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Phu TA, Vu NK, Ng M, Gao AS, Stoolman JS, Chandel NS, Raffai RL. ApoE enhances mitochondrial metabolism via microRNA-142a/146a-regulated circuits that suppress hematopoiesis and inflammation in hyperlipidemia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113206. [PMID: 37824329 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is recognized for its pleiotropic properties that suppress inflammation. We report that ApoE serves as a metabolic rheostat that regulates microRNA control of glycolytic and mitochondrial activity in myeloid cells and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). ApoE expression in myeloid cells increases microRNA-146a, which reduces nuclear factor κB (NF-κB)-driven GLUT1 expression and glycolytic activity. In contrast, ApoE expression reduces microRNA-142a, which increases carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a (CPT1A) expression, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. Improved mitochondrial metabolism by ApoE expression causes an enrichment of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolites and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in macrophages. The study of mice with conditional ApoE expression supports the capacity of ApoE to foster microRNA-controlled immunometabolism. Modulation of microRNA-146a and -142a in the hematopoietic system of hyperlipidemic mice using RNA mimics and antagonists, respectively, improves mitochondrial metabolism, which suppresses inflammation and hematopoiesis. Our findings unveil microRNA regulatory circuits, controlled by ApoE, that exert metabolic control over hematopoiesis and inflammation in hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Phu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Ngan K Vu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Martin Ng
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Alex S Gao
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Joshua S Stoolman
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Navdeep S Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert L Raffai
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Surgical Service (112G), San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Northern California Institute for Research and Education, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Endovascular and Vascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Rentz T, Dorighello GG, dos Santos RR, Barreto LM, Freitas IN, Lazaro CM, Razolli DS, Cazita PM, Oliveira HCF. CETP Expression in Bone-Marrow-Derived Cells Reduces the Inflammatory Features of Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1556. [PMID: 37892238 PMCID: PMC10605246 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CETP activity reduces plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations, a correlate of an increased risk of atherosclerotic events. However, our recent findings suggest that CETP expression in macrophages promotes an intracellular antioxidant state, reduces free cholesterol accumulation and phagocytosis, and attenuates pro-inflammatory gene expression. To determine whether CETP expression in macrophages affects atherosclerosis development, we transplanted bone marrow from transgenic mice expressing simian CETP or non-expressing littermates into hypercholesterolemic LDL-receptor-deficient mice. The CETP expression did not change the lipid-stained lesion areas but decreased the macrophage content (CD68), neutrophil accumulation (LY6G), and TNF-α aorta content of young male transplanted mice and decreased LY6G, TNF-α, iNOS, and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in aged female transplanted mice. These findings suggest that CETP expression in bone-marrow-derived cells reduces the inflammatory features of atherosclerosis. These novel mechanistic observations may help to explain the failure of CETP inhibitors in reducing atherosclerotic events in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Rentz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Gabriel G. Dorighello
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Renata R. dos Santos
- Division of Radiotherapy, Medical School Hospital, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-887, SP, Brazil;
| | - Lohanna M. Barreto
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Israelle N. Freitas
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Carolina M. Lazaro
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
| | - Daniela S. Razolli
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
| | - Patricia M. Cazita
- Laboratório de Lípides (LIM10), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil;
| | - Helena C. F. Oliveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-862, SP, Brazil; (T.R.); (G.G.D.); (L.M.B.); (I.N.F.); (C.M.L.)
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-864, SP, Brazil;
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3
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Phu TA, Ng M, Vu NK, Gao AS, Raffai RL. ApoE expression in macrophages communicates immunometabolic signaling that controls hyperlipidemia-driven hematopoiesis & inflammation via extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12345. [PMID: 37593979 PMCID: PMC10436255 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
While apolipoprotein E (apoE) expression by myeloid cells is recognized to control inflammation, whether such benefits can be communicated via extracellular vesicles is not known. Through the study of extracellular vesicles produced by macrophages derived from the bone marrow of Wildtype (WT-BMDM-EV) and ApoE deficient (EKO-BMDM-EV) mice, we uncovered a critical role for apoE expression in regulating their cell signaling properties. WT-BMDM-EV communicated anti-inflammatory properties to recipient myeloid cells by increasing cellular levels of apoE and miR-146a-5p, that reduced NF-κB signalling. They also downregulated cellular levels of miR-142a-3p, resulting in increased levels of its target carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1A (CPT1A) which improved fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPHOS) in recipient cells. Such favorable metabolic polarization enhanced cell-surface MerTK levels and the phagocytic uptake of apoptotic cells. In contrast, EKO-BMDM-EV exerted opposite effects by reducing cellular levels of apoE and miR-146a-5p, which increased NF-κB-driven GLUT1-mediated glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis, and oxidative stress. Furthermore, EKO-BMDM-EV increased cellular miR-142a-3p levels, which reduced CPT1A levels and impaired FAO and OxPHOS in recipient myeloid cells. When cultured with naïve CD4+ T lymphocytes, EKO-BMDM-EV drove their activation and proliferation, and fostered their transition to a Th1 phenotype. While infusions of WT-BMDM-EV into hyperlipidemic mice resolved inflammation, infusions of EKO-BMDM-EV increased hematopoiesis and drove inflammatory responses in myeloid cells and T lymphocytes. ApoE-dependent immunometabolic signaling by macrophage extracellular vesicles was dependent on transcriptional axes controlled by miR-146a-5p and miR-142a-3p that could be reproduced by infusing miR-146a mimics & miR-142a antagonists into hyperlipidemic apoE-deficient mice. Together, our findings unveil a novel property for apoE expression in macrophages that modulates the immunometabolic regulatory properties of their secreted extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Anh Phu
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G)San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Northern California Institute for Research and EducationSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Martin Ng
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G)San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Northern California Institute for Research and EducationSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ngan K. Vu
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G)San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Northern California Institute for Research and EducationSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alex S. Gao
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G)San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Northern California Institute for Research and EducationSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert L. Raffai
- Department of Veterans AffairsSurgical Service (112G)San Francisco VA Medical CenterSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Northern California Institute for Research and EducationSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of SurgeryDivision of Endovascular and Vascular SurgeryUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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4
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Del Monte-Monge A, Martos-Folgado I, Rodríguez-Ronchel A, Ramiro AR. Assessing the impact of an antigen-specific antibody response on atherosclerosis development in mice. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102274. [PMID: 37126444 PMCID: PMC10165446 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The antibody immune response plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. Here, we present a protocol for assessing the impact of an antigen-specific germinal center antibody response on atherosclerosis development, using a pro-atherogenic mouse model deficient for the production of germinal-center-derived antibodies. We describe steps for bone marrow transfer from donor mice into irradiated recipient mice. We then detail immunization of mouse chimeras with atheroprotective malondialdehyde low-density lipoprotein during high-fat diet feeding and atherosclerosis burden analysis. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Martos-Folgado et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Del Monte-Monge
- B Lymphocyte Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Rodríguez-Ronchel
- B Lymphocyte Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena R Ramiro
- B Lymphocyte Biology Lab, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Gisterå A, Ketelhuth DFJ, Malin SG, Hansson GK. Animal Models of Atherosclerosis-Supportive Notes and Tricks of the Trade. Circ Res 2022; 130:1869-1887. [PMID: 35679358 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is a major cause of death among humans. Animal models have shown that cholesterol and inflammation are causatively involved in the disease process. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins elicit immune reactions and instigate inflammation in the vessel wall. Still, a treatment that is specific to vascular inflammation is lacking, which motivates continued in vivo investigations of the immune-vascular interactions that drive the disease. In this review, we distill old notions with emerging concepts into a contemporary understanding of vascular disease models. Pros and cons of different models are listed and the complex integrative interplay between cholesterol homeostasis, immune activation, and adaptations of the vascular system is discussed. Key limitations with atherosclerosis models are highlighted, and we suggest improvements that could accelerate progress in the field. However, excessively rigid experimental guidelines or limiting usage to certain animal models can be counterproductive. Continued work in improved models, as well as the development of new models, should be of great value in research and could aid the development of cardiovascular disease diagnostics and therapeutics of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Gisterå
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.).,Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Odense, Denmark (D.F.J.K)
| | - Stephen G Malin
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
| | - Göran K Hansson
- Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (A.G., D.F.J.K., S.G.M., G.K.H.)
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6
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Pig and Mouse Models of Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2419:379-411. [PMID: 35237978 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that is the underlying cause of most cardiovascular disease. Resident cells of the artery wall and cells of the immune system participate in atherogenesis. This process is influenced by plasma lipoproteins, genetics, and the hemodynamics of the blood flow in the artery. A variety of animal models have been used to study the pathophysiology and mechanisms that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion formation. No model is ideal as each has its own advantages and limitations with respect to manipulation of the atherogenic process and modeling human atherosclerosis and lipoprotein profile. In this chapter we will discuss pig and mouse models of experimental atherosclerosis. The similarity of pig lipoprotein metabolism and the pathophysiology of the lesions in these animals with that of humans is a major advantage. While a few genetically engineered pig models have been generated, the ease of genetic manipulation in mice and the relatively short time frame for the development of atherosclerosis has made them the most extensively used model. Newer approaches to induce hypercholesterolemia in mice have been developed that do not require germline modifications. These approaches will facilitate studies on atherogenic mechanisms.
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Zhang Y, Fatima M, Hou S, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E. Research methods for animal models of atherosclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:871. [PMID: 34713295 PMCID: PMC8569513 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that threatens human health and lives by causing vascular stenosis and plaque rupture. Various animal models have been employed for elucidating the pathogenesis, drug development and treatment validation studies for atherosclerosis. To the best of our knowledge, the species used for atherosclerosis research include mice, rats, hamsters, rabbits, pigs, dogs, non-human primates and birds, among which the most commonly used ones are mice and rabbits. Notably, apolipoprotein E knockout (KO) or low-density lipoprotein receptor KO mice have been the most widely used animal models for atherosclerosis research since the late 20th century. Although the aforementioned animal models can form atherosclerotic lesions, they cannot completely simulate those in humans with respect to lesion location, lesion composition, lipoprotein composition and physiological structure. Hence, an appropriate animal model needs to be selected according to the research purpose. Additionally, it is necessary for atherosclerosis research to include quantitative analysis results of atherosclerotic lesion size and plaque composition. Laboratory animals can provide not only experimental tissues for in vivo studies but also cells needed for in vitro experiments. The present review first summarizes the common animal models and their practical applications, followed by focus on mouse and rabbit models and elucidating the methods to quantify atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, the methods of culturing endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells were elucidated in detail and the experiments involved in atherosclerosis research were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Mahreen Fatima
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Bai
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Xi'an Jiaotong University Cardiovascular Research Centre, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Wang X, Ren S, Yang X, Masoudi A, Xue X, Li M, Li H, Zhang X, Wang H, Liu J. Exploration of Serum Marker Proteins in Mice Induced by Babesia microti Infection Using a Quantitative Proteomic Approach. Protein J 2021; 40:119-130. [PMID: 33387247 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-020-09952-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Babesia microti is a protozoan that mainly parasitizes rodent and human erythrocytes. B. microti infection can result in changes in the expression levels of various proteins in the host serum. To explore the mechanism underlying the regulation of serum proteins by the host during B. microti infection, this study used a data-independent acquisition (DIA) quantitative proteomic approach to perform comprehensive quantitative proteomic analysis on the serum of B. microti-infected mice. We identified and analysed 333 serum proteins during the infectious stage and recovery stage within 30 days of infection by B. microti in mice. Through quantitative analysis, we found 57 proteins differentially expressed in the infection stage and 69 proteins differentially expressed in the recovery stage. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these differentially expressed proteins were mainly concentrated in organelles, cell parts, and extracellular regions that are mainly involved in immune system, metabolic, and cellular processes. Additionally, the differentially expressed proteins mainly had catalytic activity. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that many of the differentially expressed proteins participate in the complement and coagulation cascade reaction, including complement C3, complement FP, and coagulation factor XII. The results of this study can provide more information for the selection of biomarkers for the early clinical monitoring of babesiosis and help in the treatment of babesiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Ren
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, Hebei, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Abolfazl Masoudi
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Xue
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxue Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Normal University, 20 nanerhuan east road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Normal University, 20 nanerhuan east road, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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9
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Zhao Y, Qu H, Wang Y, Xiao W, Zhang Y, Shi D. Small rodent models of atherosclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110426. [PMID: 32574973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ease of breeding, low cost of maintenance, and relatively short period for developing atherosclerosis make rodents ideal for atherosclerosis research. However, none of the current models accurately model human lipoprotein profile or atherosclerosis progression since each has its advantages and disadvantages. The advent of transgenic technologies much supports animal models' establishment. Notably, two classic transgenic mouse models, apoE-/- and Ldlr-/-, constitute the primary platforms for studying underlying mechanisms and development of pharmaceutical approaches. However, there exist crucial differences between mice and humans, such as the unhumanized lipoprotein profile, and the different plaque progression and characteristics. Among rodents, hamsters and guinea pigs might be the more realistic models in atherosclerosis research based on the similarities in lipoprotein metabolism to humans. Studies involving rat models, a rodent with natural resistance to atherosclerosis, have revealed evidence of atherosclerotic plaques under dietary induction and genetic manipulation by novel technologies, notably CRISPR-Cas9. Ldlr-/- hamster models were established in recent years with severe hyperlipidemia and atherosclerotic lesion formation, which could offer an alternative to classic transgenic mouse models. In this review, we provide an overview of classic and innovative small rodent models in atherosclerosis researches, including mice, rats, hamsters, and guinea pigs, focusing on their lipoprotein metabolism and histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Zhao
- Department of Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Xiao
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Dazhuo Shi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Center, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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10
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Huynh TPV, Wang C, Tran AC, Tabor GT, Mahan TE, Francis CM, Finn MB, Spellman R, Manis M, Tanzi RE, Ulrich JD, Holtzman DM. Lack of hepatic apoE does not influence early Aβ deposition: observations from a new APOE knock-in model. Mol Neurodegener 2019; 14:37. [PMID: 31623648 PMCID: PMC6796484 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-019-0337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD). ApoE is produced by both astrocytes and microglia in the brain, whereas hepatocytes produce the majority of apoE found in the periphery. Studies using APOE knock-in and transgenic mice have demonstrated a strong isoform-dependent effect of apoE on the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain in the form of both Aβ-containing amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. However, the specific contributions of different apoE pools to AD pathogenesis remain unknown. Methods We have begun to address these questions by generating new lines of APOE knock-in (APOE-KI) mice (ε2/ε2, ε3/ε3, and ε4/ε4) where the exons in the coding region of APOE are flanked by loxP sites, allowing for cell type-specific manipulation of gene expression. We assessed these mice both alone and after crossing them with mice with amyloid deposition in the brain. Using biochemical and histological methods. We also investigated how removal of APOE expression from hepatocytes affected cerebral amyloid deposition. Results As in other APOE knock-in mice, apoE protein was present predominantly in astrocytes in the brain under basal conditions and was also detected in reactive microglia surrounding amyloid plaques. Primary cultured astrocytes and microglia from the APOE-KI mice secreted apoE in lipoprotein particles of distinct size distribution upon native gel analysis with microglial particles being substantially smaller than the HDL-like particles secreted by astrocytes. Crossing of APP/PS1 transgenic mice to the different APOE-KI mice recapitulated the previously described isoform-specific effect (ε4 > ε3) on amyloid plaque and Aβ accumulation. Deletion of APOE in hepatocytes did not alter brain apoE levels but did lead to a marked decrease in plasma apoE levels and changes in plasma lipid profile. Despite these changes in peripheral apoE and on plasma lipids, cerebral accumulation of amyloid plaques in APP/PS1 mice was not affected. Conclusions Altogether, these new knock-in strains offer a novel and dynamic tool to study the role of APOE in AD pathogenesis in a spatially and temporally controlled manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13024-019-0337-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Phat V Huynh
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ainsley C Tran
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - G Travis Tabor
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Thomas E Mahan
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Caroline M Francis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mary Beth Finn
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rebecca Spellman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Melissa Manis
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- McCance Center for Brain Health and Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Chernick D, Ortiz-Valle S, Jeong A, Qu W, Li L. Peripheral versus central nervous system APOE in Alzheimer's disease: Interplay across the blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134306. [PMID: 31181302 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele has been demonstrated as the preeminent genetic risk factor for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD), which comprises greater than 90% of all AD cases. The discovery of the connection between different APOE genotypes and AD risk in the early 1990s spurred three decades of intense and comprehensive research into the function of APOE in the normal and diseased brain. The importance of APOE in the periphery has been well established, due to its pivotal role in maintaining cholesterol homeostasis and cardiovascular health. The influence of vascular factors on brain function and AD risk has been extensively studied in recent years. As a major apolipoprotein regulating multiple molecular pathways beyond its canonical lipid-related functions in the periphery and the central nervous system, APOE represents a critical link between the two compartments, and may influence AD risk from both sides of the blood-brain barrier. This review discusses recent advances in understanding the different functions of APOE in the periphery and in the brain, and highlights several promising APOE-targeted therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Angela Jeong
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Wenhui Qu
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Departments of Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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12
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Mueller PA, Zhu L, Tavori H, Huynh KT, Giunzioni I, Stafford JM, Linton MF, Fazio S. Response by Mueller et al to Letter Regarding Article, "Deletion of Macrophage Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Accelerates Atherosclerosis Regression and Increases C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 7 (CCR7) Expression in Plaque Macrophages". Circulation 2019; 139:1983-1984. [PMID: 30986111 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.039682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Mueller
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (P.A.M., H.T., K.T.H., I.G., S.F.)
| | - Lin Zhu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., M.F.L.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology (L.Z., J.M.S.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.)
| | - Hagai Tavori
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (P.A.M., H.T., K.T.H., I.G., S.F.)
| | - Katherine T Huynh
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (P.A.M., H.T., K.T.H., I.G., S.F.)
| | - Ilaria Giunzioni
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (P.A.M., H.T., K.T.H., I.G., S.F.)
| | - John M Stafford
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology (L.Z., J.M.S.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.,Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville (L.Z., J.M.S.)
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (L.Z., M.F.L.), Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sergio Fazio
- Center for Preventive Cardiology, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland (P.A.M., H.T., K.T.H., I.G., S.F.)
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13
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Apoprotein E and Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113479. [PMID: 30404132 PMCID: PMC6275009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional protein. Its best-characterized function is as a ligand for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family members to mediate the clearance of apoB-containing atherogenic lipoproteins. Among its other functions, apoE is involved in cholesterol efflux, especially from cholesterol-loaded macrophage foam cells and other atherosclerosis-relevant cells, and in reverse cholesterol transport. Reverse cholesterol transport is a mechanism by which excess cellular cholesterol is transported via lipoproteins in the plasma to the liver where it can be excreted from the body in the feces. This process is thought to have a role in the attenuation of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes studies on the role of apoE in cellular cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport and discusses the identification of apoE mimetic peptides that may promote these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- Ben May Institute for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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14
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJ, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2017; 121:e53-e79. [DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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15
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Daugherty A, Tall AR, Daemen MJAP, Falk E, Fisher EA, García-Cardeña G, Lusis AJ, Owens AP, Rosenfeld ME, Virmani R. Recommendation on Design, Execution, and Reporting of Animal Atherosclerosis Studies: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:e131-e157. [PMID: 28729366 DOI: 10.1161/atv.0000000000000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies are a foundation for defining mechanisms of atherosclerosis and potential targets of drugs to prevent lesion development or reverse the disease. In the current literature, it is common to see contradictions of outcomes in animal studies from different research groups, leading to the paucity of extrapolations of experimental findings into understanding the human disease. The purpose of this statement is to provide guidelines for development and execution of experimental design and interpretation in animal studies. Recommendations include the following: (1) animal model selection, with commentary on the fidelity of mimicking facets of the human disease; (2) experimental design and its impact on the interpretation of data; and (3) standard methods to enhance accuracy of measurements and characterization of atherosclerotic lesions.
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16
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Trusca VG, Fuior EV, Fenyo IM, Kardassis D, Simionescu M, Gafencu AV. Differential action of glucocorticoids on apolipoprotein E gene expression in macrophages and hepatocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174078. [PMID: 28355284 PMCID: PMC5371326 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) has anti-atherosclerotic properties, being involved in the transport and clearance of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins as well as in cholesterol efflux from cells. We hypothesized that glucocorticoids may exert anti-inflammatory properties by increasing the level of macrophage-derived apoE. Our data showed that glucocorticoids increased apoE expression in macrophages in vitro as well as in vivo. Dexamethasone increased ~6 fold apoE mRNA levels in cultured peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells. Administered to C57BL/6J mice, dexamethasone induced a two-fold increase in apoE expression in peritoneal macrophages. By contrast, glucocorticoids did not influence apoE expression in hepatocytes, in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, dexamethasone enhanced apoE promoter transcriptional activity in RAW 264.7 macrophages, but not in HepG2 cells, as tested by transient transfections. Analysis of apoE proximal promoter deletion mutants, complemented by protein-DNA interaction assays demonstrated the functionality of a putative glucocorticoid receptors (GR) binding site predicted by in silico analysis in the -111/-104 region of the human apoE promoter. In hepatocytes, GR can bind to their specific site within apoE promoter but are not able to modulate the gene expression. The modulatory blockade in hepatocytes is a consequence of partial involvement of transcription factors and other signaling molecules activated through MEK1/2 and PLA2/PLC pathways. In conclusion, our study indicates that glucocorticoids (1) differentially target apoE gene expression; (2) induce a significant increase in apoE level specifically in macrophages. The local increase of apoE gene expression in macrophages at the level of the atheromatous plaque may have therapeutic implications in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Georgeta Trusca
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Valeria Fuior
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioana Madalina Fenyo
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maya Simionescu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Violeta Gafencu
- Department of Genomics, Transcriptomics and Molecular Therapies, Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology “Nicolae Simionescu” of the Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. Do the Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- Mice Yield the Same Insight on Atherogenesis? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1734-41. [PMID: 27386935 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.306874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Murine models of atherosclerosis are useful for investigating the environmental and genetic influences on lesion formation and composition. Apoe(-/-) and Ldlr(-/-) mice are the 2 most extensively used models. The models differ in important ways with respect to the precise mechanism by which their absence enhances atherosclerosis, including differences in plasma lipoproteins. The majority of the gene function studies have utilized only 1 model, with the results being generalized to atherogenic mechanisms. In only a relatively few cases have studies been conducted in both atherogenic murine models. This review will discuss important differences between the 2 atherogenic models and will point out studies that have been performed in the 2 models where results are comparable and those where different results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL.
| | - Catherine A Reardon
- From the Department of Pathology (G.S.G.) and Ben May Institute for Cancer Biology (C.A.R.), University of Chicago, IL
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18
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Sreeramkumar V, Hidalgo A. Bone Marrow Transplantation in Mice to Study the Role of Hematopoietic Cells in Atherosclerosis. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1339:323-32. [PMID: 26445799 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2929-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation is a common approach to reconstitute the immune system of mice that have been subjected to marrow-ablative doses of radiation. This method can be used in the field of atherosclerosis to assess the contribution of hematopoietic cells of a desired genotype to disease pathogenesis. The engraftment of atherosclerosis-prone mice with donor cells that contain genetic alterations in cells of the innate or adaptive immune system has been invaluable to define the role of multiple gene products in atherosclerosis. Here, we describe the different steps involved in the bone marrow transplantation protocol along with specific guidelines regarding the theoretical and technical details of the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinatha Sreeramkumar
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain. .,Institute Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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19
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Getz GS, Reardon CA. ApoE knockout and knockin mice: the history of their contribution to the understanding of atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:758-66. [PMID: 27015743 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r067249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE is a multifunctional protein that is expressed by many cell types that influences many aspects of cardiovascular physiology. In humans, there are three major allelic variants that differentially influence lipoprotein metabolism and risk for the development of atherosclerosis. Apoe-deficient mice and human apoE isoform knockin mice, as well as hypomorphic Apoe mice, have significantly contributed to our understanding of the role of apoE in lipoprotein metabolism, monocyte/macrophage biology, and atherosclerosis. This brief history of these mouse models will highlight their contribution to the understanding of the role of apoE in these processes. These Apoe(-/-) mice have also been extensively utilized as an atherosensitive platform upon which to assess the impact of modulator genes on the development and regression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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20
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Wagner T, Bartelt A, Schlein C, Heeren J. Genetic Dissection of Tissue-Specific Apolipoprotein E Function for Hypercholesterolemia and Diet-Induced Obesity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145102. [PMID: 26695075 PMCID: PMC4687855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoE deficiency in mice (Apoe−/−) results in severe hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. In diet-induced obesity, Apoe−/− display steatohepatitis but reduced accumulation of triacylglycerides and enhanced insulin sensitivity in white adipose tissue (WAT). Although the vast majority of apoE is expressed by hepatocytes apoE is also abundantly expressed in WAT. As liver and adipose tissue play important roles for metabolism, this study aims to outline functions of both hepatocyte- and adipocyte-derived apoE separately by investigating a novel mouse model of tissue-specific apoE deficiency. Therefore we generated transgenic mice carrying homozygous floxed Apoe alleles. Mice lacking apoE either in hepatocytes (ApoeΔHep) or in adipose tissue (ApoeΔAT) were fed experimental diets. ApoeΔHep exhibited slightly higher body weights, adiposity and liver weights on diabetogenic high fat diet (HFD). Accordingly, hepatic steatosis and markers of inflammation were more pronounced compared to controls. Hypercholesterolemia evoked by lipoprotein remnant accumulation was present in ApoeΔHep mice fed a Western type diet (WTD). Lipidation of VLDL particles and tissue uptake of VLDL were disturbed in ApoeΔHep while the plasma clearance rate remained unaltered. ApoeΔAT did not display any detectable phenotype, neither on HFD nor on WTD. In conclusion, our novel conditional apoE deletion model has proven here the role of hepatocyte apoE for VLDL production and diet-induced dyslipidemia. Specific deletion of apoE in adipocytes cannot reproduce the adipose phenotype of global Apoe−/− mice, suggesting that apoE produced in other cell types than hepatocytes or adipocytes explains the lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype described for Apoe−/− mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Fish
- From the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.); and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.).
| | - Myron I Cybulsky
- From the Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.); Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.); and Heart and Stroke Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Toronto, Canada (J.E.F., M.I.C.).
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22
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Bouchareychas L, Pirault J, Saint-Charles F, Deswaerte V, Le Roy T, Jessup W, Giral P, Le Goff W, Huby T, Gautier EL, Lesnik P. Promoting macrophage survival delays progression of pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions through macrophage-derived apoE. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 108:111-23. [PMID: 26092098 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Macrophage apoptosis is a prominent feature of atherosclerosis, yet whether cell death-protected macrophages would favour the resolution of already established atherosclerotic lesions, and thus hold therapeutic potential, remains unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS We irradiated then transplanted into Apoe(-/-) or LDLr(-/-) recipient mice harbouring established atherosclerotic lesions, bone marrow cells from mice displaying enhanced macrophage survival through overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene hBcl-2 (Mø-hBcl2 Apoe(-/-) or Mø-hBcl2 Apoe(+/+) LDLr(-/-)). Both recipient mice exhibited decreased lesional apoptotic cell content and reduced necrotic areas when repopulated with Mø-hBcl2 mouse-derived bone marrow cells. In contrast, only LDLr(-/-) recipients showed a reduction in plasma cholesterol levels and in atherosclerotic lesions. The absence of significant reduction of plasma cholesterol levels in the context of apoE deficiency highlighted macrophage-derived apoE as key in both the regulation of plasma and tissue cholesterol levels and the progression of pre-existing lesion. Accordingly, hBcl2 expression in macrophages was associated with larger pools of Kupffer cells and Ly-6C(low) monocytes, both high producers of apoE. Additionally, increased Kupffer cells population was associated with improved clearance of apoptotic cells and modified lipoproteins. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data show that promoting macrophage survival provides a supplemental source of apoE, which hinders pre-existing plaque progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bouchareychas
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | - John Pirault
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Flora Saint-Charles
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Virginie Deswaerte
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Tiphaine Le Roy
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Wendy Jessup
- Atherosclerosis Group, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney and Concord Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Philippe Giral
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Thierry Huby
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Philippe Lesnik
- INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Hôpital de la Pitié, Pavillon Benjamin Delessert, 83 Boulevard de L'hôpital, Paris F-75013, France Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, ICAN, Integrative Biology of Atherosclerosis Team, Paris F-75005, France Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
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Wang L, Yang M, Arias A, Song L, Li F, Tian F, Qin M, Yukht A, Williamson IK, Shah PK, Sharifi BG. Splenocytes seed bone marrow of myeloablated mice: implication for atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125961. [PMID: 26038819 PMCID: PMC4454495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extramedullary hematopoiesis has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including cardiovascular diseases. In this process, the spleen is seeded with mobilized bone marrow cells that augment its hematopoietic ability. It is unclear whether these immigrant cells that are produced/reprogrammed in spleen are similar or different from those found in the bone marrow. To begin to understand this, we investigated the relative potency of adult splenocytes per se to repopulate bone marrow of lethally-irradiated mice and its functional consequences in atherosclerosis. The splenocytes were harvested from GFP donor mice and transplanted into myeloablated wild type recipient mice without the inclusion of any bone marrow helper cells. We found that adult splenocytes repopulated bone marrow of myeloablated mice and the transplanted cells differentiated into a full repertoire of myeloid cell lineages. The level of monocytes/macrophages in the bone marrow of recipient mice was dependent on the cell origin, i.e., the donor splenocytes gave rise to significantly more monocytes/macrophages than the donor bone marrow cells. This occurred despite a significantly lower number of hematopoietic stem cells being present in the donor splenocytes when compared with donor bone marrow cells. Atherosclerosis studies revealed that donor splenocytes displayed a similar level of atherogenic and atheroprotective activities to those of donor bone marrow cells. Cell culture studies showed that the phenotype of macrophages derived from spleen is different from those of bone marrow. Together, these results demonstrate that splenocytes can seed bone marrow of myeloablated mice and modulate atherosclerosis. In addition, our study shows the potential of splenocytes for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Wang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mingjie Yang
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ana Arias
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lei Song
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fuqiang Li
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Fang Tian
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Minghui Qin
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ada Yukht
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ian K. Williamson
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Prediman K. Shah
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Behrooz G. Sharifi
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kubo N, McCurdy S, Boisvert WA. Defective Fas Expression on Bone Marrow Derived Cells Alters Atherosclerotic Plaque Morphology in Hyperlipidemic Mice. Discoveries (Craiova) 2015; 3. [PMID: 26322329 PMCID: PMC4548988 DOI: 10.15190/d.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fas (CD95) is a member of the TNF-receptor family expressed on a wide range of cells. Interaction of Fas with its receptor, Fas ligand (Fas-L), stimulates an intracellular cascade of events that leads to apoptosis. Because apoptosis of inflammatory cells plays a key role in atherosclerosis we sought to determine the role of Fas in the development of atherosclerosis by repopulating the bone marrow cells of atherosclerosis-prone low density lipoprotein receptor null (LDL-R-/-) mice with either cells from lpr mice (lpr-BMT) that have defective Fas expression or from control mice (WT-BMT). The lpr-BMT mice exhibited no peripheral blood Fas expression 4 weeks after BMT. After consuming an atherogenic diet for 16 weeks, lpr-BMT mice developed atherosclerotic lesions characterized by smaller fibrous area with thinner fibrous cap and less TUNEL-positive staining compared to WT-BMT mice, although overall lesion size in lpr-BMT mice was similar to that of WT-BMT mice. Examination of a series of human atherosclerotic lesions revealed that many Fas-positive cells were colocalized with CD68-positive macrophages. Although apoptotic cells were rarely observed in the foam cell-rich fatty streak lesions, apoptotic CD68-positive macrophages in advanced lesions were detected in areas rich with inflammatory cells near the necrotic core. These observations suggest that Fas expression by the macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions can influence the plaque morphology towards a more fibrous type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Kubo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Omiya Medical Center, Jichi Medical School, Japan
| | - Sara McCurdy
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - William A Boisvert
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Robinet P, Smith JD. Development and Use of Mouse Models of Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118828533.ch16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Caveolin-1 regulates the anti-atherogenic properties of macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:821-31. [PMID: 25322709 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a complex disease initiated by the vascular accumulation of lipoproteins in the sub-endothelial space, followed by the infiltration of monocytes into the arterial intima. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) plays an essential role in the regulation of cellular cholesterol metabolism and of various signaling pathways. In order to study specifically the role of macrophage Cav-1 in atherosclerosis, we used Cav-1 (-/-) Apoe (-/-) mice and transplanted them with bone marrow (BM) cells obtained from Cav-1 (+/+) Apoe (-/-) or Cav-1 (-/-) Apoe (-/-) mice and vice versa. We found that Cav-1 (+/+) mice harboring Cav-1 (-/-) BM-derived macrophages developed significantly larger lesions than Cav-1 (+/+) mice harboring Cav-1 (+/+) BM-derived macrophages. Cav-1 (-/-) macrophages were more susceptible to apoptosis and more prone to induce inflammation. The present study provides clear evidence that the absence of Cav-1 in macrophage is pro-atherogenic, whereas its absence in endothelial cells protects against atherosclerotic lesion formation. These findings demonstrate the cell-specific role of Cav-1 during the development of this disease.
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Kapourchali FR, Surendiran G, Chen L, Uitz E, Bahadori B, Moghadasian MH. Animal models of atherosclerosis. World J Clin Cases 2014; 2:126-132. [PMID: 24868511 PMCID: PMC4023305 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v2.i5.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this mini-review several commonly used animal models of atherosclerosis have been discussed. Among them, emphasis has been made on mice, rabbits, pigs and non-human primates. Although these animal models have played a significant role in our understanding of induction of atherosclerotic lesions, we still lack a reliable animal model for regression of the disease. Researchers have reported several genetically modified and transgenic animal models that replicate human atherosclerosis, however each of current animal models have some limitations. Among these animal models, the apolipoprotein (apo) E-knockout (KO) mice have been used extensively because they develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Furthermore, atherosclerotic lesions developed in this model depending on experimental design may resemble humans’ stable and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. This mouse model of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis has been also used to investigate the impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on atherogenesis. Low density lipoprotein (LDL)-r-KO mice are a model of human familial hypercholesterolemia. However, unlike apo E-KO mice, the LDL-r-KO mice do not develop spontaneous atherosclerosis. Both apo E-KO and LDL-r-KO mice have been employed to generate other relevant mouse models of cardiovascular disease through breeding strategies. In addition to mice, rabbits have been used extensively particularly to understand the mechanisms of cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. The present review paper details the characteristics of animal models that are used in atherosclerosis research.
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Hime NJ, Black AS, Bonnet DJ, Curtiss LK. Bone marrow-derived HL mitigates bone marrow-derived CETP-mediated decreases in HDL in mice globally deficient in HL and the LDLr. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1864-75. [PMID: 24818611 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of HL and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), derived exclusively from bone marrow (BM), on plasma lipids and atherosclerosis in high-fat-fed, atherosclerosis-prone mice. We transferred BM expressing these proteins into male and female double-knockout HL-deficient, LDL receptor-deficient mice (HL(-/-)LDLr(-/-)). Four BM chimeras were generated, where BM-derived cells expressed 1) HL but not CETP, 2) CETP and HL, 3) CETP but not HL, or 4) neither CETP nor HL. After high-fat feeding, plasma HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) was decreased in mice with BM expressing CETP but not HL (17 ± 4 and 19 ± 3 mg/dl, female and male mice, respectively) compared with mice with BM expressing neither CETP nor HL (87 ± 3 and 95 ± 4 mg/dl, female and male mice, respectively, P < 0.001 for both sexes). In female mice, the presence of BM-derived HL mitigated this CETP-mediated decrease in HDL-C. BM-derived CETP decreased the cholesterol component of HDL particles and increased plasma cholesterol. BM-derived HL mitigated these effects of CETP. Atherosclerosis was not significantly different between BM chimeras. These results suggest that BM-derived HL mitigates the HDL-lowering, HDL-modulating, and cholesterol-raising effects of BM-derived CETP and warrant further studies to characterize the functional properties of these protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Hime
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Audrey S Black
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - David J Bonnet
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Linda K Curtiss
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Sleiman L, Beanlands R, Hasu M, Thabet M, Norgaard A, Chen YX, Holcik M, Whitman S. Loss of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 reduces atherosclerosis in atherogenic apoE-/- C57BL/6 mice on high-fat diet. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000259. [PMID: 24072531 PMCID: PMC3835229 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) is predicted to participate in atherosclerosis; however, its direct role in atherosclerosis development has not been investigated. We aimed to examine and assess the loss of cIAP2 on atherosclerosis lesion development. Methods and Results We used apoE−/− C57BL/6 male mice, either cIAP2−/− or cIAP2+/+. At 8 weeks, mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 4 and 12 weeks. Aortic root was serially sectioned and stained with Sudan IV, CD68, α‐actin, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL). cIAP2−/− mice displayed a significant decrease in atherosclerotic lesion's macrophage number after 4 weeks of HFD. Similarly, decrease in lesion area at 4 and 12 weeks HFD was detected by use of en face analysis (cIAP2−/− 0.58±0.37% versus cIAP2+/+ 1.51±0.79% [P=0.0056]); (cIAP2−/− 9.34±4.88% versus cIAP2+/+ 17.65±6.24% [P=0.0019]). Aortic root lesion area after 4 and 12 weeks of HFD also decreased (cIAP2−/− 0.0328±0.014 mm2 versus cIAP2+/+ 0.0515±0.021 mm2 [P=0.022]); (cIAP2−/− 0.3614±0.1157 mm2 versus cIAP2+/+ 0.4901±0.125 mm2 [P=0.065]). TUNEL analysis after 4 and 12 weeks of HFD showed a 2.5‐fold increase in TUNEL+ cells (cIAP2−/− 4.47±2.26% versus cIAP2+/+ 1.74±0.98% [P=0.036]); (cIAP2−/− 2.39±0.75% versus cIAP2+/+ 1.29±0.47% [P=0.032]). Smooth muscle cell content in cIAP2−/− mice was 3.075±3.3% compared with cIAP2+/+ with 0.085±0.1% (P=0.0071). Conclusions Results uncover a key role for cIAP2 in atherosclerotic lesion development, and targeting it may represent a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Sleiman
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Pei Y, Chen X, Aboutouk D, Fuller MT, Dadoo O, Yu P, White EJ, Igdoura SA, Trigatti BL. SR-BI in bone marrow derived cells protects mice from diet induced coronary artery atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72492. [PMID: 23967310 PMCID: PMC3742605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
SR-BI deficient mice that are also hypomorphic for apolipoprotein E expression develop diet induced occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and early death. To test the role of SR-BI in bone marrow derived cells, we used bone marrow transplantation to generate SR-BI-null; apoE-hypomorphic mice in which SR-BI expression was restored solely in bone marrow derived cells. SR-BI-null; apoE-hypomorphic mice were transplanted with SR-BI+/+apoE-hypomorphic, or control, autologous SR-BI-null; apoE-hypomorphic bone marrow. Four weeks later, mice were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol, cholate-containing diet to induce coronary artery atherosclerosis. Mice transplanted with autologous bone marrow developed extensive aortic atherosclerosis and severe occlusive coronary artery atherosclerosis after 4 weeks of feeding. This was accompanied by myocardial fibrosis and increased heart weights. In contrast, restoration of SR-BI expression in bone marrow derived-cells reduced diet induced aortic and coronary artery atherosclerosis, myocardial fibrosis and the increase in heart weights in SR-BI-null; apoE-hypomorphic mice. Restoration of SR-BI in bone marrow derived cells did not, however, affect steady state lipoprotein cholesterol levels, but did reduce plasma levels of IL-6. Monocytes from SR-BI-null mice exhibited a greater capacity to bind to VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 than those from SR-BI+/+ mice. Furthermore, restoration of SR-BI expression in bone marrow derived cells attenuated monocyte recruitment into atherosclerotic plaques in mice fed high fat, high cholesterol cholate containing diet. These data demonstrate directly that SR-BI in bone marrow-derived cells protects against both aortic and CA atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dina Aboutouk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark T. Fuller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omid Dadoo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J. White
- Department of Biology and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suleiman A. Igdoura
- Department of Biology and Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernardo L. Trigatti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Chen X, Lu H, Zhao M, Tashiro K, Cassis LA, Daugherty A. Contributions of leukocyte angiotensin-converting enzyme to development of atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2075-80. [PMID: 23846498 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study determined the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) on the development of angiotensin I-induced atherosclerosis and the contribution of leukocyte-specific expression of this enzyme. APPROACH AND RESULTS To define the contribution of ACE-dependent activity to angiotensin II synthesis in atherosclerotic development, male low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice were fed a fat-enriched diet and infused with either angiotensin I or angiotensin II. The same infusion rate of these peptides had equivalent effects on atherosclerotic development. Coinfusion of an ACE inhibitor, enalapril, ablated angiotensin I-augmented atherosclerosis but had no effect on angiotensin II-induced lesion development. ACE protein was detected in several cell types in atherosclerotic lesions, with a predominance in macrophages. This cell type secreted angiotensin II, which was ablated by ACE inhibition. To study whether leukocyte ACE contributed to atherosclerosis, irradiated male low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) mice were repopulated with bone marrow-derived cells from either ACE(+/+) or ACE(-/-) mice and fed the fat-enriched diet for 12 weeks. Chimeric mice with ACE deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells had modestly reduced atherosclerotic lesions in aortic arches but had no effects in aortic roots. CONCLUSIONS ACE mediates angiotensin I-induced atherosclerosis, and ACE expression in leukocytes modestly contributes to atherosclerotic development in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Chen
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA
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Wang H, Luo W, Wang J, Guo C, Wolffe SL, Wang J, Sun EB, Bradley KN, Campbell AD, Eitzman DT. Paradoxical protection from atherosclerosis and thrombosis in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. Br J Haematol 2013; 162:120-9. [PMID: 23590132 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with vascular complications including premature stroke. The role of atherothrombosis in these vascular complications is unclear. To determine the effect of SCD on atherosclerosis and thrombosis, mice with SCD along with controls were generated by transplantation of bone marrow from mice carrying the homozygous sickle cell mutation (Hbb(hβs/hβs) ) or wild-type mice (Hbb(+/+) ) into C57BL6/J or apolipoprotein E deficient (Apoe(-/-) ) recipient mice. At the time of sacrifice, 23-28 weeks following bone marrow transplantation, anaemia, reticulocytosis, and splenomegaly were present in mice receiving Hbb(hβs/hβs) bone marrow compared with control mice. Analysis of atherosclerosis involving the aortic root revealed reduced atherosclerotic lesion area with reduced macrophage content and increased collagen content in Apoe(-/-) , Hbb(hβs/hβs) mice compared to Apoe(-/-) , Hbb(+/+) mice. In a carotid thrombosis model, the time to thrombosis was prolonged in Hbb(hβs/hβs) mice compared to Hbb(+/+) mice. This apparent protective effect of SCD on atherosclerosis and thrombosis was diminished by inhibition of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) using zinc protoporphyrin IX. We conclude that SCD in mice is paradoxically protective against atherosclerosis and thrombosis, highlighting the complexity of vascular events in SCD. This protective effect is at least partially mediated by induction of HMOX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Decker C, Steiniger F, Fahr A. Transfer of a lipophilic drug (temoporfin) between small unilamellar liposomes and human plasma proteins: influence of membrane composition on vesicle integrity and release characteristics. J Liposome Res 2013; 23:154-65. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2013.770017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Apolipoprotein E mimetic is more effective than apolipoprotein A-I mimetic in reducing lesion formation in older female apo E null mice. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:326-31. [PMID: 22771190 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide Ac-hE18A-NH(2), capable of reducing plasma cholesterol and possessing anti-inflammatory properties, was compared with the well-studied anti-atherogenic apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F for reducing lesion formation in female apoE null mice with already existing lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS In initial experiments, Ac-hE18A-NH(2) was administered retro-orbitally two or three times weekly for 6-8 weeks, while peptide 4F was administered intraperitoneally every day for the same period. Age matched controls were injected with saline every day. At the end of the treatment period, plasma cholesterol levels of Ac-hE18A-NH(2) administered mice were significantly lower than in 4F and control mice. However, both 4F and Ac-hE18A-NH(2) showed reduced lesion areas in en face lesion analysis to a similar extent compared to the control group, while paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity was increased only in the Ac-hE18A-NH(2) group. In the third experiment, both peptides were administered at the same dose, frequency, and route of administration. The reduction in en face lesions with Ac-hE18A-NH(2) was significantly greater than the 4F and control groups, although lesions in 4F-treated mice were also significantly reduced compared with controls. Both peptide groups had significantly reduced plasma lipid hydroperoxides, but only the Ac-hE18A-NH(2) group had significantly reduced serum amyloid A levels. HDL and plasma inflammatory indices were significantly reduced in both peptide groups compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Although both peptides had similar anti-inflammatory properties, Ac-hE18A-NH(2) was more effective in inhibiting lesions than 4F at the same dose, frequency, and route of administration, perhaps due to its cholesterol reducing properties.
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Gaudreault N, Kumar N, Olivas VR, Eberlé D, Rapp JH, Raffai RL. Macrophage-specific apoE gene repair reduces diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in hypomorphic Apoe mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35816. [PMID: 22606237 PMCID: PMC3351426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein (apo) E is best known for its ability to lower plasma cholesterol and protect against atherosclerosis. Although the liver is the major source of plasma apoE, extra-hepatic sources of apoE, including from macrophages, account for up to 10% of plasma apoE levels. This study examined the contribution of macrophage-derived apoE expression levels in diet-induced hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Hypomorphic apoE (Apoeh/h) mice expressing wildtype mouse apoE at ∼2–5% of physiological levels in all tissues were derived by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Cre-mediated gene repair of the Apoeh/h allele in Apoeh/hLysM-Cre mice raised apoE expression levels by 26 fold in freshly isolated peritoneal macrophages, restoring it to 37% of levels seen in wildtype mice. Chow-fed Apoeh/hLysM-Cre and Apoeh/h mice displayed similar plasma apoE and cholesterol levels (55.53±2.90 mg/dl versus 62.70±2.77 mg/dl, n = 12). When fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 16 weeks, Apoeh/hLysM-Cre mice displayed a 3-fold increase in plasma apoE and a concomitant 32% decrease in plasma cholesterol when compared to Apoeh/h mice (602.20±22.30 mg/dl versus 888.80±24.99 mg/dl, n = 7). On HCD, Apoeh/hLysM-Cre mice showed increased apoE immunoreactivity in lesional macrophages and liver-associated Kupffer cells but not hepatocytes. In addition, Apoeh/hLysM-Cre mice developed 35% less atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root than Apoeh/h mice (167×103±16×103 µm2 versus 259×103±56×103 µm2, n = 7). This difference in atherosclerosis lesions size was proportional to the observed reduction in plasma cholesterol. Conclusions/Significance Macrophage-derived apoE raises plasma apoE levels in response to diet-induced hyperlipidemia and by such reduces atherosclerosis proportionally to the extent to which it lowers plasma cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gaudreault
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nikit Kumar
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Victor R. Olivas
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Delphine Eberlé
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph H. Rapp
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Raffai
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, VA Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hasu M, Thabet M, Tam N, Whitman SC. Specific loss of Toll-like receptor 2 on bone marrow derived cells decreases atherosclerosis in LDL receptor null mice*The senior author, Stewart C. Whitman, passed away on 19 February 2010. The manuscript has been communicated by Ross W. Milne (e-mail: rmilne@ottawaheart.ca) and Yves L. Marcel (e-mail: ylmarcel@ottawaheart.ca), University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin Street, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:737-42. [DOI: 10.1139/y11-071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity and, notably, Toll-like receptors (TLR), have an important role in atherogenesis. We have tested the hypothesis that the selective loss of TLR-2 by cells of bone marrow (BM) origin will protect low-density receptor-deficient (Ldlr −/−) mice from both early- and late-stage atherosclerosis. BM cells from Tlr2+/+ and Tlr2−/− littermates were used to reconstitute lethally irradiated Ldlr−/− mice. Following a recovery period, mice were placed either on a diet containing 21% saturated fat – 0.15% cholesterol for 8 weeks to study early-stage atherosclerosis, or on a diet richer in cholesterol (1.5%) for 16 weeks to study late-stage atherosclerosis. Donor cell Tlr2 genotype did not alter serum cholesterol levels or lipoprotein profiles in recipient animals. After 8 weeks on the 0.15% cholesterol diet, deficiency of TLR-2 expression on cells of BM origin reduced atherosclerosis in the aortic root and the aortic arch in both genders of mice. In contrast, the BM recipients who received the 1.5% cholesterol diet for 16 weeks showed much larger lesions in the aortic root, and TLR-2 deficiency in BM cells failed to provide protection. Thus, TLR-2 expression in BM-derived cells contributes primarily to early stage atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Hasu
- Vascular Biology Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Mohamed Thabet
- Vascular Biology Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Nancy Tam
- Vascular Biology Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Stewart C. Whitman
- Vascular Biology Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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Baitsch D, Bock HH, Engel T, Telgmann R, Müller-Tidow C, Varga G, Bot M, Herz J, Robenek H, von Eckardstein A, Nofer JR. Apolipoprotein E induces antiinflammatory phenotype in macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:1160-8. [PMID: 21350196 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.222745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein E (apoE) exerts potent antiinflammatory effects. Here, we investigated the effect of apoE on the functional phenotype of macrophages. METHODS AND RESULTS Human apoE receptors very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R) and apoE receptor-2 (apoER2) were stably expressed in RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. In these cells, apoE downregulated markers of the proinflammatory M1 phenotype (inducible nitric oxide synthase, interleukin [IL]-12, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) but upregulated markers of the antiinflammatory M2 phenotype (arginase I, SOCS3, IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RA]). In addition, M1 macrophage responses (migration, generation of reactive oxygen species, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, phagocytosis), as well as poly(I:C)- or interferon-γ-induced production of proinflammatory cytokines; cyclooxygenase-2 expression; and activation of nuclear factor-κB, IκB, and STAT1, were suppressed in VLDL-R- or apoER2-expressing cells. Conversely, the suppression of the M2 phenotype and the enhanced response to poly(I:C) were observed in apoE-producing bone marrow macrophages derived from VLDL-R-deficient mice but not wild-type or low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice. The modulatory effects of apoE on macrophage polarization were inhibited in apoE receptor-expressing RAW264.7 cells exposed to SB220025, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, and PP1, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Accordingly, apoE induced tyrosine kinase-dependent activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in VLDL-R- or apoER2-expressing macrophages. Under in vivo conditions, apoE-/- mice transplanted with apoE-producing wild-type bone marrow showed increased plasma IL-1RA levels, and peritoneal macrophages of transplanted animals were shifted to the M2 phenotype (increased IL-1RA production and CD206 expression). CONCLUSIONS ApoE signaling via VLDL-R or apoER2 promotes macrophage conversion from the proinflammatory M1 to the antiinflammatory M2 phenotype. This effect may represent a novel antiinflammatory activity of apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Baitsch
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Münster, and Leibniz-Institute for Arteriosclerosis Research, University of Münster, Albert Schweizer Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany
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Li Y, Yu J, Li M, Qu Z, Ruan Q. Mouse mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow differentiate into smooth muscle cells by induction of plaque-derived smooth muscle cells. Life Sci 2011; 88:130-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Tarling EJ, Bojanic DD, Tangirala RK, Wang X, Lovgren-Sandblom A, Lusis AJ, Bjorkhem I, Edwards PA. Impaired development of atherosclerosis in Abcg1-/- Apoe-/- mice: identification of specific oxysterols that both accumulate in Abcg1-/- Apoe-/- tissues and induce apoptosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:1174-80. [PMID: 20299684 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.205617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To generate Abcg1(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice to understand the mechanism and cell types involved in changes in atherosclerosis after loss of ABCG1. METHODS AND RESULTS ABCG1 is highly expressed in macrophages and endothelial cells, 2 cell types that play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Abcg1(-/-) Apoe(-/-) and Apoe(-/-) mice and recipient Apoe(-/-) mice that had undergone transplantation with bone marrow from Apoe(-/-) or Abcg1(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice were fed a Western diet for 12 or 16 weeks before quantification of atherosclerotic lesions. These studies demonstrated that loss of ABCG1 from all tissues, or from only hematopoietic cells, was associated with significantly smaller lesions that contained increased numbers of TUNEL- and cleaved caspase 3-positive apoptotic Abcg1(-/-) macrophages. We also identified specific oxysterols that accumulate in the brains and macrophages of the Abcg1(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice. These oxysterols promoted apoptosis and altered the expression of proapoptotic genes when added to macrophages in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Loss of ABCG1 from all tissues or from only hematopoietic cells results in smaller atherosclerotic lesions populated with increased apoptotic macrophages, by processes independent of ApoE. Specific oxysterols identified in tissues of Abcg1(-/-) Apoe(-/-) mice may be critical because they induce macrophage apoptosis and the expression of proapoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1737, USA
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Shih IM, Davidson B. Pathogenesis of ovarian cancer: clues from selected overexpressed genes. Future Oncol 2010; 5:1641-57. [PMID: 20001801 DOI: 10.2217/fon.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most malignant gynecologic neoplasm. Although new chemotherapeutic agents have improved patients' 5-year survival rate, the overall mortality of ovarian cancer has remained largely unchanged in the past several decades. The main reason for the lack of success in effectively treating ovarian cancer is our limited understanding of its etiology and the very few molecular diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets known so far. Identification and characterization of ovarian cancer-associated genes are fundamental for unveiling the pathogenesis of its initiation and progression, especially the development of recurrent diseases. As there are a vast number of genes for which molecular genetic changes and aberrant gene expression have been reported in ovarian cancer, this review will only focus on summarizing those exemplified genes that have been demonstrated to have biological functions in promoting ovarian cancer development and potential clinical significance. The genes to be discussed include nuclear proteins (Notch3, HBXAP [Rsf-1], NAC1 and NFkappaB), cytoplasmic proteins (fatty acid synthase and apolipoprotein E) and cell surface/secretory proteins (mucin-4, mesothelin, claudin, HLA-G, kallikrein and folate receptor and osteopontin). Since the study of ovarian cancer-associated genes is complicated by several factors unique to ovarian cancer, we will also present our views on the limitations and challenges of current ovarian cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ie-Ming Shih
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21212, USA.
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Zhang L, Geng Y, Yin M, Mao L, Zhang S, Pan J. Low omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratios reduce hepatic C-reactive protein expression in apolipoprotein E-null mice. Nutrition 2009; 26:829-34. [PMID: 20004083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Expression characteristics of C-reactive protein (CRP) for the omega-6/omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios have not been evaluated in the well-qualified experimental atherosclerotic mouse model. This work focused on characteristics of CRP expression in the liver of apolipoprotein E-null (apoE(-/-)) mice influenced by omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratios. METHODS Varying ratios of omega-6/omega-3 PUFAs (group 1, 1.28; group 2, 5.03; group 3, 9.98; and group 4, 68.26, respectively) on hepatic and aortic CRP expressions were assessed in male apoE(-/-) mice fed a diet containing 5% (w/w) experimental fat for 6 wk. Hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma mRNA abundance, hepatic interleukin (IL)-6 protein level, atherosclerotic lesions, and serum cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were examined. RESULTS As the dietary ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids ascended, so did the expression of hepatic and aortic CRP and hepatic IL-6 protein. However, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma mRNA level had a tendency to decrease. Serum IL-1beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels did not show a statistical difference among the mice fed the four ratios of the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA diet. The group 4 mice developed a significant increase in atherosclerotic lesions compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION The results indicated that low ratios of omega-6/omega-3 PUFAs (1.28-9.98) downregulated the hepatic and aortic CRP expressions and reduced aortic en face lesions in apoE(-/-) mice compared with the high ratio of the omega-6/omega-3 PUFA diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Gitlin JM, Homeister JW, Bulgrien J, Counselman J, Curtiss LK, Lowe JB, Boisvert WA. Disruption of tissue-specific fucosyltransferase VII, an enzyme necessary for selectin ligand synthesis, suppresses atherosclerosis in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:343-50. [PMID: 19056851 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark feature of atherosclerosis is that circulating mononuclear cells adhere to the endothelium and migrate into the subendothelial space. This adhesion is mediated by molecules such as selectins that are expressed on the surfaces of both leukocytes and endothelial cells. In this study, we have determined the role of tissue-specific fucosyltransferase VII (FucT-VII), an enzyme necessary for selectin ligand synthesis, in the development of atherosclerosis. We adopted a scheme of transplanting either FucT-VII(-/-)GFP(+) bone marrow into lethally irradiated low-density lipoprotein receptor low density lipoprotein receptor mice or FucT-VII(+/+) GFP(+) bone marrow into FucT-VII(-/-), low density lipoprotein receptor double-mutant mice to evaluate the roles of E- and P-selectin ligands versus L-selectin ligands, respectively, in diet-induced atherosclerosis. GFP was used to track the transplanted cells. Our results indicate that, compared with controls, selective disruption of E- and P-selectin ligand synthesis resulted in a significant reduction in atherosclerosis. Selective disruption of L-selectin ligand production did not reduce atherosclerosis as robustly as disruption of E- and P-selectin ligands. In both groups, however, there was a significant reduction in the accumulation of macrophages in the lesion. These studies indicate that selectin ligands, particularly those for E- and P-selectins, play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Gitlin
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zeitouni S, Ford BS, Harris SM, Whitney MJ, Gregory CA, Prockop DJ. Pharmaceutical induction of ApoE secretion by multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:75. [PMID: 18823563 PMCID: PMC2596794 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a molecular scavenger in the blood and brain. Aberrant function of the molecule causes formation of protein and lipid deposits or "plaques" that characterize Alzheimer's disease (AD) and atherosclerosis. There are three human isoforms of ApoE designated ε2, ε3, and ε4. Each isoform differentially affects the structure and function of the protein and thus the development of disease. Homozygosity for ApoE ε4 is associated with atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease whereas ApoE ε2 and ε3 tend to be protective. Furthermore, the ε2 form may cause forms of hyperlipoproteinemia. Therefore, introduction of ApoE ε3 may be beneficial to patients that are susceptible to or suffering from these diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult progenitor cells found in numerous tissues. They are easily expanded in culture and engraft into host tissues when administered appropriately. Furthermore, MSCs are immunosuppressive and have been reported to engraft as allogeneic transplants. In our previous study, mouse MSCs (mMSCs) were implanted into the brains of ApoE null mice, resulting in production of small amounts of ApoE in the brain and attenuation of cognitive deficits. Therefore human MSCs (hMSCs) are a promising vector for the administration of ApoE ε3 in humans. Results Unlike mMSCs, hMSCs were found not to express ApoE in culture; therefore a molecular screen was performed for compounds that induce expression. PPARγ agonists, neural stem cell conditioned medium, osteo-inductive media, dexamethasone, and adipo-inductive media (AIM) were tested. Of the conditions tested, only AIM or dexamethasone induced sustained secretion of ApoE in MSCs and the duration of secretion was only limited by the length of time MSCs could be sustained in culture. Upon withdrawal of the inductive stimuli, the ApoE secretion persisted for a further 14 days. Conclusion The data demonstrated that pre-treatment and perhaps co-administration of MSCs homozygous for ApoE ε3 and dexamethasone may represent a novel therapy for severe instances of AD, atherosclerosis and other ApoE-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Zeitouni
- Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, 70115, USA.
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Hime NJ, Black AS, Bulgrien JJ, Curtiss LK. Leukocyte-derived hepatic lipase increases HDL and decreases en face aortic atherosclerosis in LDLr-/- mice expressing CETP. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2113-23. [PMID: 18599739 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700564-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to hepatic expression, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and hepatic lipase (HL) are expressed by human macrophages. The combined actions of these proteins have profound effects on HDL structure and function. It is not known how these HDL changes influence atherosclerosis. To elucidate the role of leukocyte-derived HL on atherosclerosis in a background of CETP expression, we studied low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice expressing human CETP (CETPtgLDLr -/-) with a leukocyte-derived HL deficiency (HL -/- BM). HL(-/-) bone marrow (BM), CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice were generated via bone marrow transplantation. Wild-type bone marrow was transplanted into CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice to generate HL +/+ BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) controls. The chimeras were fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks to promote atherosclerosis. In female HL(-/-) BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration during high-fat feeding was decreased 27% when compared with HL +/+ BM, CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice (P < 0.05), and this was associated with a 96% increase in en face aortic atherosclerosis (P < 0.05). In male CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice, leukocyte-derived HL deficiency was associated with a 16% decrease in plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration and a 25% increase in aortic atherosclerosis. Thus, leukocyte-derived HL in CETPtgLDLr(-/-) mice has an atheroprotective role that may involve increased HDL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Hime
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
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Ma Y, Malbon CC, Williams DL, Thorngate FE. Altered gene expression in early atherosclerosis is blocked by low level apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2503. [PMID: 18560564 PMCID: PMC2423484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mice deficient in apolipoprotein E (apoE(-/-)) develop atherosclerosis. The possible linkage between expression of adhesion molecules/cofactors and atherosclerosis was probed at the level of mRNA and protein expression. The hypothesis of a linkage between changes of adhesion molecules/cofactors and atherosclerosis was tested further by suppression of aortic lesion formation in apoE(-/-) mice by expression of very low levels of transgenic apolipoprotein E. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that at 8.5 months of age, the apoE(-/-) mice display elevated expression of mRNA for LFA-1, MAC-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and for CD44, as well as MCP-1, cathepsin B, and COX-2 (but not that for eNOS) in atherosclerotic aortic arches. At earlier age, (10-13 week old) apoE(-/-) mice already display elevated expression of mRNA of CD44, LFA-1, MAC-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, cathepsin, and of COX-2 in lesioned aortic arches. Expressing very low levels of transgenic apolipoprotein E suppresses both aortic lesions and the expression of mRNA of LFA-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1, cathepsin B, and of ICAM-1 in ApoE(-/-) mice. We tested at the level of protein, the observations obtained for mRNA expression. CD11a (a component of LFA-1), VCAM-1 and cathepsin B expression was found to be elevated in apoE(-/-) aortas at 8-9 months; low level expression of transgenic apolipoprotein E rectifies these changes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Atherosclerotic lesions in apoE(-/-) mice are detected as early as 4 weeks of age. Expression of low levels of apoE is shown to be both atheroprotective and to suppress these changes in key adhesion and inflammatory molecules observed in early atherosclerotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Ma
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Craig C. Malbon
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Fayanne E. Thorngate
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
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Zeng H, Horie K, Madisen L, Pavlova MN, Gragerova G, Rohde AD, Schimpf BA, Liang Y, Ojala E, Kramer F, Roth P, Slobodskaya O, Dolka I, Southon EA, Tessarollo L, Bornfeldt KE, Gragerov A, Pavlakis GN, Gaitanaris GA. An inducible and reversible mouse genetic rescue system. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000069. [PMID: 18464897 PMCID: PMC2346557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducible and reversible regulation of gene expression is a powerful approach for uncovering gene function. We have established a general method to efficiently produce reversible and inducible gene knockout and rescue in mice. In this system, which we named iKO, the target gene can be turned on and off at will by treating the mice with doxycycline. This method combines two genetically modified mouse lines: a) a KO line with a tetracycline-dependent transactivator replacing the endogenous target gene, and b) a line with a tetracycline-inducible cDNA of the target gene inserted into a tightly regulated (TIGRE) genomic locus, which provides for low basal expression and high inducibility. Such a locus occurs infrequently in the genome and we have developed a method to easily introduce genes into the TIGRE site of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells by recombinase-mediated insertion. Both KO and TIGRE lines have been engineered for high-throughput, large-scale and cost-effective production of iKO mice. As a proof of concept, we have created iKO mice in the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene, which allows for sensitive and quantitative phenotypic analyses. The results demonstrated reversible switching of ApoE transcription, plasma cholesterol levels, and atherosclerosis progression and regression. The iKO system shows stringent regulation and is a versatile genetic system that can easily incorporate other techniques and adapt to a wide range of applications. We describe a technology for the creation of inducible and reversible gene inactivation in mice. It combines two genetically modified mouse lines: a knock-out line with a tetracycline transactivator replacing the endogenous target gene, and a line in which a tetracycline-inducible cDNA of the target gene has been inserted into a specific genomic locus. A critical component of this system is the unique chromosomal loci we have identified and engineered that offer a platform for easy insertion of any gene of interest for tightly controlled expression. Because of its simple binary nature, allowing independent modification of each of the two components and possibility of use in a high-throughput mode, we believe that our system will be useful for multiple applications, such as introducing mutant or humanized form of the target gene as well as functional manipulating tools. We have applied this technology to the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene and have demonstrated that: a) the expression of ApoE is strictly dependent on the presence of doxycycline, a tetracycline group antibiotic, in the mouse diet, b) in the absence of doxycycline (ApoE repressed) atherosclerotic plaques are formed, confirming the importance of ApoE in the process, and c) upon re-induction of ApoE in the animals with doxicyclin, atherosclerosis regressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkui Zeng
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kyoji Horie
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linda Madisen
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Maria N. Pavlova
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Galina Gragerova
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Alex D. Rohde
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Schimpf
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yuqiong Liang
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ethan Ojala
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Farah Kramer
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Patricia Roth
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga Slobodskaya
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Io Dolka
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen A. Southon
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Neural Development Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karin E. Bornfeldt
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - George N. Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GGA); (GNP)
| | - George A. Gaitanaris
- Omeros Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GGA); (GNP)
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Abstract
At one time, atherosclerosis was thought to be a simple lipid storage disease. However, it is now recognized as a chronic and progressive inflammation of the arterial wall. Gene deletion experiments in murine models of atherosclerosis that reduce the inflammatory process also reduce disease severity. Identifying the initiators and mediators of that inflammation can provide promising avenues for prevention or therapy. Two prominent risk factors, hyperlipidaemia and infectious disease, point to innate immune mechanisms as potential contributors to proatherogenic inflammation. The TLRs (Toll-like receptors), pro-inflammatory sensors of pathogens, are potential links between inflammation, infectious disease and atherosclerosis. A mechanism for hyperlipidaemic initiation of sterile inflammation can be postulated because oxidized lipoproteins or their component oxidized lipids have been identified as TLR ligands. Moreover, infectious agents are correlated with atherosclerosis risk. We have identified a role for TLR2 in atherosclerosis in mice deficient in low-density lipoprotein receptor. We observed that proatherogenic TLR2 responses to unknown endogenous or unknown endemic exogenous agonists are mediated by non-BMDC (bone-marrow-derived cells), which can include endothelial cells. In contrast, the proatherogenic TLR2 responses to the defined synthetic exogenous agonist Pam3 CSK4 are mediated at least in part by BMDC, which can include lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells. TLR2-mediated cell activation in response to endogenous and exogenous agents is proatherogenic in hyperlipidaemic mice.
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Influence of PDZK1 on lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:310-6. [PMID: 18342019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PDZK1 is a scaffold protein containing four PDZ protein interaction domains, which bind to the carboxy termini of a number of membrane transporter proteins, including ion channels (e.g., CFTR) and cell surface receptors. One of these, the HDL receptor, scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), exhibits a striking, tissue-specific dependence on PDZK1 for its expression and activity. In PDZK1 knockout (KO) mice there is a marked reduction of SR-BI protein expression (approximately 95%) in the liver, but not in steroidogenic tissues or, as we show in this report, in bone marrow- or spleen-derived macrophages, or lung-derived endothelial cells. Because of hepatic SR-BI deficiency, PDZK1 KO mice exhibit dyslipidemia characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol carried in abnormally large HDL particles. Here, we show that inactivation of the PDZK1 gene promotes the development of aortic root atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E (apoE) KO mice fed with a high fat/high cholesterol diet. However, unlike complete SR-BI-deficiency in SR-BI/apoE double KO mice, PDZK1 deficiency in PDZK1/apoE double knockout mice did not result in development of occlusive coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction, presumably because of their residual expression of SR-BI. These findings demonstrate that deficiency of an adaptor protein essential for normal expression of a lipoprotein receptor promotes atherosclerosis in a murine model. They also define PDZK1 as a member of the family of proteins that is instrumental in preventing cardiovascular disease by maintaining normal lipoprotein metabolism.
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Denèfle P, Duverger N, Branellec D. Section Review: Cardiovascular & Renal: Genetic therapies for vascular diseases and lipid disorders. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.11.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Nelbach L, Shu X, Konrad RJ, Ryan RO, Forte TM. Effect of apolipoprotein A-V on plasma triglyceride, lipoprotein size, and composition in genetically engineered mice. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:572-80. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700281-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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