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Nikolic I, Ruiz-Garrido I, Crespo M, Romero-Becerra R, Leiva-Vega L, Mora A, León M, Rodríguez E, Leiva M, Plata-Gómez AB, Alvarez Flores MB, Torres JL, Hernández-Cosido L, López JA, Vázquez J, Efeyan A, Martin P, Marcos M, Sabio G. Lack of p38 activation in T cells increases IL-35 and protects against obesity by promoting thermogenesis. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:2635-2661. [PMID: 38730210 PMCID: PMC11169359 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00149-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by low-grade inflammation, energy imbalance and impaired thermogenesis. The role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in inflammation-mediated maladaptive thermogenesis is not well established. Here, we find that the p38 pathway is a key regulator of T cell-mediated adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and browning. Mice with T cells specifically lacking the p38 activators MKK3/6 are protected against diet-induced obesity, leading to an improved metabolic profile, increased browning, and enhanced thermogenesis. We identify IL-35 as a driver of adipocyte thermogenic program through the ATF2/UCP1/FGF21 pathway. IL-35 limits CD8+ T cell infiltration and inflammation in AT. Interestingly, we find that IL-35 levels are reduced in visceral fat from obese patients. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p38 controls the expression of IL-35 in human and mouse Treg cells through mTOR pathway activation. Our findings highlight p38 signaling as a molecular orchestrator of AT T cell accumulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nikolic
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
| | - Irene Ruiz-Garrido
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - María Crespo
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Luis Leiva-Vega
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alfonso Mora
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Marta León
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Elena Rodríguez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Magdalena Leiva
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Plata-Gómez
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | | | - Jorge L Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
- Complejo Asistencial de Zamora, Zamora, 49022, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Cosido
- Bariatric Surgery Unit, Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Salamanca, Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Alejo Efeyan
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Pilar Martin
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Miguel Marcos
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Salamanca-IBSAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Sabio
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Programme of Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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Luan D, Dadpey B, Zaid J, Bridge-Comer PE, DeLuca JH, Xia W, Castle J, Reilly SM. Adipocyte-Secreted IL-6 Sensitizes Macrophages to IL-4 Signaling. Diabetes 2023; 72:367-374. [PMID: 36449000 PMCID: PMC9935493 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Complex bidirectional cross talk between adipocytes and adipose tissue immune cells plays an important role in regulating adipose function, inflammation, and insulin responsiveness. Adipocytes secrete the pleiotropic cytokine IL-6 in response to both inflammatory and catabolic stimuli. Previous studies have suggested that IL-6 secretion from adipocytes in obesity may promote adipose tissue inflammation. Here, we investigated catabolic stimulation of adipocyte IL-6 secretion and its impact on adipose tissue immune cells. In obesity, catecholamine resistance reduces cAMP-driven adipocyte IL-6 secretion in response to catabolic signals. By restoring adipocyte catecholamine sensitivity in obese adipocytes, amlexanox stimulates adipocyte-specific IL-6 secretion. We report that in this context, adipocyte-secreted IL-6 activates local macrophage STAT3 to promote Il4ra expression, thereby sensitizing them to IL-4 signaling and promoting an anti-inflammatory gene expression pattern. Supporting a paracrine adipocyte to macrophage mechanism, these effects could be recapitulated using adipocyte conditioned media to pretreat bone marrow-derived macrophages prior to polarization with IL-4. The effects of IL-6 signaling in adipose tissue are complex and context specific. These results suggest that cAMP-driven IL-6 secretion from adipocytes sensitizes adipose tissue macrophages to IL-4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Luan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine/NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Benyamin Dadpey
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jessica Zaid
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Pania E. Bridge-Comer
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Julia H. DeLuca
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wenmin Xia
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joshua Castle
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Shannon M. Reilly
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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Zhao P, Sun X, Liao Z, Yu H, Li D, Shen Z, Glass CK, Witztum JL, Saltiel AR. The TBK1/IKKε inhibitor amlexanox improves dyslipidemia and prevents atherosclerosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155552. [PMID: 35917178 PMCID: PMC9536260 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis and its complications, are a leading cause of death. Inhibition of the noncanonical IκB kinases TANK-binding kinase 1 and IKKε with amlexanox restores insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis in diabetic mice and human patients. Here we report that amlexanox improves diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia in Western diet-fed (WD-fed) Ldlr-/- mice and protects against atherogenesis. Amlexanox ameliorated dyslipidemia, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction through synergistic actions that involve upregulation of bile acid synthesis to increase cholesterol excretion. Transcriptomic profiling demonstrated an elevated expression of key bile acid synthesis genes. Furthermore, we found that amlexanox attenuated monocytosis, eosinophilia, and vascular dysfunction during WD-induced atherosclerosis. These findings demonstrate the potential of amlexanox as a therapy for hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and,Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Mays Cancer Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and,Transplant Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongji Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology and
| | - Zeyang Shen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine;,Department of Bioengineering, Jacobs School of Engineering; and
| | - Christopher K. Glass
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine
| | - Joseph L. Witztum
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alan R. Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
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The potential value of amlexanox in the treatment of cancer: Molecular targets and therapeutic perspectives. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114895. [PMID: 34968491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Amlexanox (AMX) is an azoxanthone drug used for decades for the treatment of mouth aphthous ulcers and now considered for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. The drug is usually viewed as a dual inhibitor of the non-canonical IκB kinases IKK-ɛ (inhibitor-kappaB kinase epsilon) and TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase 1). But a detailed target profile analysis indicated that AMX binds directly to twelve protein targets, including different enzymes (IKK-ɛ, TBK1, GRK1, GRK5, PDE4B, 5- and 12-lipoxygenases) and non-enzyme proteins (FGF-1, HSP90, S100A4, S100A12, S100A13). AMX has been demonstrated to have marked anticancer effects in multiple models of xenografted tumors in mice, including breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers and in onco-hematological models. The anticancer potency is generally modest but largely enhanced upon combination with cytotoxic (temozolide, docetaxel), targeted (selumetinib) or biotherapeutic agents (anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA4 antibodies). The multiple targets participate in the anticancer effects, chiefly IKK-ɛ/TBK1 but also S100A proteins and PDE4B. The review presents the molecular basis of the antitumor effects of AMX. The capacity of the drug to block nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is also discussed, as well as AMX-induced reduction of cancer-related pain. Altogether, the analysis provides a survey of the anticancer action of AMX, with the implicated protein targets. The use of this well-tolerated drug to treat cancer should be further considered and the design of newer analogues encouraged.
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Exercise-Mediated Browning of White Adipose Tissue: Its Significance, Mechanism and Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111512. [PMID: 34768943 PMCID: PMC8583930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a metabolic organ, adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating metabolism. In adults, most adipose tissue is white adipose tissue (WAT), and excessive expansion of WAT will lead to obesity. It is worth noting that exercise can reduce the fat mass. There is also a lot of evidence that exercise can promote the browning of WAT, which is beneficial for metabolic homeostasis. Multiple factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, nervous system, exerkines and lipolysis can facilitate exercise-mediated browning of WAT. In this review, the roles and the underlying mechanisms of exercise-mediated browning of WAT are summarized. The effects of different styles of exercise on the browning of WAT are also discussed, with the aim to propose better exercise strategies to enhance exercise-mediated browning of WAT, so as to promote metabolic health. Finally, the different reactivity of WAT at different anatomical sites to exercise-mediated browning is reviewed, which may provide potential suggestion for people with different fat loss needs.
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