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Rekvig OP. SLE: a cognitive step forward-a synthesis of rethinking theories, causality, and ignored DNA structures. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1393814. [PMID: 38895113 PMCID: PMC11183320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1393814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is classified by instinctual classification criteria. A valid proclamation is that these formally accepted SLE classification criteria legitimate the syndrome as being difficult to explain and therefore enigmatic. SLE involves scientific problems linked to etiological factors and criteria. Our insufficient understanding of the clinical condition uniformly denoted SLE depends on the still open question of whether SLE is, according to classification criteria, a well-defined one disease entity or represents a variety of overlapping indistinct syndromes. Without rational hypotheses, these problems harm clear definition(s) of the syndrome. Why SLE is not anchored in logic, consequent, downstream interdependent and interactive inflammatory networks may rely on ignored predictive causality principles. Authoritative classification criteria do not reflect consequent causality criteria and do not unify characterization principles such as diagnostic criteria. We need now to reconcile legendary scientific achievements to concretize the delimitation of what SLE really is. Not all classified SLE syndromes are "genuine SLE"; many are theoretically "SLE-like non-SLE" syndromes. In this study, progressive theories imply imperative challenges to reconsider the fundamental impact of "the causality principle". This may offer us logic classification and diagnostic criteria aimed at identifying concise SLE syndromes as research objects. Can a systems science approach solve this problem?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Zhao M, Wen X, Liu R, Xu K. Microbial dysbiosis in systemic lupus erythematosus: a scientometric study. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1319654. [PMID: 38863759 PMCID: PMC11166128 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1319654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease. Mounting evidence suggests microbiota dysbiosis augment autoimmune response. This study aims to provide a systematic overview of this research field in SLE through a bibliometric analysis. Methods We conducted a comprehensive search and retrieval of literature related to microbial researches in SLE from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. The retrieved articles were subjected to bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer and Bibliometricx to explore annual publication output, collaborative patterns, research hotspots, current research status, and emerging trends. Results In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 218 research articles and 118 review articles. The quantity of publications rises annually, notably surging in 2015 and 2018. The United States and China emerged as the leading contributors in microbial research of SLE. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences had the highest publication outputs among the institutions. Frontiers in Immunology published the most papers. Luo XM and Margolles A were the most prolific and highly cited contributors among individual authors. Microbial research in SLE primarily focused on changes in microbial composition, particularly gut microbiota, as well as the mechanisms and practical applications in SLE. Recent trends emphasize "metabolites," "metabolomics," "fatty acids," "T cells," "lactobacillus," and "dietary supplementation," indicating a growing emphasis on microbial metabolism and interventions in SLE. Conclusion This study provides a thorough analysis of the research landscape concerning microbiota in SLE. The microbial research in SLE mainly focused on three aspects: microbial dysbiosis, mechanism studies and translational studies (microbiota-based therapeutics). It identifies current research trends and focal points, offering valuable guidance for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhao
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoting Wen
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ruiling Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Basic Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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Rekvig OP. The greatest contribution to medical science is the transformation from studying symptoms to studying their causes-the unrelenting legacy of Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur-and a causality perspective to approach a definition of SLE. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1346619. [PMID: 38361929 PMCID: PMC10867267 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1346619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The basic initiative related to this study is derived from the fact that systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a unique and fertile system science subject. We are, however, still far from understanding its nature. It may be fair to indicate that we are spending more time and resources on studying the complexity of classified SLE than studying the validity of classification criteria. This study represents a theoretical analysis of current instinctual SLE classification criteria based on "the causality principle." The discussion has its basis on the radical scientific traditions introduced by Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. They announced significant changes in our thinking of disease etiology through the implementation of the modern version of "the causality principle." They influenced all aspects of today's medical concepts and research: the transformation of medical science from studies of symptoms to study their causes, relevant for monosymptomatic diseases as for syndromes. Their studies focused on bacteria as causes of infectious diseases and on how the immune system adapts to control and prevent contagious spreading. This is the most significant paradigm shift in the modern history of medicine and resulted in radical changes in our view of the immune system. They described acquired post-infection immunity and active immunization by antigen-specific vaccines. The paradigm "transformation" has a great theoretical impact also on current studies of autoimmune diseases like SLE: symptoms and their cause(s). In this study, the evolution of SLE classification and diagnostic criteria is discussed from "the causality principle" perspective, and if contemporary SLE classification criteria are as useful as believed today for SLE research. This skepticism is based on the fact that classification criteria are not selected based on cogent causal strategies. The SLE classification criteria do not harmonize with Koch's and Pasteur's causality principle paradigms and not with Witebsky's Koch-derived postulates for autoimmune and infectious diseases. It is not established whether the classification criteria can separate SLE as a "one disease entity" from "SLE-like non-SLE disorders"-the latter in terms of SLE imitations. This is discussed here in terms of weight, rank, and impact of the classification criteria: Do they all originate from "one basic causal etiology"? Probably not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Section for Autoimmunity, Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Johnson D, Jiang W. Infectious diseases, autoantibodies, and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2023; 137:102962. [PMID: 36470769 PMCID: PMC10235211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Infections are known to trigger flares of autoimmune diseases in humans and serve as an inciting cause of autoimmunity in animals. Evidence suggests a causative role of infections in triggering antigen-specific autoimmunity, previous thought mainly through antigen mimicry. However, an infection can induce bystander autoreactive T and B cell polyclonal activation, believed to result in non-pathogenic and pathogenic autoimmune responses. Lastly, epitope spreading in autoimmunity is a mechanism of epitope changes of autoreactive cells induced by infection, promoting the targeting of additional self-epitopes. This review highlights recent research findings, emphasizes infection-mediated autoimmune responses, and discusses the possible mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Charleston, SC, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Divison of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Ning W, Cheng D, Howe PH, Bian C, Kamen DL, Luo Z, Fu X, Ogunrinde E, Yang L, Wang X, Li QZ, Oates J, Zhang W, White D, Wan Z, Gilkeson GS, Jiang W. Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) induces pathogenic autoantibody production via autoreactive B cell receptor clonal selection, implications in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2022; 131:102860. [PMID: 35810689 PMCID: PMC9397544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is an intricate interplay between the microbiome and the immune response impacting development of normal immunity and autoimmunity. However, we do not fully understand how the microbiome affects production of natural-like and pathogenic autoantibodies. Peptidoglycan (PGN) is a component of the bacterial cell wall which is highly antigenic. PGNs from different bacteria can differ in their immune regulatory activities. METHODS C57BL/6 and MRL/lpr mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline or PGN from Staphylococcus aureus or Bacillus subtilis. Spleen anti-double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) IgG + B cells were sorted for B-cell receptor sequencing. Serum autoantibody levels and kidney damage were analyzed. Further, the association between plasma S. aureus translocation and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis was assessed in women. RESULTS Administration of B. subtilis PGN induced natural-like anti-dsDNA autoantibodies (e.g., IgM, short lived IgG response, and no tissue damage), whereas S. aureus PGN induced pathogenic anti-dsDNA autoantibodies (e.g., prolonged IgG production, low IgM, autoantibody-mediated kidney damage) in C57BL/6 and/or MRL/lpr mice. However, serum total IgG did not differ. S. aureus PGN induced antibodies with reduced clonality and greater hypermutation of IGHV3-74 in splenic anti-dsDNA IgG + B cells from C57BL/6 mice. Further, S. aureus PGN promoted IgG class switch recombination via toll-like receptor 2. Plasma S. aureus DNA levels were increased in women with SLE versus control women and correlated with levels of lupus-related autoantibodies and renal involvement. CONCLUSIONS S. aureus PGN induces pathogenic autoantibody production, whereas B. subtilis PGN drives production of natural nonpathogenic autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbin Ning
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Da Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Philip H Howe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, USA
| | - Chuanxiu Bian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Diane L Kamen
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Strom Thurmond Research Building Room 416, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA
| | - Zhenwu Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Infectious Disease, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Elizabeth Ogunrinde
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Liuqing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Department of Urology, Capital Medical University Affiliated XuanWu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jim Oates
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Strom Thurmond Research Building Room 416, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Weiru Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - David White
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Zhuang Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gary S Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty Street, Strom Thurmond Research Building Room 416, Charleston, SC, 29403, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, BSB208D, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Rekvig OP. The Anti-DNA Antibodies: Their Specificities for Unique DNA Structures and Their Unresolved Clinical Impact-A System Criticism and a Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808008. [PMID: 35087528 PMCID: PMC8786728 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is diagnosed and classified by criteria, or by experience, intuition and traditions, and not by scientifically well-defined etiology(ies) or pathogenicity(ies). One central criterion and diagnostic factor is founded on theoretical and analytical approaches based on our imperfect definition of the term “The anti-dsDNA antibody”. “The anti-dsDNA antibody” holds an archaic position in SLE as a unique classification criterium and pathogenic factor. In a wider sense, antibodies to unique transcriptionally active or silent DNA structures and chromatin components may have individual and profound nephritogenic impact although not considered yet – not in theoretical nor in descriptive or experimental contexts. This hypothesis is contemplated here. In this analysis, our state-of-the-art conception of these antibodies is probed and found too deficient with respect to their origin, structural DNA specificities and clinical/pathogenic impact. Discoveries of DNA structures and functions started with Miescher’s Nuclein (1871), via Chargaff, Franklin, Watson and Crick, and continues today. The discoveries have left us with a DNA helix that presents distinct structures expressing unique operations of DNA. All structures are proven immunogenic! Unique autoimmune antibodies are described against e.g. ssDNA, elongated B DNA, bent B DNA, Z DNA, cruciform DNA, or individual components of chromatin. In light of the massive scientific interest in anti-DNA antibodies over decades, it is an unexpected observation that the spectrum of DNA structures has been known for decades without being implemented in clinical immunology. This leads consequently to a critical analysis of historical and contemporary evidence-based data and of ignored and one-dimensional contexts and hypotheses: i.e. “one antibody - one disease”. In this study radical viewpoints on the impact of DNA and chromatin immunity/autoimmunity are considered and discussed in context of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Section of Autoimmunity, Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Wen Z, Xu L, Xu W, Xiong S. Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Nuclear Receptor γt Licenses the Differentiation and Function of a Unique Subset of Follicular Helper T Cells in Response to Immunogenic Self-DNA in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1489-1500. [PMID: 33559400 DOI: 10.1002/art.41687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Accumulating studies have identified self-DNA as driving IgG anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) in lupus, though the underpinning mechanisms of this process remain largely undefined. Here, we explored the activity of transcription factor retinoic acid receptor-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) in the differentiation and function of self-DNA-specific follicular helper T (Tfh) cells in lupus. METHODS B6, TCRα-/- , CD4-/- , RORγtfl/fl CD4Cre, RORγt+/+ CD4Cre, Bcl-6fl/fl CD4Cre, Bcl-6+/+ CD4Cre, IL-17-/- , and ICOS-/- mice were immunized with normal self-DNA, immunogenic self-DNA, and pathogen DNA to induce the production of Tfh cells and IgG anti-dsDNA. Tfh cells with or without interleukin-17 (IL-17) were evaluated for their role in supporting the generation of IgG. NSG mice were reconstituted with immune cells and circulating DNA from human subjects for translational studies. IL-17-positive Tfh cells were analyzed for their correlation with IgG anti-dsDNA levels as well as their response to circulating self-DNA in lupus patients. RESULTS Unlike normal self-DNA, immunogenic self-DNA and pathogen DNA efficiently induced IgG responses. Immunogenic self-DNA induced IgG in a CD4+ T cell-dependent manner, which was abrogated by RORγt deficiency. In contrast, RORγt was not required for the generation of pathogen DNA-induced IgG. Further analyses identified RORγt as essential for the differentiation and function of Tfh cells in response to immunogenic self-DNA, assigning IL-17 as a feature cytokine. These IL-17-positive Tfh cells functioned independent of inducible costimulator (ICOS), critically supporting IgG generation. Targeting immunogenic self-DNA-specific Tfh cells by RORγ knockdown and IL-17 blockade ameliorated IgG response and lupus nephritis in a humanized mouse model. The presence of IL-17-positive Tfh cells was associated with IgG anti-dsDNA levels and were expanded by circulating immunogenic self-DNA in lupus patients. CONCLUSION Immunogenic self-DNA instructs ICOS-dispensable IL-17-positive Tfh cells via RORγt to produce an IgG anti-dsDNA response. As such, IL-17-positive Tfh cells are a promising therapeutic target for lupus patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lin Xu
- Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Löffler P. Review: Vaccine Myth-Buster - Cleaning Up With Prejudices and Dangerous Misinformation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:663280. [PMID: 34177902 PMCID: PMC8222972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.663280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccines have already saved and will continue to save millions of lives, they are under attack. Vaccine safety is the main target of criticism. The rapid distribution of false information, or even conspiracy theories on the internet has tremendously favored vaccine hesitancy. The World Health Organization (WHO) named vaccine hesitancy one of the top ten threats to global health in 2019. Parents and patients have several concerns about vaccine safety, of which the ubiquitous anxieties include inactivating agents, adjuvants, preservatives, or new technologies such as genetic vaccines. In general, increasing doubts concerning side effects have been observed, which may lead to an increasing mistrust of scientific results and thus, the scientific method. Hence, this review targets five topics concerning vaccines and reviews current scientific publications in order to summarize the available information refuting conspiracy theories and myths about vaccination. The topics have been selected based on the author's personal perception of the most frequently occurring safety controversies: the inactivation agent formaldehyde, the adjuvant aluminum, the preservative mercury, the mistakenly-drawn correlation between vaccines and autism and genetic vaccines. The scientific literature shows that vaccine safety is constantly studied. Furthermore, the literature does not support the allegations that vaccines may cause a serious threat to general human life. The author suggests that more researchers explaining their research ideas, methods and results publicly could strengthen the general confidence in science. In general, vaccines present one of the safest and most cost-effective medications and none of the targeted topics raised serious health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Löffler
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany
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Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides specifically designed to stimulate Toll-like receptor 9. TLR9 is expressed on human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells and triggers an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. This chapter reviews recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provides an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve vaccines for the prevention/treatment of cancer, allergy, and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis M Klinman
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Frederick, MD, USA.
- Leitman Klinman Consulting, Potomac, MD, USA.
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The Central Role and Possible Mechanisms of Bacterial DNAs in Sepsis Development. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:7418342. [PMID: 32934605 PMCID: PMC7479481 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7418342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological roles of bacterial DNA have been documented many decades ago. Bacterial DNAs are different from mammalian DNAs; the latter are heavily methylated. Mammalian cells have sensors such as TLR-9 to sense the DNAs with nonmethylated CpGs and distinguish them from host DNAs with methylated CpGs. Further investigation has identified many other types of DNA sensors distributed in a variety of cellular compartments. These sensors not only sense foreign DNAs, including bacterial and viral DNAs, but also sense damaged DNAs from the host cells. The major downstream signalling pathways includeTLR-9-MyD88-IKKa-IRF-7/NF-κB pathways to increase IFN/proinflammatory cytokine production, STING-TBK1-IRF3 pathway to increase IFN-beta, and AIM2-ASC-caspas-1 pathway to release IL-1beta. The major outcome is to activate host immune response by inducing cytokine production. In this review, we focus on the roles and potential mechanisms of DNA sensors and downstream pathways in sepsis. Although bacterial DNAs play important roles in sepsis development, bacterial DNAs alone are unable to cause severe disease nor lead to death. Priming animals with bacterial DNAs facilitate other pathological factors, such as LPS and other virulent factors, to induce severe disease and lethality. We also discuss compartmental distribution of DNA sensors and pathological significance as well as the transport of extracellular DNAs into cells. Understanding the roles of DNA sensors and signal pathways will pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies in many diseases, particularly in sepsis.
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Pisetsky DS. Evolving story of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2020; 110:102356. [PMID: 31810857 PMCID: PMC8284812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by antinuclear antibody (ANA) production. ANAs bind to DNA, RNA and complexes of proteins and nucleic acids and are important markers for diagnosis and activity. According to current models, ANAs originate from antigen-driven processes; nevertheless, antibody responses to both DNA and RNA binding proteins display features unexpected in terms of current paradigms for antigenicity. These differences may reflect disturbances in both B and T cells critical for autoreactivity. Clinically, ANA testing has new uses for determining classification as well as assessing eligibility for clinical trials. Studies of patients with established disease show frequent seronegativity. In this setting, seronegativity may indicate a stage of disease called post-autoimmunity in which the natural history of disease or effects of immunosuppressive therapies modifies responses. The new uses of ANA testing highlight the importance of understanding autoantigenicity and developing sensitive and informative assays for clinical assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center and Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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12
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Soni C, Reizis B. Self-DNA at the Epicenter of SLE: Immunogenic Forms, Regulation, and Effects. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1601. [PMID: 31354738 PMCID: PMC6637313 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-reactive B cells generated through V(D)J recombination in the bone marrow or through accrual of random mutations in secondary lymphoid tissues are mostly purged or edited to prevent autoimmunity. Yet, 10–20% of all mature naïve B cells in healthy individuals have self-reactive B cell receptors (BCRs). In patients with serologically active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) the percentage increases up to 50%, with significant self-DNA reactivity that correlates with disease severity. Endogenous or self-DNA has emerged as a potent antigen in several autoimmune disorders, particularly in SLE. However, the mechanism(s) regulating or preventing anti-DNA antibody production remain elusive. It is likely that in healthy subjects, DNA-reactive B cells avoid activation due to the unavailability of endogenous DNA, which is efficiently degraded through efferocytosis and various DNA-processing proteins. Genetic defects, physiological, and/or pathological conditions can override these protective checkpoints, leading to autoimmunity. Plausibly, increased availability of immunogenic self-DNA may be the key initiating event in the loss of tolerance of otherwise quiescent DNA-reactive B cells. Indeed, mutations impairing apoptotic cell clearance pathways and nucleic acid metabolism-associated genes like DNases, RNases, and their sensors are known to cause autoimmune disorders including SLE. Here we review the literature supporting the idea that increased availability of DNA as an immunogen or adjuvant, or both, may cause the production of pathogenic anti-DNA antibodies and subsequent manifestations of clinical disease such as SLE. We discuss the main cellular players involved in anti-DNA responses; the physical forms and sources of immunogenic DNA in autoimmunity; the DNA-protein complexes that render DNA immunogenic; the regulation of DNA availability by intracellular and extracellular DNases and the autoimmune pathologies associated with their dysfunction; the cytosolic and endosomal sensors of immunogenic DNA; and the cytokines such as interferons that drive auto-inflammatory and autoimmune pathways leading to clinical disease. We propose that prevention of DNA availability by aiding extracellular DNase activity could be a viable therapeutic modality in controlling SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Halim MA, Bertorelle F, Doussineau T, Antoine R. Direct determination of molecular weight distribution of calf-thymus DNAs and study of their fragmentation under ultrasonic and low-energy infrared irradiations. A charge detection mass spectrometry investigation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:35-39. [PMID: 29885254 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Calf-thymus (CT-DNA) is widely used as a binding agent. The commercial samples are known to be "highly polymerized DNA" samples. CT-DNA is known to be fragile in particular upon ultrasonic wave irradiation. Degradation products could have dramatic consequences on its bio-sensing activity, and an accurate determination of the molecular weight distribution and stability of commercial samples is highly demanded. METHODS We investigated the sensitivity of charge detection mass spectrometry (CDMS), a single-molecule MS method, both with single-pass and ion trap CDMS ("Benner" trap) modes to the determination of the composition and stability (under multiphoton IR irradiation) of calf-thymus DNAs. We also investigated the changes in molecular weight distributions in the course of sonication by irradiating ultrasonic waves to CT-DNA. RESULTS We report, for the first time, the direct molecular weight (MW) distribution of DNA sodium salt from calf-thymus revealing two populations at high (~10 MDa) and low (~3 MDa) molecular weights. We evidence a transition between the high-MW to the low-MW distribution, confirming that the low-MW distribution results from degradation of CT-DNA. Finally, we report also IRMPD experiments carried out on trapped single-stranded linear DNAs from calf-thymus allowing extraction of their activation energy for unimolecular dissociation. CONCLUSIONS We show that single-pass CDMS is a direct, efficient and accurate MS-based approach to determine the composition of calf-thymus DNAs. Furthermore, ion trap CDMS allows us to evaluate the stability (both under multiphoton IR irradiation and in the course of sonication by irradiating ultrasonic wave) of calf-thymus DNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad A Halim
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Franck Bertorelle
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Doussineau
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
| | - Rodolphe Antoine
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut Lumière Matière, UMR 5306, Univ Lyon, F-69622, Lyon, France
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14
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Soni C, Reizis B. DNA as a self-antigen: nature and regulation. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:31-37. [PMID: 30261321 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity antibodies to double-stranded DNA are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and are thought to contribute to disease flares and tissue inflammation such as nephritis. Notwithstanding their clinical importance, major questions remain about the development and regulation of these pathogenic anti-DNA responses. These include the mechanisms that prevent anti-DNA responses in healthy subjects, despite the constant generation of self-DNA and the abundance of DNA-reactive B cells; the nature and physical form of antigenic DNA in SLE; the regulation of DNA availability as an antigen; and potential therapeutic strategies targeting the pathogenic DNA in SLE. This review summarizes current progress in these directions, focusing on the role of secreted DNases in the regulation of antigenic extracellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Soni
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Boris Reizis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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15
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Rekvig OP. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Definitions, Contexts, Conflicts, Enigmas. Front Immunol 2018; 9:387. [PMID: 29545801 PMCID: PMC5839091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an inadequately defined syndrome. Etiology and pathogenesis remain largely unknown. SLE is on the other hand a seminal syndrome that has challenged immunologists, biologists, genetics, and clinicians to solve its nature. The syndrome is characterized by multiple, etiologically unlinked manifestations. Unexpectedly, they seem to occur in different stochastically linked clusters, although single gene defects may promote a smaller spectrum of symptoms/criteria typical for SLE. There is no known inner coherence of parameters (criteria) making up the disease. These parameters are, nevertheless, implemented in The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and The Systemic Lupus Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria to classify SLE. Still, SLE is an abstraction since the ACR or SLICC criteria allow us to define hundreds of different clinical SLE phenotypes. This is a major point of the present discussion and uses "The anti-dsDNA antibody" as an example related to the problematic search for biomarkers for SLE. The following discussion will show how problematic this is: the disease is defined through non-coherent classification criteria, its complexity is recognized and accepted, its pathogenesis is plural and poorly understood. Therapy is focused on dominant symptoms or organ manifestations, and not on the syndrome itself. From basic scientific evidences, we can add substantial amount of data that are not sufficiently considered in clinical medicine, which may change the paradigms linked to what "The Anti-DNA antibody" is-and is not-in context of the imperfectly defined syndrome SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Petter Rekvig
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
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16
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Bai Y, Tong Y, Liu Y, Hu H. Self-dsDNA in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 191:1-10. [PMID: 28836661 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic and poly-aetiological autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antibodies to autologous double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) which serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The defective clearance of apoptotic material, together with neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), provides abundant chromatin or self-dsDNA to trigger the production of anti-dsDNA antibodies, although the mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In SLE patients, the immune complex (IC) of dsDNA and its autoantibodies trigger the robust type I interferon (IFN-I) production through intracellular DNA sensors, which drives the adaptive immune system to break down self-tolerance. In this review, we will discuss the potential resources of self-dsDNA, the mechanisms of self-dsDNA-mediated inflammation through various DNA sensors and its functions in SLE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Tong
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - H Hu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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17
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in association with protean clinic manifestations. ANA can bind to nuclear molecules, most prominently DNA and histones in nucleosomes, to form complexes to promote pathogenesis. Because of the intrinsic immunological activity of the nuclear components, these complexes can amplify responses by interacting with diverse pattern recognition receptors and internal sensing systems. Among molecules associated with nucleosomal components, HMGB1, a non-histone protein, can emanate from activated and dying cells; HMGB1's immune activity is determined by post-translational modifications, redox state, and binding to other immune mediators. Although ANAs form complexes that deposit in the kidney or induce type 1 interferon, ANAs may also block immune activity. Together, these studies highlight the importance of complexes in the pathogenesis of lupus and their role as antigens, immunogens, and adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center , Durham, NC , USA and
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18
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Holl TM, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Verkoczy L, Alam SM, Moody MA, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Enhanced antibody responses to an HIV-1 membrane-proximal external region antigen in mice reconstituted with cultured lymphocytes. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 192:3269-79. [PMID: 24591365 PMCID: PMC4003504 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that the protective HIV-1 Ab, 2F5, avidly reacts with a conserved mammalian self-Ag, kynureninase, and that the development of B cells specific for the 2F5 epitope is constrained by immunological tolerance. These observations suggest that the capacity to mount Ab responses to the 2F5 epitope is mitigated by tolerance, but such capacity may be latent in the pretolerance and/or anergic B cell pools. In this study, we use B cell tetramer reagents to track the frequencies of B cells that recognize the HIV-1 2F5 epitope (SP62): in C57BL/6 mice, SP62-binding transitional B cells are readily identified in bone marrow but are lost during subsequent development. Unsurprisingly then, immunization with SP62 immunogen does not elicit significant humoral responses in normal C57BL/6 mice. Reconstitution of Rag1(null) mice with normal congenic B cells that have matured in vitro restores the capacity to mount significant serum Ab and germinal center responses to this HIV-1 epitope. These B cell cultures are permissive for the development of autoreactive B cells and support the development of SP62-specific B cell compartments normally lost in 2F5 Ab knockin mice. The recovery of humoral responses to the 2F5/SP62 epitope of HIV-1 by reconstitution with B cells containing forbidden, autoreactive clones provides direct evidence that normal C57BL/6 mice latently possess the capacity to generate humoral responses to a conserved, neutralizing HIV-1 epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Pathology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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19
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Knudsen ML, Ljungberg K, Liljeström P, Johansson DX. Intradermal electroporation of RNA. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:147-54. [PMID: 24510820 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the in vivo delivery of conventional mRNA or alphaviral replicon RNA via intradermal electroporation. The use of RNA in clinical applications has several potential advantages compared to DNA. For instance, RNA cannot integrate into the host genome, and it does not contain bacterial sequence motifs such as CpG often present in plasmid DNA backbones that can potentially trigger autoimmune responses. Intradermal electroporation is well tolerated and causes only minor trauma compared to intramuscular electroporation. As the skin houses high concentrations of antigen-presenting cells, vaccines could especially benefit from intradermal administration of RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Knudsen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Shirota H, Klinman DM. Recent progress concerning CpG DNA and its use as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 13:299-312. [PMID: 24308579 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.863715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CpG Oligonucleotides (ODN) are immunomodulatory synthetic oligonucleotides designed to specifically agonize Toll-like receptor 9. Here, we review recent progress in understanding the mechanism of action of CpG ODN and provide an overview of human clinical trial results using CpG ODN to improve the vaccines for cancer, allergy and infectious disease.
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21
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Buneva VN, Krasnorutskii MA, Nevinsky GA. Natural antibodies to nucleic acids. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2013; 78:127-143. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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22
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Marks SD, Tullus K. Autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Pediatr Nephrol 2012; 27:1855-68. [PMID: 22193636 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-011-2078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial disorder with multigenic inheritance and various environmental factors implicated in its aetiopathogenesis. Despite the multiple mechanisms involved in the aetiology of SLE being elusive, recent studies have made progress in our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms via abnormal regulation of cell-mediated and humoral immunity that lead to tissue damage. The heterogeneity of the clinical manifestations probably reflects the complexity of the disease pathogenesis itself. The immune system in SLE is characterised by a complex interplay between overactive B cells, abnormally activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells. This interplay leads to the production of an array of inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic cells, diverse autoantibodies and immune complexes that in turn activate effector cells and the complement system, leading to tissue injury and damage which are the hallmarks of the clinical manifestations. SLE patients have dysregulation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and immune response-related genes, as well as of the genes involved in apoptosis, signal transduction and the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Marks
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK.
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23
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The origin and properties of extracellular DNA: from PAMP to DAMP. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:32-40. [PMID: 22659033 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA is a polymeric macromolecule whose biological activities depend on location as well as binding to associated molecules. Inside the cell, DNA is the source of genetic information and binds histones to form nucleosomes. DNA can exit the cell, however, to enter the extracellular space primarily during cell death, either apoptosis or necrosis, as well as NETosis. While bacterial DNA is a potent immune stimulant by virtue of its CpG motifs, mammalian DNA, which is ordinarily inactive, can acquire activity by associating with nuclear, cytoplasmic and serum proteins which promote its uptake into cells to stimulate internal DNA sensors, including Toll-like receptor 9. Among these proteins, anti-DNA autoantibodies can form immune complexes with DNA to stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce type 1 interferon. Together, these findings suggest that the immune properties of DNA are mutable and diverse, reflecting its context and the array of attached molecules.
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24
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Shimp SK, Chafin CB, Regna NL, Hammond SE, Read MA, Caudell DL, Rylander M, Reilly CM. Heat shock protein 90 inhibition by 17-DMAG lessens disease in the MRL/lpr mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 9:255-66. [PMID: 22543833 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) has been found in kidneys and serum of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and MRL/Mp-Fas(lpr)/Fas(lpr) (MRL/lpr) autoimmune mice. We investigated if inhibition of HSP90 would reduce disease in MRL/lpr mice. In vitro, pretreatment of mesangial cells with HSP90 inhibitor Geldanamycin prior to immune-stimulation showed reduced expression of IL-6, IL-12 and NO. In vivo, we found HSP90 expression was elevated in MRL/lpr kidneys when compared to C57BL/6 mice and MRL/lpr mice treated with HSP90 inhibitor 17-DMAG. MRL/lpr mice treated with 17-DMAG showed decreased proteinuria and reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody production. Glomerulonephritis and glomerular IgG and C3 were not significantly affected by administration of 17-DMAG in MRL/lpr. 17-DMAG increased CD8(+) T cells, reduced double-negative T cells, decreased the CD4/CD8 ratio and reduced follicular B cells. These studies suggest that HSP90 may play a role in regulating T-cell differentiation and activation and that HSP90 inhibition may reduce inflammation in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Shimp
- Virginia Tech-Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 21061, USA.
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25
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Pasquali JL, Martin T. Control of B cells expressing naturally occurring autoantibodies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 750:145-56. [PMID: 22903672 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3461-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring autoantibodies (NAbs) are typically polyreactive, bind with low affinity to a discrete set of autoantigens and are encoded by variable region genes in germline configuration. They differ from disease-associated autoantibodies (autoAb), which are mostly monoreactive, somatically mutated and of high affinities. Structure-function studies have shown that polyreactivity of NAbs relies on the somatically generated complementarity determining region, CDR3, of the heavy chain. This finding suggested that NAb-producing B cells were positively selected from the pre-immune B-cell repertoire. The biological significance of this selection remains, however, unclear. Data originating mainly from transgenic mice have shown that mature NAb-producing B cells are frequently ignorant toward their antigen, possibly due to their low affinity, though active tolerance mechanisms are not excluded. An important issue is whether NAb-producing B cells constitute the pool from which pathologic auto Ab emerge after autoantigen-driven maturation. We summarize results obtained in mouse models, showing that some infectious agents are able to induce an autoantigen-driven activation of certain NAb-producing B cells. However direct proof that selection by autoantigen may lead to somatic hypermutation are still lacking. Other data tend to suggest that pathologic auto Abs may derive from non-autoimmune B cells that have diversified by somatic hypermutation of their variable region genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Louis Pasquali
- Clinical Immunology Department, National Referral Center for Systemic Autoimmune Diseases, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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26
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Huang Z, Zhang Z, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Chen J, Dong L, Zhang J. Targeted delivery of oligonucleotides into tumor-associated macrophages for cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2011; 158:286-92. [PMID: 22119956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been proven to be a driving force in the initiation, proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis of various tumors. Specifically, alterations in the functions of TAMs exhibited inhibitory effects on tumor growth. However, there is currently no research being conducted on the targeting delivery of drugs into TAMs for cell-specific tumor immunotherapy. In the present study, we developed a TAMs targeted delivery system that is triggered by the acidic microenvironment in the tumor to release a TAMs-recognizing nano-complex loaded with oligonucleotides. By using this system, we demonstrated a significant anti-tumor effect of an oligonucleotide combination of CpG oligonucleotide, anti-IL-10 and anti-IL-10 receptor oligonucleotides. These nucleic acid drugs delivered by the delivery system accumulated in the TAMs of an allograft hepatoma murine model by intravenous injection, suppressed the pro-tumor functions and stimulated the anti-tumor activities of TAMs. More importantly, the nucleic acid drug-based immune-regulation was restricted to the tumor microenvironment and did not cause an upregulation of serum inflammatory cytokines. Our present study provides an effective therapeutic strategy for regulating cell-specific functions using nucleic acid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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27
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Kumar S, Hinks JA, Maman J, Ravirajan CT, Pearl LH, Isenberg DA. p185, an immunodominant epitope, is an autoantigen mimotope. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:26220-7. [PMID: 21566138 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.224303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An immunodominant peptide (p185(378-394)) derived from the c-erbB2 gene product, was recognized by an anti-DNA antibody, B3, and importantly by two classical DNA-binding proteins, Tgo polymerase and Pa-UDG. These reactivities were inhibited by DNA, confirming that the peptide mimicked DNA. BALB/c mice immunized with p185(378-394) developed significant titers of IgG anti-dsDNA antibodies. Screening of 39 human lupus sera revealed that 5% of these sera possessed reactivity toward p185(378-394). Representative mouse and human sera with anti-p185(378-394) reactivity bound intact p185, and this binding was inhibited by dsDNA. This is the first demonstration of a naturally occurring autoantigen mimotope. The present study identifies a potential antigenic stimulus that might trigger systemic lupus erythematosus in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Rheumatology, University College London Division of Medicine, University College London Hospital, London W1T 4JF, UK.
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28
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs trigger cells that express Toll-like receptor 9 (including human plasmacytoid dendritic cells and B cells) to mount an innate immune response characterized by the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines. When used as vaccine adjuvants, CpG ODNs improve the function of professional antigen-presenting cells and boost the generation of humoral and cellular vaccine-specific immune responses. These effects are optimized by maintaining ODNs and vaccine in close proximity. The adjuvant properties of CpG ODNs are observed when administered either systemically or mucosally, and persist in immunocompromised hosts. Preclinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs improve the activity of vaccines targeting infectious diseases and cancer. Clinical trials demonstrate that CpG ODNs have a good safety profile and increase the immunogenicity of coadministered vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bode
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gan Zhao
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Folkert Steinhagen
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Takeshi Kinjo
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Dennis M Klinman
- Cancer and Infammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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29
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Abstract
Treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer is still challenging due to its resistance to conventional therapies, such as radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Immunotherapeutic approaches with IL-2 and/or IFN-alpha have become standard regimens in treating metastatic renal cell cancer. Furthermore, molecularly targeted therapies, such as VEGF-pathway inhibition or use of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, have demonstrated promising results and might become even more important in the following years. Finally, vaccination therapies have gained increasing interest and have been tested in multiple clinical trials. There is a vast choice of different application and production types of these vaccines, ranging from dendritic cell-based principals to the application of naked RNA. The development of new immune-enhancing strategies led to the option of interesting, potent combination regimes. This review has a focus on vaccination therapies in renal cell cancer, especially dendritic cell-based principals, and aims to give an overview of this rapidly changing field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkristin Heine
- University of Bonn, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Wilhelmstrasse 35-7, 53111 Bonn, Germany
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30
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Animal models of lupus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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31
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Otaki N, Chikazawa M, Nagae R, Shimozu Y, Shibata T, Ito S, Takasaki Y, Fujii J, Uchida K. Identification of a lipid peroxidation product as the source of oxidation-specific epitopes recognized by anti-DNA autoantibodies. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:33834-42. [PMID: 20736172 PMCID: PMC2962483 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.165175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation in tissue and in tissue fractions represents a degradative process, which is the consequence of the production and the propagation of free radical reactions primarily involving membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids, and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have found that bovine serum albumin incubated with peroxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids significantly cross-reacted with the sera from MRL-lpr mice, a representative murine model of SLE. To identify the active substances responsible for the generation of autoantigenic epitopes recognized by the SLE sera, we performed the activity-guiding separation of a principal source from 13-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid and identified 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE), a highly reactive aldehyde originating from the peroxidation of ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, as the source of the autoantigenic epitopes. When the age-dependent change in the antibody titer against the ONE-modified protein was measured in the sera from MRL-lpr mice and control MRL-MpJ mice, all of the MRL-lpr mice developed an anti-ONE titer, which was comparable with the anti-DNA titer. Strikingly, a subset of the anti-DNA monoclonal antibodies generated from the SLE mice showing recognition specificity toward DNA cross-reacted with the ONE-specific epitopes. Furthermore, these dual-specific antibodies rapidly bound and internalized into living cells. These findings raised the possibility that the enhanced lipid peroxidation followed by the generation of ONE may be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Otaki
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miho Chikazawa
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Nagae
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimozu
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- the School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshinari Takasaki
- the Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan, and
| | - Junichi Fujii
- the Graduate School of Medical Science, Yamagata University, Yamagata 990-9985, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- From the Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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32
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Stromal cell independent B cell development in vitro: generation and recovery of autoreactive clones. J Immunol Methods 2010; 354:53-67. [PMID: 20109461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We describe and characterize a stromal cell independent culture system that efficiently supports pro-B cell to IgM+ B cell development with near normal levels of IgH and Igkappa diversity. Pro-B cells present in non-adherent bone marrow cells proliferate in the presence of IL-7 and subsequent to the removal of IL-7 and addition of BAFF, differentiate normally into IgM+ B cells. B cell development in vitro closely follows the patterns of development in vivo with culture-derived (CD) B cells demonstrating characteristic patterns of surface antigen expression and gene activation. IgM+ CD B cells respond to TLR stimulation by proliferation and differentiation into antibody-secreting cells. Self-reactive IgM+ B cell development is blocked in 3H9 IgH knockin mice; however, cultures of 3H9 IgH knockin pro-B cells yields high frequencies of "forbidden", autoreactive IgM+ B cells. Furthermore, serum IgG autoantibody exceeded that present in autoimmune, C4(-/-) animals following the reconstitution of RAG1(-/-) mice with IgM+ CD cells derived from BL/6 mice.
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Abstract
Antibodies to DNA (anti-DNA) are the serological hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and unique markers of the immunological disturbances critical to disease pathogenesis. In the form of immune complexes, anti-DNA autoantibodies can deposit in the tissue to incite inflammation and damage; in addition, these complexes can induce cytokine production, most prominently, type 1 interferon. Studies in both patients and animal models have implicated genetic as well as environmental factors in the aetiology of the anti-DNA response. Because bacterial DNA is a potent stimulant of innate immunity by both toll-like receptor (TLR) and non-TLR signalling pathways, foreign DNA introduced during the course of bacterial or viral infection could have a dual role in antibody induction. This DNA could serve as an adjuvant to activate innate immunity as well as an immunogen to drive an antigen-specific antibody response. In this scenario, the generation of cross-reactive autoantibodies, in contrast to highly specific antibodies to bacterial DNA, most likely depends on genetically determined abnormalities in the B-cell repertoire in patients with SLE. Given the universal expression of DNA, this model suggests that many different kinds of infections could trigger pathogenic autoantibody responses in SLE, as well as induce flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Pisetsky
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA.
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Wilson HL, Dar A, Napper SK, Marianela Lopez A, Babiuk LA, Mutwiri GK. Immune Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 25:183-213. [PMID: 16818371 DOI: 10.1080/08830180600785868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unmethylated CpG motifs in bacterial DNA and synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides activate immune cells that express Toll-like Receptor 9. Activation through this receptor triggers cellular signaling that leads to production of a proinflammatory and a Th1-type, antigen-specific immune response. The immunostimulatory effects of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides confer protection against infectious disease, allergy and cancer in animal models, and clinical trials have been initiated. However, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides may exacerbate disease in some situations. We will review current concepts in the mechanisms of activating Toll-like Receptor 9 with CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and highlight opportunities for using large animal models to better determine the mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Niller HH, Wolf H, Minarovits J. Regulation and dysregulation of Epstein–Barr virus latency: Implications for the development of autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2009; 41:298-328. [DOI: 10.1080/08916930802024772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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36
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Keil DE, Peden-Adams MM, Wallace S, Ruiz P, Gilkeson GS. Assessment of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure in murine strains genetically-prone and non-prone to develop autoimmune disease. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:443-453. [PMID: 19241258 DOI: 10.1080/10934520902719738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing laboratory and epidemiologic evidence relating exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) with autoimmune disease including scleroderma and lupus. New Zealand Black/New Zealand White (NZBWF1) and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to TCE (0, 1, 400 or 14,000 ppb) via drinking water for 27 or 30 weeks, respectively. NZBWF1 mice spontaneously develop autoimmune disease while B6C3F1 mice, a standard strain used in immunotoxicology testing, are not genetically prone to develop autoimmune disease. During the TCE exposure period, serum levels of total IgG, and autoantibodies (anti-ssDNA, -dsDNA, and -glomerular antigen [GA]) were monitored. At the termination of the study, renal pathology, natural killer (NK) cell activity, total IgG levels, autoantibody production, T-cell activation, and lymphocytic proliferative responses were evaluated. TCE did not alter NK cell activity, or T- and B-cell proliferation in either strain. Numbers of activated T-cells (CD4+/CD44+) were increased in the B6C3F1 mice but not in the NZBWF1 mice. Renal pathology, as indicated by renal score, was significantly increased in the B6C3F1, but not in the NZBWF1 mice. Serum levels of autoantibodies to dsDNA and ssDNA were increased at more time points in B6C3F1, as compared to the NZBWF1 mice. Anti-GA autoantibodies were increased by TCE treatment in early stages of the study in NZBWF1 mice, but by 23 weeks of age, control levels were comparable to those of TCE-exposed animals. Serum levels anti-GA autoantibodies in B6C3F1 were not affected by TCE exposure. Overall, these data suggest that TCE did not contribute to the progression of autoimmune disease in autoimmune-prone mice during the period of 11-36 weeks of age, but rather lead to increased expression of markers associated with autoimmune disease in a non-genetically prone mouse strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah E Keil
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Program, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
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Klinman DM, Klaschik S, Sato T, Tross D. CpG oligonucleotides as adjuvants for vaccines targeting infectious diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:248-55. [PMID: 19272313 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2008.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing unmethylated CpG motifs act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses. CpG motifs promote the induction of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines and support the maturation/activation of professional antigen presenting cells (particularly plasmacytoid dendritic cells). These effects are optimized by maintaining close physical contact between the CpG ODN and the immunogen. Co-administering CpG ODN with a variety of vaccines has improved the resultant humoral and/or cellular immune responses, culminating in enhanced protective immunity in rodent and primate challenge models. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODN are safe and well-tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans, and that they can support increased vaccine-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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38
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Rogers NJ, Lees MJ, Gabriel L, Maniati E, Rose SJ, Potter PK, Morley BJ. A Defect in Marco Expression Contributes to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development via Failure to Clear Apoptotic Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:1982-90. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0801320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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39
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Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, Pumford NR. Comments on "Lifetime exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) does not accelerate autoimmune disease in MRL+/- mice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2009; 44:116-122. [PMID: 19085602 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802656584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Abstract
As an attractive alternative to conventional vaccines, DNA vaccines play a critical role in inducing protection against several infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss the advantages that DNA vaccines offer in comparison to conventional protein-based vaccines. We discuss strategies to improve the potency and efficacy of DNA vaccines. Specifically, we focus on the potential use of DNA-based vaccines to elicit broad-spectrum humoral and cellular immunity against influenza virus. Finally, we discuss the advances made in the use of DNA vaccines to prevent avian H5N1 influenza.
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Peden-Adams MM, Eudaly JG, Lee AM, Miller J, Keil DE, Gilkeson GS. Lifetime exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) does not accelerate autoimmune disease in MRL +/+ mice. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2008; 43:1402-1409. [PMID: 18780217 DOI: 10.1080/10934520802232063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A genetically-prone murine lupus model was used to assess the developmental effects of trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure on disease symptom onset (e.g., autoantibody production and proteinuria), lymphocyte proliferation, splenic B-cell populations, and thymic and splenic T-cell populations. MRL +/+ mice were exposed to TCE (0, 1,400 or 14,000 ppb) via drinking water beginning on gestation day (GD) 0 and continuing until 12 months of age. With the exception of splenic CD4-/CD8-cells in female mice only, no alterations were observed in splenic T-cell populations, numbers of splenic B220+ cells, or in lymphocyte proliferation at 12 months of age. Furthermore, populations of all thymic T-cell subpopulations were decreased in male but not female mice following exposure to 14,000 ppb TCE. Autoantibody levels (anti-dsDNA and anti-GA) were assessed periodically from 4 to 12 months of age. Over this period, no increase in autoantibody levels as compared to control was detected, suggesting that TCE did not contribute to or accelerate the development of autoimmune disease markers following lifetime exposure. Not only does this study offer encouraging results, but it is the first study to approach the development of autoimmunity in a novel lifetime exposure paradigm, using an autoimmune prone model, at environmentally relevant exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie M Peden-Adams
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29412, USA.
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42
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Pisetsky DS. The role of innate immunity in the induction of autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 8:69-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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43
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Reilly CM, Thomas M, Gogal R, Olgun S, Santo A, Sodhi R, Samy ET, Peng SL, Gilkeson GS, Mishra N. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A upregulates regulatory T cells and modulates autoimmunity in NZB/W F1 mice. J Autoimmun 2008; 31:123-30. [PMID: 18650065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We sought to determine if the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDI), trichostatin A (TSA), would alter systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in NZB/W mice. Fourteen to sixteen-week-old female NZB/W F1 mice were given TSA (1.0mg/kg body weight (BW)) intraperitonealy (i.p.) daily, TSA (1.0mg/kg BW) i.p.+anti-CD25 (250mg/mouse) i.p. every third day, only anti-CD25 (250mg/mouse) i.p., DMSO or isotype IgG. Disease progression was assessed as they aged. Mice were sacrificed at 26 or 38 weeks of age, tissues collected and evaluated. At 36 weeks, TSA-treated animals had decreased anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) autoantibodies and decreased protein excretion compared to controls. Spleen size and the percentage of CD4+CD69+ cells were decreased, with an increase in CD4+CD25+ T cells in the TSA-treated mice. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of T cells showed a decrease in IL-6 production but an increase in TGF-beta1 and Foxp3 in the TSA-treated animals. Kidney analysis showed a decrease in IgG and C3 deposition, decrease in pathologic glomerular disease and renal MCP-1, MMP-9, and IL-6 mRNA expression. Anti-CD25-treated mice euthanized at 26 weeks of age showed decreased Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ T cells compared to TSA-treated mice. These data suggest TSA administration modulates lupus-like disease, in part, by increasing T regulatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, VA, USA.
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44
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Toyoda K, Nagae R, Akagawa M, Ishino K, Shibata T, Ito S, Shibata N, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi M, Takasaki Y, Matsuda T, Uchida K. Protein-bound 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: an endogenous triggering antigen of antI-DNA response. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25769-78. [PMID: 17588942 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that the nonenzymatic oxidative modification of proteins and the subsequent accumulation of the modified proteins have been found in cells during aging and oxidative stress and in various pathological states, including premature diseases, muscular dystrophy, rheumatoid arthritis, and atherosclerosis. Our previous work suggested the existence of molecular mimicry between antibodies raised against hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified protein and anti-DNA autoantibodies, a serologic hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of HNE-modified proteins as the endogenous source of the anti-DNA antibodies. Accumulation of the antigen recognized by the antibody against the HNE-modified protein was observed in the nucleus of almost all of the epidermal cells from patients with autoimmune diseases, including SLE. The SLE patients also showed significantly higher serum levels of the anti-HNE titer than healthy individuals. To determine if a specific anti-DNA response could be initiated by the HNE-derived epitopes, we immunized BALB/c mice with the HNE-modified protein and observed a progressive increase in the anti-DNA response. Moreover, we generated the monoclonal antibodies, showing recognition specificity toward DNA, and found that they can bind to two structurally distinct antigens (i.e. the native DNA and protein-bound 4-oxo-2-nonenal). The findings in this study provide evidence to suspect an etiologic role for lipid peroxidation in autoimmune diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Aldehydes/adverse effects
- Aldehydes/chemistry
- Aldehydes/immunology
- Aldehydes/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/etiology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Cattle
- Cellular Senescence/immunology
- Epitopes/adverse effects
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/pharmacology
- Female
- Humans
- Lipid Peroxidation/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/etiology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Mimicry/immunology
- Muscular Dystrophies/etiology
- Muscular Dystrophies/immunology
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Oxidative Stress/immunology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/adverse effects
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyo Toyoda
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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45
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Kindrachuk J, Potter JE, Brownlie R, Ficzycz AD, Griebel PJ, Mookherjee N, Mutwiri GK, Babiuk LA, Napper S. Nucleic acids exert a sequence-independent cooperative effect on sequence-dependent activation of Toll-like receptor 9. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13944-53. [PMID: 17355967 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m608089200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) activates the innate immune system in response to microbial DNA or mimicking oligodeoxynucleotides. Although cell stimulation experiments demonstrate the preferential activation of TLR9 by CpG-containing nucleic acids, direct binding investigations have reached contradictory conclusions with respect to the ability of this receptor to bind nucleic acids in a sequence-specific manner. To address this apparent discrepancy, we report the purification of the soluble ectodomain of human TLR9 with characterization of its ligand binding properties. We observe that TLR9 has a high degree of specificity in its ability to bind nucleic acids that contain CpG dinucleotides as well as higher order motifs that mediate species-specific activation. However, TLR9 is also functionally influenced by nucleic acids in a sequence-independent fashion as both stimulatory and nonstimulatory nucleic acids sensitize TLR9 for in vitro ligand binding as well as in vivo activation. We propose a model in which receptor activation is achieved in a sequence-dependent manner, and sensitivity is modulated by the absolute concentration of nucleic acids in a sequence-independent fashion. This model bears resemblance to that recently proposed for Toll in that activation is a two-step process in which formation of a ligand-bound monomer precedes formation of the activated dimer. In each model receptor sensitivity is determined within the second step with the crucial distinction that Toll undergoes negative cooperativity, whereas TLR9 is sensitized through a positive cooperative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Kindrachuk
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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46
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Abstract
Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) containing unmethylated CpG motifs directly stimulate human B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), thereby promoting the production of Th1 and proinflammatory cytokines and the maturation/activation of professional antigen-presenting cells. These activities enable CpG ODNs to act as immune adjuvants, accelerating and boosting antigen-specific immune responses by 5- to 500-fold. The CpG motifs present in bacterial DNA plasmids may contribute to the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Ongoing clinical studies indicate that CpG ODNs are safe and well tolerated when administered as adjuvants to humans and can improve vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Klinman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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47
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Lartigue A, Courville P, Auquit I, François A, Arnoult C, Tron F, Gilbert D, Musette P. Role of TLR9 in anti-nucleosome and anti-DNA antibody production in lpr mutation-induced murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:1349-54. [PMID: 16818796 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.2.1349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is characterized by the production of autoantibodies directed against nuclear Ags, including nucleosome and DNA. TLR9 is thought to play a role in the production of these autoantibodies through the capacity of nuclear immunogenic particles to interact both with BCR and TLR9. To determine the role of TLR9 in SLE, C57BL/6-lpr/lpr-TLR9(-/-) and TLR9(+/+) mice were analyzed. The abrogation of TLR9 totally impaired the production of anti-nucleosome Abs, whereas no difference was observed in the frequency of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies whose titer was strikingly higher in TLR9(-/-) mice. In addition a higher rate of mesangial proliferation was observed in the kidney of TLR9-deficient animals. These results indicate that in C57BL/6-lpr/lpr mice, TLR9 is absolutely required for the anti-nucleosome Ab response but not for anti-dsDNA Ab production which is involved in mesangial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lartigue
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 519 and Institut Fédératif de Recherche Multidisciplinaire sur les Peptides, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen Cedex, France
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48
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Rekvig OP, Bendiksen S, Moens U. Immunity and autoimmunity induced by polyomaviruses: clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:117-47. [PMID: 16626032 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, polyomaviruses will be presented in an immunological context. Principal observations will be discussed to elucidate humoral and cellular immune responses to different species of the polyomaviruses and to individual viral structural and regulatory proteins. The role of immune responses towards the viruses or their proteins in context of protection against polyomavirus induced tumors will be described. One central aspect of this presentation is the ability of polyomaviruses, and particularly large T-antigen, to terminate immunological tolerance to nucleosomes, DNA and histones. Thus, in the present chapter we will focus on clinical, experimental and theoretical aspects of the immunity to polyomaviruses.
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Kawase A, Isaji K, Yamaoka A, Kobayashi N, Nishikawa M, Takakura Y. Enhanced antigen-specific antibody production following polyplex-based DNA vaccination via the intradermal route in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:5535-45. [PMID: 16716462 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Revised: 04/24/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccination is an attractive approach with various advantages over conventional vaccination. The present study was undertaken to examine whether polyplex-based DNA vaccination could be used to modulate immune responses by plasmid DNA (pDNA). Methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA) was used as a model of a cationic macromolecular carrier of pDNA encoding obalbumin (OVA) and the effects of polyplex formation of pDNA with mBSA on the antigen-specific immune responses were examined. Anti-OVA IgG antibody production was significantly increased following intradermal immunization with the polyplex compared with naked pDNA, although the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity was lowered by polyplex formation. We also demonstrated that the disposition and gene expression of pDNA following intradermal injection could be manipulated by polyplex formation. Intriguingly, we also found that the migration of dendritic cells to the injected site could be induced by polyplex formation probably due to a high level of tumor necrosis factor alpha production from the keratinocytes treated with mBSA/pDNA complexeses. Thus, the present study has demonstrated that the immune responses could be biased towards a Th2-type response by polyplex-based DNA vaccination through manipulation of not only pDNA disposition but also dendritic cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kawase
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Drug Metabolism, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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50
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