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Hamid MHBA, Cespedes PF, Jin C, Chen JL, Gileadi U, Antoun E, Liang Z, Gao F, Teague R, Manoharan N, Maldonado-Perez D, Khalid-Alham N, Cerundolo L, Ciaoca R, Hester SS, Pinto-Fernández A, Draganov SD, Vendrell I, Liu G, Yao X, Kvalvaag A, Dominey-Foy DCC, Nanayakkara C, Kanellakis N, Chen YL, Waugh C, Clark SA, Clark K, Sopp P, Rahman NM, Verrill C, Kessler BM, Ogg G, Fernandes RA, Fisher R, Peng Y, Dustin ML, Dong T. Unconventional human CD61 pairing with CD103 promotes TCR signaling and antigen-specific T cell cytotoxicity. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:834-846. [PMID: 38561495 PMCID: PMC11065694 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, leading to increased interest in utilizing immunotherapy strategies for better cancer treatments. In the past decade, CD103+ T cells have been associated with better clinical prognosis in patients with cancer. However, the specific immune mechanisms contributing toward CD103-mediated protective immunity remain unclear. Here, we show an unexpected and transient CD61 expression, which is paired with CD103 at the synaptic microclusters of T cells. CD61 colocalization with the T cell antigen receptor further modulates downstream T cell antigen receptor signaling, improving antitumor cytotoxicity and promoting physiological control of tumor growth. Clinically, the presence of CD61+ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes is associated with improved clinical outcomes, mediated through enhanced effector functions and phenotype with limited evidence of cellular exhaustion. In conclusion, this study identified an unconventional and transient CD61 expression and pairing with CD103 on human immune cells, which potentiates a new target for immune-based cellular therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Apyrase
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Integrin alpha Chains/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Megat H B A Hamid
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pablo F Cespedes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chen Jin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ji-Li Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Uzi Gileadi
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elie Antoun
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zhu Liang
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fei Gao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Renuka Teague
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikita Manoharan
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David Maldonado-Perez
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nasullah Khalid-Alham
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucia Cerundolo
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Raul Ciaoca
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Svenja S Hester
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adán Pinto-Fernández
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simeon D Draganov
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Iolanda Vendrell
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guihai Liu
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xuan Yao
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Charunya Nanayakkara
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaos Kanellakis
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Craig Waugh
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sally-Ann Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Clark
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Sopp
- Flow Cytometry Facility, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Najib M Rahman
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Pleural and Lung Cancer Translational Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - Clare Verrill
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham Ogg
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ricardo A Fernandes
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roman Fisher
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yanchun Peng
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael L Dustin
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- CAMS Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- MRC Translational Immune Discovery Unity, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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2
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Schober SJ, Thiede M, Gassmann H, von Ofen AJ, Knoch P, Eck J, Prexler C, Kordass-Wally C, Hauer J, Burdach S, Holm PS, Thiel U. TCR-transgenic T cells and YB-1-based oncolytic virotherapy improve survival in a preclinical Ewing sarcoma xenograft mouse model. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330868. [PMID: 38318175 PMCID: PMC10839048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Ewing sarcoma (EwS) is an aggressive and highly metastatic bone and soft tissue tumor in pediatric patients and young adults. Cure rates are low when patients present with metastatic or relapsed disease. Therefore, innovative therapy approaches are urgently needed. Cellular- and oncolytic virus-based immunotherapies are on the rise for solid cancers. Methods Here, we assess the combination of EwS tumor-associated antigen CHM1319-specific TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells and the YB-1-driven (i.e. E1A13S-deleted) oncolytic adenovirus XVir-N-31 in vitro and in a xenograft mouse model for antitumor activity and immunostimulatory properties. Results In vitro both approaches specifically kill EwS cell lines in a synergistic manner over controls. This effect was confirmed in vivo, with increased survival using the combination therapy. Further in vitro analyses of immunogenic cell death and antigen presentation confirmed immunostimulatory properties of virus-infected EwS tumor cells. As dendritic cell maturation was also increased by XVir-N-31, we observed superior proliferation of CHM1319-specific TCR-transgenic CD8+ T cells only in virus-tested conditions, emphasizing the superior immune-activating potential of XVir-N-31. Conclusion Our data prove synergistic antitumor effects in vitro and superior tumor control in a preclinical xenograft setting. Combination strategies of EwS-redirected T cells and YB-1-driven virotherapy are a highly promising immunotherapeutic approach for EwS and warrant further evaluation in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Schober
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Thiede
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hendrik Gassmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Josefine von Ofen
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Knoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Eck
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carolin Prexler
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Corazon Kordass-Wally
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Hauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Burdach
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Sonne Holm
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Uwe Thiel
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Cancer Research Center, Kinderklinik München Schwabing, TUM School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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3
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Dagher OK, Posey AD. Forks in the road for CAR T and CAR NK cell cancer therapies. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1994-2007. [PMID: 38012406 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01659-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has resulted in unprecedented long-term clearance of relapse/refractory hematological malignancies in both pediatric and adult patients. However, severe toxicities, such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, associated with CAR T cells affect therapeutic utility; and treatment efficacies for solid tumors are still not impressive. As a result, engineering strategies that modify other immune cell types, especially natural killer (NK) cells have arisen. Owing to both CAR-dependent and CAR-independent (innate immune-mediated) antitumor killing capacity, major histocompatibility complex-independent cytotoxicity, reduced risk of alloreactivity and lack of major CAR T cell toxicities, CAR NK cells constitute one of the promising next-generation CAR immune cells that are also amenable as 'off-the-shelf' therapeutics. In this Review, we compare CAR T and CAR NK cell therapies, with particular focus on immunological synapses, engineering strategies and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula K Dagher
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Anikeeva N, Steblyanko M, Kuri-Cervantes L, Buggert M, Betts MR, Sykulev Y. The immune synapses reveal aberrant functions of CD8 T cells during chronic HIV infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6436. [PMID: 36307445 PMCID: PMC9616955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection causes persistent low-grade inflammation that induces premature aging of the immune system including senescence of memory and effector CD8 T cells. To uncover the reasons of gradually diminished potency of CD8 T cells from people living with HIV, here we expose the T cells to planar lipid bilayers containing ligands for T-cell receptor and a T-cell integrins and analyze the cellular morphology, dynamics of synaptic interface formation and patterns of the cellular degranulation. We find a large fraction of phenotypically naive T cells from chronically infected people are capable to form mature synapse with focused degranulation, a signature of a differentiated T cells. Further, differentiation of aberrant naive T cells may lead to the development of anomalous effector T cells undermining their capacity to control HIV and other pathogens that could be contained otherwise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Sydney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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5
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Pathni A, Özçelikkale A, Rey-Suarez I, Li L, Davis S, Rogers N, Xiao Z, Upadhyaya A. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activation Signals Modulate Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Mechanical Force Generation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:779888. [PMID: 35371019 PMCID: PMC8966475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.779888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an integral role in the adaptive immune response by killing infected cells. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, present pathogenic peptides to the T cell receptor on the CTL surface and co-stimulatory signals required for complete activation. Activated CTLs secrete lytic granules containing enzymes that trigger target cell death at the CTL-target contact, also known as the immune synapse (IS). The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are instrumental in the killing of CTL targets. Lytic granules are transported along microtubules to the IS, where granule secretion is facilitated by actin depletion and recovery. Furthermore, actomyosin contractility promotes target cell death by mediating mechanical force exertion at the IS. Recent studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines produced by APCs, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), act as a third signal for CTL activation and enhance CTL proliferation and effector function. However, the biophysical mechanisms mediating such enhanced effector function remain unclear. We hypothesized that the third signal for CTL activation, IL-12, modulates cytoskeletal dynamics and force exertion at the IS, thus potentiating CTL effector function. Here, we used live cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to study actomyosin and microtubule dynamics at the IS of murine primary CTLs activated in the presence of peptide-MHC and co-stimulation alone (two signals), or additionally with IL-12 (three signals). We found that three signal-activated CTLs have altered actin flows, myosin dynamics and microtubule growth rates as compared to two signal-activated CTLs. We further showed that lytic granules in three-signal activated CTLs are less clustered and have lower velocities than in two-signal activated CTLs. Finally, we used traction force microscopy to show that three signal-activated CTLs exert greater traction forces than two signal-activated CTLs. Our results demonstrate that activation of CTLs in the presence of IL-12 leads to differential modulation of the cytoskeleton, thereby augmenting the mechanical response of CTLs to their targets. This indicates a potential physical mechanism via which the third signal can enhance the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Altuğ Özçelikkale
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Scott Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nate Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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6
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Hoffmann JC, Schön MP. Integrin α E(CD103)β 7 in Epithelial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6211. [PMID: 34944831 PMCID: PMC8699740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of both the innate and the adaptive immune system with tumors are complex and often influence courses and therapeutic treatments in unanticipated ways. Based on the concept that CD8+T cells can mediate important antitumor effects, several therapies now aim to amplify their specific activity. A subpopulation of CD8+ tissue-resident T lymphocytes that express the αE(CD103)β7 integrin has raised particular interest. This receptor presumably contributes to the recruitment and retention of tumor-infiltrating immune cells through interaction with its ligand, E-cadherin. It appears to have regulatory functions and is thought to be a component of some immunological synapses. In TGF-rich environments, the αE(CD103)β7/E-cadherin-interaction enhances the binding strength between tumor cells and infiltrating T lymphocytes. This activity facilitates the release of lytic granule contents and cytokines as well as further immune responses and the killing of target cells. Expression of αE(CD103)β7 in some tumors is associated with a rather favorable prognosis, perhaps with the notable exception of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Although epithelial skin tumors are by far the most common tumors of fair-skinned people, there have been very few studies on the distribution of αE(CD103)β7 expressing cells in these neoplasms. Given this background, we describe here that αE(CD103)β7 is scarcely present in basal cell carcinomas, but much more abundant in squamous cell carcinomas with heterogeneous distribution. Notwithstanding a substantial number of studies, the role of αE(CD103)β7 in the tumor context is still far from clear. Here, we summarize the essential current knowledge on αE(CD103)β7 and outline that it is worthwhile to further explore this intriguing receptor with regard to the pathophysiology, therapy, and prognosis of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna C. Hoffmann
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Michael P. Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
- Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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7
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German Y, Vulliard L, Kamnev A, Pfajfer L, Huemer J, Mautner AK, Rubio A, Kalinichenko A, Boztug K, Ferrand A, Menche J, Dupré L. Morphological profiling of human T and NK lymphocytes by high-content cell imaging. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109318. [PMID: 34233185 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunological synapse is a complex structure that decodes stimulatory signals into adapted lymphocyte responses. It is a unique window to monitor lymphocyte activity because of development of systematic quantitative approaches. Here we demonstrate the applicability of high-content imaging to human T and natural killer (NK) cells and develop a pipeline for unbiased analysis of high-definition morphological profiles. Our approach reveals how distinct facets of actin cytoskeleton remodeling shape immunological synapse architecture and affect lytic granule positioning. Morphological profiling of CD8+ T cells from immunodeficient individuals allows discrimination of the roles of the ARP2/3 subunit ARPC1B and the ARP2/3 activator Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) in immunological synapse assembly. Single-cell analysis further identifies uncoupling of lytic granules and F-actin radial distribution in ARPC1B-deficient lymphocytes. Our study provides a foundation for development of morphological profiling as a scalable approach to monitor primary lymphocyte responsiveness and to identify complex aspects of lymphocyte micro-architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolla German
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Loan Vulliard
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Kamnev
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurène Pfajfer
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Huemer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Katharina Mautner
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aude Rubio
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Artem Kalinichenko
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Audrey Ferrand
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, 31024 Toulouse, France
| | - Jörg Menche
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Loïc Dupré
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM UMR1291, CNRS UMR5051, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria; Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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8
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Dupré L, Boztug K, Pfajfer L. Actin Dynamics at the T Cell Synapse as Revealed by Immune-Related Actinopathies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665519. [PMID: 34249918 PMCID: PMC8266300 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is composed of dynamic filament networks that build adaptable local architectures to sustain nearly all cellular activities in response to a myriad of stimuli. Although the function of numerous players that tune actin remodeling is known, the coordinated molecular orchestration of the actin cytoskeleton to guide cellular decisions is still ill defined. T lymphocytes provide a prototypical example of how a complex program of actin cytoskeleton remodeling sustains the spatio-temporal control of key cellular activities, namely antigen scanning and sensing, as well as polarized delivery of effector molecules, via the immunological synapse. We here review the unique knowledge on actin dynamics at the T lymphocyte synapse gained through the study of primary immunodeficiences caused by mutations in genes encoding actin regulatory proteins. Beyond the specific roles of individual actin remodelers, we further develop the view that these operate in a coordinated manner and are an integral part of multiple signaling pathways in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Dupré
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurène Pfajfer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases (LBI-RUD), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse III Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
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9
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Cai C, Sun H, Hu L, Fan Z. Visualization of integrin molecules by fluorescence imaging and techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 45:229-257. [PMID: 34219865 PMCID: PMC8249084 DOI: 10.32604/biocell.2021.014338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Integrin molecules are transmembrane αβ heterodimers involved in cell adhesion, trafficking, and signaling. Upon activation, integrins undergo dynamic conformational changes that regulate their affinity to ligands. The physiological functions and activation mechanisms of integrins have been heavily discussed in previous studies and reviews, but the fluorescence imaging techniques -which are powerful tools for biological studies- have not. Here we review the fluorescence labeling methods, imaging techniques, as well as Förster resonance energy transfer assays used to study integrin expression, localization, activation, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cai
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, 06030, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Liang Hu
- Cardiovascular Institute of Zhengzhou University, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450051, China
| | - Zhichao Fan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, 06030, USA
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10
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Bálint Š, Müller S, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Harkiolaki M, Valitutti S, Dustin ML. Supramolecular attack particles are autonomous killing entities released from cytotoxic T cells. Science 2020; 368:897-901. [PMID: 32381591 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay9207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) kill infected and cancerous cells. We detected transfer of cytotoxic multiprotein complexes, called supramolecular attack particles (SMAPs), from CTLs to target cells. SMAPs were rapidly released from CTLs and were autonomously cytotoxic. Mass spectrometry, immunochemical analysis, and CRISPR editing identified a carboxyl-terminal fragment of thrombospondin-1 as an unexpected SMAP component that contributed to target killing. Direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy resolved a cytotoxic core surrounded by a thrombospondin-1 shell of ~120 nanometer diameter. Cryo-soft x-ray tomography analysis revealed that SMAPs had a carbon-dense shell and were stored in multicore granules. We propose that SMAPs are autonomous extracellular killing entities that deliver cytotoxic cargo targeted by the specificity of shell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Š Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Müller
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France
| | - R Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - B M Kessler
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Harkiolaki
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - S Valitutti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, INSERM, Toulouse, France.,Department of Pathology, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - M L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Saliba DG, Céspedes-Donoso PF, Bálint Š, Compeer EB, Korobchevskaya K, Valvo S, Mayya V, Kvalvaag A, Peng Y, Dong T, Tognoli ML, O'Neill E, Bonham S, Fischer R, Kessler BM, Dustin ML. Composition and structure of synaptic ectosomes exporting antigen receptor linked to functional CD40 ligand from helper T cells. eLife 2019; 8:e47528. [PMID: 31469364 PMCID: PMC6748831 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLB) presenting T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and ICAM-1 induce budding of extracellular microvesicles enriched in functional TCR, defined here as synaptic ectosomes (SE), from helper T cells. SE bind peptide-MHC directly exporting TCR into the synaptic cleft, but incorporation of other effectors is unknown. Here, we utilized bead supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) to capture SE from single immunological synapses (IS), determined SE composition by immunofluorescence flow cytometry and enriched SE for proteomic analysis by particle sorting. We demonstrate selective enrichment of CD40L and ICOS in SE in response to addition of CD40 and ICOSL, respectively, to SLB presenting TCR ligands and ICAM-1. SE are enriched in tetraspanins, BST-2, TCR signaling and ESCRT proteins. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that CD40L is present in microclusters within CD81 defined SE that are spatially segregated from TCR/ICOS/BST-2. CD40L+ SE retain the capacity to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Saliba
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health ScienceUniversity of MaltaMsidaMalta
| | - Pablo F Céspedes-Donoso
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Ewoud B Compeer
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Kseniya Korobchevskaya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Valvo
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Viveka Mayya
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Audun Kvalvaag
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Yanchun Peng
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Tao Dong
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Eric O'Neill
- Department of OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarah Bonham
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of MedicineUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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12
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Wurzer H, Hoffmann C, Al Absi A, Thomas C. Actin Cytoskeleton Straddling the Immunological Synapse between Cytotoxic Lymphocytes and Cancer Cells. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050463. [PMID: 31100864 PMCID: PMC6563383 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system is a fundamental part of the tumor microenvironment. In particular, cytotoxic lymphocytes, such as cytolytic T cells and natural killer cells, control tumor growth and disease progression by interacting and eliminating tumor cells. The actin cytoskeleton of cytotoxic lymphocytes engaged in an immunological synapse has received considerable research attention. It has been recognized as a central mediator of the formation and maturation of the immunological synapse, and its signaling and cytolytic activities. In comparison, fewer studies have explored the organization and function of actin filaments on the target cancer cell side of the immunological synapse. However, there is growing evidence that the actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells also undergoes extensive remodeling upon cytotoxic lymphocyte attack, and that such remodeling can alter physical and functional interactions at the immunological synapse. In this article, we review the current knowledge of actin organization and functions at both sides of the immunological synapse between cytotoxic lymphocytes and cancer cells, with particular focus on synapse formation, signaling and cytolytic activity, and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Wurzer
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Luxembourg, Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, 2 Avenue de l'Université, L-4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Céline Hoffmann
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
| | - Antoun Al Absi
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
- University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Clément Thomas
- Cytoskeleton and Cancer Progression; Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.
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13
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Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Buggert M, Betts MR, Sykulev Y. Assessment of the Synaptic Interface of Primary Human T Cells from Peripheral Blood and Lymphoid Tissue. J Vis Exp 2018:58143. [PMID: 30102290 PMCID: PMC6126586 DOI: 10.3791/58143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current understanding of the dynamics and structural features of T-cell synaptic interfaces has been largely determined through the use of glass-supported planar bilayers and in vitro-derived T-cell clones or lines1,2,3,4. How these findings apply to the primary human T cells isolated from blood or lymphoid tissues is not known, partly due to significant difficulties in obtaining a sufficient number of cells for analysis5. Here we address this through the development of a technique exploiting multichannel flow slides to build planar lipid bilayers containing activating and adhesion molecules. The low height of the flow slides promotes rapid cell sedimentation in order to synchronize cell:bilayer attachment, thereby allowing researchers to study the dynamic of the synaptic interface formation and the kinetics of the granules release. We apply this approach to analyze the synaptic interface of as few as 104 to 105 primary cryopreserved T cells isolated from lymph nodes (LN) and peripheral blood (PB). The results reveal that the novel planar lipid bilayer technique enables the study of the biophysical properties of primary human T cells derived from blood and tissues in the context of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Steblyanko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University;
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14
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Walling BL, Kim M. LFA-1 in T Cell Migration and Differentiation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:952. [PMID: 29774029 PMCID: PMC5943560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of homeostatic immune surveillance and development of effective adaptive immune responses require precise regulation of spatial and temporal lymphocyte trafficking throughout the body to ensure pathogen clearance and memory generation. Dysregulation of lymphocyte activation and migration can lead to impaired adaptive immunity, recurrent infections, and an array of autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. Central to the recruitment of T cells, integrins are cell surface receptors that regulate adhesion, signal transduction, and migration. With 24 integrin pairs having been discovered to date, integrins are defined not only by the composition of the heterodimeric pair but by cell-type specific expression and their ligands. Furthermore, integrins not only facilitate adhesion but also induce intracellular signaling and have recently been uncovered as mechanosensors providing additional complexity to the signaling pathways. Among several leukocyte-specific integrins, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1 or αLβ2; CD11a/CD18) is a key T cell integrin, which plays a major role in regulating T cell activation and migration. Adhesion to LFA-1's ligand, intracellular adhesion receptor 1 (ICAM-1) facilitates firm endothelium adhesion, prolonged contact with antigen-presenting cells, and binding to target cells for killing. While the downstream signaling pathways utilized by LFA-1 are vastly conserved they allow for highly disparate responses. Here, we summarize the roles of LFA-1 and ongoing studies to better understand its functions and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Walling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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15
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Buggert M, Nguyen S, McLane LM, Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Paquin-Proulx D, Del Rio Estrada PM, Ablanedo-Terrazas Y, Noyan K, Reuter MA, Demers K, Sandberg JK, Eller MA, Streeck H, Jansson M, Nowak P, Sönnerborg A, Canaday DH, Naji A, Wherry EJ, Robb ML, Deeks SG, Reyes-Teran G, Sykulev Y, Karlsson AC, Betts MR. Limited immune surveillance in lymphoid tissue by cytolytic CD4+ T cells during health and HIV disease. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006973. [PMID: 29652923 PMCID: PMC5919077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells subsets have a wide range of important helper and regulatory functions in the immune system. Several studies have specifically suggested that circulating effector CD4+ T cells may play a direct role in control of HIV replication through cytolytic activity or autocrine β-chemokine production. However, it remains unclear whether effector CD4+ T cells expressing cytolytic molecules and β-chemokines are present within lymph nodes (LNs), a major site of HIV replication. Here, we report that expression of β-chemokines and cytolytic molecules are enriched within a CD4+ T cell population with high levels of the T-box transcription factors T-bet and eomesodermin (Eomes). This effector population is predominately found in peripheral blood and is limited in LNs regardless of HIV infection or treatment status. As a result, CD4+ T cells generally lack effector functions in LNs, including cytolytic capacity and IFNγ and β-chemokine expression, even in HIV elite controllers and during acute/early HIV infection. While we do find the presence of degranulating CD4+ T cells in LNs, these cells do not bear functional or transcriptional effector T cell properties and are inherently poor to form stable immunological synapses compared to their peripheral blood counterparts. We demonstrate that CD4+ T cell cytolytic function, phenotype, and programming in the peripheral blood is dissociated from those characteristics found in lymphoid tissues. Together, these data challenge our current models based on blood and suggest spatially and temporally dissociated mechanisms of viral control in lymphoid tissues. CD4+ T cells have classically been divided into different subsets based on their different abilities to help and regulate specific parts of the immune system. Recent work in the HIV field has demonstrated that HIV-specific CD4+ T cells with unique effector functions, such as cytolytic activity and β-chemokine production, can play a direct role in control of HIV replication. However, HIV infection is generally considered to be a disease centered in lymphoid tissues, where unique CD4+ T helper cell subsets are present to orchestrate the maturation and priming of adaptive immunity. In this study, we identify that two specific transcription factors, T-bet and Eomes, mark cytolytic and β-chemokine producing CD4+ T cells. While this effector CD4+ T cell population is part of immunosurveillance mechanisms in blood, we find that lymph nodes largely lack this effector population–independent of HIV infection or disease progression status. These results indicate that current effector CD4+ T cell mediated correlates of HIV control are limited to blood and not representative of potential correlates of control in lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Buggert
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Laura M. McLane
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Maria Steblyanko
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nadia Anikeeva
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Dominic Paquin-Proulx
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Perla M. Del Rio Estrada
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuria Ablanedo-Terrazas
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Kajsa Noyan
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morgan A. Reuter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Korey Demers
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Eller
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- Institute for HIV Research, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marianne Jansson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Piotr Nowak
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David H. Canaday
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Louis Stokes VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Ali Naji
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Departamento de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Annika C. Karlsson
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael R. Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MB); (MRB)
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16
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Hailemichael Y, Woods A, Fu T, He Q, Nielsen MC, Hasan F, Roszik J, Xiao Z, Vianden C, Khong H, Singh M, Sharma M, Faak F, Moore D, Dai Z, Anthony SM, Schluns KS, Sharma P, Engelhard VH, Overwijk WW. Cancer vaccine formulation dictates synergy with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:1338-1354. [PMID: 29480817 DOI: 10.1172/jci93303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticancer vaccination is a promising approach to increase the efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) checkpoint blockade therapies. However, the landmark FDA registration trial for anti-CTLA-4 therapy (ipilimumab) revealed a complete lack of benefit of adding vaccination with gp100 peptide formulated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA). Here, using a mouse model of melanoma, we found that gp100 vaccination induced gp100-specific effector T cells (Teffs), which dominantly forced trafficking of anti-CTLA-4-induced, non-gp100-specific Teffs away from the tumor, reducing tumor control. The inflamed vaccination site subsequently also sequestered and destroyed anti-CTLA-4-induced Teffs with specificities for tumor antigens other than gp100, reducing the antitumor efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 therapy. Mechanistically, Teffs at the vaccination site recruited inflammatory monocytes, which in turn attracted additional Teffs in a vicious cycle mediated by IFN-γ, CXCR3, ICAM-1, and CCL2, dependent on IFA formulation. In contrast, nonpersistent vaccine formulations based on dendritic cells, viral vectors, or water-soluble peptides potently synergized with checkpoint blockade of both CTLA-4 and PD-L1 and induced complete tumor regression, including in settings of primary resistance to dual checkpoint blockade. We conclude that cancer vaccine formulation can dominantly determine synergy, or lack thereof, with CTLA-4 and PD-L1 checkpoint blockade therapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yared Hailemichael
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Amber Woods
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tihui Fu
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology/Immunology and
| | - Qiuming He
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology/Immunology and
| | - Michael C Nielsen
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Farah Hasan
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhilan Xiao
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina Vianden
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hiep Khong
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manisha Singh
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Meenu Sharma
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Faisal Faak
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek Moore
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhimin Dai
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott M Anthony
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kimberly S Schluns
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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17
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The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Contributes to the Assembly of the LFA-1 Nanocluster Belt at the Lytic Synapse. Cell Rep 2018; 22:979-991. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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18
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Hardenberg JHB, Braun A, Schön MP. A Yin and Yang in Epithelial Immunology: The Roles of the α E(CD103)β 7 Integrin in T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:23-31. [PMID: 28941625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The proper function(s) of cell-surface receptors is crucial for the regulation of adaptive immune responses. One such receptor is the αE(CD103)β7 integrin, whose history in science is closely linked with the evolution of our knowledge of immune regulation. Initially described as a marker of intraepithelial T-lymphocytes, this leukocyte integrin is now seen as a dynamically regulated receptor involved in the functional differentiation of some cytotoxic T cells as well as regulatory T cells, thus presumably contributing to the fine-tuning of immune reactions in epithelial compartments. In this brief overview, we delineate our current view on αE(CD103)β7 in T-cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Hendrik B Hardenberg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Braun
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Michael P Schön
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Lower Saxony Institute of Occupational Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen and University of Osnabrück, Germany.
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19
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Anikeeva N, Grosso D, Flomenberg N, Sykulev Y. Evaluating frequency and quality of pathogen-specific T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13264. [PMID: 27786275 PMCID: PMC5095286 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that enumeration and characterization of antigen-specific T cells provide essential information about potency of the immune response. Here, we report a new technique to determine the frequency and potency of antigen-specific CD8 T cells. The assay measures changes of intracellular Ca2+ in real time by fluorescent microscopy in individual CD8 T cells responding to cognate peptides. The T cells form continuous monolayer, enabling the cells to present the peptides to each other. This approach allows us to evaluate the kinetics of intracellular Ca2+ signalling that characterizes the quality of T cell response. We demonstrate the usefulness of the assay examining the frequency and quality of cytomegalovirus-specific CD8 T cells from healthy donor and patient after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. The new assay has a potential to provide essential information determining the status of the immune system, disease morbidity, potency of therapeutic intervention and vaccine efficacy. Characterization of T cell antigen specificity human blood is challenging due to the low clonal frequencies. Here the authors develop a fluorescent microscopy-based method to detect antigen-specific CD8 T cell activation, and apply it to characterize the anti-CMV repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Dolores Grosso
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Neal Flomenberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA.,The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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20
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Epithelium-Specific Ets-Like Transcription Factor 1, ESE-1, Regulates ICAM-1 Expression in Cultured Lung Epithelial Cell Lines. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:547928. [PMID: 26185364 PMCID: PMC4491396 DOI: 10.1155/2015/547928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients suffer from chronic airway inflammation with excessive neutrophil infiltration. Migration of neutrophils to the lung requires chemokine and cytokine signaling as well as cell adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), which plays an important role in mediating adhesive interactions between effector and target cells in the immune system. In this study, we investigated the relationship between ICAM-1 and epithelium-specific ETS-like transcription factor 1 (ESE-1) and found that ICAM-1 expression is upregulated in cell lines of CF (IB3-1) as well as non-CF (BEAS-2B and A549) epithelial origin in response to inflammatory cytokine stimulation. Since ESE-1 is highly expressed in A549 cells without stimulation, we examined the effect of ESE-1 knockdown on ICAM-1 expression in these cells. We found that ICAM-1 expression was downregulated when ESE-1 was knocked down in A549 cells. We also tested the effect of ESE-1 knockdown on cell-cell interactions and demonstrate that the knocking down ESE-1 in A549 cells reduce their interactions with HL-60 cells (human promyelocytic leukemia cell line). These results suggest that ESE-1 may play a role in regulating airway inflammation by regulating ICAM-1 expression.
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21
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Cross-recognition of a myelin peptide by CD8+ T cells in the CNS is not sufficient to promote neuronal damage. J Neurosci 2015; 35:4837-50. [PMID: 25810515 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3380-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the CNS thought to be driven by CNS-specific T lymphocytes. Although CD8(+) T cells are frequently found in multiple sclerosis lesions, their distinct role remains controversial because direct signs of cytotoxicity have not been confirmed in vivo. In the present work, we determined that murine ovalbumin-transgenic (OT-1) CD8(+) T cells recognize the myelin peptide myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 40-54 (MOG40-54) both in vitro and in vivo. The aim of this study was to investigate whether such cross-recognizing CD8(+) T cells are capable of inducing CNS damage in vivo. Using intravital two-photon microscopy in the mouse model of multiple sclerosis, we detected antigen recognition motility of the OT-1 CD8(+) T cells within the CNS leading to a selective enrichment in inflammatory lesions. However, this cross-reactivity of OT-1 CD8(+) T cells with MOG peptide in the CNS did not result in clinically or subclinically significant damage, which is different from myelin-specific CD4(+) Th17-mediated autoimmune pathology. Therefore, intravital imaging demonstrates that local myelin recognition by autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in inflammatory CNS lesions alone is not sufficient to induce disability or increase axonal injury.
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22
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Steblyanko M, Anikeeva N, Campbell KS, Keen JH, Sykulev Y. Integrins Influence the Size and Dynamics of Signaling Microclusters in a Pyk2-dependent Manner. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11833-42. [PMID: 25778396 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin engagement on lymphocytes initiates "outside-in" signaling that is required for cytoskeleton remodeling and the formation of the synaptic interface. However, the mechanism by which the "outside-in" signal contributes to receptor-mediated intracellular signaling that regulates the kinetics of granule delivery and efficiency of cytolytic activity is not well understood. We have found that variations in ICAM-1 expression on tumor cells influence killing kinetics of these cells by CD16.NK-92 cytolytic effectors suggesting that changes in integrin ligation on the effector cells regulate the kinetics of cytolytic activity by the effector cells. To understand how variations of the integrin receptor ligation may alter cytolytic activity of CD16.NK-92 cells, we analyzed molecular events at the contact area of these cells exposed to planar lipid bilayers that display integrin ligands at different densities and activating CD16-specific antibodies. Changes in the extent of integrin ligation on CD16.NK-92 cells at the cell/bilayer interface revealed that the integrin signal influences the size and the dynamics of activating receptor microclusters in a Pyk2-dependent manner. Integrin-mediated changes of the intracellular signaling significantly affected the kinetics of degranulation of CD16.NK-92 cells providing evidence that integrins regulate the rate of target cell destruction in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kerry S Campbell
- the Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - James H Keen
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107 and
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- From the Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and
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23
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Abstract
The molecular interactions underlying regulation of the immune response take place in a nanoscale gap between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, termed the immunological synapse. If these interactions are regulated appropriately, the host is defended against a wide range of pathogens and deranged host cells. If these interactions are disregulated, the host is susceptible to pathogens or tumor escape at one extreme and autoimmunity at the other. Strategies targeting the synapse have helped to establish immunotherapy as a mainstream element in cancer treatment. This Masters' primer will cover the basics of the immunological synapse and some of the applications to tumor immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, The University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom.
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24
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Demaria S, Pilones KA, Vanpouille-Box C, Golden EB, Formenti SC. The optimal partnership of radiation and immunotherapy: from preclinical studies to clinical translation. Radiat Res 2014; 182:170-81. [PMID: 24937779 PMCID: PMC4184032 DOI: 10.1667/rr13500.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The main role of the immune system is to restore tissue homeostasis when altered by pathogenic processes, including neoplastic transformation. Immune-mediated tumor rejection has been recognized as an extrinsic tumor suppressor mechanism that tumors need to overcome to progress. By the time a tumor becomes clinically apparent it has successfully escaped immune control by establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Ionizing radiation applied locally to a tumor alters these tumor-host interactions. Accumulating evidence indicates that standard therapeutic doses of radiation have the potential to recover tumor immunogenicity and convert the tumor into an in situ personalized vaccine. Radiotherapy induces an immunogenic tumor cell death promoting cross-presentation of tumor-derived antigens by dendritic cells to T cells. In addition, radiotherapy stimulates chemokine-mediated recruitment of effector T cells to the tumor, and cellular recognition and killing by T cells that is facilitated by upregulation of major histocompatibility antigens, NKG2D ligands, adhesion molecules and death receptors. Despite these effects, radiotherapy alone is only rarely capable of generating enough proinflammatory signals to sufficiently overcome suppression, as it can also activate immunosuppressive factors. However, our group and others have shown that when combined with targeted immunotherapy agents radiotherapy significantly contributes to a therapeutically effective anti-tumor immune response. To illustrate this partnership between radiation and immunotherapy we will discuss as an example our experience in preclinical models and the molecular mechanisms identified. Additionally, the clinical translation of these combinations will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Karsten A. Pilones
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Claire Vanpouille-Box
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Encouse B. Golden
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
| | - Silvia C. Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, and NYU Cancer Institute, New York, New York 10016
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25
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Anikeeva N, Steblyanko M, Fayngerts S, Kopylova N, Marshall DJ, Powers GD, Sato T, Campbell KS, Sykulev Y. Integrin receptors on tumor cells facilitate NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2331-9. [PMID: 24810893 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201344179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NK cells that mediate ADCC play an important role in tumor-specific immunity. We have examined factors limiting specific lysis of tumor cells by CD16.NK-92 cells induced by CNTO 95LF antibodies recognizing αV integrins that are overexpressed on many tumor cells. Although all tested tumor cells were killed by CD16.NK-92 effectors in the presence of the antibodies, the killing of target cells with a low level of ICAM-1 expression revealed a dramatic decrease in their specific lysis at high antibody concentration, revealing a dose limiting effect. A similar effect was also observed with primary human NK cells. The effect was erased after IFN-γ treatment of tumor cells resulting in upregulation of ICAM-1. Furthermore, killing of the same tumor cells induced by Herceptin antibody was significantly impaired in the presence of CNTO 95Ala-Ala antibody variant that blocks αV integrins but is incapable of binding to CD16. These data suggest that αV integrins on tumor cells could compensate for the loss of ICAM-1 molecules, thereby facilitating ADCC by NK cells. Thus, NK cells could exercise cytolytic activity against ICAM-1 deficient tumor cells in the absence of proinflammatory cytokines, emphasizing the importance of NK cells in tumor-specific immunity at early stages of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Le Floc'h A, Tanaka Y, Bantilan NS, Voisinne G, Altan-Bonnet G, Fukui Y, Huse M. Annular PIP3 accumulation controls actin architecture and modulates cytotoxicity at the immunological synapse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:2721-37. [PMID: 24190432 PMCID: PMC3832928 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20131324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In T cells, PI3K activation in the periphery of the immune synapse leads to PIP3 accumulation that promotes actin polymerization in a pathway important for cytotoxic function. The immunological synapse formed by a T lymphocyte on the surface of a target cell contains a peripheral ring of filamentous actin (F-actin) that promotes adhesion and facilitates the directional secretion of cytokines and cytolytic factors. We show that growth and maintenance of this F-actin ring is dictated by the annular accumulation of phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate (PIP3) in the synaptic membrane. PIP3 functions in this context by recruiting the exchange factor Dock2 to the periphery of the synapse, where it drives actin polymerization through the Rho-family GTPase Rac. We also show that synaptic PIP3 is generated by class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinases that associate with T cell receptor microclusters and are activated by the GTPase Ras. Perturbations that inhibit or promote PIP3-dependent F-actin remodeling dramatically affect T cell cytotoxicity, demonstrating the functional importance of this pathway. These results reveal how T cells use lipid-based signaling to control synaptic architecture and modulate effector responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Le Floc'h
- Immunology Program, 2 Computational Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
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27
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Demaria S, Dustin ML. Role of the crosstalk between CTLA-4 and NKG2D in the development of anti-CTLA-4 treatment strategies. Immunotherapy 2013; 5:109-12. [PMID: 23413900 DOI: 10.2217/imt.12.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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29
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Franciszkiewicz K, Le Floc'h A, Boutet M, Vergnon I, Schmitt A, Mami-Chouaib F. CD103 or LFA-1 engagement at the immune synapse between cytotoxic T cells and tumor cells promotes maturation and regulates T-cell effector functions. Cancer Res 2012. [PMID: 23188505 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
T-cell adhesion/costimulatory molecules and their cognate receptors on target cells play a major role in T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activities. Here, we compared the involvement of CD103 and LFA-1, and their respective ligands, in the maturation of the cytotoxic immune synapse (cIS) and in the activation of CTL effector functions. Our results indicate that cytotoxicity toward cancer cells and, to a lesser extent, cytokine production by specific CTL require, together with TCR engagement, the interaction of either CD103 with E-cadherin or LFA-1 with ICAM-1. Flow-based adhesion assay showed that engagement of CD103 or LFA-1, together with TCR, enhances the strength of the T-cell/target cell interaction. Moreover, electron microscopic analyses showed that integrin-dependent mature cIS (mcIS) displays a cohesive ultrastructure, with tight membrane contacts separated by extensive clefts. In contrast, immature cIS (icIS), which is unable to trigger target cell lysis, is loose, with multiple protrusions in the effector cell membrane. Experiments using confocal microscopy revealed polarized cytokine release and degranulation at the mcIS associated with target cell killing, whereas icIS is characterized by failure of IFN-γ and granzyme B relocalization. Thus, interactive forces between CTL and epithelial tumor cells, mainly regulated by integrin engagement, correlate with maturity and the ultrastructure of the cIS and influence CTL effector functions. These results provide new insights into molecular mechanisms regulating antitumor CTL responses and may lead to the development of more efficient cancer immunotherapy strategies.
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30
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Ruocco MG, Pilones KA, Kawashima N, Cammer M, Huang J, Babb JS, Liu M, Formenti SC, Dustin ML, Demaria S. Suppressing T cell motility induced by anti-CTLA-4 monotherapy improves antitumor effects. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3718-30. [PMID: 22945631 DOI: 10.1172/jci61931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A promising strategy for cancer immunotherapy is to disrupt key pathways regulating immune tolerance, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). However, the determinants of response to anti-CTLA-4 mAb treatment remain incompletely understood. In murine models, anti-CTLA-4 mAbs alone fail to induce effective immune responses to poorly immunogenic tumors but are successful when combined with additional interventions, including local ionizing radiation (IR) therapy. We employed an established model based on control of a mouse carcinoma cell line to study endogenous tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T lymphocytes (TILs) following treatment with the anti-CTLA-4 mAb 9H10. Alone, 9H10 monotherapy reversed the arrest of TILs with carcinoma cells in vivo. In contrast, the combination of 9H10 and IR restored MHC class I-dependent arrest. After implantation, the carcinoma cells had reduced expression of retinoic acid early inducible-1 (RAE-1), a ligand for natural killer cell group 2D (NKG2D) receptor. We found that RAE-1 expression was induced by IR in vivo and that anti-NKG2D mAb blocked the TIL arrest induced by IR/9H10 combination therapy. These results demonstrate that anti-CTLA-4 mAb therapy induces motility of TIL and that NKG2D ligation offsets this effect to enhance TILs arrest and antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Ruocco
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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31
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Sun Z. Intervention of PKC-θ as an immunosuppressive regimen. Front Immunol 2012; 3:225. [PMID: 22876242 PMCID: PMC3410430 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PKC-θ is selectively enriched in T cells and specifically translocates to immunological synapse where it mediates critical T cell receptor signals required for T cell activation, differentiation, and survival. T cells deficient in PKC-θ are defective in their ability to differentiate into inflammatory effector cells that mediate actual immune responses whereas, their differentiation into regulatory T cells (Treg) that inhibits the inflammatory T cells is enhanced. Therefore, the manipulation of PKC-θ activity can shift the ratio between inflammatory effector T cells and inhibitory Tregs, to control T cell-mediated immune responses that are responsible for autoimmunity and allograft rejection. Indeed, PKC-θ-deficient mice are resistant to the development of several Th2 and Th17-dependent autoimmune diseases and are defective in mounting alloimmune responses required for rejection of transplanted allografts and graft-versus-host disease. Selective inhibition of PKC-θ is therefore considered as a potential treatment for prevention of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoming Sun
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
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32
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Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y. Mechanisms controlling granule-mediated cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunol Res 2012; 51:183-94. [PMID: 22058021 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a critical role in immunity against viruses and cancer. The antigen receptor or T-cell receptor (TCR) on CTL determines the specificity toward target cells. The CD8 co-receptor functions in concert with the TCR to enhance TCR-mediated signaling, accounting for the remarkable sensitivity and swift signaling kinetics of the CTL response. The latter ensures efficient delivery and release of lytic granules, resulting in sensitive and rapid destruction of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center and Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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33
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Sun J, Law GP, McKallip RJ. Role of CD44 in lymphokine-activated killer cell-mediated killing of melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:323-34. [PMID: 21901391 PMCID: PMC11028851 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1105-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we examined the potential significance of CD44 expression on lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells in their interaction and killing of melanoma cells. Stimulation of splenocytes with IL-2 led to a significant increase in the expression of CD44 on T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells. Treatment of melanoma-bearing CD44 WT mice with IL-2 led to a significant reduction in the local tumor growth while treatment of melanoma-bearing CD44 KO mice with IL-2 was ineffective at controlling tumor growth. Furthermore, the ability of splenocytes from IL-2-treated CD44 KO mice to kill melanoma tumor targets was significantly reduced when compared to the anti-tumor activity of splenocytes from IL-2-treated CD44 WT mice. The importance of CD44 expression on the LAK cells was further confirmed by the observation that adoptively transferred CD44 WT LAK cells were significantly more effective than CD44 KO LAK cells at controlling tumor growth in vivo. Next, the significance of the increased expression of CD44 in tumor killing was examined and showed that following stimulation with IL-2, distinct populations of cells with low (CD44(lo)) or elevated (CD44(hi)) expression of CD44 are generated and that the CD44(hi) cells are responsible for killing of the melanoma cells. The reduced killing activity of the CD44 KO LAK cells did not result from reduced activation or expression of effector molecules but was due, at least in part, to a reduced ability to adhere to B16F10 tumor cells.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Hyaluronan Receptors/genetics
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Immunological Synapses/drug effects
- Immunological Synapses/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/genetics
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingping Sun
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College St, Macon, GA 31207 USA
| | - Gabriela P. Law
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College St, Macon, GA 31207 USA
| | - Robert J. McKallip
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College St, Macon, GA 31207 USA
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34
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Brown ACN, Oddos S, Dobbie IM, Alakoskela JM, Parton RM, Eissmann P, Neil MAA, Dunsby C, French PMW, Davis I, Davis DM. Remodelling of cortical actin where lytic granules dock at natural killer cell immune synapses revealed by super-resolution microscopy. PLoS Biol 2011; 9:e1001152. [PMID: 21931537 PMCID: PMC3172219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells that secrete lytic granules to directly kill virus-infected or transformed cells across an immune synapse. However, a major gap in understanding this process is in establishing how lytic granules pass through the mesh of cortical actin known to underlie the NK cell membrane. Research has been hampered by the resolution of conventional light microscopy, which is too low to resolve cortical actin during lytic granule secretion. Here we use two high-resolution imaging techniques to probe the synaptic organisation of NK cell receptors and filamentous (F)-actin. A combination of optical tweezers and live cell confocal microscopy reveals that microclusters of NKG2D assemble into a ring-shaped structure at the centre of intercellular synapses, where Vav1 and Grb2 also accumulate. Within this ring-shaped organisation of NK cell proteins, lytic granules accumulate for secretion. Using 3D-structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM) to gain super-resolution of ~100 nm, cortical actin was detected in a central region of the NK cell synapse irrespective of whether activating or inhibitory signals dominate. Strikingly, the periodicity of the cortical actin mesh increased in specific domains at the synapse when the NK cell was activated. Two-colour super-resolution imaging revealed that lytic granules docked precisely in these domains which were also proximal to where the microtubule-organising centre (MTOC) polarised. Together, these data demonstrate that remodelling of the cortical actin mesh occurs at the central region of the cytolytic NK cell immune synapse. This is likely to occur for other types of cell secretion and also emphasises the importance of emerging super-resolution imaging technology for revealing new biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice C. N. Brown
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephane Oddos
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Dobbie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juha-Matti Alakoskela
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M. Parton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Eissmann
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. A. Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul M. W. French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ilan Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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35
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Magnani CF, Alberigo G, Bacchetta R, Serafini G, Andreani M, Roncarolo MG, Gregori S. Killing of myeloid APCs via HLA class I, CD2 and CD226 defines a novel mechanism of suppression by human Tr1 cells. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1652-62. [PMID: 21469116 PMCID: PMC3116154 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
IL-10-producing CD4+ type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells, defined based on their ability to produce high levels of IL-10 in the absence of IL-4, are major players in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Tr1 cells inhibit T-cell responses mainly via cytokine-dependent mechanisms. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the suppression of APC by Tr1 cells are still not completely elucidated. Here, we defined that Tr1 cells specifically lyse myeloid APC through a granzyme B (GZB)- and perforin (PRF)-dependent mechanism that requires HLA class I recognition, CD54/lymphocyte function-associated antigen (LFA)-1 adhesion, and activation via killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) and CD2. Notably, interaction between CD226 on Tr1 cells and their ligands on myeloid cells, leading to Tr1-cell activation, is necessary for defining Tr1-cell target specificity. We also showed that high frequency of GZB-expressing CD4+ T cells is detected in tolerant patients and correlates with elevated occurrence of IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, the modulatory activities of Tr1 cells are not only due to suppressive cytokines but also to specific cell-to-cell interactions that lead to selective killing of myeloid cells and possibly bystander suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara F Magnani
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells and Gene Therapy, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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36
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Pattu V, Qu B, Marshall M, Becherer U, Junker C, Matti U, Schwarz EC, Krause E, Hoth M, Rettig J. Syntaxin7 is required for lytic granule release from cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Traffic 2011; 12:890-901. [PMID: 21438968 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01193.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SNARE proteins are essential fusion mediators for many intracellular trafficking events. Here, we investigate the role of Syntaxin7 (Stx7) in the release of lytic granules from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). We show that Stx7 is expressed in CTLs and is preferentially localized to the region of lytic granule release, the immunological synapse (IS). Interference of Stx7 function by expression of a dominant-negative Stx7 construct or by small interfering RNA leads to a dramatic reduction of CTL-mediated killing of target cells. Real-time visualization of individual lytic granules at the IS by evanescent wave microscopy reveals that lytic granules in Stx7-deprived CTLs not only fail to fuse with the plasma membrane but even fail to accumulate at the IS. Surprisingly, the accumulation defect is not caused by an overall reduction in lytic granule number, but by a defect in the trafficking of T cell receptors (TCRs) through endosomes. Subsequent high-resolution nanoscopy shows that Stx7 colocalizes with Rab7 on late endosomes. We conclude from these data that the accumulation of recycling TCRs at the IS is a SNARE-dependent process and that Stx7-mediated processing of recycling TCRs through endosomes is a prerequisite for the cytolytic function of CTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Pattu
- Institut für Physiologie, Universität des Saarlandes, Kirrberger Straße 8, Gebäude 59, 66421 Homburg, Saarland, Germany
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37
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Dustin ML. Visualization of Cell-Cell Interaction Contacts: Synapses and Kinapses. SELF/NONSELF 2011; 2:85-97. [PMID: 22299060 PMCID: PMC3268994 DOI: 10.4161/self.2.2.17931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
T-cell activation requires interactions of T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) and peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHCp) in an adhesive junction between the T-cell and antigen-presenting cell (APC). Stable junctions with bull's eye supramolecular activation clusters (SMACs) have been defined as immunological synapses. The term synapse works in this case because it joins roots for "same" and "fasten," which could be translated as "fasten in the same place." These structures maintain T-cell-APC interaction and allow directed secretion. We have proposed that SMACs are not really clusters, but are analogous to higher order membrane-cytoskeleton zones involved in amoeboid locomotion including a substrate testing lamellipodium, an adhesive lamella and anti-adhesive uropod. Since T-cells can also integrate signaling during locomotion over antigen presenting cells, it is important to consider adhesive junctions maintained as cells move past each other. This combination of movement (kine-) and fastening (-apse) can be described as a kinapse or moving junction. Synapses and kinapses operate in different stages of T-cell priming. Optimal effector functions may also depend upon cyclical use of synapses and kinapses. Visualization of these structures in vitro and in vivo presents many distinct challenges that will be discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis; Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology; New York University School of Medicine; New York, NY USA
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38
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Floc'h AL, Jalil A, Franciszkiewicz K, Validire P, Vergnon I, Mami-Chouaib F. Minimal Engagement of CD103 on Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes with an E-Cadherin-Fc Molecule Triggers Lytic Granule Polarization via a Phospholipase Cγ–Dependent Pathway. Cancer Res 2011; 71:328-38. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Immunological synapses (ISs) are formed at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface during antigen recognition, and play a central role in T-cell activation and in the delivery of effector functions. ISs were originally described as a peripheral ring of adhesion molecules surrounding a central accumulation of T-cell receptor (TCR)-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) interactions. Although the structure of these 'classical' ISs has been the subject of intense study, non-classical ISs have also been observed under a variety of conditions. Multifocal ISs, characterized by adhesion molecules dispersed among numerous small accumulations of TCR-pMHC, and motile 'immunological kinapses' have both been described. In this review, we discuss the conditions under which non-classical ISs are formed. Specifically, we explore the profound effect that the phenotypes of both T cells and APCs have on IS structure. We also comment on the role that IS structure may play in T-cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Thauland
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The concept of an immunological synapse goes back to the early 1980s with the discovery of the relationship between T-cell antigen receptor mediated Ca(2+) signaling, adhesion, and directed secretion. However, this concept did not gain traction until images were published starting in 1998 that revealed a specific molecular pattern in the interface between T cells and model antigen-presenting cells or supported planar bilayers. The dominant pattern, a ring of adhesion molecules surrounding a central cluster of antigen receptors, was observed in both model systems. Analysis of the origins of this pattern over the past 10 years has presented a solution for a difficult problem in lymphocyte biology--how a highly motile cell can suddenly stop when it encounters a signal delivered by just a few antigenic ligands on the surface of another cell without disabling the sensory machinery of the motile cell. The T lymphocyte actively assembles the immunological synapse pattern following a modular design with roots in actin-myosin-based motility.
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41
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Dustin ML, Chakraborty AK, Shaw AS. Understanding the structure and function of the immunological synapse. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2010; 2:a002311. [PMID: 20843980 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a002311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immunological synapse has been an area of very active scientific interest over the last decade. Surprisingly, much about the synapse remains unknown or is controversial. Here we review some of these current issues in the field: how the synapse is defined, its potential role in T-cell function, and our current understanding about how the synapse is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Pathology, New York University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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42
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Gross CC, Brzostowski JA, Liu D, Long EO. Tethering of intercellular adhesion molecule on target cells is required for LFA-1-dependent NK cell adhesion and granule polarization. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 185:2918-26. [PMID: 20675589 PMCID: PMC3867939 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alpha(L)beta(2) integrin (LFA-1) has an important role in the formation of T cell and NK cell cytotoxic immunological synapses and in target cell killing. Binding of LFA-1 to ICAM on target cells promotes not only adhesion but also polarization of cytolytic granules in NK cells. In this study, we tested whether LFA-1-dependent NK cell responses are regulated by the distribution and mobility of ICAM at the surface of target cells. We show that depolymerization of F-actin in NK-sensitive target cells abrogated LFA-1-dependent conjugate formation and granule polarization in primary NK cells. Degranulation, which is not controlled by LFA-1, was not impaired. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments and particle tracking by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy revealed that ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 were distributed in largely immobile clusters. ICAM clusters were maintained and became highly mobile after actin depolymerization. Moreover, reducing ICAM-2 mobility on an NK-resistant target cell through expression of ezrin, an adaptor molecule that tethers proteins to the actin cytoskeleton, enhanced LFA-1-dependent adhesion and granule polarization. Finally, although NK cells kept moving over freely diffusible ICAM-1 on a lipid bilayer, they bound and spread over solid-phase ICAM-1. We conclude that tethering, rather than clustering of ICAM, promotes proper signaling by LFA-1 in NK cells. Our findings suggest that the lateral diffusion of integrin ligands on cells may be an important determinant of susceptibility to lysis by cytotoxic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C. Gross
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Joseph A. Brzostowski
- Imaging Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Eric O. Long
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Hume PS, Anseth KS. Inducing local T cell apoptosis with anti-Fas-functionalized polymeric coatings fabricated via surface-initiated photopolymerizations. Biomaterials 2010; 31:3166-74. [PMID: 20138358 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell encapsulation has long been investigated as a means to achieve transplant immunoprotection as it creates a physical barrier between allograft tissue and host immune cells. Encapsulation with passive barrier materials alone, however, is generally insufficient to protect donor tissue from rejection, because small cytotoxic molecules produced by activated T cells can diffuse readily into the capsule and mediate allograft death. As a means to provide bioactive protection for polymeric encapsulation devices, we investigated a functionalized polymeric coating that mimics a natural T cell regulation pathway. T cells are regulated in vivo via Fas, a well-known 'death receptor,' whereby effector cells express Fas ligand and elicit T cell apoptosis upon binding the Fas receptor on a T cell surface. Anti-Fas antibodies are capable of replicating this effect and induce T cell apoptosis in solution. Here, an iniferter-based living radical polymerization was utilized to fabricate surface-anchored polymer chains containing poly(ethylene glycol) with covalently incorporated pendant anti-Fas antibody. Using this reaction mechanism, we demonstrate fabrication conditions that yield surface densities in excess of 1.5 ng/cm(2) of incorporated therapeutic, as detected by ELISA. Additionally, we show that coatings containing anti-Fas antibody induced significant T cell apoptosis, 21+/-2% of cells, after 24h. Finally, the incorporation of a T cell adhesion ligand, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, along with anti-Fas antibody, yielded even higher levels of apoptosis, 34+/-1% of T cells, compared to either signal alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Hume
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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44
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental activities of the adaptive immune system is to kill infected cells and tumor cells. Two distinct pathways mediate this process, both of which are facilitated by a cytotoxic immunological synapse. While traditionally thought of as innate immune cells, natural killer (NK) cells are now appreciated to have the capacity for long-term adaptation to chemical and viral insults. These cells integrate multiple positive and negative signals through NK cell cytotoxic or inhibitory synapses. The traditional CD8(+)alphabeta T-cell receptor-positive cells are among the best models for the concept of an immunological synapse, in which vectoral signaling is linked to directed secretion in a stable interface to induce apoptotic cell death in an infected cell. Large-scale molecular organization in synapses generated a number of hypotheses. Studies in the past 5 years have started to provide clear answers regarding the validity of these models. In vivo imaging approaches have provided some hints as to the physiologic relevance of these processes with great promise for the future. This review provides an overview of work on cytotoxic immunological synapses and suggests pathways forward in applying this information to the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Dustin
- Helen, Martin Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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45
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Yang J, Sanderson N, Wawrowsky K, Puntel M, Castro M, Lowenstein P. Kupfer-type immunological synapse characteristics do not predict anti-brain tumor cytolytic T-cell function in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:4716-21. [PMID: 20133734 PMCID: PMC2842057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0911587107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To analyze the in vivo structure of antigen-specific immunological synapses during an effective immune response, we established brain tumors expressing the surrogate tumor antigen ovalbumin and labeled antigen-specific anti-glioma T cells using specific tetramers. Using these techniques, we determined that a significant number of antigen-specific T cells were localized to the brain tumor and surrounding brain tissue and a large percentage could be induced to express IFNgamma when exposed to the specific ovalbumin-derived peptide epitope SIINFEKL. Detailed morphological analysis of T cells immunoreactive for tetramers in direct physical contact with tumor cells expressing ovalbumin indicated that the interface between T cells and target tumor cells displayed various morphologies, including Kupfer-type immunological synapses. Quantitative analysis of adjacent confocal optical sections was performed to determine if the higher frequency of antigen-specific antiglioma T cells present in animals that developed an effective antitumor immune response could be correlated with a specific immunological synaptic morphology. Detailed in vivo quantitative analysis failed to detect an increased proportion of immunological synapses displaying the characteristic Kupfer-type morphology in animals mounting a strong and effective antitumor immune response as compared with those experiencing a clinically ineffective response. We conclude that an effective cytolytic immune response is not dependent on an increased frequency of Kupfer-type immunological synapses between T cells and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Yang
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - N.S.R. Sanderson
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - K. Wawrowsky
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - M. Puntel
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - M.G. Castro
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
| | - P.R. Lowenstein
- Board of Governors’ Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
- Departments of Medicine, and
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, and
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024
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46
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Beal AM, Anikeeva N, Varma R, Cameron TO, Vasiliver-Shamis G, Norris PJ, Dustin ML, Sykulev Y. Kinetics of early T cell receptor signaling regulate the pathway of lytic granule delivery to the secretory domain. Immunity 2009; 31:632-42. [PMID: 19833088 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytolytic granules mediate killing of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We show here that the granules can take long or short paths to the secretory domain. Both paths utilized the same intracellular molecular events, which have different spatial and temporal arrangements and are regulated by the kinetics of Ca(2+)-mediated signaling. Rapid signaling caused swift granule concentration near the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) and subsequent delivery by the polarized MTOC directly to the secretory domain-the shortest path. Indolent signaling led to late recruitment of granules that moved along microtubules to the periphery of the synapse and then moved tangentially to fuse at the outer edge of the secretory domain-a longer path. The short pathway is associated with faster granule release and more efficient killing than the long pathway. Thus, the kinetics of early signaling regulates the quality of the T cell cytolytic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Beal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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47
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Ahmed F, Friend S, George TC, Barteneva N, Lieberman J. Numbers matter: quantitative and dynamic analysis of the formation of an immunological synapse using imaging flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 2009; 347:79-86. [PMID: 19524586 PMCID: PMC2752738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Activation of T lymphocytes by antigen-presenting cells (APC) results in the formation of an immunological synapse. Following contact with the target cell, key signaling and adhesion molecules polarize within minutes to hours to the T cell-APC interface. Multispectral imaging flow cytometry, a new technology which combines flow cytometry with imaging, was used to visualize and quantify the recruitment of the CD3epsilon and Lck signaling molecules during the evolution of an immune synapse. Using this technology, thousands of T cell/macrophage conjugates could be analyzed for each experimental time point. Following Ca++ triggered T cell activation, the dynamics of Lck and CD3epsilon recruitment to the synapse, analyzed by two independent methods, were comparable. However, CD3epsilon exhibited longer residence times (>8 min) at the synapse than Lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariyal Ahmed
- Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sherree Friend
- Amnis Corporation, 2505 Third Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
| | - Thaddeus C George
- Amnis Corporation, 2505 Third Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98121, USA
| | - Natasha Barteneva
- Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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48
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Culley FJ, Johnson M, Evans JH, Kumar S, Crilly R, Casasbuenas J, Schnyder T, Mehrabi M, Deonarain MP, Ushakov DS, Braud V, Roth G, Brock R, Köhler K, Davis DM. Natural killer cell signal integration balances synapse symmetry and migration. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000159. [PMID: 19636352 PMCID: PMC2707003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging immune surveillance by natural killer (NK) cells has revealed that integration of activating and inhibitory signals determines whether or not NK cells stop to kill the target cell or retain a migratory configuration. Natural killer (NK) cells discern the health of other cells by recognising the balance of activating and inhibitory ligands expressed by each target cell. However, how the integration of activating and inhibitory signals relates to formation of the NK cell immune synapse remains a central question in our understanding of NK cell recognition. Here we report that ligation of LFA-1 on NK cells induced asymmetrical cell spreading and migration. In contrast, ligation of the activating receptor NKG2D induced symmetrical spreading of ruffled lamellipodia encompassing a dynamic ring of f-actin, concurrent with polarization towards a target cell and a “stop” signal. Ligation of both LFA-1 and NKG2D together resulted in symmetrical spreading but co-ligation of inhibitory receptors reverted NK cells to an asymmetrical migratory configuration leading to inhibitory synapses being smaller and more rapidly disassembled. Using micropatterned activating and inhibitory ligands, signals were found to be continuously and locally integrated during spreading. Together, these data demonstrate that NK cells spread to form large, stable, symmetrical synapses if activating signals dominate, whereas asymmetrical migratory “kinapses” are favoured if inhibitory signals dominate. This clarifies how the integration of activating and inhibitory receptor signals is translated to an appropriate NK cell response. Immune cells survey their local environment and an immunological response can be activated when an appropriate target cell or antigen-presenting cell is recognised by key cell surface molecules. Just how the multitude of protein–protein interactions work to regulate this decision is an ongoing question. Imaging technology has provided key insights, demonstrating that immune cell activation is often accompanied by the segregation of proteins at immune synapses. Natural killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that can recognise and kill virally infected or tumour-transformed cells via the formation of a synapse that facilitates secretion of cytotoxic granules directed at the target cells. Key to understanding target cell recognition by NK cells is to establish how the balance of activating and inhibitory signals at the synapse leads to an appropriate response, e.g., to kill or spare a target cell. We found that when activating ligands are dominant on a target cell, NK cells stop migrating and spread lamellipodia across the target cell to form a large symmetrical synapse. If inhibitory signals dominate, the symmetry of the NK cell spreading response is broken and the stop signal is reversed, which reduces the time spent in contact with the target cell. Thus, NK cell activating and inhibitory signals regulate NK cell synapse symmetry and migration to determine whether an NK cell will kill or move on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona J. Culley
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Johnson
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Henry Evans
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rupert Crilly
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Casasbuenas
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Schnyder
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maryam Mehrabi
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahendra P. Deonarain
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry S. Ushakov
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique Braud
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR6097, Valbonne, France
| | - Günter Roth
- Department of Molecular Biology, Interfacultary Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Köhler
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M. Davis
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Barcia C, Gómez A, Gallego-Sanchez JM, Perez-Vallés A, Castro MG, Lowenstein PR, Barcia C, Herrero MT. Infiltrating CTLs in human glioblastoma establish immunological synapses with tumorigenic cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:786-98. [PMID: 19628762 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunological synapse between T cells and tumor cells is believed to be important for effective tumor clearance. However, the immunological synapse has never been imaged or analyzed in detail in human tissue. In this work, intercellular interactions between T cells and tumor cells were analyzed in detail in human glioblastoma. After characterization of the population of infiltrating T cells by multiple immunofluorescence staining and stereological quantification, the microanatomy of T cell-tumor cell intercellular communication was analyzed in detail using confocal microscopy and three-dimensional rendering. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes that infiltrated human glioblastoma underwent rearrangement when in contact with tumor cells, to form a three-dimensional structure in the intercellular contact area; this was characterized by microclusters of the CD3/TCR complex, re-arrangement of the cytoskeleton, and granzyme B polarization. In addition, such T cell-targeted cells show fragmentation of the microtubular system and increased expression levels of cleaved caspase 3, which suggests that cytotoxic T lymphocytes likely provoke changes in tumor cells and subsequently induce cell death. These results show that the formation of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunological synapse occurs in human tissue and may be relevant for the effective immune-mediated clearance of tumorigenic cells, therefore opening up new avenues for glioblastoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barcia
- Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, CIBERNED, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30071, Murcia, Spain.
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Liu D, Bryceson YT, Meckel T, Vasiliver-Shamis G, Dustin ML, Long EO. Integrin-dependent organization and bidirectional vesicular traffic at cytotoxic immune synapses. Immunity 2009; 31:99-109. [PMID: 19592272 PMCID: PMC2740634 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic lymphocytes kill target cells by releasing the content of secretory lysosomes at the immune synapse. To understand the dynamics and control of cytotoxic immune synapses, we imaged human primary, live natural killer cells on lipid bilayers carrying ligands of activation receptors. Formation of an organized synapse was dependent on the presence of the beta2 integrin ligand ICAM-1. Ligands of coactivation receptors 2B4 and NKG2D segregated into central and peripheral regions, respectively. Lysosomal protein LAMP-1 that was exocytosed during degranulation accumulated in a large and spatially stable cluster, which overlapped with a site of membrane internalization. Lysosomal compartments reached the plasma membrane at focal points adjacent to centrally accumulated LAMP-1. Imaging of fixed cells revealed that perforin-containing granules were juxtaposed to an intracellular compartment where exocytosed LAMP-1 was retrieved. Thus, cytotoxic immune synapses include a central region of bidirectional vesicular traffic, which is controlled by integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfang Liu
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Yenan T. Bryceson
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Gaia Vasiliver-Shamis
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Pathogenesis, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Eric O. Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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