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Smith CT, Wang Z, Lewis JS. Engineering antigen-presenting cells for immunotherapy of autoimmunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 210:115329. [PMID: 38729265 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are burdensome conditions that affect a significant fraction of the global population. The hallmark of autoimmune disease is a host's immune system being licensed to attack its tissues based on specific antigens. There are no cures for autoimmune diseases. The current clinical standard for treating autoimmune diseases is the administration of immunosuppressants, which weaken the immune system and reduce auto-inflammatory responses. However, people living with autoimmune diseases are subject to toxicity, fail to mount a sufficient immune response to protect against pathogens, and are more likely to develop infections. Therefore, there is a concerted effort to develop more effective means of targeting immunomodulatory therapies to antigen-presenting cells, which are involved in modulating the immune responses to specific antigens. In this review, we highlight approaches that are currently in development to target antigen-presenting cells and improve therapeutic outcomes in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton T Smith
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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2
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Riller Q, Sorin B, Courteille C, Ho-Nhat D, Voyer TL, Debray JC, Stolzenberg MC, Pellé O, Becquard T, Riestra MR, Berteloot L, Migaud M, Delage L, Jeanpierre M, Boussard C, Brunaud C, Magérus A, Michel V, Roux C, Picard C, Masson C, Bole-Feysot C, Cagnard N, Corneau A, Meyts I, Baud V, Casanova JL, Fischer A, Dejardin E, Puel A, Boulanger C, Neven B, Rieux-Laucat F. Compound heterozygous mutations in the kinase domain of IKKα lead to immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.17.24307356. [PMID: 38798321 PMCID: PMC11118628 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.17.24307356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
IKKα, encoded by CHUK , is crucial in the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and part of the IKK complex activating the canonical pathway alongside IKKβ. Absence of IKKα cause fetal encasement syndrome in human, fatal in utero, while an impaired IKKα-NIK interaction was reported in a single patient and cause combined immunodeficiency. Here, we describe compound heterozygous variants in the kinase domain of IKKα in a female patient with hypogammaglobulinemia, recurrent lung infections, and Hay-Wells syndrome-like features. We showed that both variants were loss-of-function. Non-canonical NF-κB activation was profoundly diminished in stromal and immune cells while the canonical pathway was partially impaired. Reintroducing wild-type CHUK restored non-canonical NF-κB activation. The patient had neutralizing autoantibodies against type I IFN, akin to non-canonical NF-κB pathway deficiencies. Thus, this is the first case of bi-allelic CHUK mutations disrupting IKKα kinase function, broadening non-canonical NF-κB defect understanding and suggesting IKKα's role in canonical NF-κB target gene expression in human.
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3
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Oftedal BE, Sjøgren T, Wolff ASB. Interferon autoantibodies as signals of a sick thymus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1327784. [PMID: 38455040 PMCID: PMC10917889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1327784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are key immune messenger molecules that play an important role in viral defense. They act as a bridge between microbe sensing, immune function magnitude, and adaptive immunity to fight infections, and they must therefore be tightly regulated. It has become increasingly evident that thymic irregularities and mutations in immune genes affecting thymic tolerance can lead to the production of IFN-I autoantibodies (autoAbs). Whether these biomarkers affect the immune system or tissue integrity of the host is still controversial, but new data show that IFN-I autoAbs may increase susceptibility to severe disease caused by certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, herpes zoster, and varicella pneumonia. In this article, we will elaborate on disorders that have been identified with IFN-I autoAbs, discuss models of how tolerance to IFN-Is is lost, and explain the consequences for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergithe E. Oftedal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thea Sjøgren
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette S. B. Wolff
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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4
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Aytekin ES, Cagdas D. APECED and the place of AIRE in the puzzle of the immune network associated with autoimmunity. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13299. [PMID: 38441333 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, discoveries about the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein and its critical role in immune tolerance have provided fundamental insights into understanding the molecular basis of autoimmunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of AIRE on immunological tolerance and the characteristics of autoimmune diseases in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy-Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED), which is caused by biallelic AIRE mutations. A better understanding of the immunological mechanisms of AIRE deficiency may enlighten immune tolerance mechanisms and new diagnostic and treatment strategies for autoimmune diseases. Considering that not all clinical features of APECED are present in a given follow-up period, the diagnosis is not easy in a patient at the first visit. Longer follow-up and a multidisciplinary approach are essential for diagnosis. It is challenging to prevent endocrine and other organ damage compared with other diseases associated with multiple autoimmunities, such as FOXP3, LRBA, and CTLA4 deficiencies. Unfortunately, no curative therapy like haematopoietic stem cell transplantation or specific immunomodulation is present that is successful in the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Soyak Aytekin
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, SBU Dr. Sami Ulus Children Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Cagdas
- Division of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Ihsan Dogramaci Children`s Hospital, Institute of Child Health, Hacettepe University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
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5
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Aqdas M, Sung MH. NF-κB dynamics in the language of immune cells. Trends Immunol 2023; 44:32-43. [PMID: 36473794 PMCID: PMC9811507 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Biological discovery has been driven by advances in throughput and resolution of analysis technologies. They have also created an indelible bias for snapshot-based knowledge. Even though recent methods such as multi-omics single-cell assays have empowered immunological investigations, they still provide snapshots of cellular behaviors and thus, have inherent limitations in reconstructing unsynchronized dynamic events across individual cells. Here, we present a rationale for how NF-κB may convey specificity of contextual information through subtle quantitative features of its signaling dynamics. The next frontier of predictive understanding should involve functional characterization of NF-κB signaling dynamics and their immunological implications. This may help solve the apparent paradox that a ubiquitously activated transcription factor can shape accurate responses to different immune challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Aqdas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Myong-Hee Sung
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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6
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Shichkin VP, Antica M. Key Factors for Thymic Function and Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926516. [PMID: 35844535 PMCID: PMC9280625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is the organ responsible for T cell development and the formation of the adaptive immunity function. Its multicellular environment consists mainly of the different stromal cells and maturing T lymphocytes. Thymus-specific progenitors of epithelial, mesenchymal, and lymphoid cells with stem cell properties represent only minor populations. The thymic stromal structure predominantly determines the function of the thymus. The stromal components, mostly epithelial and mesenchymal cells, form this specialized area. They support the consistent developmental program of functionally distinct conventional T cell subpopulations. These include the MHC restricted single positive CD4+ CD8- and CD4- CD8+ cells, regulatory T lymphocytes (Foxp3+), innate natural killer T cells (iNKT), and γδT cells. Several physiological causes comprising stress and aging and medical treatments such as thymectomy and chemo/radiotherapy can harm the thymus function. The present review summarizes our knowledge of the development and function of the thymus with a focus on thymic epithelial cells as well as other stromal components and the signaling and transcriptional pathways underlying the thymic cell interaction. These critical thymus components are significant for T cell differentiation and restoring the thymic function after damage to reach the therapeutic benefits.
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Lopes N, Boucherit N, Santamaria JC, Provin N, Charaix J, Ferrier P, Giraud M, Irla M. Thymocytes trigger self-antigen-controlling pathways in immature medullary thymic epithelial stages. eLife 2022; 11:69982. [PMID: 35188458 PMCID: PMC8860447 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of developing T cells with Aire+ medullary thymic epithelial cells expressing high levels of MHCII molecules (mTEChi) are critical for the induction of central tolerance in the thymus. In turn, thymocytes regulate the cellularity of Aire+ mTEChi. However, it remains unknown whether thymocytes control the precursors of Aire+ mTEChi that are contained in mTEClo cells or other mTEClo subsets that have recently been delineated by single-cell transcriptomic analyses. Here, using three distinct transgenic mouse models, in which antigen presentation between mTECs and CD4+ thymocytes is perturbed, we show by high-throughput RNA-seq that self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes induce key transcriptional regulators in mTEClo and control the composition of mTEClo subsets, including Aire+ mTEChi precursors, post-Aire and tuft-like mTECs. Furthermore, these interactions upregulate the expression of tissue-restricted self-antigens, cytokines, chemokines, and adhesion molecules important for T-cell development. This gene activation program induced in mTEClo is combined with a global increase of the active H3K4me3 histone mark. Finally, we demonstrate that these self-reactive interactions between CD4+ thymocytes and mTECs critically prevent multiorgan autoimmunity. Our genome-wide study thus reveals that self-reactive CD4+ thymocytes control multiple unsuspected facets from immature stages of mTECs, which determines their heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noella Lopes
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Boucherit
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Jérémy C Santamaria
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Nathan Provin
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Jonathan Charaix
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Ferrier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Matthieu Giraud
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Irla
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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8
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Autoimmune Regulator Gene Polymorphisms in Egyptian Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients: Preliminary Results. Int J Rheumatol 2021; 2021:5546639. [PMID: 34621318 PMCID: PMC8492237 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5546639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease. The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is a master regulator of self-tolerance development. AIRE mutations lead to the development of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 while AIRE polymorphisms have been linked to organ-specific autoimmunity. The study is aimed at addressing the association between AIRE polymorphisms, rs2075876 (G > A) and rs760426 (A > G), and SLE susceptibility and expression in Egyptian patients. Methods Ninety-nine patients were included. One hundred and ten, and 123 control subjects were genotyped for rs2075876 and rs760426, respectively. Lupus severity was assessed using the Lupus Severity of Disease Index and Lupus Severity Index (LSI). Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) damage index was considered. Genotyping was done using StepOne Real-Time PCR. Results. AIRE rs760426 GG was more frequent in the patients under the genotype level (14.1% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.032) and recessive model (14.1% vs. 4.9%, p = 0.017, OR = 3.2 (1.2-8.7)). Musculoskeletal involvement and nephritis were associated with AIRE rs2075876 under the dominant (97.9% vs. 80.8%, p = 0.009, OR = 11 (1.3-89.2)) and recessive models (100% vs. 69.3%, p = 0.032), respectively; and both were linked to AIRE rs2075876 at the allelic level: 98.3% vs. 85%, p = 0.005, OR = 10.1 (1.3-76.6) and 82.8% vs. 68.6, p = 0.041, OR = 2.2 (1-4.7), respectively. Patients with AIRE rs2075876 A alleles had a higher damage index ( 1 ± 1.3 vs. 0.6 ± 1.1, p = 0.045) while the LSI was greater in patients with AIRE rs2075876 (8.5 ± 0.5 vs. 7.8 ± 1.3, p = 0.002) and rs760426 (8.6 ± 11 vs. 7.8 ± 1.2, p = 0.031) under the recessive models. Conclusion. AIRE rs760426 could share in SLE susceptibility while AIRE rs2075876 could influence the disease expression and burden in Egyptian patients.
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9
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Wirasinha RC, Davies AR, Srivastava M, Sheridan JM, Sng XYX, Delmonte OM, Dobbs K, Loh KL, Miosge LA, Lee CE, Chand R, Chan A, Yap JY, Keller MD, Chen K, Rossjohn J, La Gruta NL, Vinuesa CG, Reid HH, Lionakis MS, Notarangelo LD, Gray DHD, Goodnow CC, Cook MC, Daley SR. Nfkb2 variants reveal a p100-degradation threshold that defines autoimmune susceptibility. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211502. [PMID: 33107914 PMCID: PMC7595743 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB2/p100 (p100) is an inhibitor of κB (IκB) protein that is partially degraded to produce the NF-κB2/p52 (p52) transcription factor. Heterozygous NFKB2 mutations cause a human syndrome of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, but whether autoimmunity arises from insufficiency of p52 or IκB function of mutated p100 is unclear. Here, we studied mice bearing mutations in the p100 degron, a domain that harbors most of the clinically recognized mutations and is required for signal-dependent p100 degradation. Distinct mutations caused graded increases in p100-degradation resistance. Severe p100-degradation resistance, due to inheritance of one highly degradation-resistant allele or two subclinical alleles, caused thymic medullary hypoplasia and autoimmune disease, whereas the absence of p100 and p52 did not. We inferred a similar mechanism occurs in humans, as the T cell receptor repertoires of affected humans and mice contained a hydrophobic signature of increased self-reactivity. Autoimmunity in autosomal dominant NFKB2 syndrome arises largely from defects in nonhematopoietic cells caused by the IκB function of degradation-resistant p100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ainsley R Davies
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Translational Research Unit, Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology (NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence), John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Monika Srivastava
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Julie M Sheridan
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Xavier Y X Sng
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ottavia M Delmonte
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Khai L Loh
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Cindy Eunhee Lee
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Translational Research Unit, Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Rochna Chand
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Translational Research Unit, Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anna Chan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jin Yan Yap
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Michael D Keller
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Karin Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.,Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Nicole L La Gruta
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology (NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence), John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Hugh H Reid
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Daniel H D Gray
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research & Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Matthew C Cook
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.,Translational Research Unit, Department of Immunology, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia.,Centre for Personalised Immunology (NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence), John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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10
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Barnabei L, Laplantine E, Mbongo W, Rieux-Laucat F, Weil R. NF-κB: At the Borders of Autoimmunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:716469. [PMID: 34434197 PMCID: PMC8381650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.716469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-κB regulates multiple aspects of innate and adaptive immune functions and serves as a pivotal mediator of inflammatory response. In the first part of this review, we discuss the NF-κB inducers, signaling pathways, and regulators involved in immune homeostasis as well as detail the importance of post-translational regulation by ubiquitination in NF-κB function. We also indicate the stages of central and peripheral tolerance where NF-κB plays a fundamental role. With respect to central tolerance, we detail how NF-κB regulates medullary thymic epithelial cell (mTEC) development, homeostasis, and function. Moreover, we elaborate on its role in the migration of double-positive (DP) thymocytes from the thymic cortex to the medulla. With respect to peripheral tolerance, we outline how NF-κB contributes to the inactivation and destruction of autoreactive T and B lymphocytes as well as the differentiation of CD4+-T cell subsets that are implicated in immune tolerance. In the latter half of the review, we describe the contribution of NF-κB to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity and autoinflammation. The recent discovery of mutations involving components of the pathway has both deepened our understanding of autoimmune disease and informed new therapeutic approaches to treat these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Barnabei
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
| | - William Mbongo
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Rieux-Laucat
- INSERM UMR 1163, Laboratory of Immunogenetics of Pediatric Autoimmune Diseases, Imagine Institute Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Robert Weil
- Sorbonne Universités, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM, UMR1135), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, ERL8255), Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses CMI, Paris, France
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11
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Sogkas G, Atschekzei F, Adriawan IR, Dubrowinskaja N, Witte T, Schmidt RE. Cellular and molecular mechanisms breaking immune tolerance in inborn errors of immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:1122-1140. [PMID: 33795850 PMCID: PMC8015752 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00626-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to susceptibility to infections, conventional primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) and inborn errors of immunity (IEI) can cause immune dysregulation, manifesting as lymphoproliferative and/or autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity can be the prominent phenotype of PIDs and commonly includes cytopenias and rheumatological diseases, such as arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren's syndrome (SjS). Recent advances in understanding the genetic basis of systemic autoimmune diseases and PIDs suggest an at least partially shared genetic background and therefore common pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we explore the interconnected pathogenic pathways of autoimmunity and primary immunodeficiency, highlighting the mechanisms breaking the different layers of immune tolerance to self-antigens in selected IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Sogkas
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany.
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany.
| | - Faranaz Atschekzei
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany
| | - Ignatius Ryan Adriawan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany
| | - Natalia Dubrowinskaja
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany
| | - Torsten Witte
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Ernst Schmidt
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hanover, Germany
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12
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Zinatizadeh MR, Schock B, Chalbatani GM, Zarandi PK, Jalali SA, Miri SR. The Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-kB) signaling in cancer development and immune diseases. Genes Dis 2021; 8:287-297. [PMID: 33997176 PMCID: PMC8093649 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) family of transcription factors plays an essential role as stressors in the cellular environment, and controls the expression of important regulatory genes such as immunity, inflammation, death, and cell proliferation. NF-kB protein is located in the cytoplasm, and can be activated by various cellular stimuli. There are two pathways for NF-kB activation, as the canonical and non-canonical pathways, which require complex molecular interactions with adapter proteins and phosphorylation and ubiquitinase enzymes. Accordingly, this increases NF-kB translocation in the nucleus and regulates gene expression. In this study, the concepts that emerge in different cellular systems allow the design of NF-kB function in humans. This would not only allow the development for rare diseases associated with NF-kB, but would also be used as a source of useful information to eliminate widespread consequences such as cancer or inflammatory/immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bettina Schock
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Ghanbar Mahmoodi Chalbatani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Amir Jalali
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
| | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
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13
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Bienias M, Gabrielyan A, Geberzahn L, Rösen-Wolff A, Huebner A, Jacobsen EM, Toepfner N, Fang M, Lee-Kirsch MA, Roesler J, Schuetz C. More severe than CVID: Combined immunodeficiency due to a novel NFKB2 mutation. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021; 32:793-797. [PMID: 33369776 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Bienias
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anastasia Gabrielyan
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Geberzahn
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Rösen-Wolff
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Angela Huebner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Nicole Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Min Ae Lee-Kirsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joachim Roesler
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catharina Schuetz
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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14
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Zhang Q, Liang Z, Zhang J, Lei T, Dong X, Su H, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Tan L, Zhao Y. Sirt6 Regulates the Development of Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells and Contributes to the Establishment of Central Immune Tolerance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:655552. [PMID: 33869219 PMCID: PMC8044826 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.655552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some advances have been made in understanding the molecular regulation of mTEC development, the role of epigenetic regulators in the development and maturation of mTEC is poorly understood. Here, using the TEC-specific Sirt6 knockout mice, we found the deacetylase Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6) is essential for the development of functionally competent mTECs. First of all, TEC-specific Sirt6 deletion dramatically reduces the mTEC compartment, which is caused by reduced DNA replication and subsequent impaired proliferation ability of Sirt6-deficient mTECs. Secondly, Sirt6 deficiency specifically accelerates the differentiation of mTECs from CD80–Aire– immature population to CD80+Aire– intermediate mature population by promoting the expression of Spib. Finally, Sirt6 ablation in TECs markedly interferes the proper expression of tissue-restricted antigens (TRAs) and impairs the development of thymocytes and nTreg cells. In addition, TEC conditional knockout of Sirt6 results in severe autoimmune disease manifested by reduced body weight, the infiltration of lymphocytes and the presence of autoantibodies. Collectively, this study reveals that the expression of epigenetic regulator Sirt6 in TECs is crucial for the development and differentiation of mTECs, which highlights the importance of Sirt6 in the establishment of central immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanfeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Lei
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiting Su
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Tan
- Center of Organ Transplantation, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Eshima K, Misawa K, Ohashi C, Noma H, Iwabuchi K. NF-κB-inducing kinase contributes to normal development of cortical thymic epithelial cells: its possible role in shaping a proper T-cell repertoire. Immunology 2020; 160:198-208. [PMID: 32145062 PMCID: PMC7218659 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor (NF)-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is known to be a critical regulator of multiple aspects of the immune response. Although the role of NIK in the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) has been well documented, the impact of NIK on the differentiation and function of cortical thymic epithelial cells (cTECs) remains ambiguous. To investigate the possible involvement of NIK in cTEC differentiation, we have compared the gene expression and function of cTECs from a NIK-mutant mouse, alymphoplasia (aly/aly) with those of cTECs from wild-type (WT) mice. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that expression levels of MHC class II, but not MHC class I or other TEC markers, were higher in aly/aly cells than in WT cells. Notably, the proportion of MHC class IIhi+ cTECs was elevated in aly/aly mice. We also demonstrated that expression of Ccl5 mRNA in the MHC class IIhi+ subset of aly/aly cTECs was decreased compared with that in WT cells, implying an abnormal pattern of gene expression in aly/aly cTECs. Analyses of bone marrow chimera using aly/aly or aly/+ mice as hosts suggested that Vβ usage and CD5 expression on WT T-cells were altered when they matured in aly/aly thymi. These results collectively indicate that NIK may be involved in controlling the function of cTEC in selecting a proper T-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Eshima
- Department of ImmunologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Kana Misawa
- Department of ImmunologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Chihiro Ohashi
- Department of ImmunologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Haruka Noma
- Department of ImmunologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of ImmunologyKitasato University School of MedicineKanagawaJapan
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16
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Kondo K, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y. Thymus machinery for T-cell selection. Int Immunol 2020; 31:119-125. [PMID: 30476234 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An immunocompetent and self-tolerant pool of naive T cells is formed in the thymus through the process of repertoire selection. T cells that are potentially capable of responding to foreign antigens are positively selected in the thymic cortex and are further selected in the thymic medulla to help prevent self-reactivity. The affinity between T-cell antigen receptors expressed by newly generated T cells and self-peptide-major histocompatibility complexes displayed in the thymic microenvironments plays a key role in determining the fate of developing T cells during thymic selection. Recent advances in our knowledge of the biology of thymic epithelial cells have revealed unique machinery that contributes to positive and negative selection in the thymus. In this article, we summarize recent findings on thymic T-cell selection, focusing on the machinery unique to thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kondo
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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17
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NFKB2 regulates human Tfh and Tfr pool formation and germinal center potential. Clin Immunol 2019; 210:108309. [PMID: 31751612 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.108309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mutations affecting the non-canonical pathway of NF-κB were recently identified to underlie a form of common variable immunodeficiency strongly associated with autoimmunity. Although intrinsic B-cell abnormalities explain most of the humoral defects of this disease, detailed data on the impact of NFKB2 on follicular helper (Tfh) and regulatory (Tregs) T cells are scarce. Here, we show that Tfh, CXCR5+, and CXCR5- Treg cell subsets were significantly reduced in patients heterozygous for a truncating mutation of NFKB2. Plasma CXCL13 levels were reduced, underlining an important role for NFKB2 in regulating the germinal center (GC) response. Proinflammatory IFNγ, IL-17 and IL-10 cytokine production by CD4 T cells was lower in the mutated patients, but the production of IL-4 and IL-21 was not altered. Taken together, our findings show that NFKB2 influences the quality and efficiency of human GC reaction, by affecting not only the B cells but also GC-relevant T cell subsets.
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18
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Dhar A, Chawla M, Chattopadhyay S, Oswal N, Umar D, Gupta S, Bal V, Rath S, George A, Arimbasseri GA, Basak S. Role of NF-kappaB2-p100 in regulatory T cell homeostasis and activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13867. [PMID: 31554891 PMCID: PMC6761191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunological roles of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) pathway are mediated via the canonical components in immune responses and via non-canonical components in immune organogenesis and homeostasis, although the two components are capable of crosstalk. Regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are homeostatically functional and represent an interesting potential meeting point of these two NF-κB components. We show that mice deficient in the non-canonical NF-κB component gene Nfkb2 (p100) had normal thymic development and suppressive function of Tregs. However, they had enhanced frequencies of peripheral 'effector-phenotype' Tregs (eTregs). In bi-parental chimeras of wild-type (WT) and Nfkb2-/- mice, the Nfkb2-/- genotype was over-represented in Tregs, with a further increase in the relative prominence of eTregs. Consistent with distinct properties of eTregs, the Nfkb2-/- genotype was more prominent in Tregs in extra-lymphoid tissues such as liver in the bi-parental chimeras. The Nfkb2-/- Tregs also displayed greater survival, activation and proliferation in vivo. These Nfkb2-/- Tregs showed higher nuclear NF-κB activity mainly comprising of RelB-containing dimers, in contrast to the prominence of cRel- and RelA-containing dimers in WT Tregs. Since p100 is an inhibitor of RelB activation as well as a participant as cleaved p52 in RelB nuclear activity, we tested bi-parental chimeras of WT and Relb-/- mice, and found normal frequencies of Relb-/- Tregs and eTregs in these chimeric mice. Our findings confirm and extend recent data, and indicate that p100 normally restrains RelB-mediated Treg activation, and in the absence of p100, p50-RelB dimers can contribute to Treg activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atika Dhar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Neelam Oswal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Danish Umar
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suman Gupta
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Vineeta Bal
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anna George
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Soumen Basak
- National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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19
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Nasomyont N, Lindsley AW, Assa'ad A, Dawson DB, Neilson DE, Brady CC, Rutter MM. Central diabetes insipidus in a patient with NFKB2 mutation: Expanding the endocrine phenotype in DAVID syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:4051-4057. [PMID: 31150062 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT DAVID syndrome is a recently described, rare disorder characterized by anterior pituitary hormone deficiencies and common variable immunodeficiency associated with NFKB2 mutations. Posterior pituitary hormone deficiencies have not been reported in patients with DAVID syndrome. CASE DESCRIPTION We report a pediatric patient who initially presented with hypogammaglobulinemia and alopecia totalis, who was identified to have a de novo NFKB2 mutation at one year of age. He developed central diabetes insipidus and central adrenal insufficiency at three and four years of age respectively. At seven years of age, he had not developed growth hormone or thyrotropin deficiencies. Whole exome sequencing ruled out known genetic causes of central diabetes insipidus, adrenal insufficiency and hypopituitarism. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report of central diabetes insipidus in a patient with DAVID syndrome due to an NFKB2 mutation. This case report expands the evolving endocrine phenotype associated with NFKB2 mutations beyond anterior pituitary deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nat Nasomyont
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Andrew W Lindsley
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Amal Assa'ad
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - D Brian Dawson
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Derek E Neilson
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Phoenix Children's Hospital, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Cassandra C Brady
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Meilan M Rutter
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH
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20
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Scott O, Roifman CM. NF-κB pathway and the Goldilocks principle: Lessons from human disorders of immunity and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 143:1688-1701. [PMID: 30940520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling pathways play a key role in various cell processes related to host immunity. The last few years have seen an explosion of disorders associated with NF-κB components from core members of the canonical and noncanonical cascades to adaptor protein and ubiquitination-related enzymes. Disease phenotypes have extended beyond susceptibility to infections and include autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, atopy, and inflammation. Concurrently, studies are unveiling a tightly regulated system marked by extensive cross-talk between the canonical and noncanonical pathways, as well as among the NF-κB and other signaling pathways. As the rate of discovery in the realm of NF-κB defects accelerates, this review presents a timely summary of major known defects causing human disease, as well as diagnostic, therapeutic, and research challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chaim M Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and the Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the Diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children.
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21
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Fatal Enteroviral Encephalitis in a Patient with Common Variable Immunodeficiency Harbouring a Novel Mutation in NFKB2. J Clin Immunol 2019; 39:324-335. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-019-00602-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Aird A, Lagos M, Vargas-Hernández A, Posey JE, Coban-Akdemir Z, Jhangiani S, Mace EM, Reyes A, King A, Cavagnaro F, Forbes LR, Chinn IK, Lupski JR, Orange JS, Poli MC. Novel Heterozygous Mutation in NFKB2 Is Associated With Early Onset CVID and a Functional Defect in NK Cells Complicated by Disseminated CMV Infection and Severe Nephrotic Syndrome. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:303. [PMID: 31417880 PMCID: PMC6682634 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa-B subunit 2 (NF-κB2/p100/p52), encoded by NFKB2 (MIM: 164012) belongs to the NF-κB family of transcription factors that play a critical role in inflammation, immunity, cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Heterozygous C-terminal mutations in NFKB2 have been associated with early-onset common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), central adrenal insufficiency and ectodermal dysplasia. Only two previously reported cases have documented decreased natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity, and little is known about the role of NF-κB2 in NK cell maturation and function. Here we report a 13-year-old female that presented at 6 years of age with a history of early onset recurrent sinopulmonary infections, progressive hair loss, and hypogamaglobulinemia consistent with a clinical diagnosis of CVID. At 9 years of age she had cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia that responded to ganciclovir treatment. Functional NK cell testing demonstrated decreased NK cell cytotoxicity despite normal NK cell numbers, consistent with a greater susceptibility to systemic CMV infection. Research exome sequencing (ES) was performed and revealed a novel de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation in NFKB2 (c.2611C>T, p.Gln871*) that was not carried by either of her parents. The variant was Sanger sequenced and confirmed to be de novo in the patient. At age 12, she presented with a reactivation of the systemic CMV infection that was associated with severe and progressive nephrotic syndrome with histologic evidence of pedicellar effacement and negative immunofluorescence. To our knowledge, this is the third NF-κB2 deficient patient in which an abnormal NK cell function has been observed, suggesting a role for non-canonical NF-κB2 signaling in NK cell cytotoxicity. NK cell function should be assessed in patients with mutations in the non-canonical NF-κB pathway to explore the risk for systemic viral infections that may lead to severe complications and impact patient survival. Similarly NF-κB2 should be considered in patients with combined immunodeficiency who have aberrant NK cell function. Further studies are needed to characterize the role of NF-κB2 in NK cell cytotoxic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Aird
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Lagos
- Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.,Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Emily M Mace
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anaid Reyes
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alejandra King
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Cavagnaro
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James R Lupski
- Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Pediatrics, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York Presbyterian, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Maria Cecilia Poli
- Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.,Section of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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23
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Parsons K, Cipriano SD, Rosen LB, Browne SK, Walter JE, Stone BL, Keeshin S, Chen K. Severe Facial Herpes Vegetans and Viremia in NFKB2-Deficient Common Variable Immunodeficiency. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:61. [PMID: 30941333 PMCID: PMC6433840 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the accessibility of next-generation sequencing modalities, an increasing number of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) such as common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) have gained improved understanding of molecular pathogenesis and disease phenotype with the identification of a genetic etiology. We report a patient with early-onset CVID due to an autosomal dominant loss-of-function mutation in NFKB2 who developed a severe herpes vegetans cutaneous infection as well as concurrent herpes simplex virus viremia. The case highlights features of CVID, unique aspects of NF-κB2 deficiency including susceptibility to herpesvirus infections, the detection of neutralizing anticytokine antibodies, and the complexity of medical management of patients with a PIDD that can be aided by a known genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Parsons
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Sarah D Cipriano
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Lindsey B Rosen
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sarah K Browne
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jolan E Walter
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bryan L Stone
- Division of Pediatric Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Susana Keeshin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Karin Chen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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24
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25
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Moreira-Filho CA, Bando SY, Bertonha FB, Ferreira LR, Vinhas CDF, Oliveira LHB, Zerbini MCN, Furlanetto G, Chaccur P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Minipuberty and Sexual Dimorphism in the Infant Human Thymus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13169. [PMID: 30177771 PMCID: PMC6120939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIRE expression in thymus is downregulated by estrogen after puberty, what probably renders women more susceptible to autoimmune disorders. Here we investigated the effects of minipuberty on male and female infant human thymic tissue in order to verify if this initial transient increase in sex hormones - along the first six months of life - could affect thymic transcriptional network regulation and AIRE expression. Gene co-expression network analysis for differentially expressed genes and miRNA-target analysis revealed sex differences in thymic tissue during minipuberty, but such differences were not detected in the thymic tissue of infants aged 7-18 months, i.e. the non-puberty group. AIRE expression was essentially the same in both sexes in minipuberty and in non-puberty groups, as assessed by genomic and immunohistochemical assays. However, AIRE-interactors networks showed several differences in all groups regarding gene-gene expression correlation. Therefore, minipuberty and genomic mechanisms interact in shaping thymic sexual dimorphism along the first six months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Yumi Bando
- Departament of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Chaccur
- Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magda Carneiro-Sampaio
- Departament of Pediatrics, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
About two decades ago, cloning of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene materialized one of the most important actors on the scene of self-tolerance. Thymic transcription of genes encoding tissue-specific antigens (ts-ags) is activated by AIRE protein and embodies the essence of thymic self-representation. Pathogenic AIRE variants cause the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1, which is a rare and complex disease that is gaining attention in research on autoimmunity. The animal models of disease, although not identically reproducing the human picture, supply fundamental information on mechanisms and extent of AIRE action: thanks to its multidomain structure, AIRE localizes to chromatin enclosing the target genes, binds to histones, and offers an anchorage to multimolecular complexes involved in initiation and post-initiation events of gene transcription. In addition, AIRE enhances mRNA diversity by favoring alternative mRNA splicing. Once synthesized, ts-ags are presented to, and cause deletion of the self-reactive thymocyte clones. However, AIRE function is not restricted to the activation of gene transcription. AIRE would control presentation and transfer of self-antigens for thymic cellular interplay: such mechanism is aimed at increasing the likelihood of engagement of the thymocytes that carry the corresponding T-cell receptors. Another fundamental role of AIRE in promoting self-tolerance is related to the development of thymocyte anergy, as thymic self-representation shapes at the same time the repertoire of regulatory T cells. Finally, AIRE seems to replicate its action in the secondary lymphoid organs, albeit the cell lineage detaining such property has not been fully characterized. Delineation of AIRE functions adds interesting data to the knowledge of the mechanisms of self-tolerance and introduces exciting perspectives of therapeutic interventions against the related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Perniola
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care, Vito Fazzi Regional Hospital, Lecce, Italy
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27
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The molecular basis of immune regulation in autoimmunity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:43-67. [PMID: 29305419 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases can be triggered and modulated by various molecular and cellular characteristics. The mechanisms of autoimmunity and the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases have been investigated for several decades. It is well accepted that autoimmunity is caused by dysregulated/dysfunctional immune susceptible genes and environmental factors. There are multiple physiological mechanisms that regulate and control self-reactivity, but which can also lead to tolerance breakdown when in defect. The majority of autoreactive T or B cells are eliminated during the development of central tolerance by negative selection. Regulatory cells such as Tregs (regulatory T) and MSCs (mesenchymal stem cells), and molecules such as CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4) and IL (interleukin) 10 (IL-10), help to eliminate autoreactive cells that escaped to the periphery in order to prevent development of autoimmunity. Knowledge of the molecular basis of immune regulation is needed to further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases and pave the way for the development of more effective, specific, and safer therapeutic interventions.
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28
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Miraghazadeh B, Cook MC. Nuclear Factor-kappaB in Autoimmunity: Man and Mouse. Front Immunol 2018; 9:613. [PMID: 29686669 PMCID: PMC5900062 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NF-κB (nuclear factor-kappa B) is a transcription complex crucial for host defense mediated by innate and adaptive immunity, where canonical NF-κB signaling, mediated by nuclear translocation of RelA, c-Rel, and p50, is important for immune cell activation, differentiation, and survival. Non-canonical signaling mediated by nuclear translocation of p52 and RelB contributes to lymphocyte maturation and survival and is also crucial for lymphoid organogenesis. We outline NF-κB signaling and regulation, then summarize important molecular contributions of NF-κB to mechanisms of self-tolerance. We relate these mechanisms to autoimmune phenotypes described in what is now a substantial catalog of immune defects conferred by mutations in NF-κB pathways in mouse models. Finally, we describe Mendelian autoimmune syndromes arising from human NF-κB mutations, and speculate on implications for understanding sporadic autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Miraghazadeh
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew C. Cook
- Centre for Personalised Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Translational Research Unit, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Canberra Hospital, Acton, ACT, Australia
- *Correspondence: Matthew C. Cook,
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29
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Ramakrishnan KA, Rae W, Barcenas-Morales G, Gao Y, Pengelly RJ, Patel SV, Kumararatne DS, Ennis S, Döffinger R, Faust SN, Williams AP. Anticytokine autoantibodies in a patient with a heterozygous NFKB2 mutation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:1479-1482.e6. [PMID: 29225085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kesava A Ramakrishnan
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - William Rae
- Southampton NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Barcenas-Morales
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Laboratorio de Inmunologia, Facultad de Estudios Superior, Universidad Autonoma de Mexico, Cuautitlan-Izcalli, Edo de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Yifang Gao
- CRUK NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Reuben J Pengelly
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay V Patel
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Dinakantha S Kumararatne
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rainer Döffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; National Institute of Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Saul N Faust
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Southampton NIHR Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony P Williams
- Faculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; CRUK NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom; WISH Laboratory University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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30
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Su M, Hu R, Song Y, Liu Y, Lai L. Targeted deletion of c-Met in thymic epithelial cells leads to an autoimmune phenotype. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 96:229-235. [PMID: 29363160 PMCID: PMC5825253 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor c-Met signaling have been implicated in regulating various types of cells including epithelial cells. We have previously reported that c-Met is expressed by thymic epithelial cells (TECs), and that in vivo administration of hybrid cytokines containing IL-7 and the beta- or alpha-chain of HGF significantly increase the number of TECs. In order to study the role of c-Met signaling in TECs, we generated conditional knockout (cKO) mice in which c-Met was specifically deleted in TECs using a Foxn1-Cre transgene. We show here that c-Met deficiency in TECs results in age-progressive reduction in TEC number and reduced number of regulatory T cells. Consequently, c-Met TEC cKO mice displayed an autoimmune phenotype. Thus, c-Met signaling in TECs is important for the maintenance of TECs and immune self-tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Su
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Yinhong Song
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,Medical college, Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Laijun Lai
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.,University of Connecticut Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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31
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Severe Toxoplasma gondii infection in a member of a NFKB2-deficient family with T and B cell dysfunction. Clin Immunol 2017; 183:273-277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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The non-canonical NF-κB pathway in immunity and inflammation. NATURE REVIEWS. IMMUNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28580957 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.52)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways, which differ in both signalling components and biological functions. Recent studies have revealed important roles for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating different aspects of immune functions. Defects in non-canonical NF-κB signalling are associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas dysregulated activation of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review the signalling mechanisms and the biological function of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We also discuss recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies.
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33
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Shen H, Sheng L, Xiong Y, Kim YH, Jiang L, Chen Z, Liu Y, Pyaram K, Chang CH, Rui L. Thymic NF-κB-inducing kinase regulates CD4 + T cell-elicited liver injury and fibrosis in mice. J Hepatol 2017; 67:100-109. [PMID: 28267623 PMCID: PMC5476485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The liver is an immunologically-privileged organ. Breakdown of liver immune privilege has been reported in chronic liver disease; however, the role of adaptive immunity in liver injury is poorly defined. Nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) is known to regulate immune tissue development, but its role in maintaining liver homeostasis remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the role of NIK, particularly thymic NIK, in regulating liver adaptive immunity. METHODS NIK was deleted systemically or conditionally using the Cre/loxp system. Cluster of differentiation [CD]4+ or CD8+ T cells were depleted using anti-CD4 or anti-CD8 antibody. Donor bone marrows or thymi were transferred into recipient mice. Immune cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. RESULTS Global, but not liver-specific or hematopoietic lineage cell-specific, deletion of NIK induced fatal liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Likewise, adoptive transfer of NIK-null, but not wild-type, thymi into immune-deficient mice induced liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in recipients. Liver inflammation was characterized by a massive expansion of T cells, particularly the CD4+ T cell subpopulation. Depletion of CD4+, but not CD8+, T cells fully protected against liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis in NIK-null mice. NIK deficiency also resulted in inflammation in the lung, kidney, and pancreas, but to a lesser degree relative to the liver. CONCLUSIONS Thymic NIK suppresses development of autoreactive T cells against liver antigens, and NIK deficiency in the thymus results in CD4+ T cell-orchestrated autoimmune hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Thus, thymic NIK is essential for the maintenance of liver immune privilege and liver homeostasis. LAY SUMMARY We found that global or thymus-specific ablation of the NIK gene results in fatal autoimmune liver disease in mice. NIK-deficient mice develop liver inflammation, injury, and fibrosis. Our findings indicate that thymic NIK is essential for the maintenance of liver integrity and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liang Sheng
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yi Xiong
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yeung-Hyen Kim
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Lin Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Kalyani Pyaram
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cheong-Hee Chang
- Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Liangyou Rui
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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34
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Riemann M, Andreas N, Fedoseeva M, Meier E, Weih D, Freytag H, Schmidt-Ullrich R, Klein U, Wang ZQ, Weih F. Central immune tolerance depends on crosstalk between the classical and alternative NF-κB pathways in medullary thymic epithelial cells. J Autoimmun 2017; 81:56-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is activated by canonical and non-canonical signalling pathways, which differ in both signalling components and biological functions. Recent studies have revealed important roles for the non-canonical NF-κB pathway in regulating different aspects of immune functions. Defects in non-canonical NF-κB signalling are associated with severe immune deficiencies, whereas dysregulated activation of this pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Here we review the signalling mechanisms and the biological function of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. We also discuss recent progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating non-canonical NF-κB pathway activation, which may provide new opportunities for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center UT Heath Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 7455 Fannin Street, Box 902, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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36
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Petersen F, Yue X, Riemekasten G, Yu X. Dysregulated homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens - A novel principle in autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:602-611. [PMID: 28411168 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monogenic autoimmune disorders provide a powerful tool for our understanding of the principles of autoimmunity due to the obvious impact of a single gene on the disease. So far, approximately 100 single gene defects causing murine monogenic autoimmune disorders have been reported and the functional characterization of these genes will provide significant progress in understanding the nature of autoimmunity. According to their function, genes leading to monogenic autoimmune disorders can be categorized into two groups. An expectable first group contains genes involved in the homeostasis of the immune system, including homeostasis of immune organs and immune cells. Intriguingly, the second group consists of genes functionally involved in the homeostasis of target tissues or autoantigens. According to our novel hypothesis, we propose that autoimmunity represents a consequence of a dysregulated homeostasis of the immune system and/or its targets including autoantigens and target tissues. In this review we refer to both aspects of homeostasis in autoimmunity with a highlight on the role of the homeostasis of target tissues and autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Petersen
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Gabriela Riemekasten
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Department of Rheumatology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Members of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 23845 Borstel, Germany; Xiamen-Borstel Joint Laboratory of Autoimmunity, Medical College of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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37
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Wu W, Shi Y, Xia H, Chai Q, Jin C, Ren B, Zhu M. Epithelial LTβR signaling controls the population size of the progenitors of medullary thymic epithelial cells in neonatal mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44481. [PMID: 28290551 PMCID: PMC5349570 DOI: 10.1038/srep44481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of T cell central tolerance critically relies on the development and maintenance of the medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs). Disrupted signaling of lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) results in dramatically reduced mTEC population. However, whether LTβR directly or indirectly control mTECs remains undetermined; how LTβR controls this process also remain unclear. In this study, by utilizing K14-Cre × Ltbrfl/fl conditional knockout (cKO) mice, we show that epithelial intrinsic LTβR was essential for the mTEC development postnatally. Mechanistically, LTβR did not directly impact the proliferation or survival of mTECs; the maturation of mTECs from MHC-IIlo to MHC-IIhi stage was also unaltered in the absence of LTβR; interestingly, the number of mTEC progenitors (Cld3,4hiSSEA-1+) was found significantly reduced in LTβR cKO mice at the neonatal stage, but not at E18.5. Consequently, epithelial deficiency of LTβR resulted in significant defect of thymic negative selection as demonstrated using OT-I and RIP-OVA transgenic mouse system. In summary, our study clarifies the epithelial intrinsic role of LTβR on mTEC development and function; more importantly, it reveals a previously unrecognized function of LTβR on the control of the size of mTEC progenitor population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yaoyao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Huan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qian Chai
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Caiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boyang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingzhao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Shi C, Wang F, Tong A, Zhang XQ, Song HM, Liu ZY, Lyu W, Liu YH, Xia WB. NFKB2 mutation in common variable immunodeficiency and isolated adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e5081. [PMID: 27749582 PMCID: PMC5059085 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) with central adrenal insufficiency is a recently defined clinical syndrome caused by mutations in the nuclear factor kappa-B subunit 2 (NFKB2) gene. We present the first case of NFKB2 mutation in Asian population. METHODS AND RESULTS An 18-year-old Chinese female with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency was admitted due to adrenal crisis and pneumonia. She had a history of recurrent respiratory infections since childhood and ectodermal abnormalities were noted during physical examination. Immunologic tests revealed panhypogammaglobulinemia and deficient natural killer (NK)-cell function. DNA sequencing of NFKB2 identified a heterozygous nonsense mutation (c.2563 A>T, p.855: Lys>*) in the patient but not her parents. CONCLUSION Clinicians should be alert to comorbidities of adrenal insufficiency and ectodermal dysplasia in CVID patients as these might suggest a rare hereditary syndrome caused by NFKB2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
| | - Anli Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
- Correspondence: Anli Tong, Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China (e-mail: )
| | | | | | | | - Wei Lyu
- Department of Infectious Diseases
| | - Yue-Hua Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Bo Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health
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39
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Ramakrishnan P, Yui MA, Tomalka JA, Majumdar D, Parameswaran R, Baltimore D. Deficiency of Nuclear Factor-κB c-Rel Accelerates the Development of Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:2367-79. [PMID: 27217485 PMCID: PMC4955991 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB protein c-Rel plays a critical role in controlling autoimmunity. c-Rel-deficient mice are resistant to streptozotocin-induced diabetes, a drug-induced model of autoimmune diabetes. We generated c-Rel-deficient NOD mice to examine the role of c-Rel in the development of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. We found that both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from c-Rel-deficient NOD mice showed significantly decreased T-cell receptor-induced IL-2, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF expression. Despite compromised T-cell function, c-Rel deficiency dramatically accelerated insulitis and hyperglycemia in NOD mice along with a substantial reduction in T-regulatory (Treg) cell numbers. Supplementation of isogenic c-Rel-competent Treg cells from prediabetic NOD mice reversed the accelerated diabetes development in c-Rel-deficient NOD mice. The results suggest that c-Rel-dependent Treg cell function is critical in suppressing early-onset autoimmune diabetogenesis in NOD mice. This study provides a novel natural system to study autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis and reveals a previously unknown c-Rel-dependent mechanistic difference between chemically induced and spontaneous diabetogenesis. The study also reveals a unique protective role of c-Rel in autoimmune diabetes, which is distinct from other T-cell-dependent autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, where c-Rel promotes autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Ramakrishnan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mary A Yui
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Jeffrey A Tomalka
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Devdoot Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Reshmi Parameswaran
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - David Baltimore
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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40
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Abramson J, Husebye ES. Autoimmune regulator and self-tolerance - molecular and clinical aspects. Immunol Rev 2016; 271:127-40. [PMID: 27088911 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of central tolerance in the thymus is critical for avoiding deleterious autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune regulator (AIRE), the causative gene in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type-1 (APS-1), is crucial for the establishment of self-tolerance in the thymus by promoting promiscuous expression of a wide array of tissue-restricted self-antigens. This step is critical for elimination of high-affinity self-reactive T cells from the immunological repertoire, and for the induction of a specific subset of Foxp3(+) T-regulatory (Treg ) cells. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of how AIRE operates on molecular and cellular levels, as well as of how its loss of function results in breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms characterized by a broad and heterogeneous repertoire of autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Abramson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eystein S Husebye
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Nitta T, Suzuki H. Thymic stromal cell subsets for T cell development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1021-37. [PMID: 26825337 PMCID: PMC11108406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The thymus provides a specialized microenvironment in which a variety of stromal cells of both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic origin regulate development and repertoire selection of T cells. Recent studies have been unraveling the inter- and intracellular signals and transcriptional networks for spatiotemporal regulation of development of thymic stromal cells, mainly thymic epithelial cells (TECs), and the molecular mechanisms of how different TEC subsets control T cell development and selection. TECs are classified into two functionally different subsets: cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs). cTECs induce positive selection of diverse and functionally distinct T cells by virtue of unique antigen-processing systems, while mTECs are essential for establishing T cell tolerance via ectopic expression of peripheral tissue-restricted antigens and cooperation with dendritic cells. In addition to reviewing the role of the thymic stroma in conventional T cell development, we will discuss recently discovered novel functions of TECs in the development of unconventional T cells, such as natural killer T cells and γδT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, 272-8516, Japan.
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Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) is broadly involved in different receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Considerable progress was made recently in understanding the role of TRAF3 in T cell biology. Here we review these new findings about how TRAF3 participates in T cell development and function. The different roles of TRAF3 in distinct immune cells are also compared. That TRAF3 is required for T cell effector functions, and invariant Natural Killer T cell function and development, was unexpected. Another surprising finding is that TRAF3 normally restrains regulatory T cell development. It is now clear that TRAF3 regulates signaling to T cells not only through costimulatory members of the TNFR superfamily, but also through the T cell receptor complex, and cytokine receptors. The diverse roles it plays support the multifaceted nature of this molecule. How TRAF3 mediates integration of different signaling cascades is an important topic for future study.
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Key Words
- DC, dendritic cell
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ICOS, inducible co-stimulator
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IL-2 receptor
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- Jak1, Janus kinase 1
- LMC, litter mate control
- LMP1, latent membrane protein-1
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MΦ, macrophage
- NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase
- NLR, nucleotide binding-oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor
- RLR, retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptor
- SLAM, signaling lymphocyte activation molecule
- SOCS1, Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- T cell
- T cell receptor
- T-TRAF3−/−, CD4CreTRAF3flox/flox
- TCPTP, T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TFH, follicular helper T cell
- TFR, follicular Treg cell
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNFR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor
- TRAF3
- TRAF3, TNFR-associated factor 3
- Tcm cell, central memory T cell
- Tem cell, effector memory T cell
- Treg cell, regulatory T cell
- adaptor molecule
- iNKT cell, invariant Natural Killer T cell
- invariant Natural Killer T cell
- regulatory T cell
- signaling pathway
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoan Yi
- a Departments of Microbiology ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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43
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Matsumoto M. Switching on the Aire conditioner. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:3237-40. [PMID: 26643138 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aire has been cloned as the gene responsible for a hereditary type of organ-specific autoimmune disease. Aire controls the expression of a wide array of tissue-restricted Ags by medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), thereby leading to clonal deletion and Treg-cell production, and ultimately to the establishment of self-tolerance. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism responsible for the control of Aire expression itself. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Haljasorg et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 3246-3256] have reported the presence of an enhancer element for Aire that binds with NF-κB components downstream of the TNF receptor family member, RANK (receptor activator of NF-κB). The results suggest that RANK has a dual mode of action in Aire expression: one involving the promotion of mTEC differentiation and the other involving activation of the molecular switch for Aire within mature mTECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Mair F, Joller S, Hoeppli R, Onder L, Hahn M, Ludewig B, Waisman A, Becher B. The NFκB-inducing kinase is essential for the developmental programming of skin-resident and IL-17-producing γδ T cells. eLife 2015; 4:e10087. [PMID: 26637788 PMCID: PMC4733042 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells contribute to first line immune defense, particularly through their ability for rapid production of proinflammatory cytokines. The cytokine profile of γδ T cells is hard-wired already during thymic development. Yet, the molecular pathways underlying this phenomenon are incompletely understood. Here we show that signaling via the NFκB-inducing kinase (NIK) is essential for the formation of a fully functional γδ T cell compartment. In the absence of NIK, development of Vγ5(+) dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) was halted in the embryonic thymus, and impaired NIK function caused a selective loss of IL-17 expression by γδ T cells. Using a novel conditional mutant of NIK, we could show in vivo that NIK signaling in thymic epithelial cells is essential for the thymic hardwiring of γδ T cell cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mair
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romy Hoeppli
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Onder
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center, Johannes-Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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45
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LaFlam TN, Seumois G, Miller CN, Lwin W, Fasano KJ, Waterfield M, Proekt I, Vijayanand P, Anderson MS. Identification of a novel cis-regulatory element essential for immune tolerance. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1993-2002. [PMID: 26527800 PMCID: PMC4647269 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic central tolerance is essential to preventing autoimmunity. In medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), the Autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene plays an essential role in this process by driving the expression of a diverse set of tissue-specific antigens (TSAs), which are presented and help tolerize self-reactive thymocytes. Interestingly, Aire has a highly tissue-restricted pattern of expression, with only mTECs and peripheral extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) known to express detectable levels in adults. Despite this high level of tissue specificity, the cis-regulatory elements that control Aire expression have remained obscure. Here, we identify a highly conserved noncoding DNA element that is essential for Aire expression. This element shows enrichment of enhancer-associated histone marks in mTECs and also has characteristics of being an NF-κB-responsive element. Finally, we find that this element is essential for Aire expression in vivo and necessary to prevent spontaneous autoimmunity, reflecting the importance of this regulatory DNA element in promoting immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor N LaFlam
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Grégory Seumois
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Corey N Miller
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Wint Lwin
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Kayla J Fasano
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael Waterfield
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Irina Proekt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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Noma H, Eshima K, Satoh M, Iwabuchi K. Differential dependence on nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase among natural killer T-cell subsets in their development. Immunology 2015; 146:89-99. [PMID: 25988531 PMCID: PMC4552504 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T cells (NKT cells) are comprised of several subsets. However, the possible differences in their developmental mechanisms have not been fully investigated. To evaluate the dependence of some NKT subpopulations on nuclear factor-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) for their generation, we analysed the differentiation of NKT cells, dividing them into subsets in various tissues of alymphoplasia (aly/aly), a mutant mouse strain that lacks functional NIK. The results indicated that the efficient differentiation of both invariant NKT (iNKT) and non-iNKT cells relied on NIK expression in non-haematopoietic cells; however, the dependence of non-iNKT cells was lower than that of iNKT cells. Especially, the differentiation of CD8(+) non-iNKT cells was markedly resistant to the aly mutation. The proportion of two other NKT cell subsets, NK1.1(+) γδ T cells and NK1.1(-) iNKT cells, was also significantly reduced in aly/aly mice, and this defect in their development was reversed in wild-type host mice given aly/aly bone marrow cells. In exerting effector functions, NIK in NKT-αβ cells appeared dispensable, as NIK-deficient NKT-αβ cells could secrete interleukin-4 or interferon-γ and exhibit cytolytic activity at a level comparable to that of aly/+ NKT-αβ cells. Collectively, these results imply that the NIK in thymic stroma may be critically involved in the differentiation of most NKT cell subsets (although the level of NIK dependence may vary among the subsets), and also that NIK in NKT-αβ cells may be dispensable for their effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Noma
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara, Japan
| | - Koji Eshima
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara, Japan
| | - Masashi Satoh
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwabuchi
- Department of Immunology, Kitasato University School of MedicineSagamihara, Japan
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47
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van Delft MAM, Huitema LFA, Tas SW. The contribution of NF-κB signalling to immune regulation and tolerance. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:529-39. [PMID: 25735405 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune regulation is necessary to control inflammatory responses and to prevent autoimmune diseases. Therefore, mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance have evolved to ensure that T cells recognize antigens as self- or non-self-antigens. The thymus is crucially important for central tolerance induction to self-antigens via negative selection of T cells. However, if T cells escape negative selection in the thymus and enter the periphery, peripheral mechanisms are active to warrant immune tolerance. Secondary lymphoid organs, as well as tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, play an important role in peripheral tolerance. In chronic inflammatory diseases, tertiary lymphoid organs are sometimes formed that may also be involved in the induction of peripheral tolerance. This review discusses the main processes that are involved in immune regulation and tolerance, and focuses on the contribution of NF-κB signalling to these processes. MATERIAL AND METHODS This narrative review is based on peer-reviewed publications listed on PubMed up to December 2014. The focus of our literature search was on studies investigating the role of (non)canonical NF-κB signalling in central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance. Only studies published in English language were considered. RESULTS This review discusses the immune phenotype of mutant mice with defective (non)canonical NF-κB signalling, corroborated with human data, and emphasizes the contribution of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway to immune regulation and tolerance induction. CONCLUSIONS Noncanonical NF-κB signalling has an important immunoregulatory role in the immune system and contributes to both central and peripheral mechanisms of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe A M van Delft
- Amsterdam Rheumatology & immunology Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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48
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Brue T, Quentien MH, Khetchoumian K, Bensa M, Capo-Chichi JM, Delemer B, Balsalobre A, Nassif C, Papadimitriou DT, Pagnier A, Hasselmann C, Patry L, Schwartzentruber J, Souchon PF, Takayasu S, Enjalbert A, Van Vliet G, Majewski J, Drouin J, Samuels ME. Mutations in NFKB2 and potential genetic heterogeneity in patients with DAVID syndrome, having variable endocrine and immune deficiencies. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:139. [PMID: 25524009 PMCID: PMC4411703 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-014-0139-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background DAVID syndrome is a rare condition combining anterior pituitary hormone deficiency with common variable immunodeficiency. NFKB2 mutations have recently been identified in patients with ACTH and variable immunodeficiency. A similar mutation was previously found in Nfkb2 in the immunodeficient Lym1 mouse strain, but the effect of the mutation on endocrine function was not evaluated. Methods We ascertained six unrelated DAVID syndrome families. We performed whole exome and traditional Sanger sequencing to search for causal genes. Lym1 mice were examined for endocrine developmental anomalies. Results Mutations in the NFKB2 gene were identified in three of our families through whole exome sequencing, and in a fourth by direct Sanger sequencing. De novo origin of the mutations could be demonstrated in three of the families. All mutations lie near the C-terminus of the protein-coding region, near signals required for processing of NFΚB2 protein by the alternative pathway. Two of the probands had anatomical pituitary anomalies, and one had growth and thyroid hormone as well as ACTH deficiency; these findings have not been previously reported. Two children of one of the probands carried the mutation and have to date exhibited only an immune phenotype. No mutations were found near the C-terminus of NFKB2 in the remaining two probands; whole exome sequencing has been performed for one of these. Lym1 mice, carrying a similar Nfkb2 C-terminal mutation, showed normal pituitary anatomy and expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Conclusions We confirm previous findings that mutations near the C-terminus of NFKB2 cause combined endocrine and immunodeficiencies. De novo status of the mutations was confirmed in all cases for which both parents were available. The mutations are consistent with a dominant gain-of-function effect, generating an unprocessed NFKB2 super-repressor protein. We expand the potential phenotype of such NFKB2 mutations to include additional pituitary hormone deficiencies as well as anatomical pituitary anomalies. The lack of an observable endocrine phenotype in Lym1 mice suggests that the endocrine component of DAVID syndrome is either not due to a direct role of NFKB pathways on pituitary development, or else that human and mouse pituitary development differ in its requirements for NFKB pathway function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-014-0139-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7286, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13344, Marseille, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Department of Endocrinology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Marie-Hélène Quentien
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7286, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13344, Marseille, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Department of Endocrinology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Konstantin Khetchoumian
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Marco Bensa
- Ospedale Bufalini, Department of Paediatrics, Cesena, FC, Italy.
| | | | - Brigitte Delemer
- Departments of Endocrinology and of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Robert Debré, 51092, Reims, France.
| | - Aurelio Balsalobre
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Christina Nassif
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Dimitris T Papadimitriou
- Department of Pediatric-Adolescent Endocrinology and Diabetes, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anne Pagnier
- Clinique universitaire de pédiatrie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France.
| | - Caroline Hasselmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Lysanne Patry
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Pierre-François Souchon
- Departments of Endocrinology and of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Robert Debré, 51092, Reims, France.
| | - Shinobu Takayasu
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Alain Enjalbert
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille (CRN2M), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7286, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, 13344, Marseille, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Department of Endocrinology, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares d'Origine Hypophysaire, Hôpital de la Timone, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Guy Van Vliet
- Endocrinology Service and Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Ste-Justine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Jacques Drouin
- Laboratoire de Génétique moléculaire, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, 110 Avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Mark E Samuels
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, 3175 Cote Ste-Catherine, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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O'Reilly LA, Hughes P, Lin A, Waring P, Siebenlist U, Jain R, Gray DHD, Gerondakis S, Strasser A. Loss of c-REL but not NF-κB2 prevents autoimmune disease driven by FasL mutation. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:767-78. [PMID: 25361085 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
FASL/FAS signaling imposes a critical barrier against autoimmune disease and lymphadenopathy. Mutant mice unable to produce membrane-bound FASL (FasL(Δm/Δm)), a prerequisite for FAS-induced apoptosis, develop lymphadenopathy and systemic autoimmune disease with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis. Prior to disease onset, FasL(Δm/Δm) mice contain abnormally high numbers of leukocytes displaying activated and elevated NF-κB-regulated cytokine levels, indicating that NF-κB-dependent inflammation may be a key pathological driver in this multifaceted autoimmune disease. We tested this hypothesis by genetically impairing canonical or non-canonical NF-κB signaling in FasL(Δm/Δm) mice by deleting the c-Rel or NF-κB2 genes, respectively. Although the loss of NF-κB2 reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokines and autoantibodies, the impact on animal survival was minor due to substantially accelerated and exacerbated lymphoproliferative disease. In contrast, a marked increase in lifespan resulting from the loss of c-REL coincided with a striking reduction in classical parameters of autoimmune pathology, including the levels of cytokines and antinuclear autoantibodies. Notably, the decrease in regulatory T-cell numbers associated with loss of c-REL did not exacerbate autoimmunity in FasL(Δm/Δm)c-rel(-/-) mice. These findings indicate that selective inhibition of c-REL may be an attractive strategy for the treatment of autoimmune pathologies driven by defects in FASL/FAS signaling that would be expected to circumvent many of the complications caused by pan-NF-κB inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A O'Reilly
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hughes
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Nephrology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Lin
- Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Waring
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010 Victoria, Australia
| | - U Siebenlist
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Jain
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - D H D Gray
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Gerondakis
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases and Department of Clinical Hematology, Monash University Central Clinical School, Melbourne 3004, Victoria, Australia
| | - A Strasser
- 1] Molecular Genetics of Cancer Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Autosomal-dominant B-cell deficiency with alopecia due to a mutation in NFKB2 that results in nonprocessable p100. Blood 2014; 124:2964-72. [PMID: 25237204 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-06-578542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Most genetic defects that arrest B-cell development in the bone marrow present early in life with agammaglobulinemia, whereas incomplete antibody deficiency is usually associated with circulating B cells. We report 3 related individuals with a novel form of severe B-cell deficiency associated with partial persistence of serum immunoglobulin arising from a missense mutation in NFKB2. Significantly, this point mutation results in a D865G substitution and causes a failure of p100 phosphorylation that blocks processing to p52. Severe B-cell deficiency affects mature and transitional cells, mimicking the action of rituximab. This phenotype appears to be due to disruption of canonical and noncanonical nuclear factor κB pathways by the mutant p100 molecule. These findings could be informative for therapeutics as well as immunodeficiency.
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