y, Frenkel D, Stiebel-Kalish H. Investigating animal models of optic neuropathy: An accurate method for optic nerve and chiasm dissection in mice. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 331:108527. [PMID: 31775012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous disorders affecting the optic nerve require histological examination of whole length optic nerves and chiasm. Most methods employed to study the histopathology of the optic nerves in animal models of human diseases involve resection of a short retrobulbar section after eye globe exenteration, commonly obtained in mice. This approach might affect the morphology of the optic nerve, thus limiting accurate identification of pathological changes in the tissue. Some histological studies were performed on longer or more posterior parts of the anterior visual pathway included the chiasm. However, an accurate replicable protocol for such whole length (eye globe to chiasm) dissection is currently unavailable in published literature. NEW METHOD Here we describe a protocol for dissecting the whole length of the optic nerves and chiasm through a craniotomy incision. RESULTS We describe in detail the stages necessary for exposing the optic nerves, the chiasm and the optic tracts, and for detaching them with minimal traction. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD The existing replicable method provide only a sample of the retrobulbar optic nerve and the sample might be affected by traction. Our protocol provides a whole length specimen of the optic nerve and chiasm without concern of traction artifacts. CONCLUSIONS We present a simple and straightforward approach to isolate the complete anterior visual pathway in the mouse for histopathological evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Pozyuchenko
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karny Shouchane-Blum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Judith Brody
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Lazdon
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Iftach Yassur
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Yael Nisgav
- Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dan Frenkel
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Hadas Stiebel-Kalish
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Eye Research, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva, Israel; Neuro-Ophthalmology Unit, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Zyla K, Larabee CM, Georgescu C, Berkley C, Reyna T, Plafker SM. Dimethyl fumarate mitigates optic neuritis. Mol Vis 2019; 25:446-461. [PMID: 31523122 PMCID: PMC6707756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), a demyelinating autoimmune disease characterized by acute episodes of motor, sensory, and cognitive symptoms. Optic neuritis is an episodic sequela experienced by some patients with RRMS that typically presents as acute, monocular vision loss. Episodes of optic neuritis damage and kill retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and can culminate in permanent vision loss. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the capacity of DMF to mitigate optic neuritis. The work presented combines studies of a mouse model of MS and a retrospective chart analysis of files of patients with RRMS treated at the MS Center of Excellence within the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation. Methods Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a well-established mouse model that recapitulates cardinal features of somatic and visual MS pathologies. EAE was induced in female C57BL/6J mice by inoculation with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (residues 35-55; MOG35-55). DMF or vehicle was administered twice a day by oral gavage. Visual acuity was measured longitudinally with optokinetic tracking. Post-mortem analyses included quantification of RGCs in retinal flatmounts and quantitative PCR (qPCR) of Nrf2 target genes and regulators of myelin. Retrospective chart analyses were performed using data obtained from deidentified files of patients with RRMS. Results In the EAE mouse studies, DMF decreased optic neuritis severity, preserved vision and RGCs, and concomitantly reduced motor deficits when administered by two different treatment regimens (prevention or interventional). DMF was more efficacious when administered as an interventional therapy, and the beneficial effects occurred independently of the induction of Nrf2 target genes. A complementary retrospective chart analysis demonstrated that DMF increased the time to a recurrence of optic neuritis, and protected against subsequent bouts of optic neuritis. Conclusions This work underscores the potential of DMF to mitigate the severity and recurrence of optic neuritis episodes in patients with RRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zyla
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Chelsea M. Larabee
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Constantin Georgescu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Chelsea Berkley
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Tania Reyna
- The Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation Multiple Sclerosis Center of Excellence, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Scott M. Plafker
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK,Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
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Ma J, Chen XL, Sun Q. microRNA-579 upregulation mediates death of human macrophages with mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:219-226. [PMID: 31434611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection could induce death of host human macrophages, promoting bacterial spread. In the current study we tested the potential role of microRNA-579 (miR-579) in the death of macrophages infected with MTB. In the primary human macrophages MTB infection induced upregulation of miR-579 but downregulation of its mRNA targets, SIRT1 and PDK1, which were accompanied by significant macrophage death and apoptosis. miR-579 inhibition, by its anti-sense sequence, restored SIRT1-PDK1 expression and significantly attenuated MTB-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human macrophages. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of miR-579 further downregulated SIRT1-PDK1 expression and exacerbated MTB-induced cytotoxicity in human macrophages. Further studies showed that cPWWP2A, the miR-579's endogenous sponge circRNA, was downregulated in MTB-infected macrophages. Conversely, forced overexpression of cPWWP2A, by a recombinant adeno-associated virus construct, reversed MTB-induced miR-579 upregulation and macrophage cytotoxicity. Taken together, our results show that miR-579 upregulation mediates MTB-induced macrophage cytotoxicity. Targeting cPWWP2A-miR-579 axis could be a novel strategy to protect human macrophages from MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Li Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Sixth People's Hospital of Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Clinic and Research Center of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Foolad F, Khodagholi F, Javan M. Sirtuins in Multiple Sclerosis: The crossroad of neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolism. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 34:47-58. [PMID: 31228716 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a challenging and disabling condition particularly in the secondary progressive (SP) phase of this disease. The available treatments cannot ameliorate or stop disease progression in this phase, and there is an urgent need to focus on effective therapies and the molecular pathways involved SPMS. Given the significant impact of neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolic alterations in MS, focusing on the molecules that target these different pathways could help in finding new treatments. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+ dependent epigenetic and metabolic regulators, which have critical roles in the physiology of central nervous system, immune system and metabolism. Based on these facts, SIRTs are crucial candidates of therapeutic targets in MS and collecting the information related to MS disease for each SIRT individually is noteworthy and highlights the lack of investigation in each part. In this review we summarized the role of different sirtuins as key regulator in neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolism pathways. We also clarify the rationale behind selecting SIRTs as therapeutic targets in MS disease by collecting the researches showing alteration of these proteins in human samples of MS patients and animal model of MS, and also the improvement of modeled animals after SIRT-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Foolad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu SP, Huang L, Flores J, Ding Y, Li P, Peng J, Zuo G, Zhang JH, Lu J, Tang JP. Secukinumab attenuates reactive astrogliosis via IL-17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathway in a rat model of germinal matrix hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1151-1161. [PMID: 31020769 PMCID: PMC6776744 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Reactive astrogliosis plays a critical role in neurological deficits after germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH). It has been reported that interleukin‐17A and IL‐17A receptor IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 signaling pathway enhances reactive astrogliosis after brain injuries. We evaluated the effects of secukinumab on reactive astrogliosis in a rat pup model of GMH. Methods A total of 146 Sprague Dawley P7 rat pups were used. GMH was induced by intraparenchymal injection of collagenase. Secukinumab was administered intranasally 1 hour post‐GMH. C/EBPβ CRISPR or SIRT1 antagonist EX527 was administrated intracerebroventricularly (icv) 48 hours and 1 hour before GMH induction, respectively. Neurobehavior, Western blot, histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess treatment regiments in the short term and long term. Results The endogenous IL‐17A, IL‐17RA, C/EBPβ, and GFAP and proliferation marker CyclinD1 were increased, while SIRT1 expression was decreased after GMH. Secukinumab treatment improved neurological deficits, reduced ventriculomegaly, and increased cortical thickness. Additionally, treatment increased SIRT1 expression and lowered proliferation proteins PCNA and CyclinD1 as well as GFAP expression. C/EBPβ CRISPR activation plasmid and EX527 reversed the antireactive astrogliosis effects of secukinumab. Conclusion Secukinumab attenuated reactive astrogliosis and reduced neurological deficits after GMH, partly by regulating IL‐17RA/(C/EBPβ)/SIRT1 pathways. Secukinumab may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for GMH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Peng Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jerry Flores
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Gang Zuo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Haikou Hospital of Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Haikou, China
| | - Ji-Ping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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McDougald DS, Papp TE, Zezulin AU, Zhou S, Bennett J. AKT3 Gene Transfer Promotes Anabolic Reprogramming and Photoreceptor Neuroprotection in a Pre-clinical Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa. Mol Ther 2019; 27:1313-1326. [PMID: 31043342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations within over 250 known genes are associated with inherited retinal degeneration. Clinical success following gene-replacement therapy for congenital blindness due to RPE65 mutations establishes a platform for the development of downstream treatments targeting other forms of inherited ocular disease. Unfortunately, several challenges relevant to complex disease pathology and limitations of current gene-transfer technologies impede the development of related strategies for each specific form of inherited retinal degeneration. Here, we describe a gene-augmentation strategy that delays retinal degeneration by stimulating features of anabolic metabolism necessary for survival and structural maintenance of photoreceptors. We targeted two critical points of regulation in the canonical insulin/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway with AAV-mediated gene augmentation in a mouse model of retinitis pigmentosa. AAV vectors expressing the serine/threonine kinase, AKT3, promote dramatic preservation of photoreceptor numbers, structure, and partial visual function. This protective effect was associated with successful reprogramming of photoreceptor metabolism toward pathways associated with cell growth and survival. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of AKT activity and downstream pathways associated with anabolic metabolism in photoreceptor survival and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin S McDougald
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tyler E Papp
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra U Zezulin
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shangzhen Zhou
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jean Bennett
- Center for Advanced Retinal and Ocular Therapeutics, F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Factors governing the transduction efficiency of adeno-associated virus in the retinal ganglion cells following intravitreal injection. Gene Ther 2019; 26:109-120. [PMID: 30692605 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Efficient transduction of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a prerequisite to maximize therapeutic outcomes in any form of gene therapy for optic neuropathies. Whereas subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) has been well-characterized, the serotype, viral load, and promoter combinations that govern RGC transduction efficiency following intravitreal injection remains poorly understood. We evaluated the transduction efficiency of seven AAV2 serotypes (AAV2/1, AAV2/2, AAV2/4, AAV2/5, AAV2/6, AAV2/8, and AAV2/9) for the RGCs at 4 weeks following intravitreal injection in C57BL/6J mice. Intravitreal injection of 1 × 109 vg of AAV2/2 with eGFP driven by the CMV promoter attained a higher transduction efficiency for the RGCs (60.0 ± 4.2%) compared with the six other AAV2 serotypes with eGFP driven by the same promoter injected at the same viral load ( < 3.0%). Reporter driven by the CAG promoter had a lower transduction efficiency (up to 42.0 ± 5.8%) compared with that driven by the CMV reporter (60.0 ± 4.2%, p ≤ 0.024). There was a viral dose-dependent transduction effect of AAV2/2-CMV-eGFP and the transduction efficiency was 40.2 ± 3.9%, 16.6 ± 4.2%, and 2.6 ± 0.2% when the viral load decreased to 5 × 108 vg, 1 × 108 vg, and 1 × 107 vg, respectively. Optimizing viral serotype, viral load, and promoter construct of AAV2 is important to maximize transgene expression in RGC-targeted gene therapy.
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