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Qiu L, Wei S, Wang Y, Zhang R, Ru S, Zhang X. Mechanism of thyroid hormone and its structurally similar contaminant bisphenol S exposure on retinoid metabolism in zebrafish larval eyes. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108217. [PMID: 37748373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The photoreceptor necessitates the retinoids metabolism processes in visual cycle pathway to regenerate visual pigments and sustain vision. Bisphenol S (BPS), with similar structure of thyroid hormone (TH), was reported to impair the light-sensing function of zebrafish larvae via disturbing TH-thyroid hormone receptor β (TRβ) signaling pathway. However, it remains unknown whether TRβ could modulate the toxicity of BPS on retinoid metabolism in visual cycle. This study showed that BPS diminished the optokinetic response of zebrafish larvae and had a stimulative effect on all-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) metabolism, like exogenous T3 exposure. By modulating CYP26A1 and TRβ expression, it was found that CYP26A1 played a crucial role in catalyzing oxidative metabolism of atRA and retinoids regeneration in visual cycle, and TRβ mediated cyp26a1 expression in zebrafish eyes. Similar with 10 nM T3 treatment, cyp26a1 expression could be induced by BPS in the presence of TRβ. Further, in CYP26A1 and TRβ- deficient eyes, 100 μg/L BPS could no longer promote atRA metabolism, or decrease the all-trans-retinol and 11-cis retinal contents in visual cycle, demonstrating that BPS exposure disturbed CYP26A1-mediated visual retinoids metabolism via TRβ. Overall, this study highlights the role of TRβ in mediating the retinoids homeostasis disruption caused by BPS, and provides new clues for exploring molecular targets of visual toxicity under pollutants stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Qiu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shuhui Wei
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yunsheng Wang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shaoguo Ru
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaona Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Daruich A, Robert MP, Zola M, Matet A, Bremond-Gignac D. Retinal stroke: research models, targets and experimental drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:755-760. [PMID: 37651742 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2254688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinal artery occlusion (RAO), often caused by a microembolus and resulting in inner retinal ischemia, could be considered as the retinal analog to cerebral stroke. Although several therapeutic targets have been suggested in animal models of retinal ischemia and several potential treatments have been evaluated on small series of patients, central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is still rarely treatable in clinical practice. AREAS COVERED Here, we review several animal models of RAO, including increased intraocular pressure, laser, vasoconstriction, embolization and clamp. We also review the pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to cell death cascades during ischemia, and the therapeutic strategies targeting these events. These strategies aim to restore blood flow by fibrinolysis, increase the oxygen or glucose supply, decrease the energy demands, restrict ionic leak fluxes or reduce the detrimental effects of glutamate, calcium and free radicals. The current literature suggests that tPA treatment could be effective for CRAO. EXPERT OPINION Eye care professionals must make a rapid and accurate diagnosis and immediately refer patients with acute retinal stroke to specialized centers. CRAO management should also be facilitated by developing local networks to encourage collaboration among ophthalmologists, retina specialists and stroke neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Daruich
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu P Robert
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Borelli Centre, UMR 9010, CNRS-SSA-ENS Paris Saclay-Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Marta Zola
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Matet
- Ophthalmology Department, Institut Curie, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Bremond-Gignac
- Ophthalmology Department, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, AP-HP, Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMRS1138, Team 17, From physiopathology of ocular diseases to clinical development, Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
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Lenin R, Jha KA, Gentry J, Shrestha A, Culp EV, Vaithianathan T, Gangaraju R. Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Alleviates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Visual Deficits in Diabetic tie2-TNF Transgenic Mice via TGR5 Signaling. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2023; 39:159-174. [PMID: 36791327 PMCID: PMC10081728 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2022.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study evaluated if tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) alleviates pro-inflammatory and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated visual deficits in diabetic tie2-TNF transgenic mice via Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) receptor signaling. Methods: Adult tie2-TNF transgenic or age-matched C57BL/6J (wildtype, WT) mice were made diabetic and treated subcutaneously with TUDCA. After 4 weeks, visual function, vascular permeability, immunohistology, and molecular analyses were assessed. Human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) silenced for TGR5, followed by TNF and high glucose (HG) stress-mediated endothelial permeability, and transendothelial migration of activated leukocytes were assessed with TUDCA in vitro. Results: Compared with WT mice, tie2-TNF mice showed a decreased visual function correlated with a decrease in protein kinase C α (PKCα) in rod bipolar cells, and increased vascular permeability was further exacerbated in diabetic-tie2-TNF mice. Conversely, TUDCA alleviated these changes in diabetic mice. An increase in inflammation and ER stress in retina coincided with an increase in TGR5 expression in diabetic tie2-TNF mice that decreased with TUDCA. In vitro, HRECs exposed to TNF+HG demonstrated >2-fold increase in TGR5 expression, a 3-fold increase in leukocyte transmigration with a concomitant increase in permeability. Although TUDCA reversed these effects, HRECs silenced for TGR5 and challenged with TUDCA or TGR5 agonist failed to reverse the TNF+HG induced effects. Conclusions: Our data suggest that TUDCA will serve as an excellent therapeutic agent for diabetic complications addressing both vascular and neurodegenerative changes in the retina. Perturbation of the TGR5 receptor in the retina might play a role in linking retinal ER stress to neurovascular dysfunction in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kumar Abhiram Jha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Abhishek Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Erielle V. Culp
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, and The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Tonade D, Kern TS. Photoreceptor cells and RPE contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 83:100919. [PMID: 33188897 PMCID: PMC8113320 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness. It has long been regarded as vascular disease, but work in the past years has shown abnormalities also in the neural retina. Unfortunately, research on the vascular and neural abnormalities have remained largely separate, instead of being integrated into a comprehensive view of DR that includes both the neural and vascular components. Recent evidence suggests that the most predominant neural cell in the retina (photoreceptors) and the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the development of vascular lesions characteristic of DR. This review summarizes evidence that the outer retina is altered in diabetes, and that photoreceptors and RPE contribute to retinal vascular alterations in the early stages of the retinopathy. The possible molecular mechanisms by which cells of the outer retina might contribute to retinal vascular damage in diabetes also are discussed. Diabetes-induced alterations in the outer retina represent a novel therapeutic target to inhibit DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deoye Tonade
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Timothy S Kern
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Cleveland, OH, USA; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach, CA, USA.
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Effects of emixustat hydrochloride in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:369-378. [PMID: 32852613 PMCID: PMC7843479 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of oral emixustat hydrochloride on pro-angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines in the aqueous humor, as well as other ophthalmic parameters, in subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). METHODS Twenty-three patients with PDR, with or without diabetic macular edema (DME), were assigned to emixustat or placebo in daily oral doses ranging from 5 to 40 mg over a step-up titration period, for 84 days. The main outcome measures included levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TGFβ-1, and VEGF in the aqueous humor. RESULTS Seven of 12 subjects (58%) who were randomized to emixustat and 11 of 12 subjects (92%) who were randomized to placebo completed the study. No statistically significant differences between treatment groups were observed for changes in any of the aqueous humor cytokines tested. However, median VEGF levels were slightly reduced in the emixustat but not the placebo group (- 70.0 pg/mL versus + 42.7 pg/mL, or - 11.8% versus + 6.7%). In a post hoc analysis of all subjects (with or without DME), statistically significant differences between treatment arms in mean changes from baseline in central subfield thickness (CST; emixustat - 11.9 μm, placebo + 36.2 μm; P = 0.076) and total macular volume (TMV; emixustat - 0.13 mm3, placebo + 0.23 mm3; P = 0.026) were observed, both favoring emixustat. Emixustat's safety profile was consistent with prior studies (i.e., the adverse events of delayed dark adaptation and visual impairment were more common in subjects treated with emixustat). CONCLUSION Although this pilot study did not demonstrate statistically significant differences in changes in aqueous humor cytokine levels between the emixustat and placebo groups, VEGF levels were slightly reduced in the emixustat but not in the placebo group. In addition, statistically significant differences favoring the emixustat group were observed in CST and TMV among all subjects. These data warrant further investigation of emixustat's potential therapeutic effects in diabetic retinopathy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02753400 (April 2016).
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