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Duman N, Duman R, Vurmaz A. Effects of second-generation H1-antihistamine drugs on angiogenesis in in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane model. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2023; 42:8-11. [PMID: 36469932 DOI: 10.1080/15569527.2022.2152040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature on the effects of second-generation H1-antihistamines on angiogenesis is limited. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of cetirizine, desloratadine, and rupatadine (second-generation H1-antihistamines commonly used in dermatology clinics) on angiogenesis in an in vivo chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model. METHODS The study was approved by the local ethics committee on animal experimentation. Forty fertilized specific pathogen free eggs were incubated and kept under appropriate temperature and humidity control. Drug solutions were prepared in identical concentrations by dissolving powders in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). On the third day of the incubation, a small window was opened on the CAM and 0.1 mL desloratadine (1.5 μg/0.1 mL) in the first group, 0.1 mL cetirizine (1.5 μg/0.1 mL) in the second group, 0.1 mL rupatadine in the third group (1.5 μg/0.1 mL), and PBS (0.1 mL) in the fourth group were administered by injection. On the eighth day of incubation, the vascular structures of the CAMs were macroscopically examined and standard digital photographs were taken. The digital images were analyzed and data including mean vessel density, thickness, and number were compared between groups. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Vessel densities were similar in the desloratadine, cetirizine, and control groups, whereas they were significantly less in the rupatadine group (p = 0.01). Furthermore, the rupatadine group had significantly lower vessel thickness and number compared with the other groups (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSIONS Rupatadine showed anti-angiogenic effects in the chick CAM model, compared with desloratadine and cetirizine. The anti-angiogenic effect of rupatadine could be due to its platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor inhibition. Thus, rupatadine could be a treatment agent in pathological processes in which angiogenesis is responsible. Further studies with larger series are needed to clarify this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Duman
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Reşat Duman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bakırçay University, Çiğli Regional Education Hospital, İzmir, Türkiye
| | - Ayhan Vurmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye
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Drouillard D, Craig BT, Dwinell MB. Physiology of chemokines in the cancer microenvironment. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C167-C182. [PMID: 36317799 PMCID: PMC9829481 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00151.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines whose canonical functions govern movement of receptor-expressing cells along chemical gradients. Chemokines are a physiological system that is finely tuned by ligand and receptor expression, ligand or receptor oligomerization, redundancy, expression of atypical receptors, and non-GPCR binding partners that cumulatively influence discrete pharmacological signaling responses and cellular functions. In cancer, chemokines play paradoxical roles in both the directed emigration of metastatic, receptor-expressing cancer cells out of the tumor as well as immigration of tumor-infiltrating immune cells that culminate in a tumor-unique immune microenvironment. In the age of precision oncology, strategies to effectively harness the power of immunotherapy requires consideration of chemokine gradients within the unique spatial topography and temporal influences with heterogeneous tumors. In this article, we review current literature on the diversity of chemokine ligands and their cellular receptors that detect and process chemotactic gradients and illustrate how differences between ligand recognition and receptor activation influence the signaling machinery that drives cellular movement into and out of the tumor microenvironment. Facets of chemokine physiology across discrete cancer immune phenotypes are contrasted to existing chemokine-centered therapies in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Drouillard
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian T Craig
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael B Dwinell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Center for Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ginkgolide B Regulates CDDP Chemoresistance in Oral Cancer via the Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246299. [PMID: 34944919 PMCID: PMC8699349 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is a key molecule that participates in intracellular signaling pathways. It is involved in cancer progression, but the detailed mechanism of its chemosensitivity is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism regulating cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity through PAFR functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). These results suggest that PAFR is a therapeutic target for modulating CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. In addition, we found that ginkgolide B (GB), a specific inhibitor of PAFR, enhanced both CDDP chemosusceptibility and apoptosis. Thus, GB may be a novel drug that could enhance combination chemotherapy with CDDP for OSCC patients. Abstract The platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) is a key molecule that participates in intracellular signaling pathways, including regulating the activation of kinases. It is involved in cancer progression, but the detailed mechanism of its chemosensitivity is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism regulating cisplatin (CDDP) sensitivity through PAFR functions in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We first analyzed the correlation between PAFR expression and CDDP sensitivity in seven OSCC-derived cell lines based upon cell viability assays. Among them, we isolated 2 CDDP-resistant cell lines (Ca9-22 and Ho-1-N-1). In addition to conducting PAFR-knockdown (siPAFR) experiments, we found that ginkgolide B (GB), a specific inhibitor of PAFR, enhanced both CDDP chemosusceptibility and apoptosis. We next evaluated the downstream signaling pathway of PAFR in siPAFR-treated cells and GB-treated cells after CDDP treatment. In both cases, we observed decreased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt and increased expression of cleaved caspase-3. These results suggest that PAFR is a therapeutic target for modulating CDDP sensitivity in OSCC cells. Thus, GB may be a novel drug that could enhance combination chemotherapy with CDDP for OSCC patients.
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Travers JB, Rohan JG, Sahu RP. New Insights Into the Pathologic Roles of the Platelet-Activating Factor System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:624132. [PMID: 33796070 PMCID: PMC8008455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Described almost 50 years ago, the glycerophosphocholine lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been implicated in many pathologic processes. Indeed, elevated levels of PAF can be measured in response to almost every type of pathology involving inflammation and cell damage/death. In this review, we provide evidence for PAF involvement in pathologic processes, with focus on cancer, the nervous system, and in photobiology. Importantly, recent insights into how PAF can generate and travel via bioactive extracellular vesicles such as microvesicle particles (MVP) are presented. What appears to be emerging from diverse pathologies in different organ systems is a common theme where pro-oxidative stressors generate oxidized glycerophosphocholines with PAF agonistic effects, which then trigger more enzymatic PAF synthesis via the PAF receptor. A downstream consequence of PAF receptor activation is the generation and release of MVP which provide a mechanism to transmit PAF as well as other bioactive agents. The knowledge gaps which when addressed could result in novel therapeutic strategies are also discussed. Taken together, an enhanced understanding of the PAF family of lipid mediators is essential in our improved comprehension of the relationship amongst the diverse cutaneous, cancerous, neurologic and systemic pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Travers, ; orcid.org/0000-0001-7232-1039
| | - Joyce G. Rohan
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Environmental Health Effects Directorate, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, United States
| | - Ravi P. Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
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Mtshali Z, Moodley J, Naicker T. An Insight into the Angiogenic and Lymphatic Interplay in Pre-eclampsia Comorbid with HIV Infection. Curr Hypertens Rep 2020; 22:35. [PMID: 32200445 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-020-01040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To provide insight on the imbalance of angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors in pre-eclampsia, as well as highlight polymorphism in genes related to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS The pregnancy-specific disorder pre-eclampsia is diagnosed by the presence of hypertension with/without proteinuria, after 20 weeks of gestation. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia remains ambiguous, but research over the years has identified an imbalance in maternal and foetal factors. Familial predisposition and gene variation are also linked to pre-eclampsia development. The sFlt-1/PIGF ratio has attracted great attention over the years; more recently several researchers have reported that a sFlt-1/PIGF ratio of ≤ 38 can be used to predict short-term absence of pre-eclampsia. This ratio has the potential to prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes and reduce healthcare costs significantly. Genome-wide studies have additionally identified variation in the foetal gene near Flt-1. The development of preeclampsia is not limited to the maternal interface, but foetal involvement as well as genetic interplay is associated with the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamahlabangane Mtshali
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Kispert S, Marentette J, McHowat J. Cigarette smoking promotes bladder cancer via increased platelet-activating factor. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e13981. [PMID: 30756528 PMCID: PMC6372534 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for bladder cancer development and epidemiological data suggest that nearly half of all bladder cancer patients have a history of smoking. In addition to stimulating the growth of a primary tumor, it has been shown that there is a correlation between smoking and tumor metastasis. Platelet activating factor (PAF) is expressed on the cell surface of the activated endothelium and, through binding with the PAF-receptor (PAF-R), facilitates transendothelial migration of cells in the circulation (McHowat et al. Biochemistry 40:14921-14931; 2001). In this study, we show that the exposure of bladder cancer cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) results in increased PAF accumulation and increased expression of the PAF-R. Furthermore, treatment with CSE increases adherence of bladder cancer cells to bladder endothelial cells and could be abrogated by pretreatment with ginkgolide B. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor biopsy samples from bladder cancer patients who smoked revealed increased PAF and the PAF-R in tumor regions when compared to normal tissue. These data highlight a pathway in bladder cancer that is influenced by CSE which could facilitate primary tumor growth and increase metastatic potential. Targeting of the PAF-PAFR interaction could serve as a beneficial therapeutic target for managing further growth of a developing tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kispert
- Department of BiologyUniversity of North GeorgiaOakwoodGeorgia
| | - John Marentette
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraColorado
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of PathologySaint Louis University School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouri
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da Silva Junior IA, Andrade LNDS, Jancar S, Chammas R. Platelet activating factor receptor antagonists improve the efficacy of experimental chemo- and radiotherapy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e792s. [PMID: 30328954 PMCID: PMC6157068 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e792s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet activating factor is a lipid mediator of inflammation, and in recent decades, it has emerged as an important factor in tumor outcomes. Platelet activating factor acts by specific binding to its receptor, which is present in both tumor cells and cells that infiltrate tumors. Pro-tumorigenic effects of platelet activating factor receptor in tumors includes promotion of tumor cell proliferation, production of survival signals, migration of vascular cells and formation of new vessels and stimulation of dendritic cells and macrophages suppressor phenotype. In experimental models, blocking of platelet activating factor receptor reduced tumor growth and increased animal survival. During chemotherapy and radiotherapy, tumor cells that survive treatment undergo accelerated proliferation, a phenomenon known as tumor cell repopulation. Work from our group and others showed that these treatments induce overproduction of platelet activating factor-like molecules and increase expression of its receptor in tumor cells. In this scenario, antagonists of platelet activating factor markedly reduced tumor repopulation. Here, we note that combining chemo- and radiotherapy with platelet activating factor antagonists could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildefonso Alves da Silva Junior
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Roger Chammas
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Centro de Investigacao Translacional em Oncologia, Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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8
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Effects of platelets on cancer progression. Thromb Res 2018; 164 Suppl 1:S40-S47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2018.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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9
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da Silva-Junior IA, Dalmaso B, Herbster S, Lepique AP, Jancar S. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Ligands Protect Tumor Cells from Radiation-Induced Cell Death. Front Oncol 2018; 8:10. [PMID: 29459885 PMCID: PMC5807395 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Irradiation generates oxidized phospholipids that activate platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) associated with pro-tumorigenic effects. Here, we investigated the involvement of PAFR in tumor cell survival after irradiation. Cervical cancer samples presented higher levels of PAF-receptor gene (PTAFR) when compared with normal cervical tissue. In cervical cancer patients submitted to radiotherapy (RT), the expression of PTAFR was significantly increased. Cervical cancer-derived cell lines (C33, SiHa, and HeLa) and squamous carcinoma cell lines (SCC90 and SCC78) express higher levels of PAFR mRNA and protein than immortalized keratinocytes. Gamma radiation increased PAFR expression and induced PAFR ligands and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in these tumor cells. The blocking of PAFR with the antagonist CV3938 before irradiation inhibited PGE2 and increased tumor cells death. Similarly, human carcinoma cells transfected with PAFR (KBP) were more resistant to radiation compared to those lacking the receptor (KBM). PGE2 production by irradiated KBP cells was also inhibited by CV3988. These results show that irradiation of carcinoma cells generates PAFR ligands that protect tumor cells from death and suggests that the combination of RT with a PAFR antagonist could be a promising strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Dalmaso
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suellen Herbster
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonia Jancar
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kispert S, Schwartz T, McHowat J. Cigarette Smoke Regulates Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 Metabolic Pathways in Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1855-1866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Anandi VL, Ashiq KA, Nitheesh K, Lahiri M. Platelet-activating factor promotes motility in breast cancer cells and disrupts non-transformed breast acinar structures. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:179-88. [PMID: 26531049 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of studies have demonstrated that chronic inflammatory microenvironment influences the genesis and progression of tumors. Such microenvironments are enriched with various lipid mediators. Platelet activating factor (PAF, 1-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) is one such lipid mediator that is secreted by different immune cell types during inflammation and by breast cancer cells upon stimulation with growth factors. Overexpression of PAF-receptor has also been observed in many other cancers. Here we report the possible roles of PAF in tumor initiation and progression. MCF10A, a non-transformed and non-malignant mammary epithelial cell line, when grown as 3D 'on-top' cultures form spheroids that have a distinct hollow lumen surrounded by a monolayer of epithelial cells. Exposure of these spheroids to PAF resulted in the formation of large deformed acinar structures with disrupted lumen, implying transformation. We then examined the response of transformed cells such as MDA-MB 231 to stimulation with PAF. We observed collective cell migration as well as motility at the single cell level on PAF induction, suggesting its role during metastasis. This increase in collective cell migration is mediated via PI3-kinase and/or JNK pathway and is independent of the MAP-kinase pathway. Taken together this study signifies a novel role of PAF in inducing transformation of non-tumorigenic cells and the vital role in promotion of breast cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Libi Anandi
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - K A Ashiq
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - K Nitheesh
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - M Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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Kispert S, Marentette J, McHowat J. Cigarette smoke induces cell motility via platelet-activating factor accumulation in breast cancer cells: a potential mechanism for metastatic disease. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/3/e12318. [PMID: 25802360 PMCID: PMC4393154 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancer deaths are a result of metastasis rather than the primary tumor. Although cigarette smoking has been determined as a risk factor for several cancers, its role in metastasis has not been studied in detail. We propose that cigarette smoking contributes to metastatic disease via inhibition of breast cancer cell platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), resulting in PAF accumulation and a subsequent increase in cell motility. We studied several breast cell lines, including immortalized mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10A), luminal A hormone positive MCF-7, basal-like triple negative MDA-MB-468, and claudin-low triple-negative highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells. We exposed cells to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) for up to 48 h. CSE inhibited PAF-AH activity, increased PAF accumulation, and increased cell motility in MDA-MB-231 metastatic triple negative breast cancer cells. The calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) inhibitor, (S) bromoenol lactone ((S)-BEL) was used to prevent the accumulation of PAF and further prevented the increase in cell motility seen previously when cells were exposed to CSE. Thus, iPLA2 or PAF may represent a therapeutic target to manage metastatic disease, particularly in triple-negative breast cancer patients who smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kispert
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John Marentette
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Sun L, He Z, Ke J, Li S, Wu X, Lian L, He X, He X, Hu J, Zou Y, Wu X, Lan P. PAF receptor antagonist Ginkgolide B inhibits tumourigenesis and angiogenesis in colitis-associated cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:432-440. [PMID: 25755731 PMCID: PMC4348885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent pro-inflammatory phospholipid, has been found to trigger tumor growth and angiogenesis through its G-protein coupled receptor (PAFR). This study was aimed to investigate the potential role of PAF in azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced colitis-associated cancer (CAC), using PAFR antagonist Ginkgolide B (GKB). We found GKB up-regulated serum level of PAF-AH activity. As assessed by disease activity index (DAI), histological injury scores, leukocytes infiltration, and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, GKB ameliorated colonic inflammation and decreased tumor number and load in mice. GKB also decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and microvessel density (MVD) in tumor. These results suggest that PAFR antagonist might be a potential therapeutic strategy for CAC.
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Kispert SE, Marentette JO, McHowat J. Enhanced breast cancer cell adherence to the lung endothelium via PAF acetylhydrolase inhibition: a potential mechanism for enhanced metastasis in smokers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C951-6. [PMID: 25186013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer deaths are primarily caused by distant metastases, rather than by primary tumor growth; however, the role of smoking in metastasis remains unclear. We demonstrated previously that endothelial cell platelet-activating factor (PAF) production results in enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment to the lung. We propose that endothelial cell PAF accumulation plays a role in cancer cell migration to distal locations. We used cigarette smoke extract (CSE) to inhibit the activity of endothelial cell PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which hydrolyzes and inactivates PAF, and determined whether this results in increased endothelial cell PAF accumulation and breast cancer adherence. Incubation of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) with CSE resulted in a significant inhibition of PAF-AH activity that was accompanied by increased PAF production and adherence of highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Pretreatment of HMVEC-L with (S)-bromoenol lactone to inhibit calcium-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β, which initiates endothelial cell PAF production) prior to CSE exposure resulted in complete inhibition of MDA-MB-231 cell adherence. Similarly, pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with the PAF receptor antagonist Ginkgo biloba resulted in inhibition of adherence to the endothelium. Immunoblot analysis indicated an increase in MDA-MB-231 cell PAF receptor expression with CSE exposure. Taken together, our data indicate that CSE exposure increases endothelial cell PAF production, resulting in enhanced adherence of tumor cells to the endothelium. Our in vitro data indicate that increased tumor cell adherence would lead to enhanced metastasis formation in smokers. Potential therapeutic targets include endothelial cell iPLA2β or the tumor cell PAF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Kispert
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Taylor S, Markesbery M, Harding P. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and proteolytic processing by a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM): A regulator of several pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Morita K, Shiraishi S, Motoyama N, Kitayama T, Kanematsu T, Uezono Y, Dohi T. Palliation of bone cancer pain by antagonists of platelet-activating factor receptors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91746. [PMID: 24637403 PMCID: PMC3956712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain is the most severe among cancer pain and is often resistant to current analgesics. Thus, the development of novel analgesics effective at treating bone cancer pain are desired. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonists were recently demonstrated to have effective pain relieving effects on neuropathic pain in several animal models. The present study examined the pain relieving effect of PAF receptor antagonists on bone cancer pain using the femur bone cancer (FBC) model in mice. Animals were injected with osteolytic NCTC2472 cells into the tibia, and subsequently the effects of PAF receptor antagonists on pain behaviors were evaluated. Chemical structurally different type of antagonists, TCV-309, BN 50739 and WEB 2086 ameliorated the allodynia and improved pain behaviors such as guarding behavior and limb-use abnormalities in FBC model mice. The pain relieving effects of these antagonists were achieved with low doses and were long lasting. Blockade of spinal PAF receptors by intrathecal injection of TCV-309 and WEB 2086 or knockdown of the expression of spinal PAF receptor protein by intrathecal transfer of PAF receptor siRNA also produced a pain relieving effect. The amount of an inducible PAF synthesis enzyme, lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) protein significantly increased in the spinal cord after transplantation of NCTC 2472 tumor cells into mouse tibia. The combination of morphine with PAF receptor antagonists develops marked enhancement of the analgesic effect against bone cancer pain without affecting morphine-induced constipation. Repeated administration of TCV-309 suppressed the appearance of pain behaviors and prolonged survival of FBC mice. The present results suggest that PAF receptor antagonists in combination with, or without, opioids may represent a new strategy for the treatment of persistent bone cancer pain and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Morita
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Nursing, Hiroshima Bunka Gakuen University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Seiji Shiraishi
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyo Motoyama
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Division of Integrated Health Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitayama
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanematsu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Basic Life Science, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Uezono
- Cancer Pathophysiology, Division National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Dohi
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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A Novel Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Antagonist Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization and Subretinal Fibrosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68173. [PMID: 23826375 PMCID: PMC3694891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a critical pathogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of blindness in developed countries. To date, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying CNV have not been elucidated. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been previously implicated in angiogenesis; however, the roles of PAF and its receptor (PAF-R) in CNV have not been addressed. The present study reveals several important findings concerning the relationship of the PAF-R signaling with CNV. PAF-R was detected in a mouse model of laser-induced CNV and was upregulated during CNV development. Experimental CNV was suppressed by administering WEB2086, a novel PAF-R antagonist. WEB2086-dependent suppression of CNV occurred via the inhibition of macrophage infiltration and the expression of proangiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor) and proinflammatory molecules (monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and IL-6) in the retinal pigment epithelium-choroid complex. Additionally, WEB2086-induced PAF-R blockage suppresses experimentally induced subretinal fibrosis, which resembles the fibrotic subretinal scarring observed in neovascular AMD. As optimal treatment modalities for neovascular AMD would target the multiple mechanisms of AMD-associated vision loss, including neovascularization, inflammation and fibrosis, our results suggest PAF-R as an attractive molecular target in the treatment of AMD.
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Schäfer-Somi S, Sabitzer S, Klein D, Reinbacher E, Kanca H, Beceriklisoy HB, Aksoy OA, Kucukaslan I, Macun HC, Aslan S. Vascular Endothelial (VEGF) and Epithelial Growth Factor (EGF) as Well as Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) and Receptors are Expressed in the Early Pregnant Canine Uterus. Reprod Domest Anim 2012; 48:20-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sahu RP, Kozman AA, Yao Y, DaSilva SC, Rezania S, Martel KC, Warren SJ, Travers JB, Konger RL. Loss of the platelet activating factor receptor in mice augments PMA-induced inflammation and cutaneous chemical carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:694-701. [PMID: 22223848 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a well-known acute inflammatory mediator, little is known regarding the role of PAF in chronic inflammation. Phorbol esters are known to stimulate PAF production. Moreover, the ability of repeated applications of phorbol esters to induce a sustained inflammatory response is crucial to their tumorigenic activity. We therefore examined whether PAF acts as a mediator of phorbol ester-induced inflammation and tumorigenesis. While PAF receptor knockout mice (PAFR(-/-)) showed an expected but modest reduction in the acute inflammatory response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), these mice exhibited a surprising increase in inflammation following chronic PMA application. This increased inflammation was documented by a number of findings that included: increased skin thickness, increased myeloperoxidase activity and expression and increased expression of known inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, vehicle-treated PAFR(-/-) mice also exhibited modest increases in levels of inflammatory markers. This suggests that the platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR) acts to suppress chronic inflammation in response to other stimuli, such as barrier disruption. The idea that chronic PAFR activation is anti-inflammatory was documented by repetitive topical PAFR agonist administration that resulted in reduced myeloperoxidase activity in skin. We next utilized a 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene/PMA carcinogenesis protocol to demonstrate that PAFR(-/-) mice exhibit significantly increased tumor formation and malignant progression compared with wild-type control mice. These studies provide evidence for two important, unexpected and possibly interrelated pathological roles for the PAFR: first, the PAFR acts to suppress PMA-induced chronic inflammation; secondly, the PAFR acts to suppress neoplastic development in response to chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Singh TP, Huettner B, Koefeler H, Mayer G, Bambach I, Wallbrecht K, Schön MP, Wolf P. Platelet-activating factor blockade inhibits the T-helper type 17 cell pathway and suppresses psoriasis-like skin disease in K5.hTGF-β1 transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:699-708. [PMID: 21281802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent biolipid mediator, is involved in a variety of cellular transduction pathways and plays a prominent role in inducing inflammation in different organs. We used K5.hTGF-β1 transgenic mice, which exhibit an inflammatory skin disorder and molecular and cytokine abnormalities with strong similarities to human psoriasis, to study the pathogenic role of PAF. We found that injecting PAF into the skin of transgenic mice led to inflammation and accelerated manifestation of the psoriatic phenotype by a local effect. In contrast, injecting mice with PAF receptor antagonist PCA-4248 lowered the PAF level (most likely by depressing an autocrine loop) and neutrophil, CD68(+) cell (monocyte/macrophage), and CD3(+) T-cell accumulation in the skin and blocked progression of the psoriasis-like phenotype. This effect of PAF blockade was specific and similar to that of psoralen-UV-A and was paralleled by a decrease in abnormally elevated mRNA and/or protein levels of T-helper type 17 cell-related cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-23, IL-12A, and IL-6 and its transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. In contrast, PCA-4248 treatment up-regulated mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and IL-10 in dorsal skin and release of IL-10 in serum and skin. Interfering with PAF may offer the opportunity to develop novel therapeutic strategies for inflammatory psoriasis and associated comorbidities, including metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis, in which the IL-17 axis may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej Pratap Singh
- Research Unit for Photodermatology, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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McHowat J, Gullickson G, Hoover RG, Sharma J, Turk J, Kornbluth J. Platelet-activating factor and metastasis: calcium-independent phospholipase A2β deficiency protects against breast cancer metastasis to the lung. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C825-32. [PMID: 21228317 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the contribution of calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)β (iPLA(2)β) to lung metastasis development following breast cancer injection into wild-type (WT) and iPLA(2)β-knockout (iPLA(2)β-KO) mice. WT and iPLA(2)β-KO mice were injected in the mammary pad with 200,000 E0771 breast cancer cells. There was no difference in primary tumor size between WT and iPLA(2)β-KO mice at 27 days postinjection. However, we observed an 11-fold greater number of breast cancer cells in the lungs of WT mice compared with iPLA(2)β-KO animals (P < 0.05). Isolated WT lung endothelial cells demonstrated a significant increase in platelet-activating factor (PAF) production when stimulated with thrombin [1 IU/ml, 10 min, 4,330 ± 555 vs. 15,227 ± 1,043 disintegrations per minute (dpm), P < 0.01] or TNF-α (10 ng/ml, 2 h, 16,532 ± 538 dpm, P < 0.01). Adherence of E0771 cells to WT endothelial cells was increased by thrombin (4.8 ± 0.3% vs. 70.9 ± 6.3, P < 0.01) or TNF-α (60.5 ± 4.3, P < 0.01). These responses were blocked by pretreatment with the iPLA(2)β-selective inhibitor (S)-bromoenol lactone and absent in lung endothelial cells from iPLA(2)β-KO mice. These data indicate that endothelial cell iPLA(2)β is responsible for PAF production and adherence of E0771 cells and may play a role in cancer cell migration to distal locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane McHowat
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Mrówczyńska L, Hägerstrand H. Platelet-activating factor interaction with the human erythrocyte membrane. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2009; 23:345-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
Metastatic melanoma is extremely refractory to existing chemotherapeutic drugs and bioimmune adjuvant therapies, and the life span of patients with metastatic melanoma is often measured in months. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the development of tumor metastasis is critical for finding successful curative measures. An expending amount of data reveal the importance of inflammatory microenvironment and stroma in cancer initiation and progression, which brings new directions and approaches to cancer treatment. This review will summarize current data on the role of the tumor microenvironment in shaping the metastatic phenotype of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Huang J, Chen K, Gong W, Dunlop NM, Wang JM. G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors and cancer. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:3352-63. [PMID: 18508437 DOI: 10.2741/2930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chemoattractant receptors are a group of seven transmembrane, G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They were initially identified mainly on leukocytes to mediate cell migration in response to pathogen or host-derived chemotactic factors. During the past decade, chemoattractant GPCRs have been discovered not only to mediate leukocyte chemotaxis thus promoting innate and adaptive host immune responses, but also to play essential roles in development, homeostasis, HIV infection, angiogenesis and wound healing. A growing body of evidence further indicates that chemoattractant GPCRs contribute to tumor growth, invasion, angiogenesis/angiostasis and metastasis. The diverse properties of GPCRs in the progression of malignant tumors have attracted intense interest in their potential as novel anti-tumor pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Tiemann U. The role of platelet-activating factor in the mammalian female reproductive tract. Reprod Domest Anim 2008; 43:647-55. [PMID: 18363604 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2007.00959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent lipid mediator produced by various cell types of mammals and is involved in an inflammatory-like process with increased vascular permeability. Platelet-activating factor exerts its actions through the activation of specific PAF receptors (PAF-R) found in cells and tissues of the female reproductive tract. The aim of this article was summarized briefly in the current research on the role of PAF in female reproductive functions. Platelet-activating factor has been implicated in processes of ovulation, implantation and parturition because of its angiogenic and growth factor properties. This factor is influenced by ovarian steroid hormones in bringing about changes in the uterus and is a candidate molecule for initial embryo-maternal dialogue. Tissue concentrations of PAF are regulated by the equilibrium between biosynthesis and degradation by PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Antagonists of PAF interfere with ovulation and implantation. Platelet-activating factor, its receptor, and PAF-AH activity play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Tiemann
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Research Institute for the Biology of Farm Animals, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Melnikova VO, Villares GJ, Bar-Eli M. Emerging roles of PAR-1 and PAFR in melanoma metastasis. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2008; 1:103-11. [PMID: 19308689 PMCID: PMC2654348 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-008-0002-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastatic progression are strongly promoted by the inflammatory tumor microenvironment due to high levels of cytokine and chemokine secretion by the recruited inflammatory and stromal cells. In addition, platelets and molecular components of procoagulant pathways have been recently emerging as critical players of tumor growth and metastasis. In particular, thrombin, through the activity of its receptor protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), regulates tumor cell adhesion to platelets and endothelial cells, stimulates tumor angiogenesis, and promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Notably, in many tumor types including melanoma, PAR-1 expression directly correlates with their metastatic phenotype and is directly responsible for the expression of interleukin-8, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, and integrins. Another proinflammatory receptor–ligand pair, platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor (PAFR), have been shown to act as important modulators of tumor cell adhesion to endothelial cells, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. PAF is a bioactive lipid produced by a variety of cells from membrane glycerophospholipids in the same reaction that releases arachidonic acid, and can be secreted by platelets, inflammatory cells, keratinocytes and endothelial cells. We have demonstrated that in metastatic melanoma cells, PAF stimulates the phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor 1 (ATF-1), which results in overexpression of MMP-2 and membrane type 1-MMP (membrane type 1-MMP). Since only metastatic melanoma cells overexpress CREB/ATF-1, we propose that metastatic melanoma cells are better equipped than their non-metastatic counterparts to respond to PAF within the tumor microenvironment. The evidence supporting the hypothesis that the two G-protein coupled receptors, PAR-1 and PAFR, contribute to the acquisition of the metastatic phenotype of melanoma is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Melnikova V, Bar-Eli M. Inflammation and melanoma growth and metastasis: the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and its receptor. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 26:359-71. [PMID: 17721743 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9092-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An inflammatory tumor microenvironment fosters tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastatic progression. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an inflammatory biolipid produced from membrane glycerophospholipids. Through the activity of its G-protein coupled receptor, PAF triggers a variety of pathological reactions including tumor neo-angiogenesis. Several groups have demonstrated that inhibiting PAF-PAF receptor pathway at the level of a ligand or receptor results in an effective inhibition of experimental tumor growth and metastasis. In particular, our group has recently demonstrated that PAF receptor antagonists can effectively inhibit the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Furthermore, we showed that PAF stimulated the phosphorylation of CREB and ATF-1 in metastatic melanoma cells, which resulted in overexpression of MMP-2 and MT1-MMP. Our data indicate that PAF acts as a promoter of melanoma metastasis in vivo. Since only metastatic melanoma cells overexpress CREB/ATF-1, we propose that these cells are better equipped to respond to PAF within the tumor microenvironment when compared to their non-metastatic counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 173, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested for decades an association between dietary fat and cancer risk. A large body of work performed in tissue culture and xenograft models of cancer supports an important role of various types of fat in modulating the cancer phenotype. Yet, the molecular mechanisms underlining the effects of fat on cancer initiation and progression are largely unknown. The relationships between saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol or phytanic acid with cancer have been reviewed respectively. However, few have considered the relationship between all of these fats and cancer. The purpose of this review is to present a more cohesive view of dietary fat-gene interactions, and outline a working hypothesis of the intricate connection between fat, genes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Q Chen
- Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Doublier S, Ceretto M, Lupia E, Bravo S, Bussolati B, Camussi G. The proangiogenic phenotype of tumor-derived endothelial cells is reverted by the overexpression of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5710-8. [PMID: 17908960 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously reported that human tumor-derived endothelial cells (TEC) have an angiogenic phenotype related to the autocrine production of several angiogenic factors. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether an enhanced synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) might contribute to the proangiogenic characteristics of TEC and whether its inactivation might inhibit angiogenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To address the potential role of PAF in the proangiogenic characteristics of TEC, we engineered TEC to stably overexpress human plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), the major PAF-inactivating enzyme, and we evaluated in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis. RESULTS TECs were able to synthesize a significantly enhanced amount of PAF compared with normal human microvascular endothelial cells when stimulated with thrombin, vascular endothelial growth factor, or soluble CD154. Transfection of TEC with PAF-AH (TEC-PAF-AH) significantly inhibited apoptosis resistance and spontaneous motility of TEC. In addition, PAF and vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation enhanced the motility and adhesion of TEC but not of TEC-PAF-AH. In vitro, TEC-PAF-AH lost the characteristic ability of TEC to form vessel-like structures when plated on Matrigel. Finally, when cells were injected s.c. within Matrigel in severe combined immunodeficiency mice or coimplanted with a renal carcinoma cell line, the overexpression of PAF-AH induced a significant reduction of functional vessel formation. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that inactivation of PAF, produced by TEC, by the overexpression of plasma PAF-AH affects survival, migration, and the angiogenic response of TEC both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Doublier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre for Molecular Biotechnology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Ko HM, Kang JH, Jung B, Kim HA, Park SJ, Kim KJ, Kang YR, Lee HK, Im SY. Critical role for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in platelet-activating factor-induced experimental tumor metastasis. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:1277-83. [PMID: 17187368 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the roles of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 in platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced experimental pulmonary metastasis of the murine melanoma cell, B16F10, were investigated. An injection of PAF resulted in increases in mRNA expression, protein levels and the activities of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the lungs. The overall expression of MMP-9 was stronger than that of MMP-2. The increased MMP-9 expression was inhibited by both NF-kappaB and AP-1 inhibitors, whereas the increased MMP-2 expression was inhibited by only AP-1 inhibitors. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that MMP-9 was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells as well as in the walls of blood vessels, whereas MMP-2 expression was observed only in bronchial epithelial cells. PAF significantly enhanced the pulmonary metastasis of B16F10, which was inhibited by both NF-kappaB and c-jun inhibitors. MMP-9 inhibitor, but not that of MMP-2, completely inhibited PAF-induced B16F10 metastasis. These data indicate that MMP-9, the expression of which was regulated by NF-kappaB and AP-1, plays a critical role in PAF-induced enhancement of pulmonary melanoma metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Barthomeuf C. Inhibition of S1P-induced angiogenesis, metastasis and inflammation by dietary polyphenols. Free Radic Biol Med 2007; 42:312-3. [PMID: 17189837 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lancaster JM, Dressman HK, Clarke JP, Sayer RA, Martino MA, Cragun JM, Henriott AH, Gray J, Sutphen R, Elahi A, Whitaker RS, West M, Marks JR, Nevins JR, Berchuck A. Identification of genes associated with ovarian cancer metastasis using microarray expression analysis. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2006; 16:1733-45. [PMID: 17009964 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the transition from early- to advanced-stage ovarian cancer is a critical determinant of survival, little is known about the molecular underpinnings of ovarian metastasis. We hypothesize that microarray analysis of global gene expression patterns in primary ovarian cancer and metastatic omental implants can identify genes that underlie the metastatic process in epithelial ovarian cancer. We utilized Affymetrix U95Av2 microarrays to characterize the molecular alterations that underlie omental metastasis from 47 epithelial ovarian cancer samples collected from multiple sites in 20 patients undergoing primary surgical cytoreduction for advanced-stage (IIIC/IV) serous ovarian cancer. Fifty-six genes demonstrated differential expression between ovarian and omental samples (P < 0.01), and twenty of these 56 differentially expressed genes have previously been implicated in metastasis, cell motility, or cytoskeletal function. Ten of the 56 genes are involved in p53 gene pathways. A Bayesian statistical tree analysis was used to identify a 27-gene expression pattern that could accurately predict the site of tumor (ovary versus omentum). This predictive model was evaluated using an external data set. Nine of the 27 predictive genes have previously been shown to be involved in oncogenesis and/or metastasis, and 10/27 genes have been implicated in p53 pathways. Microarray findings were validated by real-time quantitative PCR. We conclude that gene expression patterns that distinguish omental metastasis from primary epithelial ovarian cancer can be identified and that many of the genes have functions that are biologically consistent with a role in oncogenesis, metastasis, and p53 gene networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lancaster
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA.
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Heon Seo K, Ko HM, Kim HA, Choi JH, Jun Park S, Kim KJ, Lee HK, Im SY. Platelet-activating factor induces up-regulation of antiapoptotic factors in a melanoma cell line through nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4681-6. [PMID: 16651419 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of platelet-activating factor (PAF) on the induction of apoptosis-regulating factors in B16F10 melanoma cells. PAF increased the expression of mRNA and the protein synthesis of antiapoptotic factors, such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, but did not increase the expression of the proapoptotic factor, Bax. A selective nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor, parthenolide, inhibited the effects of PAF. Furthermore, PAF inhibited etoposide-induced increases in caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities, as well as cell death. p50/p65 heterodimer increased the mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL and decreased etoposide-induced caspase activities and cell death. In an in vivo model in which Matrigel was injected s.c., PAF augmented the growth of B16F10 cells and attenuated etoposide-induced inhibition of B16F10 cells growth. These data indicate that PAF induces up-regulation of antiapoptotic factors in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner in a melanoma cell line, therefore suggesting that PAF may diminish the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kook Heon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Balestrieri C, Felice F, Piacente S, Pizza C, Montoro P, Oleszek W, Visciano V, Balestrieri ML. Relative effects of phenolic constituents from Yucca schidigera Roezl. bark on Kaposi's sarcoma cell proliferation, migration, and PAF synthesis. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1479-87. [PMID: 16580641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Yuccaols (A, B, C) are phenolic constituents isolated from Yucca schidigera bark characterized by unusual spirostructures made up of a C15 unit and a stilbenic portion closely related to resveratrol. These novel compounds are of particular interest for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, their effects on cell proliferation, migration, and platelet-activating factor (PAF) biosynthesis remain unknown. PAF, a potent mediator of inflammation, is known to promote angiogenesis and in vitro migration of endothelial cells and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cells. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of Yuccaols and resveratrol on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced proliferation, migration, and PAF biosynthesis in KS cells. The results indicated that Yuccaols (25 microM) were more effective than resveratrol (25 microM) in inhibiting the VEGF-induced KS cell proliferation. Western blot analysis revealed that Yuccaols reduced the VEGF-induced phosphorylation of p38 and p42/44, thus indicating a possible interference with the mechanism underlying the VEGF-stimulated cell proliferation. Furthermore, Yuccaols completely inhibited the VEGF-stimulated PAF biosynthesis catalyzed by the acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase and enhanced its degradation through the PAF-dependent CoA-independent transacetylase (250% of control). In addition, Yuccaol C abrogated the PAF-induced cell motility whereas Yuccaol A and Yuccaol B reduced the cell migration from 7.6 microm/h to 6.1 microm/h and 5.6 microm/h, respectively. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory properties attributed to Yucca schidigera can be ascribed to both resveratrol and Yuccaols and provide the first evidences of the anti-tumor and anti-invasive properties of these novel phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Balestrieri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Second University of Naples, via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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35
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Melnikova VO, Mourad-Zeidan AA, Lev DC, Bar-Eli M. Platelet-activating factor mediates MMP-2 expression and activation via phosphorylation of cAMP-response element-binding protein and contributes to melanoma metastasis. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:2911-22. [PMID: 16306050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508683200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of cAMP-response element (CRE)-binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor (ATF) 1 contributes to melanoma progression and metastasis at least in part by promoting tumor cell survival and stimulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2 expression. However, little is known about the regulation of CREB and ATF-1 activities and their phosphorylation within the tumor microenvironment. We analyzed the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent phospholipid mediator of inflammation, for its ability to activate CREB and ATF-1 in eight cultured human melanoma cell lines, and we found that PAF receptor (PAFR) was expressed in all eight lines. In metastatic melanoma cell lines, PAF induced CREB and ATF-1 phosphorylation via a PAFR-mediated signal transduction mechanism that required pertussis toxin-insensitive Galphaq protein and adenylate cyclase activity and was antagonized by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Addition of PAF to metastatic A375SM cells stimulated CRE-dependent transcription, as observed in a luciferase reporter assay, without increasing the CRE DNA binding capacity of CREB. Furthermore, PAF stimulated the gelatinase activity of MMP-2 by activating transcription and MMP-2 expression. MMP-2 activation correlated with the PAF-induced increase in the expression of an MMP-2 activator, membrane type 1 MMP. PAF-induced expression of pro-MMP-2 was causally related to PAF-induced CREB and ATF-1 phosphorylation; it was prevented by PAFR antagonist and inhibitors of p38 MAPK and protein kinase A and was abrogated upon quenching of CREB and ATF-1 activities by forced overexpression of a dominant-negative form of CREB. PAF-induced MMP-2 activation was also down-regulated by p38 MAPK and protein kinase A inhibitors. Finally, PAFR antagonist PCA4248 inhibited the development of A375SM lung metastasis in nude mice. This result indicated that PAF acts as a promoter of melanoma metastasis in vivo. We proposed that metastatic melanoma cells overexpressing CREB/ATF-1 are better equipped than nonmetastatic cells to respond to PAF within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava O Melnikova
- Department of Cancer Biology, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and the Program in Cancer Biology, the University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Hoeben A, Landuyt B, Highley MS, Wildiers H, Van Oosterom AT, De Bruijn EA. Vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Rev 2005; 56:549-80. [PMID: 15602010 DOI: 10.1124/pr.56.4.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1324] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of wound healing, the menstrual cycle, cancer, and various ischemic and inflammatory diseases. A rich variety of pro- and antiangiogenic molecules have already been discovered. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an interesting inducer of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, because it is a highly specific mitogen for endothelial cells. Signal transduction involves binding to tyrosine kinase receptors and results in endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and new vessel formation. In this article, the role of VEGF in physiological and pathological processes is reviewed. We also discuss how modulation of VEGF expression creates new therapeutic possibilities and describe recent developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hoeben
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Catholic University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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37
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Ko HM, Park YM, Jung B, Kim HA, Choi JH, Park SJ, Lee HK, Im SY. Involvement of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in platelet-activating factor-induced angiogenesis. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:2369-75. [PMID: 15848174 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 03/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) augments angiogenesis by promoting the synthesis of various angiogenic factors, via the activation of NF-kappaB. In this study, we investigated the role of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, in PAF-induced angiogenesis. PAF increased mRNA expression, protein synthesis, and MMP-9 activity in ECV304 cells, in a NF-kappaB-dependent manner. PAF increased MMP-9 promoter activity in ECV304, which was inhibited by WEB2107, and NF-kappaB inhibitors. Transfected NF-kappaB subunits, p65 or/and p50, increased luciferase activity in the reporter plasmid MMP-9, resulting in an increase not only of MMP-9 luciferase activity, but also of mRNA expression in MMP-9. MMP-9 or NF-kappaB inhibitors significantly inhibited PAF-induced angiogenesis, in a dose-dependent manner, in an in vivo mouse Matrigel implantation model. In a parallel to the Matrigel implantation study, MMP-9 or NF-kappaB inhibitors inhibited PAF-induced sprouting of porcine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. These data indicate that NF-kappaB-dependent MMP-9 plays a key role in PAF-induced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Mi Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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Owen JS, Baker PRS, O'Flaherty JT, Thomas MJ, Samuel MP, Wooten RE, Wykle RL. Stress-induced platelet-activating factor synthesis in human neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1733:120-9. [PMID: 15863359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Revised: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator produced by cells in response to physical or chemical stress. The mechanisms linking cell injury to PAF synthesis are unknown. We used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate stress-induced PAF synthesis in human neutrophils. PAF synthesis induced by extracellular pH 5.4 correlated with the activation of a stress-activated kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and was blocked by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB 203580. A key enzyme of PAF synthesis, acetyl-CoA:lysoPAF acetyltransferase, which we have previously shown is a target of p38 MAPK, was also activated in an SB 203580-sensitive fashion. Another MAPK pathway, extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2), was also activated. Surprisingly, the pharmacological blockade of the ERK-1/2 pathway with PD 98059 did not block, but rather enhanced, PAF accumulation. Two unexpected actions of PD 98059 may underlie this phenomenon: an augmentation of stress-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation and an inhibition of PAF catabolism. The latter effect did not appear to be due to a direct inhibition of PAF acetylhydrolase. Finally, similar results were obtained using another form of cellular stress, hypertonic sodium chloride. These data are consistent with a model in which stress-induced PAF accumulation is regulated positively by p38 MAPK and negatively by ERK-1/2. Such a model contrasts with the PAF accumulation induced by other forms of stimulation, which we and others have found is up-regulated by both p38 MAPK and ERK-1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Owen
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Dell'Eva R, Pfeffer U, Vené R, Anfosso L, Forlani A, Albini A, Efferth T. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo and growth of Kaposi's sarcoma xenograft tumors by the anti-malarial artesunate. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 68:2359-66. [PMID: 15548382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Artesunate (ART) is a semi-synthetic derivative of the sesquiterpene artemisinin used for the second line therapy of malaria infections with Plasmodium falciparum. ART also inhibits growth of many transformed cell lines. In the present investigation, we show that ART inhibited the growth of normal human umbilical endothelial cells and of KS-IMM cells that we have established from a Kaposi's sarcoma lesion obtained from a renal transplant patient. The growth inhibitory activity correlated with the induction of apoptosis in KS-IMM cells. Apoptosis was not observed in normal endothelial cells, which, however, showed drastically increased cell doubling times upon ART treatment. ART strongly reduced angiogenesis in vivo in terms of vascularization of Matrigel plugs injected subcutaneously into syngenic mice. We conclude that ART represents a promising candidate drug for the treatment of the highly angiogenic Kaposi's sarcoma. As a low-cost drug, it might be of particular interest for areas of Kaposi's sarcoma endemics. ART could be useful for the prevention of tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Dell'Eva
- Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Research Institute (IST), Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Zacchigna S, Zentilin L, Morini M, Dell'Eva R, Noonan DM, Albini A, Giacca M. AAV-mediated gene transfer of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 inhibits vascular tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. Cancer Gene Ther 2004; 11:73-80. [PMID: 14681728 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a universal feature of cellular invasion, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, which is counterbalanced and regulated by the natural tissue inhibitors of MMPs (Timps). Here we show that Timp1 gene transfer delivered by an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector inhibits tumor growth in a murine xenotransplant model. A human Kaposi's sarcoma cell line, forming highly vascularized tumors in vivo and having a high natural permissivity to AAV gene transfer, was transduced to express the Timp1 cDNA. AAV-Timp1-transduced cells secreted high levels of Timp1 that inhibited MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinolytic activity. Following subcutaneous inoculation in nude mice, the AAV-Timp1-transduced cells showed significantly reduced tumor growth when compared to control AAV-LacZ-transduced cells. In addition, direct intratumoral injection of AAV-Timp1 into pre-existing tumors significantly impaired the further expansion of the tumor mass. Histological analyses showed that the AAV-Timp1-transduced tumors had limited development of vascular structures and extensive areas of cell death, suggesting that Timp1 overexpression had an antiangiogenic effect. To further support this conclusion, we demonstrated that AAV-Timp1 transduction significantly reduced endothelial cell migration and the invasion of a Matrigel barrier and strongly inhibited angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. These results indicate that transfer and overexpression of the Timp1 gene is a promising therapeutic strategy to target tumor-associated angiogenesis in cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Trieste, Italy
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41
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Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, Prescott SM. Platelet-activating factor, a pleiotrophic mediator of physiological and pathological processes. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004; 40:643-72. [PMID: 14708958 DOI: 10.1080/714037693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent proinflammatory phospholipid with diverse pathological and physiological effects. This bioactive phospholipid mediates processes as diverse as wound healing, physiological inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, reproduction and long-term potentiation. Recent progress has demonstrated the participation of MAP kinase signaling pathways as modulators of the two critical enzymes, phospholipase A2 and acetyltransferase, involved in the remodeling pathway of PAF biosynthesis. The unregulated production of structural analogs of PAF by non-specific oxidative reactions has expanded this superfamily of signaling molecules to include "PAF-like" lipids whose mode of action is identical to that of authentic PAF. The action of members of this family is mediated by the PAF receptor, a G protein-coupled membrane-spanning molecule that can engage multiple signaling pathways in various cell types. Inappropriate activation of this signaling pathway is associated with many diseases in which inflammation is thought to be one of the underlying features. Inactivation of all members of the PAF superfamily occurs by a unique class of enzymes, the PAF acetylhydrolases, that have been characterized at the molecular level and that terminate signals initiated by both regulated and unregulated PAF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5550, USA.
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42
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Crawford SE, Mavroudis C, Backer CL, Huang X, Mu Y, Volpert OV, Stellmach V, Pahl E, Huang L. Captopril suppresses Post-transplantation angiogenic activity in rat allograft coronary vessels. J Heart Lung Transplant 2004; 23:666-73. [PMID: 15366425 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of transplant coronary artery disease is associated with neovascularization in the thickened neointima. We previously reported that captopril inhibits neointimal proliferation in a rat allograft model. We postulated that angiogenic inducers are upregulated post-transplantation and captopril ameliorates transplant coronary artery disease by suppressing the angiogenic activity of coronaries. METHODS Animals received no treatment or captopril (50 mg/kg/day). Allograft hearts were analyzed at post-transplantation Days 0, 14, and 21 and angiogenic inducer, plasma platelet-activating factor, determined. The conditioned media from coronaries and myocardium were tested for vascular endothelial growth factor, thrombospondin-1 and angiogenic activity using an endothelial migration assay and rat corneal neovascularization assay. RESULTS The captopril-treated group had reduced plasma platelet-activating factor and coronary media revealed earlier upregulation of thrombospondin-1 secretion, diminished vascular endothelial growth factor and no angiogenic activity. At Day 0, the coronary and myocardial conditioned medium had inhibitory activity due to thrombospondin-1, and circulating levels of platelet-activating factor were negligible. By 21 days post-transplantation, plasma platelet-activating factor was elevated and the conditioned medium from untreated coronaries had significantly higher angiogenic activity due to increased vascular endothelial growth factor whereas the myocardium remained non-angiogenic. CONCLUSIONS After transplantation, coronary vessels switch to an angiogenic phenotype and vascular endothelial growth factor contributes to the high angiogenic activity, possibly exacerbated by high circulating levels of platelet-activating factor. The ability of captopril to modulate angiogenic mediators and maintain the allograft coronary to its normal anti-angiogenic phenotype may be one mechanism by which it suppresses transplant coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Children's Memorial Hospital and Institute for Education and Research, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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43
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Ferreira MAND, Barcelos LS, Campos PP, Vasconcelos AC, Teixeira MM, Andrade SP. Sponge-induced angiogenesis and inflammation in PAF receptor-deficient mice (PAFR-KO). Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:1185-92. [PMID: 15023865 PMCID: PMC1574894 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 12/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. To determine biological functions of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in chronic inflammation, we have investigated the kinetics of angiogenesis, inflammatory cells recruitment and cytokine production in sponge-induced granuloma in wild type and PAF receptor-deficient mice (PAFR-KO). 2. Angiogenesis as determined by morphometric analysis and hemoglobin content was significantly higher in the implants of PAFR-KO mice at all time points. Treatment with PAF receptor antagonist UK74505 (30 mg kg(-1)) also increased angiogenesis in sponge implants. 3. Neutrophils and macrophages accumulation, as determined by myeloperoxidase and N-acetylglucosaminidase activities in the supernatant of implanted sponges were markedly decreased in PAFR-KO mice. Surprisingly, the levels of the proinflammatory chemokines, keratinocyte-derived chemokine and chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 were higher in the implants of the transgenic animals. 4. We have shown that angiogenesis was stimulated in PAFR-KO mice whereas inflammation was decreased, indicating that PAF is an endogenous regulator of new blood vessels formation in the inflammatory microenvironment induced by the sponge implant.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylglucosaminidase
- Administration, Topical
- Animals
- Blood Vessels/growth & development
- Blood Vessels/pathology
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Dihydropyridines/adverse effects
- Dihydropyridines/therapeutic use
- Fibroblasts/pathology
- Granulation Tissue/physiopathology
- Granuloma/chemically induced
- Granuloma/pathology
- Hemoglobins/chemistry
- Imidazoles/adverse effects
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Implants, Experimental/adverse effects
- Inflammation/chemically induced
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/chemically induced
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/prevention & control
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Peroxidase
- Platelet Activating Factor/administration & dosage
- Platelet Activating Factor/metabolism
- Platelet Activating Factor/pharmacokinetics
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Polyurethanes/administration & dosage
- Polyurethanes/adverse effects
- Polyurethanes/chemistry
- Porifera/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Skin/blood supply
- Skin/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica A N D Ferreira
- Departments of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucíola S Barcelos
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula P Campos
- Departments of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton C Vasconcelos
- Departments of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia P Andrade
- Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Marchiò S, Lahdenranta J, Schlingemann RO, Valdembri D, Wesseling P, Arap MA, Hajitou A, Ozawa MG, Trepel M, Giordano RJ, Nanus DM, Dijkman HBPM, Oosterwijk E, Sidman RL, Cooper MD, Bussolino F, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Aminopeptidase A is a functional target in angiogenic blood vessels. Cancer Cell 2004; 5:151-62. [PMID: 14998491 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(04)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2003] [Revised: 11/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We show that a membrane-associated protease, aminopeptidase A (APA), is upregulated and enzymatically active in blood vessels of human tumors. To gain mechanistic insight, we evaluated angiogenesis in APA null mice. We found that, although these mice develop normally, they fail to mount the expected angiogenic response to hypoxia or growth factors. We then isolated peptide inhibitors of APA from a peptide library and show that they specifically bind to and inhibit APA, suppress migration and proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibit angiogenesis, and home to tumor blood vessels. Finally, we successfully treated tumor-bearing mice with APA binding peptides or anti-APA blocking monoclonal antibodies. These data show that APA is a regulator of blood vessel formation, and can serve as a functional vascular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Marchiò
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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45
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Axelrad TW, Deo DD, Ottino P, Van Kirk J, Bazan NG, Bazan HEP, Hunt JD. Platelet‐activating factor (PAF) induces activation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity and vascular endothelial cell invasion and migration. FASEB J 2004; 18:568-70. [PMID: 14715700 DOI: 10.1096/fj.03-0479fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-induced angiogenic responses lead to complex phenotypic changes in vascular endothelial cells, which must coordinate the expression of both proteases and protease inhibitors prior to the proliferation and invasion of surrounding stroma. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), which degrades Type IV collagen, is produced as proMMP2. proMMP2 is activated in part through its interactions with membrane Type 1 MMP (MT1-MMP) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2). In this study, we demonstrate that platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inducer of human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and invasion, which is attenuated by PAF receptor antagonists, and that PAF receptor antagonists inhibit the migration and invasion of HUVEC mediated by medium conditioned by a prostatic carcinoma cell line. We confirm that PAF receptor antagonists inhibit proliferation of HUVEC grown in rich growth medium. We show that PAF increases mRNA levels for MT1-MMP and TIMP2, followed by increased temporal conversion of latent proMMP2 to MMP2. Finally, we demonstrate that the ratio of MT1-MMP to TIMP2 in membrane preparations from PAF-stimulated HUVEC is 1.6:1, approximating the hypothesized ideal ratio of 2:1 necessary for the conversion of proMMP2 to MMP2. Our data support the involvement of PAF in vascular endothelial cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- T William Axelrad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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46
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Bernatchez PN, Rollin S, Soker S, Sirois MG. Relative effects of VEGF-A and VEGF-C on endothelial cell proliferation, migration and PAF synthesis: Role of neuropilin-1. J Cell Biochem 2002; 85:629-39. [PMID: 11968003 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.10155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) is an inducer of endothelial cell (EC) proliferation, migration, and synthesis of inflammatory agents such as platelet-activating factor (PAF). Recently, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) has been described as a coreceptor of KDR which potentiates VEGF-A activity. However, the role of NRP-1 in numerous VEGF-A activities remains unclear. To assess the contribution of NRP-1 to VEGF-A mediated EC proliferation, migration, and PAF synthesis, we used porcine aortic EC (PAEC) recombinantly expressing Flt-1, NRP-1, KDR or KDR and NRP-1. Cells were stimulated with VEGF-A, which binds to Flt-1, KDR and NRP-1, and VEGF-C, which binds to KDR only. VEGF-A was 12.4-fold more potent than VEGF-C in inducing KDR phosphorylation in PAEC-KDR. VEGF-A and VEGF-C showed similar potency to mediate PAEC-KDR proliferation, migration, and PAF synthesis. On PAEC-KDR/NRP-1, VEGF-A was 28.6-fold more potent than VEGF-C in inducing KDR phosphorylation and PAEC-KDR/NRP-1 proliferation (1.3-fold), migration (1.7-fold), and PAF synthesis (4.6-fold). These results suggest that cooperative binding of VEGF-A to KDR and NRP-1 enhances KDR phosphorylation and its biological activities. Similar results were obtained with bovine aortic EC that endogenously express both KDR and NRP-1 receptors. In contrast, stimulation of PAEC-Flt-1 and PAEC-NRP-1 with VEGF-A or VEGF-C did not induce proliferation, migration, or PAF synthesis. In conclusion, the presence of NRP-1 on EC preferentially increases KDR activation by VEGF-A as well as KDR-mediated biological activities, and may elicit novel intracellular events. On the other hand, VEGF-A and VEGF-C have equipotent biological activities on EC in absence of NRP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal N Bernatchez
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H1T 1C8
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47
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Ibe BO, Portugal AM, Usha Raj J. Metabolism of platelet activating factor by intrapulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Effect of oxygen on phospholipase A2 protein expression and activities of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase and cholinephosphotransferase. Mol Genet Metab 2002; 77:237-48. [PMID: 12409272 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We have demonstrated that platelet activating factor (PAF) plays an important physiological role in the maintenance of high pulmonary vascular tone in fetal lambs, a role attributable to increased PAF receptor binding (J. Appl. Physiol. 85 (1998) 1079; Am J. Physiol. 278 (2000) H1168). In this study, we examined the possibility that increased PAF synthesis via de novo and remodeling pathways as well as decreased PAF catabolism in hypoxic state of fetal lungs may account for the PAF action in vivo. We investigated effect of oxygen tension on PAF synthesis by ovine fetal intrapulmonary venous (PV) and arterial (PA) smooth muscle cells pulsed with [3H]choline (de novo), or [3H]acetate (remodeling), while PAF catabolism was studied by assay of acetylhydrolase (PAF-Ah) activity. Hypoxia stimulated PAF synthesis by choline incorporation (pmol/10(6)cells) in both PVSMC (1.14+/-0.13 vs 0.53+/-0.05) and PASMC (0.39+/-0.12 vs 0.22+/-0.04). Hypoxia stimulated PAF synthesis via remodeling pathway only in PVSMC (408+/-32 vs 225+/-17) which was 5-fold greater than in PASMC (77+/-15 vs 105+/-24), however, with A23187 in remodeling pathway, PAF synthesis increased 5-fold compared to baseline conditions and then synthesis in hypoxia was greater than in normoxia in both cell types. Phospholipase A2 protein expression was significantly higher in hypoxia in both cells and was approximately 2-fold higher in PVSMC. PAF-Ah activity (nmol lyso-PAF/min/mg protein) was greater in hypoxia vs normoxia in PVSMC (0.81+/-0.24 vs 0.44+/-0.088), but in PASMC activity was less in hypoxia vs normoxia (1.68+/-0.24 vs 3.93+/-0.44). Compared to PVSMC PAF-Ah activity in PASMC was 4-fold higher in hypoxia. Our data demonstrate that (1) PAF synthesis in intrapulmonary SMC of fetal lambs occurs by both de novo studied by choline incorporation and remodeling pathways, the latter being predominant. (2) There is heterogeneity in PAF synthetic and catabolic activities in lung vasculature of fetal lambs. We conclude that increased PAF synthesis in veins by the two synthetic pathways coupled with decreased catabolism will result in a higher venous PAF levels in the hypoxic environment of fetal lungs. We speculate that in vivo, a high PAF level in veins will make more PAF available for binding to its receptors so as to sustain the desired high venous tone in the fetal pulmonary circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil O Ibe
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Fallani A, Grieco B, Barletta E, Mugnai G, Giorgi G, Salvini L, Ruggieri S. Synthesis of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in transformed cell lines of a different origin. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2002; 70:209-26. [PMID: 12428690 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00109-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the possible involvement of the platelet-activating factor (PAF) in tumor growth and invasiveness has been stimulated by the recognition that PAF influences various biological responses relevant to metastatic diffusion, such as angiogenesis, adhesiveness to endothelia and cellular motility. In the present study, we investigated the extent to which PAF is synthesized by a series of human and murine transformed cell lines of a different histotype. Synthesis of PAF was studied by combining the 14C-acetate incorporation into PAF with the quantitative analysis of PAF performed by a procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with a negative ion chemical ionization. In the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187, cultures of human melanoma (Hs294T), fibrosarcoma (HT1080) and colon carcinoma (LS180) cell lines synthesized conspicuous amounts of PAF, comparable to those produced by resident peritoneal macrophages. Substantial quantities of PAF were also synthesized by the murine melanoma (F10-M3 cells). PAF synthesis was rather limited in RSV-transformed Balb/c3T3 (B77-3T3) cells and in one of their high metastatic variants (B77-AA6 cells), although it was more abundant in the latter. We also investigated whether certain cytokines, such as TNFalpha and IFNgamma might induce PAF synthesis in our systems of cell lines which we found to express mRNAs encoding receptors for these cytokines. We observed that PAF synthesis was enhanced in human melanoma and colon carcinoma cell lines and in the murine B77-AA6 cells to levels comparable to those obtained with the Ca2+ ionophore. Synthesis of PAF was not inducible by TNFalpha in murine F10-M3 melanoma cells. IFNgamma also stimulated PAF synthesis in human and murine melanoma lines, and in human LS180 colon carcinoma line, but not in the B77-AA6 cells. PAF synthesis was also inducible by exogenous PAF in the human and murine melanoma lines, and in the human LS180 colon carcinoma line, all of which expressed cell surface PAF receptors. PAF synthesis was not inducible by exogenous PAF in the B77-AA6 cells, which do not express PAF receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fallani
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, Italy.
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Ibe BO, Pham HH, Kääpä P, Raj JU. Maturational changes in ovine pulmonary metabolism of platelet-activating factor: implications for postnatal adaptation. Mol Genet Metab 2001; 74:385-95. [PMID: 11708870 DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2001.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-Ah) mRNA level and PAF-Ah activity in lamb lungs are up-regulated in the immediate newborn period, thereby facilitating the fall in postnatal PAF levels as well as a fall in pulmonary vascular resistance (B. O. Ibe, F. C. Sardar, and J. U. Raj, Mol Genet Metab 69:46-55, 2000). We have studied hypoxia effects on PAF synthesis and PAF-Ah activity in fetal lamb pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (FPASMC) and endothelial cells (FPAEC). We also studied PAF synthesis by platelets, and PAF-Ah activity in plasma of perinatal lambs at different ages. PAF synthesis (means +/- SEM, pmol/10(6) cells) by SMC in baseline was 168 +/- 27 and increased 3-fold on stimulation with A23187. Hypoxia augmented A23187-stimulated PAF synthesis by 30%. In FPAEC, baseline synthesis was 0.54 +/- 0.062 and increased 3-fold to 1.72 +/-.34. Hypoxia had no effect on PAF synthesis by EC. FPASMC produced over 300-fold more PAF than FPAEC. PAF synthesis by platelets was 47.02 +/- 7.1, 63.4 +/- 6.6, 71.5 +/- 9.9, and 62.2 +/- 5.2 for fetal, and newborn lambs <2 h, <1 day, and 6-12 days, old, respectively. PAF synthesis by platelets of <1 day-old lambs was different from that of fetal lambs. PAF-Ah activity (nmol lyso-PAF/min/mg protein) by FPASMC in normoxia was 3.41 +/- 0.38 which was 50% higher than the rate in hypoxia. Activity in FPAEC was 1.75 +/- 0.37 which was not different from hypoxia. PAF-Ah activity in fetal lamb plasma was 47.83 +/- 6.87 which was different from 155.32 +/- 12.10, the activity in plasma of newborn <1 day old. Activity in the other perinatal lambs did not differ from fetal or newborn <1 d. Our data suggest that lower pulmonary vascular PAF synthesis in normoxia together with higher PAF-Ah activity during immediate postnatal period is necessary to ensure rapid catabolism of PAF in vivo so as to facilitate postnatal adaptation of the pulmonary and systemic circulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B O Ibe
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
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Cerimele F, Curreli F, Ely S, Friedman-Kien AE, Cesarman E, Flore O. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus can productively infect primary human keratinocytes and alter their growth properties. J Virol 2001; 75:2435-43. [PMID: 11160746 PMCID: PMC114826 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.5.2435-2443.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV8) DNA in endothelial cells, in keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis overlying plaque-stage nodular lesions of cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and in the epithelial cells of eccrine glands within KS lesions. We infected primary cell cultures of human keratinocytes with KSHV/HHV8. At 6 days post infection, transcription of viral genes was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), and protein expression was documented by an immunofluorescence assay with an anti-LANA monoclonal antibody. To determine whether the viral lytic cycle was inducible by chemical treatment, KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes were treated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and RT-PCR was performed to confirm the transcription of lytic genes such as open reading frame 26, (which encodes a capsid protein). Finally, to assess infectious viral production, other primary human cells (human umbilical vein endothelial cells), were infected with concentrated supernatant of KSHV-infected, TPA-induced keratinocytes and the presence of viral transcripts was confirmed by RT-PCR. The uninfected keratinocytes senesced 3 to 5 weeks after mock infection, while the KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes continued to proliferate and to date are still in culture. However, 8 weeks after infection, viral genomes were no longer detectable by nested PCR. Although the previously KSHV/HHV8-infected keratinocytes still expressed epithelial markers, they acquired new characteristics such as contact inhibition loss, telomerase activity, anchorage-independent growth, and changes in cytokine production. These results show that KSHV/HHV8, like other herpesviruses, can infect and replicate in epithelial cells in vitro and suggest that in vivo these cells may play a significant role in the establishment of KSHV/HHV8 infection and viral transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cerimele
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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