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Jordan J, Levy JH, Gonzalez-Estrada A. Perioperative anaphylaxis: updates on pathophysiology. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 24:183-188. [PMID: 38743470 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0000000000000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Perioperative anaphylaxis has historically been attributed to IgE/FcεRI-mediated reactions; there is now recognition of allergic and nonallergic triggers encompassing various reactions beyond IgE-mediated responses. This review aims to present recent advancements in knowledge regarding the mechanisms and pathophysiology of perioperative anaphylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence highlights the role of the mast-cell related G-coupled protein receptor X2 pathway in direct mast cell degranulation, shedding light on previously unknown mechanisms. This pathway, alongside traditional IgE/FcεRI-mediated reactions, contributes to the complex nature of anaphylactic reactions. Investigations into the microbiota-anaphylaxis connection are ongoing, with potential implications for future treatment strategies. While serum tryptase levels serve as mast cell activation indicators, identifying triggers remains challenging. A range of mediators have been associated with anaphylaxis, including vasoactive peptides, proteases, lipid molecules, cytokines, chemokines, interleukins, complement components, and coagulation factors. SUMMARY Further understanding of clinical endotypes and the microenvironment where anaphylactic reactions unfold is essential for standardizing mediator testing and characterization in perioperative anaphylaxis. Ongoing research aims to elucidate the mechanisms, pathways, and mediators involved across multiple organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and integumentary systems, which will be crucial for improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jordan
- TMC Health Medical Education Program, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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Nguyen SMT, Rupprecht CP, Haque A, Pattanaik D, Yusin J, Krishnaswamy G. Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells, Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157785. [PMID: 34360549 PMCID: PMC8346007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC4, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaisha Haque
- The Bill Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 27106, USA;
| | - Debendra Pattanaik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, UT Memphis College of Medicine, Memphis, TN 38103, USA;
| | - Joseph Yusin
- The Division of Allergy and Immunology, Greater Los Angeles VA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90011, USA;
| | - Guha Krishnaswamy
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA;
- The Bill Hefner VA Medical Center, Salisbury, NC 27106, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Critical Care Management of the Patient With Anaphylaxis: A Concise Definitive Review. Crit Care Med 2021; 49:838-857. [PMID: 33653974 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0000000000004893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anaphylaxis is a rapidly progressive life-threatening syndrome manifesting as pruritus, urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm and shock. The goal of this synthetic review is to provide a practical, updated approach to the evaluation and management of this disorder and associated complications. DATA SOURCES A MEDLINE search was conducted with the MeSH of anaphylaxis, anaphylactic reaction, anaphylactic shock, refractory anaphylaxis and subheadings of diagnosis, classification, epidemiology, complications and pharmacology. The level of evidence supporting an intervention was evaluated based on the availability of randomized studies, expert opinion, case studies, reviews, practice parameters and other databases (including Cochrane). STUDY SELECTION Selected publications describing anaphylaxis, clinical trials, diagnosis, mechanisms, risk factors and management were retrieved (reviews, guidelines, clinical trials, case series) and their bibliographies were also reviewed to identify relevant publications. DATA EXTRACTION Data from the relevant publications were reviewed, summarized and the information synthesized. DATA SYNTHESIS This is a synthetic review and the data obtained from a literature review was utilized to describe current trends in the diagnosis and management of the patient with anaphylaxis with a special emphasis on newer evolving concepts of anaphylaxis endotypes and phenotypes, management of refractory anaphylaxis in the ICU setting and review of therapeutic options for the elderly patient, or the complicated patient with severe cardiorespiratory complications. Most of the recommendations come from practice parameters, case studies or expert opinions, with a dearth of randomized trials to support specific interventions. CONCLUSION Anaphylaxis is a rapidly progressive life-threatening disorder. The critical care physician needs to be familiar with the diagnosis, differential diagnosis, evaluation, and management of anaphylaxis. Skilled intervention in ICUs may be required for the patient with complicated, severe, or refractory anaphylaxis.
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Percival E, Bhatia R, Preece K, McEvoy M, Collison A, Mattes J. Change in exhaled nitric oxide during peanut challenge is related to severity of reaction. ALLERGY, ASTHMA, AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 16:64. [PMID: 32834829 PMCID: PMC7386245 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-020-00464-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peanut allergy affects 3% of Australian children and has a higher risk of anaphylaxis than most food allergies. Predicting who is likely to develop anaphylaxis is still an inexact science. The fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) shows promise as a biomarker involved in peanut allergy, as nitric oxide plays a role in inhibiting mast cell degranulation which is relevant in anaphylaxis, where mast cell degranulation plays a mediator role. The aim of this study was to assess the change in FeNO in children during peanut challenge. METHODS Thirty-six children aged from 5 to 17 years were recruited for open-labelled peanut challenge. Participants had skin prick test to peanut performed, and serum collected for Ara h2 specific IgE and peanut specific IgE. FeNO was measured by portable device (NIOX VERO) prior to and throughout the peanut challenge. RESULTS When grouped according to reaction type at peanut challenge (anaphylaxis, clinical allergy not anaphylaxis and tolerant), there were significant differences in the mean change in FeNO measurement between the anaphylaxis group and the clinical allergy, not anaphylaxis group (p = 0.005), and between the anaphylaxis group and tolerant group (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS FeNO decreased more significantly in those who subsequently developed anaphylaxis than in those with clinical allergy, not anaphylaxis or negative peanut challenge (tolerance). As a bedside test that can be used in children, it has potential for further research into mechanisms of anaphylaxis in food allergy and potentially assists in predicting an imminent anaphylactic reaction in some patients.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov: PEAnut Anaphylaxis Predictors (PEAAP) NCT02424136.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Percival
- GrowUpWell Priority Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
- Department of Paediatric Medicine, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Rani Bhatia
- Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Kahn Preece
- Department of Paediatric Allergy & Immunology, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Adam Collison
- GrowUpWell Priority Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
| | - Joerg Mattes
- GrowUpWell Priority Research Centre, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Lot 1 Kookaburra Circuit, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW 2305 Australia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW Australia
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Children’s Hospital, Newcastle, NSW Australia
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Varney VA, Nicholas A, Warner A, Sumar N. IgE-Mediated Systemic Anaphylaxis And Its Association With Gene Polymorphisms Of ACE, Angiotensinogen And Chymase. J Asthma Allergy 2019; 12:343-361. [PMID: 31632094 PMCID: PMC6790349 DOI: 10.2147/jaa.s213016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) protects the circulation against sudden falls in systemic blood pressure via generation of angiotensin II (AII). Previously, we demonstrated that patients with anaphylaxis involving airway angioedema and cardiovascular collapse (AACVS) had significantly increased "I" gene polymorphisms of the angiotensin-converting-enzymes (ACE). This is associated with lower serum ACE and AII levels and was not seen in anaphylaxis without collapse nor atopics and healthy controls. OBJECTIVES To examine the angiotensinogen (AGT-M235T) and chymase gene (CMA-1 A1903G) polymorphisms in these original subjects. METHOD 122 patients with IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, 119 healthy controls and 52 atopics had polymorphisms of the AGT gene and chymase gene examined by polymerase chain reactions and gel electrophoresis. Their previous ACE genotypes were included for the analysis. RESULTS AGT-MM genes (associated with low AGT levels) were significantly increased in anaphylaxis (Terr's classification). When combined with ACE, anaphylaxis showed increased MM/II gene pairing (p<0.0013) consistent with lower RAS activity. For chymase, there was increased pairing of MM/AG (p<0.005) and AG/II and AG/ID (p<0.0073) for anaphylaxis consistent with lower RAS activity. A tri-allelic ensemble of the 6 commonest gene combinations for the healthy controls and anaphylaxis confirmed this difference (p=0.0001); for anaphylaxis, genes were predominately MM/AG/II or ID, while healthy controls were DD/MT/AG or GG patterns. CONCLUSION Our gene polymorphisms show lower RAS activity for anaphylaxis especially AACVS. Animal models of anaphylaxis are focused on endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) which is shown to be the mediator of fatal shock and prevented by eNO-blockade. The interaction of AII and eNO controls the microcirculation in man. High serum AII levels reduce eNO activity, so higher RAS-activity could protect against shock. Our data shows low RAS activity in anaphylaxis especially AACVS, suggesting the influence of these genes on shock are via AII levels and its effects on eNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- VA Varney
- Department of Medicine, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Nicholas
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - A Warner
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
| | - N Sumar
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, St Helier Hospital, Carshalton, SurreySM5 1AA, UK
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Caviedes A, Varas-Godoy M, Lafourcade C, Sandoval S, Bravo-Alegria J, Kaehne T, Massmann A, Figueroa JP, Nualart F, Wyneken U. Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Present in Dendritic Spines of Neurons in Primary Cultures. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:180. [PMID: 28725180 PMCID: PMC5495831 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide exerts important regulatory functions in various brain processes. Its synthesis in neurons has been most commonly ascribed to the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) isoform. However, the endothelial isoform (eNOS), which is significantly associated with caveolae in different cell types, has been implicated in synaptic plasticity and is enriched in the dendrites of CA1 hippocampal neurons. Using high resolution microscopy and co-distribution analysis of eNOS with synaptic and raft proteins, we now show for the first time in primary cortical and hippocampal neuronal cultures, virtually devoid of endothelial cells, that eNOS is present in neurons and is localized in dendritic spines. Moreover, eNOS is present in a postsynaptic density-enriched biochemical fraction isolated from these neuronal cultures. In addition, qPCR analysis reveals that both the nNOS as well as the eNOS transcripts are present in neuronal cultures. Moreover, eNOS inhibition in cortical cells has a negative impact on cell survival after excitotoxic stimulation with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). Consistent with previous results that indicated nitric oxide production in response to the neurotrophin BDNF, we could detect eNOS in immunoprecipitates of the BDNF receptor TrkB while nNOS could not be detected. Taken together, our results show that eNOS is located at excitatory synapses where it could represent a source for NO production and thus, the contribution of eNOS-derived nitric oxide to the regulation of neuronal survival and function deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Caviedes
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
| | - Manuel Varas-Godoy
- Laboratorio Biología de la Reproducción, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Lafourcade
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
| | - Javiera Bravo-Alegria
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
| | - Thilo Kaehne
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke UniversityMagdeburg, Germany
| | - Angela Massmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-SalemNC, United States
| | - Jorge P Figueroa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-SalemNC, United States
| | - Francisco Nualart
- Centro de Microscopía Avanzada, CMA BIO BIO, Laboratorio de Neurobiología y Células Madres, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de ConcepciónConcepción, Chile
| | - Ursula Wyneken
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los AndesSantiago, Chile
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Hashimoto M, Miyai N, Hattori S, Iwahara A, Utsumi M, Arita M, Takeshita T. Age and gender differences in the influences of eNOS T-786C polymorphism on arteriosclerotic parameters in general population in Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2016; 21:274-82. [PMID: 27038349 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-016-0527-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The influence of T-786C polymorphism in the promoter region of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on arteriosclerotic parameters by age and gender were examined. METHODS Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), heart-rate adjusted augmentation index (AIx@75), pulse pressure (PP) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were assessed as arteriosclerotic parameters in addition to non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) to HDL-C (non-HDL-C/HDL-C) ratio in 1499 participants. T-786C polymorphism (rs2070744) was screened using a TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Analyses of covariance were carried. RESULTS Women with the non-C allele showed significantly lower AIx@75 in participants aged <65 years and baPWV in participants aged ≥65 years than those with C allele. In contrast, men with the non-C allele showed significantly higher PP in participants aged <65 years, and higher ACR and non-HDL-C/HDL-C ratio in participants aged ≥65 years. In men on cholesterol-lowering medication, the non-C allele carriers showed significantly higher non-HDL-C compared to those in the C allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS eNOS T-786C polymorphism is significantly associated with arteriosclerotic parameters accompanied with age and gender differences, possibly involving antioxidative and/or endothelial signaling other than inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marowa Hashimoto
- Department of Public Health, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Miyai
- Wakayama Medical University School of Health and Nursing Science, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan
| | - Sonomi Hattori
- Wakayama Medical University School of Health and Nursing Science, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan
| | - Akihiko Iwahara
- Wakayama Medical University School of Health and Nursing Science, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan
| | - Miyoko Utsumi
- Wakayama Medical University School of Health and Nursing Science, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan
| | - Mikio Arita
- Wakayama Medical University School of Health and Nursing Science, 580 Mikazura, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Takeshita
- Department of Public Health, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama City, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan.
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Coronary flow and oxidative stress during local anaphylactic reaction in isolated mice heart: the role of nitric oxide (NO). Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 412:221-7. [PMID: 26708221 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the role of nitric oxide (NO) in cardiac anaphylaxis regarding changes in coronary reactivity and oxidative status of the mice heart. The animals were divided into two groups: experimental group (CBA, iNOS(-/-) mice) and control group: wild-type mice (CBA/H). The hearts of male mice (n = 24; 6-8 weeks old, body mass 20-25 g, 12 in each experimental group) were excised and retrogradely perfused according to the Langendorff technique at a constant perfusion pressure (70 cm H2O). Cardiac anaphylaxis was elicited by injection of solution (1 mg/1 ml) of ovalbumin into the aortic cannula. For the next 10 min, in intervals of 2 min (0-2, 2-4, 4-6, 6-8, 8-10 min) coronary flow (CF) rates were measured and samples of coronary effluent were collected. Markers of oxidative stress including index of lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), NO measured in the form of nitrites (NO2(-)), superoxide anion radical (O2(-)), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the coronary venous effluent were assessed spectrophotometrically. After the ovalbumin challenge, CF was significantly lower in the wild mice group. NO and H2O2 release were significantly higher in iNOS(-/-) mice group. TBARS and O2(-) values did not vary significantly between wild and iNOS(-/-) mice groups. Our results indicate that coronary vasoconstriction during cardiac anaphylaxis does not necessarily depend on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/NO activity and that iNOS/NO pathway may not be an only influential mediator of redox changes in this model of cardiac anaphylaxis.
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Yamada Y, Eto M, Ito Y, Mochizuki S, Son BK, Ogawa S, Iijima K, Kaneki M, Kozaki K, Toba K, Akishita M, Ouchi Y. Suppressive Role of PPARγ-Regulated Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Adipocyte Lipolysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136597. [PMID: 26317347 PMCID: PMC4552558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Metabolic syndrome causes insulin resistance and is associated with risk factor clustering, thereby increasing the risk of atherosclerosis. Recently, endothelial nitric oxide synthase deficient (eNOS-/-) mice have been reported to show metabolic disorders. Interestingly, eNOS has also been reported to be expressed in non-endothelial cells including adipocytes, but the functions of eNOS in adipocytes remain unclear. Methods and Results The eNOS expression was induced with adipocyte differentiation and inhibition of eNOS/NO enhanced lipolysis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the administration of a high fat diet (HFD) was able to induce non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in eNOS-/- mice but not in wild type mice. A PPARγ antagonist increased eNOS expression in adipocytes and suppressed HFD-induced fatty liver changes. Conclusions eNOS-/- mice induce NASH development, and these findings provide new insights into the therapeutic approach for fatty liver disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yamada
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Eto
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yuki Ito
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Mochizuki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bo-Kyung Son
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumito Ogawa
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Iijima
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Kaneki
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Koichi Kozaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Toba
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Akishita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Ouchi
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Severe Anaphylaxis Targeting Platelet-Activating Factor and PAF Acetylhydrolase. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40521-014-0020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Held KF, Dostmann WR. Sub-Nanomolar Sensitivity of Nitric Oxide Mediated Regulation of cGMP and Vasomotor Reactivity in Vascular Smooth Muscle. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:130. [PMID: 22807915 PMCID: PMC3395022 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent dilator of vascular smooth muscle (VSM) by modulating intracellular cGMP ([cGMP]i) through the binding and activation of receptor guanylyl cylases (sGC). The kinetic relationship of NO and sGC, as well as the subsequent regulation of [cGMP]i and its effects on blood vessel vasodilation, is largely unknown. In isolated VSM cells exposed to both pulsed and clamped NO we observed transient and sustained increases in [cGMP]i, with sub-nanomolar sensitivity to NO (EC50 = 0.28 nM). Through the use of pharmacological inhibitors of sGC, PDE5, and PKG, a comprehensive VSM-specific modeling algorithm was constructed to elucidate the concerted activity profiles of sGC, PDE5, phosphorylated PDE5, and PDE1 in the maintenance of [cGMP]i. In small pressure-constricted arteries of the resistance vasculature we again observed both transient and sustained relaxations upon delivery of pulsed and clamped NO, while maintaining a similarly high sensitivity to NO (EC50 = 0.42 nM). Our results propose an intricate dependency of the messengers and enzymes involved in cGMP homeostasis, and vasodilation in VSM. Particularly, the high sensitivity of sGC to NO in primary tissue indicates how small changes in the concentrations of NO, irrespective of the form of NO delivery, can have significant effects on the dynamic regulation of vascular tone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara F Held
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Vermont Burlington, VT, USA
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Beyond antiangiogenesis: vascular modulation as an anticancer therapy-a review. Transl Oncol 2012; 5:133-40. [PMID: 22741032 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review attempts to move beyond the traditional borders of antiangiogenesis and toward the dynamic, evolving strategies of vascular modulation. This repositioning entails a two-fold paradigm shift: conceptually, to a view of antiangiogenesis as only one part of a larger story, and therapeutically, to approaches which attempt to modulate tumor blood flow instead of simply inhibiting it. Three vascular modulation strategies-provascular, antivascular, and redistributive-are presented with representative compounds. These vascular modulation strategies are described in specific measurable characteristics (blood vessel maturity and type, effect on blood flow, microenvironmental target, molecular target, angiogenic biomarker, and imaging biomarkers) that will help define the tumor types that are more susceptible to a particular vascular modulation strategy thereby guiding therapeutic agent selection and enabling a personalized medicine approach.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to provide an overview of the evolving understanding of the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS Immunopathologic mechanisms of anaphylaxis have traditionally focused on the IgE-dependent and IgE-independent release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. There are accumulating data supporting the significance of alternative pathways of anaphylaxis. Increasing attention has also focused on the internal compensatory mechanisms activated in response to anaphylaxis. SUMMARY Recent advances will enhance understanding of the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis and might have future implications for diagnosis and management.
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Vardatsikos G, Sahu A, Srivastava AK. The insulin-like growth factor family: molecular mechanisms, redox regulation, and clinical implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1165-90. [PMID: 19014342 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2008.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-induced signaling networks are vital in modulating multiple fundamental cellular processes, such as cell growth, survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Aberrations in the generation or action of IGF have been suggested to play an important role in several pathological conditions, including metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and multiple types of cancer. Yet the exact mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases by IGFs remains obscure. Redox pathways involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) contribute to the pathogenetic mechanism of various diseases by modifying key signaling pathways involved in cell growth, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis. Furthermore, ROS and RNS have been demonstrated to alter IGF production and/or action, and vice versa, and thereby have the ability to modulate cellular functions, leading to clinical manifestations of diseases. In this review, we provide an overview on the IGF system and discuss the potential role of IGF-1/IGF-1 receptor and redox pathways in the pathophysiology of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Vardatsikos
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Korhonen H, Fisslthaler B, Moers A, Wirth A, Habermehl D, Wieland T, Schütz G, Wettschureck N, Fleming I, Offermanns S. Anaphylactic shock depends on endothelial Gq/G11. J Exp Med 2009; 206:411-20. [PMID: 19171764 PMCID: PMC2646572 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction involving multiple organs including the bronchial and cardiovascular system. Most anaphylactic mediators, like platelet-activating factor (PAF), histamine, and others, act through G protein-coupled receptors, which are linked to the heterotrimeric G proteins G(q)/G(11), G(12)/G(13), and G(i). The role of downstream signaling pathways activated by anaphylactic mediators in defined organs during anaphylactic reactions is largely unknown. Using genetic mouse models that allow for the conditional abrogation of G(q)/G(11)- and G(12)/G(13)-mediated signaling pathways by inducible Cre/loxP-mediated mutagenesis in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling in ECs is required for the opening of the endothelial barrier and the stimulation of nitric oxide formation by various inflammatory mediators as well as by local anaphylaxis. The systemic effects of anaphylactic mediators like histamine and PAF, but not of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are blunted in mice with endothelial G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency. Mice with endothelium-specific G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency, but not with G alpha(12)/G alpha(13) deficiency, are protected against the fatal consequences of passive and active systemic anaphylaxis. This identifies endothelial G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling as a critical mediator of fatal systemic anaphylaxis and, hence, as a potential new target to prevent or treat anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Korhonen
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Fisslthaler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Alexandra Moers
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Angela Wirth
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Habermehl
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell 1, German Cancer Research Center,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68169 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günther Schütz
- Division Molecular Biology of the Cell 1, German Cancer Research Center,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Max-Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Ibiza S, Serrador J. The role of nitric oxide in the regulation of adaptive immune responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0213-9626(08)70058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response syndrome in the presence of suspected or proven infection, and it may progress to or encompass organ failure (severe sepsis) and hypotension (septic shock). Clinicians possess an arsenal of supportive measures to combat severe sepsis and septic shock, and some success, albeit controversial, has been achieved by using low doses of corticosteroids or recombinant human activated protein C. However, a truly effective mediator-directed specific treatment has not been developed yet. Treatment with low doses of corticosteroids or with recombinant human activated protein C remains controversial and its success very limited. Attempts to treat shock by blocking LPS, TNF or IL-1 were unsuccessful, as were attempts to use interferon-gamma or granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Inhibiting nitric oxide synthases held promise but met with considerable difficulties. Scavenging excess nitric oxide or targeting molecules downstream of inducible nitric oxide synthase, such as soluble guanylate cyclase or potassium channels, might offer other alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bredan As
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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Evora PRB, Simon MR. Role of nitric oxide production in anaphylaxis and its relevance for the treatment of anaphylactic hypotension with methylene blue. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 99:306-13. [PMID: 17941276 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the role of nitric oxide production in anaphylaxis. DATA SOURCES We performed MEDLINE searches of the literature. In addition, some references known to the authors but not listed in MEDLINE, such as abstracts and a CD-ROM, were included. Finally, additional clinical details of the cases were provided by one of the authors. STUDY SELECTION Primary reports were preferentially selected for inclusion. However, some secondary publications are also cited. RESULTS Histamine along with other mediators, such as leukotrienes, tumor necrosis factor, and platelet-activating factor, induce the production of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide can inhibit the release and effects of catecholamines. Sympathetic amines may inhibit production of nitric oxide. Studies in animals have demonstrated the generation of nitric oxide during anaphylaxis. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase improves survival in an animal model of anaphylaxis. Nitric oxide causes vasodilation indirectly by increasing the activation of guanylyl cyclase, which then causes smooth muscle relaxation by increasing the concentration of smooth muscle cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Methylene blue is an inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase, which increases systemic vascular resistance and reverses shock in animal studies. The previously reported successful treatment with methylene blue of 11 patients with anaphylactic hypotension is reviewed. CONCLUSION Nitric oxide plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. Treatment with methylene blue should be considered in patients with anaphylactic hypotension that has not responded to other interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R B Evora
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
The balance of evidence from human observations and animal studies suggests that the main pathophysiologic features of anaphylactic shock are a profound reduction in venous tone and fluid extravasation causing reduced venous return (mixed hypovolemic-distributive shock) and depressed myocardial function. Aggressive fluid resuscitation is required to ameliorate hypovolemic-distributive shock, and an intravenous infusion of epinephrine will increase vascular tone, myocardial contractility, and cardiac output in most cases. Where these measures fail, pathophysiologic considerations and anecdotal evidence support the consideration of selective vasoconstrictors as the next step in treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G A Brown
- Emergency Medicine Research Unit, The University of Western Australia and Fremantle Hospital, Alma Street, Fremantle, WA 6160, Australia.
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Dudzinski D, Michel T. Life history of eNOS: partners and pathways. Cardiovasc Res 2007; 75:247-60. [PMID: 17466957 PMCID: PMC2682334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardiores.2007.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex regulation of eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) in cardiovascular physiology occurs at multiple stages. eNOS mRNA levels are controlled both at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional phases, and epigenetic mechanisms appear to modulate tissue-specific eNOS expression. The eNOS enzyme reversibly associates with a diverse family of protein partners that regulate eNOS sub-cellular localization, catalytic function, and biological activity. eNOS enzyme activity and sub-cellular localization are intimately controlled by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, nitrosylation, and acylation. The multiple extra-cellular stimuli affecting eNOS function coordinate their efforts through these key modifications to dynamically control eNOS and NO bioactivity in the vessel wall. This review will focus on the biochemical partners and perturbations of the eNOS protein as this vital enzyme undergoes modulation by diverse signal transduction pathways in the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dudzinski
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Michel
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, p: (617) 732-7376, f: (617) 732-5132, e:
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Kukreja RC, Xi L. eNOS phosphorylation: a pivotal molecular switch in vasodilation and cardioprotection? J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 42:280-2. [PMID: 17174975 PMCID: PMC3031790 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh C. Kukreja
- Address for Correspondence: Rakesh C Kukreja, PhD Professor of Medicine, Physiology, Biochemistry and Emergency Medicine Eric Lipman Chair of Cardiology Division of Cardiology, Box 980281 Virginia Commonwealth University 1101 East Mashall Street, Room 7-046 Richmond, VA 23298, USA Telephone: (804) 828-0389 Fax: (804) 828-8700 E-mail:
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Cawley SM, Sawyer CL, Brunelle KF, van der Vliet A, Dostmann WR. Nitric oxide-evoked transient kinetics of cyclic GMP in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2006; 19:1023-33. [PMID: 17207606 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic-3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) mediates the intracellular signaling cascade responsible for the nitric oxide (NO) initiated relaxation of vascular smooth muscle (VSM). However, the temporal dynamics, including the regulation of cGMP turnover, are largely unknown. Here we report new mechanistic insights into the kinetics of cGMP synthesis and hydrolysis in primary VSM cells by utilizing FRET-based cGMP-indicators [A. Honda, S.R. Adams, C.L. Sawyer, V. Lev-Ram, R.Y. Tsien, W.R. Dostmann, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A 98 (5) (2001) 2437.]. First, 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)-diazenolate 2-oxide (DEA/NO) and 2,2'-(Hydroxynitrosohydrazono)-bis-ethanimine (DETA/NO) induced NO-concentration dependent, transient cGMP responses ("peaks") irrespective of their rates of NO release. The kinetic characteristics of these cGMP peaks were governed by the concerted action of the NO-sensitive guanylyl cyclase (GC) and phosphodiesterase type V (PDE5) as shown by their respective inhibition using 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) and Sildenafil. These responses occurred in the presence of moderately elevated cGMP (5-15% FRET ratio), and thus activated PKG and phosphorylated PDE5, suggesting a prominent role for GC in the maintenance and termination of cGMP peaks. Furthermore, cGMP transients could be elicited repeatedly without apparent desensitization of GC or by suppression of cGMP via long-term PDE5 activity. These results demonstrate a continuous sensitivity of the NO/cGMP signaling system, inherent to the phasic nature of smooth muscle physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Cawley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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