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Bednarska-Szczepaniak K, Ebenryter-Olbińska K, Gajek G, Śmiałkowski K, Suwara J, Fiedorowicz L, Leśnikowski Z. Synthesis of DNA-Boron Cluster Composites and Assembly into Functional Nanoparticles with Dual, Anti-EGFR, and Anti-c-MYC Oncogene Silencing Activity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303531. [PMID: 38214885 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A versatile method for the automated synthesis of composites containing DNA-oligonucleotides and boron cluster scaffolds and their assembly into functional nanoparticles is described. The obtained, torus-like nanoparticles carry antisense oligonucleotides that target two different oncogenes simultaneously. The nanoparticles exhibited notable silencing efficiency in vitro in a pancreatic carcinoma cell line PANC-1 toward EGFR and c-Myc genes at the mRNA level, and a significant efficiency at the protein level. The proposed approach may be an attractive alternative to methods currently used, including one therapeutic nucleic acid, one genetic target, or the use of cocktails of therapeutic nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bednarska-Szczepaniak
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa Łódź, 106, 92-232, Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ebenryter-Olbińska
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza, Łódź, 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Gabriela Gajek
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Infections, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa Łódź, 106, 92-232, Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Śmiałkowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa Łódź, 106, 92-232, Lodz, Poland
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Science, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Suwara
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza, Łódź, 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Lidia Fiedorowicz
- Laboratory of Mycobacterium Genetics and Physiology, Institute of Medical Biology Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa Łódź, 106, 92-232, Lodz, Poland
- Lodz Institutes of the Polish Academy of Science, The Bio-Med-Chem Doctoral School, University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Leśnikowski
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodowa Łódź, 106, 92-232, Lodz, Poland
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Lazzarato L, Bianchi L, Andolfo A, Granata A, Lombardi M, Sinelli M, Rolando B, Carini M, Corsini A, Fruttero R, Arnaboldi L. Proteomics Studies Suggest That Nitric Oxide Donor Furoxans Inhibit In Vitro Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Nitric Oxide-Independent Mechanisms. Molecules 2023; 28:5724. [PMID: 37570694 PMCID: PMC10420201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, smooth muscle cells (SMC) and nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial cells strictly cooperate to maintain vasal homeostasis. In atherosclerosis, where this equilibrium is altered, molecules providing exogenous NO and able to inhibit SMC proliferation may represent valuable antiatherosclerotic agents. Searching for dual antiproliferative and NO-donor molecules, we found that furoxans significantly decreased SMC proliferation in vitro, albeit with different potencies. We therefore assessed whether this property is dependent on their thiol-induced ring opening. Indeed, while furazans (analogues unable to release NO) are not effective, furoxans' inhibitory potency parallels with the electron-attractor capacity of the group in 3 of the ring, making this effect tunable. To demonstrate whether their specific block on G1-S phase could be NO-dependent, we supplemented SMCs with furoxans and inhibitors of GMP- and/or of the polyamine pathway, which regulate NO-induced SMC proliferation, but they failed in preventing the antiproliferative effect. To find the real mechanism of this property, our proteomics studies revealed that eleven cellular proteins (with SUMO1 being central) and networks involved in cell homeostasis/proliferation are modulated by furoxans, probably by interaction with adducts generated after degradation. Altogether, thanks to their dual effect and pharmacological flexibility, furoxans may be evaluated in the future as antiatherosclerotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Lazzarato
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy; (L.L.); (B.R.); (R.F.)
| | - Laura Bianchi
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility (ProMeFa), Center for Omics Sciences (COSR), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Agnese Granata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Matteo Lombardi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Matteo Sinelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Barbara Rolando
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy; (L.L.); (B.R.); (R.F.)
| | - Marina Carini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences “Pietro Pratesi”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Roberta Fruttero
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy; (L.L.); (B.R.); (R.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Arnaboldi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences “Rodolfo Paoletti”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy; (A.G.); (M.L.); (M.S.); (A.C.)
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Wang Y, Wang Z, Wu X, Zhu S, Guo Q, Jin Z, Chen Z, Zhang D, Hu W, Xu H, Shi L, Yang L, Wang Y. Paeonol Promotes Reendothelialization After Vascular Injury Through Activation of c-Myc/VEGFR2 Signaling Pathway. Drug Des Devel Ther 2023; 17:1567-1582. [PMID: 37249931 PMCID: PMC10225138 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s403134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Dysfunction of endothelium is associated with multiple pathological vascular diseases. However, how to regulate reendothelialization after vascular injury is not well defined. This study aims to determine whether and how Paeonol controls reendothelialization following artery injury. Methods The endothelium of murine carotid artery was denuded by catheter guide wires injury. H&E staining and IF staining were performed to determine whether Paeonol is critical for reendothelialization. BRDU Incorporation Assay, Boyden Chamber Migration Assay, Tube Formation Assay, and Spheroid Sprouting Assay were used to investigate whether Paeonol is involved in regulating proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. The underlying mechanism of how Paeonol regulates reendothelialization was determined by Molecular docking simulation and CO-IP Assay. Results Paeonol treatment significantly inhibits neointima formation in carotid artery ligation model by promoting proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. Mechanistically, Paeonol enhances c-Myc expression, consequently interacts with VEGFR2 results in activating VEGF signaling pathway, and eventually promotes reendothelialization after vascular injury. Conclusion Our data demonstrated that Paeonol plays a critical role in regulating vascular reendothelialization, which may be therapeutically used for treatment of pathological vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao Wu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Zhu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiru Guo
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong Jin
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zixian Chen
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Delai Zhang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wangming Hu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangqin Shi
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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The Expanding Role of Alternative Splicing in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910213. [PMID: 34638554 PMCID: PMC8508619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) display extraordinary phenotypic plasticity. This allows them to differentiate or dedifferentiate, depending on environmental cues. The ability to ‘switch’ between a quiescent contractile phenotype to a highly proliferative synthetic state renders VSMCs as primary mediators of vascular repair and remodelling. When their plasticity is pathological, it can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. Coinciding with significant technological and conceptual innovations in RNA biology, there has been a growing focus on the role of alternative splicing in VSMC gene expression regulation. Herein, we review how alternative splicing and its regulatory factors are involved in generating protein diversity and altering gene expression levels in VSMC plasticity. Moreover, we explore how recent advancements in the development of splicing-modulating therapies may be applied to VSMC-related pathologies.
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5
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Chekhoeva A, Nakanishi S, Sugimura Y, Toshmatova M, Assmann AK, Lichtenberg A, Akhyari P, Assmann A. Dichloroacetate inhibits the degeneration of decellularized cardiovascular implants. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 61:19-26. [PMID: 34297820 PMCID: PMC8715846 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intima hyperplasia is a major issue of biological cardiovascular grafts resulting in progressive in vivo degeneration that particularly decreases the durability of coronary and peripheral vascular bypasses. Previously, dichloroacetate (DCA) has been reported to prevent the formation of hyperplastic intima in injured arteries. In this study, the effect of DCA on the neointima formation and degeneration of decellularized small-caliber implants was investigated in a rat model. METHODS Donor rat aortic grafts (n = 22) were decellularized by a detergent-based technique, surface-coated with fibronectin (50 µl ml−1, 24 h incubation) and implanted via anastomoses to the infrarenal aorta of the recipients. Rats in the DCA group (n = 12) received DCA via drinking water during the whole follow-up period (0.75 g l−1), while rats without DCA treatment served as controls (n = 10). At 2 (n = 6 + 5) and 8 (n = 6 + 5) weeks, the grafts were explanted and examined by histology and immunofluorescence. RESULTS Systemic DCA treatment inhibited neointima hyperplasia, resulting in a significantly reduced intima-to-media ratio (median 0.78 [interquartile range, 0.51–1.27] vs 1.49 [0.67–2.39] without DCA, P < 0.001). At 8 weeks, neointima calcification, as assessed by an established von Kossa staining-based score, was significantly decreased in the DCA group (0 [0–0.25] vs 0.63 [0.06–1.44] without DCA, P < 0.001). At 8 weeks, explanted grafts in both groups were luminally completely covered by an endothelial cell layer. In both groups, inflammatory cell markers (CD3, CD68) proved negative. CONCLUSIONS Systemic DCA treatment reduces adverse neointima hyperplasia in decellularized small-caliber arterial grafts, while allowing for rapid re-endothelialization. Furthermore, DCA inhibits calcification of the implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agunda Chekhoeva
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sentaro Nakanishi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Yukiharu Sugimura
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Mahfuza Toshmatova
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Kathrin Assmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Artur Lichtenberg
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Payam Akhyari
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Assmann
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Research Group for Experimental Surgery, Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf, Germany
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Duan H, Feng X, Huang X. Effects of insulin on the proliferation and global gene expression profile of A7r5 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1205-1215. [PMID: 33555531 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06200-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin contributes to atherosclerosis, but the potential mechanisms are kept unclear. In this study, insulin promoted proliferation of A7r5 cells. Microarray analysis indicated that insulin significantly changed 812 probe sets of genes, including 405 upregulated and 407 downregulated ones (fold change ≥ 1.5 or ≤ - 1.5; p < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were involved in a number of processes, including the regulation of cell proliferation/migration/cycle, apoptotic process, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, lipid metabolic process and extracellular matrix organization. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis indicated that the genes were involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, metabolic pathways, regulation of autophagy, cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, mTOR and NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, insulin enhanced phosphorylation of MAPK kinase 1/2 and Akt, suggesting activation of the MAPK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. Inhibition of ERK1/2 reduced insulin-induced proliferation. This study revealed the proliferative effects of insulin and displayed global gene expression profile of A7r5 cells stimulated by insulin, suggesting new insight into the molecular pathogenesis of insulin promoting atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Duan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.,Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China
| | - Xiaotao Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Foundation Research, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China. .,Guangxi Scientific Experimental Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Huang
- Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530023, China
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A potential strategy for in-stent restenosis: Inhibition of migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by Cu ion. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 115:111090. [PMID: 32600694 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The in-stent restenosis (ISR) often happens after the implantation of metal stents, including both bare metal stents (BMSs) and drug-eluting stents (DESs). Drug release from DESs could reduce significantly the occurrence of ISR but also suppress the revascularization and cause thrombosis. In this study, the effect of Cu ion in a range of 0 to 500 μM on the migration and proliferation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells (RASMCs) was investigated by a series of in vitro experiments including wound-healing assay, cell viability assay and flow cytometric analysis. It has been found that the critical concentration of Cu ion should be at least 250 μM in order to significantly inhibit the migration of RASMCs and the proliferation of RASMCs were impeded by every dose of Cu ion used in this study. In addition, the protein level of caspase-3 was upregulated by 250 μM and 500 μM Cu2+ exposure, which might be the main reason for RASMCs apoptosis. Thus, it is proposed that ISR might be prevented by the constant release of Cu ion.
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Maleknia M, Ansari N, Haybar H, Maniati M, Saki N. Inflammatory Growth Factors and In-Stent Restenosis: Effect of Cytokines and Growth Factors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-020-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Zun PS, Narracott AJ, Chiastra C, Gunn J, Hoekstra AG. Location-Specific Comparison Between a 3D In-Stent Restenosis Model and Micro-CT and Histology Data from Porcine In Vivo Experiments. Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2019; 10:568-582. [PMID: 31531821 PMCID: PMC6863796 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-019-00431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronary artery restenosis is an important side effect of percutaneous coronary intervention. Computational models can be used to better understand this process. We report on an approach for validation of an in silico 3D model of in-stent restenosis in porcine coronary arteries and illustrate this approach by comparing the modelling results to in vivo data for 14 and 28 days post-stenting. METHODS This multiscale model includes single-scale models for stent deployment, blood flow and tissue growth in the stented vessel, including smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) production. The validation procedure uses data from porcine in vivo experiments, by simulating stent deployment using stent geometry obtained from micro computed tomography (micro-CT) of the stented vessel and directly comparing the simulation results of neointimal growth to histological sections taken at the same locations. RESULTS Metrics for comparison are per-strut neointimal thickness and per-section neointimal area. The neointimal area predicted by the model demonstrates a good agreement with the detailed experimental data. For 14 days post-stenting the relative neointimal area, averaged over all vessel sections considered, was 20 ± 3% in vivo and 22 ± 4% in silico. For 28 days, the area was 42 ± 3% in vivo and 41 ± 3% in silico. CONCLUSIONS The approach presented here provides a very detailed, location-specific, validation methodology for in silico restenosis models. The model was able to closely match both histology datasets with a single set of parameters. Good agreement was obtained for both the overall amount of neointima produced and the local distribution. It should be noted that including vessel curvature and ECM production in the model was paramount to obtain a good agreement with the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Zun
- Institute for Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- National Center for Cognitive Technologies, ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
| | - A J Narracott
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Chiastra
- Laboratory of Biological Structure Mechanics (LaBS), Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- PoliToBIOMed Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - J Gunn
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Insigneo Institute for In Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A G Hoekstra
- Institute for Informatics, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun Z, Xue S, Xu H, Hu X, Chen S, Yang Z, Yang Y, Ouyang J, Cui H. Effects of NSUN2 deficiency on the mRNA 5-methylcytosine modification and gene expression profile in HEK293 cells. Epigenomics 2018; 11:439-453. [PMID: 30526041 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study the biological function of NSUN2 in regulating gene expression and cell proliferation. MATERIALS & METHODS The NSUN2 gene was knocked down in HEK293 cells via CRISPR/Cas9 system. mRNA m5C modification and gene expression were assessed using RNA-BisSeq and RNA-Seq. RESULTS NSUN2 deficiency could inhibit proliferation and migration of HEK293 cells. A total of 1185 differentially methylated genes and 790 differentially expressed genes were identified. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differentially methylated genes were mainly involved in regulating gene expression. Some pathways associated with cell proliferation were significantly enriched by the differentially expressed genes. Additionally, GRB2 and CD44 may be key regulators in NSUN2-mediated cell proliferation. CONCLUSION These findings help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which NSUN2 affects cell proliferation, migration and other cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Sun
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Songlei Xue
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Xuming Hu
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Shihao Chen
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Juan Ouyang
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
| | - Hengmi Cui
- Institute of Epigenetics & Epigenomics & College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention & Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases & Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agricultural & Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China.,Ministry of Education Key Lab for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, PR China
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11
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Wang D, Uhrin P, Mocan A, Waltenberger B, Breuss JM, Tewari D, Mihaly-Bison J, Huminiecki Ł, Starzyński RR, Tzvetkov NT, Horbańczuk J, Atanasov AG. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation as a therapeutic target. Part 1: molecular targets and pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1586-1607. [PMID: 29684502 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a major cause of human death worldwide. Excessive proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to the etiology of such diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and pulmonary hypertension. The control of vascular cell proliferation is complex and encompasses interactions of many regulatory molecules and signaling pathways. Herein, we recapitulated the importance of signaling cascades relevant for the regulation of vascular cell proliferation. Detailed understanding of the mechanism underlying this process is essential for the identification of new lead compounds (e.g., natural products) for vascular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Wagistrasse 14, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Gheorghe Marinescu 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Institute for Life Sciences, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes M Breuss
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, 263136 Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Judit Mihaly-Bison
- Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstrasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Łukasz Huminiecki
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Rafał R Starzyński
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Nikolay T Tzvetkov
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany; NTZ Lab Ltd., Krasno Selo 198, 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Jarosław Horbańczuk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland
| | - Atanas G Atanasov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Postepu 36A, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Stopeck AT, Vahedian M, Williams SK. Transfer and Expression of the Interferon Gamma Gene in Human Endothelial Cells Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Growth in Vitro. Cell Transplant 2017; 6:1-8. [PMID: 9040949 DOI: 10.1177/096368979700600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia in blood vessels is primarily caused by the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Excessive intimal thickening characterizes atherosclerosis as well as bypass graft and angioplasty failures. Endothelial cell-smooth muscle cell interactions and local cytokine production are important regulators of smooth muscle cell growth. Interferon gamma (γ-IFN), a product of T lymphocytes found in atherosclerotic lesions, inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in vitro. To determine if local delivery of γ-IFN may be useful in the treatment or prevention of vascular proliferative diseases, we transferred the human γ-IFN gene into endothelial cells isolated from human arteries and microvessels using a retroviral vector. Biologically active γ-IFN was produced and secreted by γ-IFN transduced endothelial cells, but not by control, nontransduced cells, or cells identically transduced with E. coli beta galactosidase (β-gal). To more closely approximate the microenvironment of blood vessels, subconfluent smooth muscle cells were plated in coculture with control, nontransduced endothelial cells, γ-IFN transduced endothelial cells, or β-gal transduced endothelial cells. Smooth muscle cell growth was inhibited 30-70% by coculture with γ-IFN transduced endothelial cells compared to coculture with β-gal transduced or control endothelial cells (p < 0.05). Our results suggest endothelial cells modified to produce γ-IFN may be a useful therapy in proliferative vascular diseases. Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Science Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Stopeck
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson 85724, USA
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13
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Jung KY, Wang H, Teriete P, Yap JL, Chen L, Lanning ME, Hu A, Lambert LJ, Holien T, Sundan A, Cosford N, Prochownik EV, Fletcher S. Perturbation of the c-Myc-Max protein-protein interaction via synthetic α-helix mimetics. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3002-24. [PMID: 25734936 PMCID: PMC4955407 DOI: 10.1021/jm501440q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of inhibitors of the bHLH-ZIP oncoprotein c-Myc is hampered by a lack of structure in its monomeric state. We describe herein the design of novel, low-molecular-weight, synthetic α-helix mimetics that recognize helical c-Myc in its transcriptionally active coiled-coil structure in association with its obligate bHLH-ZIP partner Max. These compounds perturb the heterodimer's binding to its canonical E-box DNA sequence without causing protein-protein dissociation, heralding a new mechanistic class of "direct" c-Myc inhibitors. In addition to electrophoretic mobility shift assays, this model was corroborated by further biophysical methods, including NMR spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance. Several compounds demonstrated a 2-fold or greater selectivity for c-Myc-Max heterodimers over Max-Max homodimers with IC50 values as low as 5.6 μM. Finally, these compounds inhibited the proliferation of c-Myc-expressing cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner that correlated with the loss of expression of a c-Myc-dependent reporter plasmid despite the fact that c-Myc-Max heterodimers remained intact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwan-Young Jung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Huabo Wang
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Peter Teriete
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeremy L. Yap
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lijia Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Maryanna E. Lanning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Angela Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Lester J. Lambert
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toril Holien
- KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Sundan
- KG Jebsen Center for Myeloma Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicholas Cosford
- Cell Death and Survival Networks Research Program, NCI-Designated Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward V. Prochownik
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC Pittsburgh, PA 15224
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 N Pine Street, Baltimore, MD 21201
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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14
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Muhammad R, Lim SH, Goh SH, Law JBK, Saifullah MSM, Ho GW, Yim EKF. Sub-100 nm patterning of TiO2 film for the regulation of endothelial and smooth muscle cell functions. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:1740-1749. [DOI: 10.1039/c4bm00212a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sub-100 nm nano-imprinted TiO2 layer significantly inhibited the proliferation of SMCs and increased the proliferation of HUVECs. Focal adhesions size, density and distribution were significantly modulated by nano-imprinted TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Muhammad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science
| | - S. H. Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science
- Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
| | - S. H. Goh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science
| | - J. B. K. Law
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science
- Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - M. S. M. Saifullah
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering
- A*STAR (Agency for Science
- Technology and Research)
- Singapore 117602, Republic of Singapore
| | - G. W. Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
| | - E. K. F. Yim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute
- National University of Singapore
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15
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Forte A, Grossi M, Turczynska KM, Svedberg K, Rinaldi B, Donniacuo M, Holm A, Baldetorp B, Vicchio M, De Feo M, Santè P, Galderisi U, Berrino L, Rossi F, Hellstrand P, Nilsson BO, Cipollaro M. Local inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase reduces vascular stenosis in a murine model of carotid injury. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3370-80. [PMID: 23680596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.04.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polyamines are organic polycations playing an essential role in cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as in cell contractility, migration and apoptosis. These processes are known to contribute to restenosis, a pathophysiological process often occurring in patients submitted to revascularization procedures. We aimed to test the effect of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, on vascular cell pathophysiology in vitro and in a rat model of carotid arteriotomy-induced (re)stenosis. METHODS The effect of DFMO on primary rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and mouse microvascular bEnd.3 endothelial cells (ECs) was evaluated through the analysis of DNA synthesis, polyamine concentration, cell viability, cell cycle phase distribution and by RT-PCR targeting cyclins and genes belonging to the polyamine pathway. The effect of DFMO was then evaluated in arteriotomy-injured rat carotids through the analysis of cell proliferation and apoptosis, RT-PCR and immunohistochemical analysis of differential gene expression. RESULTS DFMO showed a differential effect on SMCs and on ECs, with a marked, sustained anti-proliferative effect of DFMO at 3 and 8 days of treatment on SMCs and a less pronounced, late effect on bEnd.3 ECs at 8 days of DFMO treatment. DFMO applied perivascularly in pluronic gel at arteriotomy site reduced subsequent cell proliferation and preserved smooth muscle differentiation without affecting the endothelial coverage. Lumen area in DFMO-treated carotids was 49% greater than in control arteries 4 weeks after injury. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the key role of polyamines in restenosis and suggest a novel therapeutic approach for this pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Italy; Excellence Research Centre for Cardiovascular Diseases, Second University of Naples, Italy
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16
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Sicari BM, Troxell R, Salim F, Tanwir M, Takane KK, Fiaschi-Taesch N. c-myc and skp2 coordinate p27 degradation, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, and neointima formation induced by the parathyroid hormone-related protein. Endocrinology 2012; 153:861-72. [PMID: 22210745 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) contains a classical bipartite nuclear localization signal. Nuclear PTHrP induces proliferation of arterial vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). In the arterial wall, PTHrP is markedly up-regulated in response to angioplasty and promotes arterial restenosis. PTHrP overexpression exacerbates arterial restenosis, and knockout of the PTHrP gene results in decreased VSMC proliferation in vivo. In arterial VSMC, expression of the cell cycle inhibitor, p27, rapidly decreases after angioplasty, and replacement of p27 markedly reduces neointima development. We have shown that PTHrP overexpression in VSMC leads to p27 down-regulation, mostly through increased proteosomal degradation. Here, we determined the molecular mechanisms through which PTHrP targets p27 for degradation. S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (skp2) and c-myc, two critical regulators of p27 expression and stability, and neointima formation were up-regulated in PTHrP overexpression in VSMC. Normalization of skp2 or c-myc using small interfering RNA restores normal cell cycle and p27 expression in PTHrP overexpression in VSMC. These data indicate that skp2 and c-myc mediate p27 loss and proliferation induced by PTHrP. c-myc promoter activity was increased, and c-myc target genes involved in p27 stability were up-regulated in PTHrP overexpression in VSMC. In primary VSMC, PTHrP overexpression led to increased c-myc and decreased p27. Conversely, knockdown of PTHrP in primary VSMC from PTHrP(flox/flox) mice led to cell cycle arrest, p27 up-regulation, with c-myc and skp2 down-regulation. Collectively, these data describe for the first time the role of PTHrP in the regulation of skp2 and c-myc in VSMC. This novel PTHrP-c-myc-skp2 pathway is a potential target for therapeutic manipulation of the arterial response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sicari
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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17
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Small Interfering RNA to c-myc Inhibits Vein Graft Restenosis in a Rat Vein Graft Model. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e85-91. [PMID: 21571310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Alenzi FQ, Lotfy M, Tamimi WG, Wyse RKH. Review: Stem cells and gene therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:53-73. [PMID: 20858588 DOI: 10.1532/lh96.10010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both stem cell and gene therapy research are currently the focus of intense research in institutions and companies around the world. Both approaches hold great promise by offering radical new and successful ways of treating debilitating and incurable diseases effectively. Gene therapy is an approach to treat, cure, or ultimately prevent disease by changing the pattern of gene expression. It is mostly experimental, but a number of clinical human trials have already been conducted. Gene therapy can be targeted to somatic or germ cells; the most common vectors are viruses. Scientists manipulate the viral genome and thus introduce therapeutic genes to the target organ. Viruses, in this context, can cause adverse events such as toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, as well as gene control and targeting issues. Alternative modalities being considered are complexes of DNA with lipids and proteins. Stem cells are primitive cells that have the capacity to self renew as well as to differentiate into 1 or more mature cell types. Pluripotent embryonic stem cells derived from the inner cell mass can develop into more than 200 different cells and differentiate into cells of the 3 germ cell layers. Because of their capacity of unlimited expansion and pluripotency, they are useful in regenerative medicine. Tissue or adult stem cells produce cells specific to the tissue in which they are found. They are relatively unspecialized and predetermined to give rise to specific cell types when they differentiate. The current review provides a summary of our current knowledge of stem cells and gene therapy as well as their clinical implications and related therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Q Alenzi
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Kharj University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
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19
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Wang JC, Bennett MR. Nuclear factor-{kappa}B-mediated regulation of telomerase: the Myc link. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2327-8. [PMID: 21084702 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.216937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Barbato JE, Kibbe MR, Tzeng E. The Emerging Role of Gene Therapy in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10408360390250621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Cohen-Sela E, Teitlboim S, Chorny M, Koroukhov N, Danenberg HD, Gao J, Golomb G. Single and double emulsion manufacturing techniques of an amphiphilic drug in PLGA nanoparticles: formulations of mithramycin and bioactivity. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:1452-62. [PMID: 18704956 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of hydrophilic compounds in nanoparticles is problematic due to their escape to the external aqueous phase. The certain amphiphilic nature of mithramycin, utilized clinically in cancer, makes its incorporation into nanoparticles an interesting challenge, elucidating the formulation factors of amphiphilics in nanoparticles. We hypothesized that mithramycin nanoparticles could provide more effective therapy of restenosis due to its antiproliferating and potential monocyte inhibition properties. The nanoprecipitation technique (designed for lipophilic compounds) was found preferable, with better encapsulation efficiency, than the emulsification solvent diffusion (ESD) technique (79.3 +/- 3.1% and 40.8 +/- 1.1%, respectively). The double emulsion solvent diffusion (DESD) method, designed for hydrophilic compounds, yielded similar encapsulation efficiency (80%). Nanoparticles size was, 110 +/- 36, 130 +/- 30, and 160 +/- 31 nm, ESD, nanoprecipitation, and DESD techniques, respectively. Mithramycin solution and in nanoparticles significantly inhibited RAW264 macrophages and smooth muscle cells in a dose-dependent relationship, and reduced the number of circulating monocytes in rabbits. However, no inhibition of restenosis was obtained in the rat carotid model following i.v. administration of mithramycin nanoparticles. It can be concluded that PLGA-based polymeric nanoparticles of mithramycin can be formulated by techniques suitable for lipophilic/hydrophilic compounds. The ineffectiveness in the rat restenosis model is probably due to the short depletion period of circulating monocytes and lack of arterial targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Cohen-Sela
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12065, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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22
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Lv L, Zhang J, Huang X, Zhao Y, Zhou Z, Zhang H. Lentivirus-mediated RNA interference targeting STAT4 inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Arch Med Res 2008; 39:582-9. [PMID: 18662589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2008] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STAT4 is a key transcription factor regulating Th1 development. However, its presence and role in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) has not been well studied. In the current study, we have utilized lentivirus-mediated shRNA for functional gene knockdown in human umbilical artery smooth muscle cells in order to access the potential role of STAT4 in VSMC growth. METHODS Cells were isolated from the umbilical arteries of newborns and used at passage 3-5. Recombinant lentivirus producing STAT4 siRNA was prepared. Protein and mRNA expression of STAT4 and relevant genes were examined by Western blot, ELISA, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis, and the effects of the lentivirus on cell growth and apoptosis were determined using MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS Lentivirus-mediated RNAi effectively reduced endogenous STAT4 expression and downregulation of STAT4 in VSMCs and significantly reduced VSMC growth rate in vitro. We found that STAT4 knockdown led to impaired pSTAT4 protein expression. SOCS-3 as well as MCP-1 production were also markedly decreased, consistent with the suppression of STAT4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Results from our study suggest that STAT4 may play a role in VSMC proliferation, and thus is a novel therapeutic target for neointima formation following vascular injury, e.g., post-angioplasty restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lv
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Koo EWY, Edelman ER. Cellular effects of antisensec-mycoligodeoxynucleotides are delivery dependent. Drug Deliv 2008; 3:149-54. [DOI: 10.3109/10717549609029444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chan KH, Armstrong J, Withers S, Malik N, Cumberland DC, Gunn J, Holt CM. Vascular delivery of c-myc antisense from cationically modified phosphorylcholine coated stents. Biomaterials 2007; 28:1218-24. [PMID: 17126396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
c-Myc is involved in the formation of neointimal hyperplasia. We investigated in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo release of antisense c-myc from cationically modified phosphorylcholine-coated stents, as well as the effects on c-Myc expression and neointima formation in a porcine coronary stent model. In vitro experiments were performed to determine optimal loading of stents with antisense. Stents loaded with labelled antisense were deployed in porcine arteries ex vivo and in vivo. Antisense was detected in the vessel wall directly surrounding the stent of pig carotid and coronary artery up to 48 h after stent deployment. Nuclear uptake was observed in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Labelled antisense within peripheral tissues in vivo was <1.0% of that within stented arterial segments. Control and antisense loaded stents implanted into 10 pig coronary arteries and analysed at 28 days post-stenting showed that lumen area within the antisense stents was significantly increased (i.e. 30.5% greater, P<0.01), whilst both neointimal area and neointimal thickness were significantly reduced (17.5% and 19.5%, respectively, P<0.01) compared to control stents. Cationically modified phosphorylcholine coated stent-based delivery of c-myc antisense is feasible with minimal systemic delivery and is associated with a reduction of in-stent neointimal hyperplasia in pig coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Chan
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, UK
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25
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Vallance BA, Radojevic N, Hogaboam CM, Deng Y, Gauldie J, Collins SM. IL-4 gene transfer to the small bowel serosa leads to intestinal inflammation and smooth muscle hyperresponsiveness. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G385-94. [PMID: 17215437 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00065.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal mucosal inflammation can lead to altered function of the underlying smooth muscle, which becomes hyperreactive to most contractile stimuli. Through nematode parasite infection models, T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines have been implicated in intestinal muscle dysfunction; however, the mechanisms involved and the relevance of these findings to other forms of intestinal inflammation are unclear. Through gene transfer, we explored whether the Th2 cytokine IL-4 can mediate changes in longitudinal muscle function in the context of an adenoviral infection. Following abdominal surgery on mice, control beta-galactosidase-encoding recombinant adenoviruses and IL-4-encoding adenoviruses were applied to the serosal surface of the jejunum, leading to infection of cells in the serosa and in the mesentery. Marker transgene expression lasted for 3 wk and was accompanied by the recruitment of macrophages, lymphocytes, and neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity and mild inflammation at the site of infection. IL-4 transgene expression led to a stronger inflammatory response characterized by tissue eosinophilia and increased numbers of peritoneal mast cells and plasma cells. Whereas control virus infection had no effect on intestinal muscle function, infection with the IL-4 virus led to significant jejunal muscle hypercontractility, evident by day 7 postinfection. This modulation of smooth muscle function was shown to be IL-4 specific, since the application of an IL-5-encoding adenovirus induced tissue eosinophilia but did not alter muscle function. These results highlight an important causal role for IL-4 in the pathological regulation of enteric smooth muscle function and identify a novel strategy for gene transfer to the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, British Columbia's Children's Hospital, ACB, Rm. K4-188, 4480 Oak St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V6H 3V4.
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Porter TR, Xie F, Knapp D, Iversen P, Marky LA, Tsutsui JM, Maiti S, Lof J, Radio SJ, Kipshidze N. Targeted vascular delivery of antisense molecules using intravenous microbubbles. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2006; 7:25-33. [PMID: 16513520 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2005.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2005] [Revised: 10/31/2005] [Accepted: 10/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluorocarbon-exposed sonicated dextrose albumin (PESDA) microbubbles bind the antisense to the c-myc protooncogene (anti-c-myc) which prevents neointimal hyperplasia following vascular endothelial injury. The microbubbles also adhere to sites of damaged vascular endothelium and thus may be a method of systemically targeting delivery of anti-c-myc. METHODS Laser scanning microscopy was performed on the aorta of 10 mice (five which were complement depleted) that received intravenous FITC-PESDA following aortic endothelial injury. C-myc expression was quantified following selective intracoronary injury in nine pigs that received intravenous (IV) anti-c-myc bound to PESDA. Finally, neointimal formation was measured following intracoronary stent deployment in 30 pigs that received either IV anti-c-myc alone or the same dose bound to PESDA. RESULTS Fluorescent microscopy confirmed selective PESDA microbubble adherence to aortic endothelium in all mice with aortic injury. This binding was nearly abolished when serum complement was depleted prior to injury. C-myc expression at the site of coronary endothelial injury was significantly lower in pigs treated with systemic anti-c-myc bound to PESDA. There was a 33% reduction in % stenosis and a 28% reduction in intimal area at 45 days post-stent deployment in pigs that received IV antisense plus PESDA. The stent margins also had reduced neointimal formation. CONCLUSION Systemic administration of anti-c-myc bound to PESDA microbubbles may be a good method for preventing coronary neointimal formation within and around implanted stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Porter
- Section of Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-1165, USA
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Zhang Z, Cao X, Zhao X, Withers SB, Holt CM, Lewis AL, Lu JR. Controlled delivery of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide from cationically modified phosphorylcholine polymer films. Biomacromolecules 2006; 7:784-91. [PMID: 16529415 DOI: 10.1021/bm050840b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antisense strategy is a promising approach for the prevention of in-stent restenosis if therapeutic agents such as antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) can be successfully delivered to the implant site. Optimizing the routes and conditions for controlled loading and release of therapeutic agents from a biocompatible polymer coating is still required. In this study, phosphorylcholine (PC) polymer films bearing different cationic charge densities were deposited onto smooth silicon substrates. The thickness of these films was determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). Human c-myc AS-ODNs were incorporated into the PC polymer films by immersion in concentrated AS-ODN solution and eluted into PBS under physiological conditions. The elution profile was monitored by UV spectrometry and gel electrophoresis. Cellular uptake of the eluted AS-ODN into vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that ODN loading capacities increased with film thickness and were also strongly dependent on the cationic charge density. AS-ODN release was characterized by a slight initial burst in the first half hour followed by a period of sustained release up to 8 days. Gel electrophoresis demonstrated DNA integrity, and different transfection efficiencies were observed when the eluted ODNs were transfected into VSMCs. These results demonstrated that cationically modified PC polymers are capable of delivery of antisense ODNs in a controlled manner and that they are well suited for specific biomedical devices such as DNA-eluting stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhuoQi Zhang
- Biological Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Sackville Street Building, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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28
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González JM, Andrés V. Cytostatic gene therapy for occlusive vascular disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2006. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Allen TR, Krueger KD, Hunter WJ, Agrawal DK. Evidence that insulin-like growth factor-1 requires protein kinase C-epsilon, PI3-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways to protect human vascular smooth muscle cells from apoptosis. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 83:651-67. [PMID: 16266318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 has been implicated in the development of occlusive vascular lesions. Although its role in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) growth and migration are fairly well characterized, anti-apoptotic signals of IGF-1 in human VSMC remain largely unknown. In this study, we examined IGF-1 signals that protect human and rat VSMC from staurosporine (STAU)- and c-myc- induced apoptosis, respectively. Treatment with STAU resulted in apoptotic DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization and cell shrinkage, but only occasional VSMC 'blebbing'. STAU-induced death and IGF-1-mediated survival were concentration dependent, while time-lapse video microscopy showed that IGF-1 inhibited c-myc-induced apoptosis by 90%. Pretreatment with mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors UO126 and PD098059, or with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitor wortmannin, reversed IGF-1-mediated human VSMC survival by 25-27% and 66%, respectively. Translocation studies showed that IGF-1 activated protein kinase C (PKC)-epsilon, but not PKC-alpha or PKC-delta, even in the presence of STAU, while pharmacological PKC inhibition (Ro-318220 or Go6976) implicated PKC-zeta or a novel PKC isozyme in IGF-1-mediated survival. Transient expression of activated PKC-epsilon but not activated PKC-zeta decreased myc-induced apoptosis in rat VSMC. In human VSMC, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to PKC-epsilon partially reversed IGF-1-induced survival. In addition, IGF-1 elicited a mild but sustained activation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 in human VSMC that was abolished after 1 h in the presence of STAU. PKC downregulation reversed both IGF-1- and PMA-induced ERK activity, but platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced activity was unchanged. These results indicate for the first time that IGF-1 can protect human VSMC via multiple signals, including PKC-epsilon, PI3-K and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C-epsilon/metabolism
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd R Allen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA
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30
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Lynch CM. New prospects for cardiovascular gene therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:1691-6. [PMID: 15989573 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.11.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular gene therapy has been hampered by the lack of suitable gene delivery vectors for in vivo applications. Low transduction efficiencies, lack of persistent transgene expression and undesirable inflammatory and immune responses have limited the prospects for human gene therapy in the cardiovascular system. New prospects for cardiovascular gene therapy are a result of recent vector developments, in particular with the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) based vectors in the heart and peripheral vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lynch
- Targeted Genetics Corp., 1100 Olive Way, Suite 100, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
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31
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Cakir Y, Ballinger SW. Reactive species-mediated regulation of cell signaling and the cell cycle: the role of MAPK. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:726-40. [PMID: 15890019 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease development is significantly influenced by the effects of reactive species (RS). By virtue of their controlled production, regulation, and reactive nature, RS play important roles in the modulation of cellular signaling, growth, and death in the vasculature. Concentration gradients are important in determining the effects of RS. Low to moderate concentrations of RS act as mediators in signaling cascades and gene regulation, whereas high levels of RS cause cellular damage and death. Because a dual redox regulation state seems to exist in several signaling cascades, e.g., RS often induce upstream initiating events, whereas downstream events are reliant on reductive processes, alterations in cellular redox states influence the activation/inactivation of signaling events and transcription factors. In this review, the relationships between RS, specific signal transduction pathways, and aspects of cell-cycle control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yavuz Cakir
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Pathology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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32
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Allen RT, Krueger KD, Dhume A, Agrawal DK. Sustained Akt/PKB activation and transient attenuation of c-jun N-Terminal kinase in the inhibition of apoptosis by IGF-1 in vascular smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis 2005; 10:525-35. [PMID: 15909115 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-1882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of hVSMC apoptosis and its inhibition by insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) remain unclear. Also unclear is whether a balance in hVSMCs exists whereby c-Jun N-terminal stress kinases (JNK) promote apoptosis while extracellular signal-regulated (ERK1/2) MAP kinases inhibit cell death. In this study, we examined the involvement of Akt/PKB and its upstream kinase, PDK1 and whether JNK activation correlated with human and rat VSMC apoptosis induced by staurosporine and by c-myc, respectively. We observed a strong, sustained JNK activation (and c-Jun phosphorylation), which correlated with VSMC apoptosis. IGF-1 (13.3 nM), during apoptosis inhibition, transiently inhibited JNK activity at 1 h in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)- and MEK-ERK-dependent manner, as wortmannin (100 nM) or PD98059 (30 muM) partially attenuated the IGF-1 effect. PKC down-regulation had no effect on JNK inhibition by IGF-1. While IGF-1 alone produced a strong phosphorylation of Akt/PKB in hVSMCs up to 6 h, it was notably stronger and more sustained during ratmyc and hVSMCs apoptosis inhibition. Further, whereas transient expression of phosphorylated Akt protected VSMCs from apoptosis by nearly 50%, expression of dominant interfering alleles of Akt or PDK1 strongly inhibited IGF-1-mediated VSMC survival. These results demonstrate for the first time that transient inhibition of a pro-apoptotic stimulus in VSMCs may be sufficient to inhibit a programmed cell death and that sustained anti-apoptotic signals (Akt) elicited by IGF-1 are augmented during a death stimulus. Furthermore, PI3-K and ERK-MAPK pathways may cooperate to protect VSMCs from cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Allen
- Departments of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA
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33
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Forte A, Galderisi U, De Feo M, Gomez MF, Esposito S, Santè P, Renzulli A, Agozzino L, Hellstrand P, Berrino L, Cipollaro M, Cotrufo M, Rossi F, Cascino A. c-Myc antisense oligonucleotides preserve smooth muscle differentiation and reduce negative remodelling following rat carotid arteriotomy. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:214-25. [PMID: 15849475 DOI: 10.1159/000085379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The vascular biology of restenosis is complex and not fully understood, thus explaining the lack of effective therapy for its prevention in clinical settings. The role of c-Myc in arteriotomy-induced stenosis, smooth muscle cell (SMC) differentiation and apoptosis was investigated in rat carotids applying full phosphorothioate antisense (AS) oligonucleotides (ODNs). METHODS Carotid arteries from WKY rats were submitted to arteriotomy and to local application of ODNs through pluronic gel. Apoptosis (deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labelling), SMC differentiation (SM22 immunofluorescence) and vessel morphology and morphometry (image analysis) were determined 2, 5 and 30 days after injury, respectively. RESULTS AS ODNs induced a 60% decrease of target c-Myc mRNA 4 h after surgery in comparison to control sense (S) and scrambled ODN-treated carotids (p < 0.05). A significant 37 and 50% decrease in SM22 protein in the media of S ODN-treated and untreated carotids was detected when compared to uninjured contralateral arteries (p < 0.05). This reduction in SM22 expression was prevented in AS ODN-treated carotids. Stenosis was mainly due to adventitial constrictive remodelling. Lumen area in AS ODN-treated carotids was 35% greater than in control arteries 30 days after surgery (p < 0.05). TUNEL assay revealed increased apoptosis in AS ODN-treated carotids (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS c-Myc AS ODNs reduce arteriotomy-induced negative remodelling. This is accompanied by maintained SMC differentiation and greater apoptosis. The combination of reduced c-Myc-induced proliferation and increased apoptosis may thus underlie the less severe remodelling upon treatment with c-Myc mRNA AS ODN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Forte
- Excellence Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via Constantinopoli 16, IT-80138 Naples, Italy
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Jain JP, Modi S, Domb AJ, Kumar N. Role of polyanhydrides as localized drug carriers. J Control Release 2005; 103:541-63. [PMID: 15820403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many drugs that are administered in an unmodified form by conventional systemic routes fail to reach target organs in an effective concentration, or are not effective over a length of time due to a facile metabolism. Various types of targeting delivery systems and devices have been tried over a long period of time to overcome these problems. Targeted delivery or localized drug delivery offers an advantage of reduced body burden and systemic toxicity of the drugs, especially useful for highly toxic drugs like anticancer agents. Local drug delivery via polymer is a simple approach and hypothesized to avoid the above stated problems. Polyanhydrides are a unique class of polymer for drug delivery because some of them demonstrate a near zero order drug release and relatively rapid biodegradation in vivo. Further, the release rate of polyanhydride fabricated device can be altered over a thousand fold by simple changes in the polymer backbone. Hence, these are one of the best-suited polymers for drug delivery, with biodegradability and biocompatibility. The review focuses on the advantages of polyanhydride carriers in localized drug delivery along with their degradability behavior, toxicological profile and role in various disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Prakash Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sec. 67, SAS Nagar (Mohalali) Punjab-160062, India
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35
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Abstract
More than 1 million percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are performed yearly worldwide. Restenosis is the recurrent narrowing that can occur within 6 months following an initially successful PCI. Although drug-eluting stents have accomplished remarkable success, restenosis has not been eliminated and optimisation of both the polymers and drugs associated with them is desirable. This article reviews the presently available and potential preventive approaches against restenosis, including the sirolimus and paclitaxel drug-eluting stents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Frédéric Keller
- Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Canada
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36
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Yang M, Huang HL, Zhu BY, Tuo QH, Liao DF. Onychin inhibits proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating cell cycle. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2005; 26:205-11. [PMID: 15663900 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2005.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of onychin on the proliferation of cultured rat artery vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in the presence of 10% new-born calf serum (NCS). METHODS Rat VSMCs were incubated with onychin 150 micromol/L or genistein 10 micromol/L in the presence of 10% NCS for 24 h. The proliferation of VSMCs was measured by cell counting and MTS/PMS colorimetric assays. Cell cycle progression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation, and expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E were measured by Western blot assays. The tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was examined by immunoprecipitation techniques using anti-phospho-tyrosine antibodies. RESULTS The proliferation of VSMCs was accelerated significantly in the presence of 10% NCS. Onychin reduced the metabolic rate of MTS and the cell number of VSMCs in the presence of 10% NCS in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that the G1-phase fraction ratio in the onychin group was higher than that in the 10% NCS group (85.2% vs 70.0%, P<0.01), while the S-phase fraction ratio in the onychin group was lower than that in 10% NCS group (4.3% vs 16.4%, P<0.01). Western blot analysis showed that onychin inhibited Rb phosphorylation and reduced the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E. The effects of onychin on proliferation, the cell cycle and the expression of cyclins in VSMCs were similar to those of genistein, an inhibitor of tyrosine kinase. Furthermore immunoprecipitation studies showed that both onychin and genistein markedly inhibited the tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2 induced by 10% NCS. CONCLUSION Onychin inhibits the proliferation of VSMCs through G1 phase cell cycle arrest by decreasing the tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK1/2, and the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, and sequentially inhibiting Rb phosphorylation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin E/metabolism
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Ferns/chemistry
- Flavanones/isolation & purification
- Flavanones/pharmacology
- G1 Phase
- Genistein/pharmacology
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Plants, Medicinal/chemistry
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Pyridones/isolation & purification
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Nanhua University, Hengyang 421001, China
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37
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Katakami N, Kaneto H, Hao H, Umayahara Y, Fujitani Y, Sakamoto K, Gorogawa SI, Yasuda T, Kawamori D, Kajimoto Y, Matsuhisa M, Yutani C, Hori M, Yamasaki Y. Role of Pim-1 in Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:54742-9. [PMID: 15471855 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m409140200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and alterations of their phenotype are implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Arterial wall injury induces the expression of proto-oncogenes, leading to the proliferation of VSMCs. In particular, c-Myc and c-Myb play a central role in cell cycle progression and are essential for VSMC replication. The protooncogene Pim-1 cooperates with c-Myc and enhances the transcriptional activity of c-Myb in hematopoietic cells, suggesting that Pim-1 is involved in cell cycle regulation. The aim of this study was to examine the possible involvement of Pim-1 in VSMC proliferation. Pim-1 was substantially induced in neointimal VSMCs of balloon-injured rat carotid arteries, and in vivo infection with a dominant negative Pim-1-expressing adenovirus (Ad-DN-Pim-1) markedly suppressed neointima formation and cell cycle progression in the balloon-injured arteries. In cultured VSMCs, treatment with serum or H(2)O(2) induced Pim-1 expression, and H(2)O(2)- or serum-stimulated cell cycle progression and DNA synthesis were almost completely inhibited by DN-Pim-1 overexpression. Furthermore, we performed immunohisto-chemical staining for Pim-1 in human thoracic aortas and coronary arteries obtained from six individuals at autopsy and found that Pim-1-positive cells are observed predominantly in the thickened intima of the aortas and coronary arteries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing Pim-1 expression in rodent and human arterial walls. To summarize, Pim-1 expression was observed in the neointima of balloon-injured rat carotid arteries and in human thoracic aortas and coronary arteries showing intimal thickening, and the specific inhibition of Pim-1 function markedly suppressed neointima formation after balloon injury and the proliferation of cultured VSMCs, suggesting that Pim-1 plays a role in VSMC proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Katakami
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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38
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Veinot JP, Prichett-Pejic W, Picard P, Parks W, Schwartz R, Seidah NG, Chretien M. Implications of proprotein Convertase 5 (PC5) in the arterial restenotic process in a porcine model. Cardiovasc Pathol 2004; 13:241-50. [PMID: 15358338 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Convertases (PCs), especially PC5, have been detected in various layers of atherosclerotic and injured arteries. We postulate that PCs could be important enzymes in vascular disease thus studied PC5 expression in a porcine balloon and stent coronary arterial vascular injury model. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of slides of porcine arteries from paraffin blocks were studied 1, 7, 14 and 28 days post injury. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry studies show expression of PC5 in control artery endothelial cells, weak medial smooth muscle cell (SMC) staining and strong staining in the small nerves of the adventitia. At 7, 14 and 28 days postinjury, there is strong positive PC5 staining of the neointimal cells and the adventitial vasa vasora and myofibroblasts. Colocalization immunohistochemistry confirms the smooth muscle staining properties of the myofibroblast-like cells in both these locations. Single-label immunohistochemistry studies show the same cells to stain strongly positive with TGF-B, PDGF, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9. CONCLUSION PC5 may be involved in the process of arterial injury via its effect on growth factors (GFs) and mediators. These preliminary observations suggest that the convertases, especially PC5, represent a target for future study in the process of arterial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Veinot
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Anatomical Pathology, Ottawa Hospital, 1053 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1Y 4E9.
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39
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Chung JK, Lee T, Jung IM, Kim YK, Min SK, Suh JW, Kim SJ. Expression of cell cycle regulators during smooth muscle cell proliferation after balloon catheter injury of rat artery. J Korean Med Sci 2004; 19:327-32. [PMID: 15201495 PMCID: PMC2816830 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2004.19.3.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimal hyperplasia is defined as the abnormal migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) with deposition of extracellular matrix. However, the cell cycle regulatory mechanisms of injury-induced VSMC proliferation are largely unknown. To examine the expression kinetics of cell cycle regulatory factors which is known to be worked positively or negatively, we used rat balloon injury model. Marked induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), G1/S cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk2), and its regulatory subunit (cyclin E) occurred between 1 and 3 days after balloon arterial injury, and this was sustained for up to 7 days and then declined. However, the induction of the negative regulators, p21 and p27, occurred between 3 and 5 days of injury, peaked after 7 and 14 days and was then sustained. VSMC proliferation after balloon catheter injury of the rat iliac artery is associated with coordinated expression of positive (cdk2, cyclin E and PCNA) and negative (p21, p27) regulators. Cell cycle regulators such as cdk2, cyclin E, p21, p27 may be suitable targets for the control of intimal hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kee Chung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taeseung Lee
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - In Mok Jung
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Municipal Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Kyun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Kee Min
- Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jeong Wook Suh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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40
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Mazighi M, Tchétché D, Hyafil F, Feldman LJ. [Gene therapy of restenosis and atherosclerosis: hopes and facts]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 52:212-7. [PMID: 15145134 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2004.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stents are the main technique of coronary revascularization in France and western countries. However, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis and the well-recognized roles played by inflammation and cell proliferation led to the development of drug-eluting stents, which have nearly eliminated the risk of restenosis. In this context, the success of gene therapy will depend on our ability to simplify and optimize current protocols of arterial gene transfer. For the time being, arterial gene therapy remains a powerful tool for deciphering the complex pathophysiology of restenosis and will certainly have far-reaching implications in the fields of vascular biology and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mazighi
- Département de cardiologie, U460 Inserm, CHU Bichat-APHP, 46, rue Henri-Huchard, 75877 Paris 18, France
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41
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Abstract
Nitric oxide is a highly versatile heterodiatomic molecule that effects a variety of actions in the vasculture. Originally identified as a principal determination of vascular tone, nitric oxide has since been recognized to exert anti thrombotic, antiproliferative, and anti-inflammatory effects in the vasculture. At higher concentrations and in the setting of other oxidants, nitric oxide can promote vascular pathology. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of nitric oxides actions in vascular biology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Walford
- Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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42
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Jeong JH, Kim SW, Park TG. Novel intracellular delivery system of antisense oligonucleotide by self-assembled hybrid micelles composed of DNA/PEG conjugate and cationic fusogenic peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2003; 14:473-9. [PMID: 12643759 DOI: 10.1021/bc025632k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An antisense oligonucleotide (ODN), c-myb, was covalently conjugated to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) via an acid-cleavable phosphoramidate linkage to form a diblock copolymer-like structure. The phosphoramidate linkage between ODN and PEG was completely cleaved within 5 h in an endosomal acidic condition (pH 4.7). When complexed with a cationic fusogenic peptide, KALA, the ODN/PEG conjugate self-associated to form polyelectrolyte complex micelles in an aqueous solution. The anionic ODN segments were ionically interacted with cationic KALA peptide to form an inner polyelectrolyte complex core, while the PEG segments constituted a surrounding corona. Effective hydrodynamic volume of the micelles was ca. 70 nm with a very narrow size distribution. The polyelectrolyte complex micelles, composed of c-myb ODN-PEG conjugate and KALA, were transported into cells far more efficiently than c-myb ODN itself. They also exhibited higher antiproliferative activity against smooth muscle cells. This study demonstrates that the DNA/PEG hybrid micelles system can be applied for the delivery of antisense oligonucleotide.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemical Phenomena
- Chemistry, Physical
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- DNA/chemistry
- Electrolytes
- Fluorescent Dyes
- Genes, myb/genetics
- Mice
- Micelles
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/administration & dosage
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Polyethylene Glycols/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Taejon 305-701, South Korea
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43
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Abstract
Tissue repair and regeneration are the normal biological responses of many different tissues in the body to injury. During the healing process, profound changes occur in cell composition and extracellular matrix (ECM) formation. Fibroblasts and equivalent reparative cells migrate to the wounded area and subsequently proliferate. These cells and reparative cells from the surrounding tissue are responsible for the rapid repair which results in tissue regeneration. Growth factors, one of which is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), stimulate fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells to proliferate and synthesize ECM proteins. This process of early repair provides a rapid way to restore new tissue and mechanical integrity. This early tissue repair process is normally followed by involution, which requires the production and activation of proteases, tissue maturation and remodeling, reorganization and finally regeneration. Alternately, failure to replace the critical components of the ECM, including elastin and basement membrane, results in abnormal regeneration of the epithelial cell layer. Although remodeling should occur during healing, provisional repair may be followed by excessive synthesis and deposition of collagen, which results in irreversible fibrosis and scarring. This excessive fibrosis which occurs in aberrant healing is at least in part mediated by persistent TGF-beta. Because of the central role of collagen in the wound healing process, the pharmacological control of collagen synthesis has been of paramount importance as a possible way to abrogate aberrant healing and prevent irreversible fibrosis. Fibrosis is an abnormal response to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Cutroneo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405-0068, USA.
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44
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Abstract
For gene therapy, the last few years have been an exciting period. Encouraging results from several successful gene therapy trials were reported. Children born with a life-threatening immune system disorder, severe combined immune deficiency (SCID), were cured after receiving gene therapy for replacement of their defective adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene. Gene therapy successes related to vascular complications were also reported. The first human gene therapy trial for a blood-vessel disorder was performed successfully, in which copies of an angiogenic gene, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, were directly delivered to the area surrounding the diseased artery of the leg of a patient with peripheral artery disease. Within a few days, this stimulated the growth of new blood vessels around the blockage in the ailing blood vessel and helped avoid amputation. In 1998, a patient with genetically small arteries became the first to receive VEGF gene therapy in the heart. Multiple copies of a plasmid with the VEGF gene were delivered into the damaged area of the heart, and a few days later angiogenesis ensued that helped bypass the blocked vessel, with markedly reduced chest pain in the patient. Gene therapy is becoming a reality and, more importantly, it appears to be safe and does not require supplementary immuno-suppressing drugs. Gene therapy seems to have begun delivering on its promises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayon Roy
- Department of Ophthlamology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Cutroneo KR, Chiu JF. Sense oligonucleotide competition for gene promoter binding and activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2003; 35:32-8. [PMID: 12467645 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(02)00166-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has ensued on the importance of growth factors during regeneration both for cell replication and for stimulation of reparative cells to synthesize and secrete extracellular matrix components. During the healing process if the growth factor concentration is too high because of over-expression, abnormal wound healing and tissue fibrosis will occur. The growth factor concentration at the wound site may be controlled by gene therapy and the titration of gene dosage. However, if there is a narrow window between the beneficial effects and adverse effects of gene therapy, oligonucleotide approaches may be used concurrently with gene therapy to control growth factor concentration(s) at the wound site. Antisense oligos offer a method to control the concentration of growth factors at the level of translation. A novel method using sense oligos to the proalpha1 (I) collagen gene to inhibit gene transcription and collagen synthesis has recently been reported. The exogenous modified oligodeoxynucleotide competes with the cis-element (i.e. the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) element) in the distal 5'-flanking region of the proalpha1 (I) collagen gene for the trans-acting factor (i.e. the TGF-beta activator protein complex), thereby down regulating promoter activity of the proalpha1 (I) collagen gene and inhibiting type I collagen synthesis. The oligonucleotide approaches, both antisense and sense therapies, may be used to regulate over-expression of growth factors and thereby either eliminate or lessen the potential adverse effects of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Cutroneo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
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Cohen-Sacks H, Najajreh Y, Tchaikovski V, Gao G, Elazer V, Dahan R, Gati I, Kanaan M, Waltenberger J, Golomb G. Novel PDGFbetaR antisense encapsulated in polymeric nanospheres for the treatment of restenosis. Gene Ther 2002; 9:1607-16. [PMID: 12424613 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2002] [Accepted: 06/16/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanospheres composed of the biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, poly-DL-lactide/glycolide and containing platelet-derived growth factor beta-receptor antisense (PDGFbetaR-AS) have been formulated and examined in vitro and in vivo in balloon-injured rat restenosis model. The nanospheres (approximately 300 nm) of homogenous size distribution exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (81%), and a sustained release of PDGFbetaR-AS (phosphorothioated). Cell internalization was visualized, and the inhibitory effect on SMC was observed. Partially phosphorothioated antisense sequences were found to be more specific than the fully phosphorothioated analogs. A significant antirestenotic effect of the naked AS sequence and the AS-NP (nanoparticles) was observed in the rat carotid in vivo model. The extent of mean neointimal formation 14 days after injection of AS-NP, measured as a percentage of luminal stenosis, was 32.21 +/- 4.75% in comparison to 54.89 +/- 8.84 and 53.84 +/- 5.58% in the blank-NP and SC-NP groups, respectively. It is concluded that PLGA nanospheres containing phosphorothioated oligodeoxynucleotide antisense could serve as an effective gene delivery systems for the treatment of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Cohen-Sacks
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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47
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Di Micco G, Forte A, Cipollaro M, Renzulli A, De Feo M, Rossi F, Cascino A, Cotrufo M. Surgical injury of rat arteries: genetic control of the remodelling process. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2002; 22:266-70. [PMID: 12142197 DOI: 10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Remodelling and restenosis are complex biological processes responsible for bypass and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty failures which are likely to affect many hundreds of genes. We evaluated the effectiveness of topically applied antisense oligonucleotides in reducing the translation of the messenger RNA for the transcription factor c-myc and in reducing stenosis. METHODS Surgery was performed under sterile conditions; 60 Wistar-Kyoto male rats were anaesthetized by ketamine. The carotid arteries were isolated through a median incision in the anterior neck region. At the same point, 0.5 mm longitudinal incisions were performed. Haemostasis was obtained by an adventitial 8.0 stitch. Thirty animals were given 150 microg of c-myc antisense oligonucleotide (Group A) while the other 30 animals received 150 microg of c-myc control sense oligonucleotide (Group B). Oligo molecules were locally applied through 100 microl of 20% pluronic gel. Rats were sacrificed at 30 days; carotid arteries were explanted and stained. Qualitative histological analysis was performed in all cases; serial sections were made every 25 micro in seven consecutive rats for each group. Morphometric analysis was also performed, luminal and medial area values recorded and the ratio between the two areas calculated. Data from each animal were compared with the corresponding contralateral carotid artery and expressed as mean+/-standard deviation. Statistical comparison between the two groups was carried out by one-way ANOVA text. RESULTS Qualitative histological analysis showed marked remodelling with complete disarray of vessel wall, neointima accumulation and evidence of elastic fibres in the adventitia of all animals of Group B versus Group A. Morphometric analysis showed a significant reduction in the lumen area in Group A animals together with increased values of the medial area versus Group B animals. In addition, the ratio between the lumen and medial area was significantly higher in Group A than in Group B (2.61+/-0.18 versus 1.14+/-0.33, P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS c-myc antisense oligonucleotides applied intraoperatively can reduce post-operative stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Micco
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences, Second University of Naples, via Aquila 144, 80143 Naples, Italy
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Khachigian LM, Fahmy RG, Zhang G, Bobryshev YV, Kaniaros A. c-Jun regulates vascular smooth muscle cell growth and neointima formation after arterial injury. Inhibition by a novel DNA enzyme targeting c-Jun. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:22985-91. [PMID: 11891228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200977200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointima formation is a characteristic feature of common vascular pathologies, such as atherosclerosis and post-angioplasty restenosis, and involves smooth muscle cell proliferation. Determination of whether the bZIP transcription factor c-Jun plays a direct regulatory role in arterial lesion formation, or indeed in other disease, has been hampered by the lack of a potent and specific pharmacological inhibitor. c-Jun is poorly expressed in the uninjured artery wall and transiently induced following arterial injury in animal models. Here we generated a gene-specific DNAzyme-targeting c-Jun. We show that c-Jun protein is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. Dz13, a catalytically active c-Jun DNAzyme, cleaved c-Jun RNA and inhibited inducible c-Jun protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Dz13 blocked vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation with potency exceeding its exact non-catalytic antisense oligodeoxynucleotide equivalent. Moreover, Dz13 abrogated smooth muscle cell repair following scraping injury in vitro and intimal thickening in injured rat carotid arteries in vivo. These studies demonstrate the positive influence on neointima formation by c-Jun and the therapeutic potential of a DNAzyme controlling its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levon M Khachigian
- Centre for Thrombosis and Vascular Research, Department of Pathology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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49
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Faries PL, Rohan DI, Wyers MC, Marin ML, Hollier LH, Quist WC, LoGerfo FW. Vascular smooth muscle cells derived from atherosclerotic human arteries exhibit greater adhesion, migration, and proliferation than venous cells. J Surg Res 2002; 104:22-8. [PMID: 11971673 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2002.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phenotypic variation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) may result in altered biological behavior and responses. Within the vessel wall, arterial VSMC have a greater propensity to form atherosclerotic lesions as compared to venous VSMC. In this study the rates of proliferation, adhesion, and migration were compared between VSMC of atherosclerotic arterial and venous origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human VSMC cultures were isolated from 18 infragenicular arteries at the time of below knee amputation and from 20 saphenous veins during lower extremity revascularization surgery. Cell cultures were isolated from the media of each specimen and maintained in distinct cell lines for all assays. Cells from passages 2 and 3 were assayed for their proliferative capacity using total DNA fluorescence photometry and for adhesion and migration using a modified Boyden chamber. RESULTS Patient age and the incidence of atherosclerotic risk factors did not vary significantly between the arterial and the venous patient groups. VSMC of atherosclerotic arterial origin demonstrated greater proliferation (arterial, 162 +/- 59 absorption units, vs. venous, 106 +/- 56 absorption units, P < 0.001), adhesion (arterial, 74.1 +/- 22.6 cells/microscopic field, vs. venous, 41.3 +/- 12.8 cells/microscopic field, P < 0.001) and migration (arterial, 427 +/- 185 cells/microscopic field, vs venous, 119 +/- 101 cells/microscopic field, P < 0.001) than VSMC of venous origin. CONCLUSION Human atherosclerotic arterial VSMC exhibit significantly increased rates of proliferation, adhesion, and migration as compared to human venous VSMC. These observations of VSMC in culture are consistent with the clinical predilection for the hyperplasic responses that result in the development of atherosclerosis in the arterial wall. Possible intrinsic differences in VSMC phenotype should be considered in designing methods to limit atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L Faries
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
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50
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Bond M, Murphy G, Bennett MR, Newby AC, Baker AH. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 induces a Fas-associated death domain-dependent type II apoptotic pathway. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:13787-95. [PMID: 11827969 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111507200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are important regulators of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and adamalysin metalloproteinase activity. We previously reported that overexpression of TIMP-3 inhibits MMPs and induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cell types and demonstrated that apoptosis is mediated through the N terminus of TIMP-3, which harbors the MMP inhibitory domain. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying TIMP-3-induced apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of TIMP-3 induced activation of initiator caspase-8 and -9 and promoted caspase-mediated cleavage of the death substrates poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and focal adhesion kinase. Furthermore, TIMP-3 induced mitochondrial activation as demonstrated by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c. Intervention studies demonstrated that overexpression of Bcl-2, the anti-apoptotic mitochondrial membrane protein, or CrmA, a viral serpin inhibitor of caspase-8, completely inhibited TIMP-3-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a dominant-negative Fas-associated death domain mutant inhibited TIMP-3-induced death substrate cleavage and apoptotic death. Taken together, these results indicate that TIMP-3 overexpression induces a type II apoptotic pathway initiated via a Fas-associated death domain-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Bond
- Bristol Heart Institute, Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University of Bristol, Bristol BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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