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Potter AS, Miyake CY, Gonzaga-Jauregui C, Aguilar-Sanchez Y, Hulsurkar MM, Lahiri SK, Moreira LM, Mehta N, Azamian MS, Lupski JR, Reilly S, Lalani SR, Wehrens XHT. Rare Variant in MRC2 Associated With Familial Supraventricular Tachycardia and Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. CIRCULATION. GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2024; 17:e004614. [PMID: 38953222 PMCID: PMC11335451 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.124.004614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accessory pathways are a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and can lead to sudden cardiac death in otherwise healthy children and adults when associated with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. The goal of this study was to identify genetic variants within a large family with structurally normal hearts affected by SVT and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and determine causality of the gene deficit in a corresponding mouse model. METHODS Whole exome sequencing performed on 2 distant members of a 3-generation family in which multiple members were affected by SVT or Wolff-Parkinson-White pattern (preexcitation) on ECG identified MRC2 as a candidate gene. Serial electrocardiograms, intracardiac electrophysiology studies, echocardiography, optical mapping studies, and histology were performed on both Mrc2 mutant and WT (wild-type) mice. RESULTS A rare HET (heterozygous) missense variant c.2969A>G;p.Glu990Gly (E990G) in MRC2 was identified as the leading candidate gene variant segregating with the cardiac phenotype following an autosomal-dominant Mendelian trait segregation pattern with variable expressivity. In vivo electrophysiology studies revealed reentrant SVT in E990G mice. Optical mapping studies in E990G mice demonstrated abnormal retrograde conduction, suggesting the presence of an accessory pathway. Histological analysis of E990G mouse hearts showed a disordered ECM (extracellular matrix) in the annulus fibrosus. Finally, Mrc2 knockdown in human cardiac fibroblasts enhanced accelerated cell migration. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a rare nonsynonymous variant in the MRC2 gene in individuals with familial reentrant SVT, Wolff-Parkinson-White ECG pattern, and structurally normal hearts. Furthermore, Mrc2 knock-in mice revealed an increased incidence of reentrant SVT and bypass tract formation in the setting of preserved cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S Potter
- The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH (A.S.P.)
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (A.S.P.)
| | - Christina Y Miyake
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology (C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M., M.S.A., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Claudia Gonzaga-Jauregui
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (C.G.-J., J.R.L., S.R.L.)
- International Laboratory for Human Genome Research, Laboratorio Internacional de Investigación sobre el Genoma Humano, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Juriquilla, Querétaro (C.G.-J.)
| | - Yuriana Aguilar-Sanchez
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology (C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Mohit M Hulsurkar
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology (C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Satadru K Lahiri
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology (C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
| | - Lucia M Moreira
- University of Oxford, Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, United Kingdom (L.M.M., N.M., S.R.)
| | - Neelam Mehta
- University of Oxford, Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, United Kingdom (L.M.M., N.M., S.R.)
| | - Mahshid S Azamian
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M., M.S.A., X.H.T.W.)
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (C.G.-J., J.R.L., S.R.L.)
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (J.R.L.)
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.R.L., S.R.L.)
| | - Svetlana Reilly
- University of Oxford, Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, United Kingdom (L.M.M., N.M., S.R.)
| | - Seema R Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (C.G.-J., J.R.L., S.R.L.)
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (J.R.L., S.R.L.)
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute (A.S.P., C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Integrative Physiology (C.Y.M., Y.A.-S., M.M.H., S.K.L., X.H.T.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston (C.Y.M., M.S.A., X.H.T.W.)
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2
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Boulgakoff L, D'Amato G, Miquerol L. Molecular Regulation of Cardiac Conduction System Development. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024:10.1007/s11886-024-02094-7. [PMID: 38990492 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The cardiac conduction system, composed of pacemaker cells and conducting cardiomyocytes, orchestrates the propagation of electrical activity to synchronize heartbeats. The conduction system plays a crucial role in the development of cardiac arrhythmias. In the embryo, the cells of the conduction system derive from the same cardiac progenitors as the contractile cardiomyocytes and and the key question is how this choice is made during development. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on recent advances in developmental biology using the mouse as animal model to better understand the cellular origin and molecular regulations that control morphogenesis of the cardiac conduction system, including the latest findings in single-cell transcriptomics. The conducting cell fate is acquired during development starting with pacemaking activity and last with the formation of a complex fast-conducting network. Cardiac conduction system morphogenesis is controlled by complex transcriptional and gene regulatory networks that differ in the components of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaetano D'Amato
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France
| | - Lucile Miquerol
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS IBDM UMR7288, Marseille, France.
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3
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Ye C, Yang C, Zhang H, Gao R, Liao Y, Zhang Y, Jie L, Zhang Y, Cheng T, Wang Y, Ren J. Canonical Wnt signaling directs the generation of functional human PSC-derived atrioventricular canal cardiomyocytes in bioprinted cardiac tissues. Cell Stem Cell 2024; 31:398-409.e5. [PMID: 38366588 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The creation of a functional 3D bioprinted human heart remains challenging, largely due to the lack of some crucial cardiac cell types, including the atrioventricular canal (AVC) cardiomyocytes, which are essential to slow down the electrical impulse between the atrium and ventricle. By utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and a 3D bioprinting technology, we discover that stage-specific activation of canonical Wnt signaling creates functional AVC cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. These cardiomyocytes display morphological characteristics and express molecular markers of AVC cardiomyocytes, including transcription factors TBX2 and MSX2. When bioprinted in prefabricated cardiac tissues, these cardiomyocytes successfully delay the electrical impulse, demonstrating their capability of functioning as the AVC cardiomyocytes in vitro. Thus, these findings not only identify canonical Wnt signaling as a key regulator of the AVC cardiomyocyte differentiation in vitro, but, more importantly, provide a critical cellular source for the biofabrication of a functional human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Ye
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Chuanlai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Heqiang Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Yingnan Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Lingjun Jie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, Fujian, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China.
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361006, Fujian, China.
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4
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Harvey AB, Wolters RA, Deepe RN, Tarolli HG, Drummond JR, Trouten A, Zandi A, Barth JL, Mukherjee R, Romeo MJ, Vaena SG, Tao G, Muise-Helmericks R, Ramos PS, Norris RA, Wessels A. Epicardial deletion of Sox9 leads to myxomatous valve degeneration and identifies Cd109 as a novel gene associated with valve development. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 186:16-30. [PMID: 37935281 PMCID: PMC10843603 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Epicardial-derived cells (EPDCs) are involved in the regulation of myocardial growth and coronary vascularization and are critically important for proper development of the atrioventricular (AV) valves. SOX9 is a transcription factor expressed in a variety of epithelial and mesenchymal cells in the developing heart, including EPDCs. To determine the role of SOX9 in epicardial development, an epicardial-specific Sox9 knockout mouse model was generated. Deleting Sox9 from the epicardial cell lineage impairs the ability of EPDCs to invade both the ventricular myocardium and the developing AV valves. After birth, the mitral valves of these mice become myxomatous with associated abnormalities in extracellular matrix organization. This phenotype is reminiscent of that seen in humans with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MVD). An RNA-seq analysis was conducted in an effort to identify genes associated with this myxomatous degeneration. From this experiment, Cd109 was identified as a gene associated with myxomatous valve pathogenesis in this model. Cd109 has never been described in the context of heart development or valve disease. This study highlights the importance of SOX9 in the regulation of epicardial cell invasion-emphasizing the importance of EPDCs in regulating AV valve development and homeostasis-and reports a novel expression profile of Cd109, a gene with previously unknown relevance in heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Harvey
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Renélyn A Wolters
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Raymond N Deepe
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Hannah G Tarolli
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Jenna R Drummond
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Allison Trouten
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Auva Zandi
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Jeremy L Barth
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Martin J Romeo
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Silvia G Vaena
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Ge Tao
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Robin Muise-Helmericks
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Paula S Ramos
- Departments of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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5
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Hikspoors JPJM, Kruepunga N, Mommen GMC, Köhler SE, Anderson RH, Lamers WH. Human Cardiac Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:3-55. [PMID: 38884703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Many aspects of heart development are topographically complex and require three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction to understand the pertinent morphology. We have recently completed a comprehensive primer of human cardiac development that is based on firsthand segmentation of structures of interest in histological sections. We visualized the hearts of 12 human embryos between their first appearance at 3.5 weeks and the end of the embryonic period at 8 weeks. The models were presented as calibrated, interactive, 3D portable document format (PDF) files. We used them to describe the appearance and the subsequent remodeling of around 70 different structures incrementally for each of the reconstructed stages. In this chapter, we begin our account by describing the formation of the single heart tube, which occurs at the end of the fourth week subsequent to conception. We describe its looping in the fifth week, the formation of the cardiac compartments in the sixth week, and, finally, the septation of these compartments into the physically separated left- and right-sided circulations in the seventh and eighth weeks. The phases are successive, albeit partially overlapping. Thus, the basic cardiac layout is established between 26 and 32 days after fertilization and is described as Carnegie stages (CSs) 9 through 14, with development in the outlet component trailing that in the inlet parts. Septation at the venous pole is completed at CS17, equivalent to almost 6 weeks of development. During Carnegie stages 17 and 18, in the seventh week, the outflow tract and arterial pole undergo major remodeling, including incorporation of the proximal portion of the outflow tract into the ventricles and transfer of the spiraling course of the subaortic and subpulmonary channels to the intrapericardial arterial trunks. Remodeling of the interventricular foramen, with its eventual closure, is complete at CS20, which occurs at the end of the seventh week. We provide quantitative correlations between the age of human and mouse embryos as well as the Carnegie stages of development. We have also set our descriptions in the context of variations in the timing of developmental features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P J M Hikspoors
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Nutmethee Kruepunga
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Anatomy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Greet M C Mommen
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Jensen B, Moorman AFM. Evolutionary Aspects of Chamber Formation and Septation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:227-238. [PMID: 38884714 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The formed hearts of vertebrates are widely different in anatomy and performance, yet their embryonic hearts are surprisingly similar. Developmental and molecular biology are making great advances in reconciling these differences by revealing an evolutionarily conserved building plan to the vertebrate heart. This suggests that perspectives from evolution may improve our understanding of the formation of the human heart. Here, we exemplify this approach by discussing atrial and ventricular septation and the associated processes of remodeling of the atrioventricular junction and formation of the atrioventricular insulating plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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van der Maarel LE, Christoffels VM. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:185-200. [PMID: 38884712 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The electrical impulses that coordinate the sequential, rhythmic contractions of the atria and ventricles are initiated and tightly regulated by the specialized tissues of the cardiac conduction system. In the mature heart, these impulses are generated by the pacemaker cardiomyocytes of the sinoatrial node, propagated through the atria to the atrioventricular node where they are delayed and then rapidly propagated to the atrioventricular bundle, right and left bundle branches, and finally, the peripheral ventricular conduction system. Each of these specialized components arise by complex patterning events during embryonic development. This chapter addresses the origins and transcriptional networks and signaling pathways that drive the development and maintain the function of the cardiac conduction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieve E van der Maarel
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Jensen B, Andelfinger GU, Postma AV. Molecular Pathways and Animal Models of Ebstein's Anomaly. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1441:915-928. [PMID: 38884760 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-44087-8_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Ebstein's anomaly is a congenital malformation of the tricuspid valve characterized by abnormal attachment of the valve leaflets, resulting in varying degrees of valve dysfunction. The anatomic hallmarks of this entity are the downward displacement of the attachment of the septal and posterior leaflets of the tricuspid valve. Additional intracardiac malformations are common. From an embryological point of view, the cavity of the future right atrium does not have a direct orifice connected to the developing right ventricle. This chapter provides an overview of current insight into how this connection is formed and how malformations of the tricuspid valve arise from dysregulation of molecular and morphological events involved in this process. Furthermore, mouse models that show features of Ebstein's anomaly and the naturally occurring model of canine tricuspid valve malformation are described and compared to the human model. Although Ebstein's anomaly remains one of the least understood cardiac malformations to date, the studies summarized here provide, in aggregate, evidence for monogenic and oligogenic factors driving pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gregor U Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alex V Postma
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Sharma AK, Singh S, Bhat M, Gill K, Zaid M, Kumar S, Shakya A, Tantray J, Jose D, Gupta R, Yangzom T, Sharma RK, Sahu SK, Rathore G, Chandolia P, Singh M, Mishra A, Raj S, Gupta A, Agarwal M, Kifayat S, Gupta A, Gupta P, Vashist A, Vaibhav P, Kathuria N, Yadav V, Singh RP, Garg A. New drug discovery of cardiac anti-arrhythmic drugs: insights in animal models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16420. [PMID: 37775650 PMCID: PMC10541452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rhythm regulated by micro-macroscopic structures of heart. Pacemaker abnormalities or disruptions in electrical conduction, lead to arrhythmic disorders may be benign, typical, threatening, ultimately fatal, occurs in clinical practice, patients on digitalis, anaesthesia or acute myocardial infarction. Both traditional and genetic animal models are: In-vitro: Isolated ventricular Myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscles, Patch-Clamp Experiments, Porcine Atrial Myocytes, Guinea pig ventricular myocytes, Guinea pig papillary muscle: action potential and refractory period, Langendorff technique, Arrhythmia by acetylcholine or potassium. Acquired arrhythmia disorders: Transverse Aortic Constriction, Myocardial Ischemia, Complete Heart Block and AV Node Ablation, Chronic Tachypacing, Inflammation, Metabolic and Drug-Induced Arrhythmia. In-Vivo: Chemically induced arrhythmia: Aconitine antagonism, Digoxin-induced arrhythmia, Strophanthin/ouabain-induced arrhythmia, Adrenaline-induced arrhythmia, and Calcium-induced arrhythmia. Electrically induced arrhythmia: Ventricular fibrillation electrical threshold, Arrhythmia through programmed electrical stimulation, sudden coronary death in dogs, Exercise ventricular fibrillation. Genetic Arrhythmia: Channelopathies, Calcium Release Deficiency Syndrome, Long QT Syndrome, Short QT Syndrome, Brugada Syndrome. Genetic with Structural Heart Disease: Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Atrial Fibrillation, Sick Sinus Syndrome, Atrioventricular Block, Preexcitation Syndrome. Arrhythmia in Pluripotent Stem Cell Cardiomyocytes. Conclusion: Both traditional and genetic, experimental models of cardiac arrhythmias' characteristics and significance help in development of new antiarrhythmic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India.
| | - Shivam Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mehvish Bhat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Kartik Gill
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohammad Zaid
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anjali Shakya
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Junaid Tantray
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Divyamol Jose
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rashmi Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Tsering Yangzom
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Sharma
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | | | - Gulshan Rathore
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Priyanka Chandolia
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mithilesh Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anurag Mishra
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Shobhit Raj
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Archita Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Sumaiya Kifayat
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Anamika Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Prashant Gupta
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ankit Vashist
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Parth Vaibhav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Nancy Kathuria
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Vipin Yadav
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Ravindra Pal Singh
- NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303121, India
| | - Arun Garg
- MVN University, Palwal, Haryana, India
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10
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Han B, Wang Y, Zhao J, Lan Q, Zhang J, Meng X, Jin J, Bai M, Zhang Z. Association of T-box gene polymorphisms with the risk of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in a Han Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30046. [PMID: 35960099 PMCID: PMC9371508 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal development of the atrioventricular ring can lead to the formation of a bypass pathway and the occurrence of Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. The genetic mechanism underlying the sporadic form of WPW syndrome remains unclear. Existing evidence suggests that both T-box transcription factor 3 (TBX3) and T-box transcription factor 2 (TBX2) genes participate in regulating annulus fibrosus formation and atrioventricular canal development. Thus, we aimed to examine whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TBX3 and TBX2 genes confer susceptibility to WPW syndrome in a Han Chinese Population. We applied a SNaPshot SNP assay to analyze 5 selected tagSNPs of TBX3 and TBX2 in 230 patients with sporadic WPW syndrome and 231 sex- and age-matched controls. Haplotype analysis was performed using Haploview software. Allele C of TBX3 rs1061657 was associated with a higher risk of WPW syndrome (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-1.83, P = .011) and left-sided accessory pathways (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.07-1.84, P = .016). However, allele C of TBX3 rs8853 was likely to reduce these risks (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.54-0.92, P = .011; OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53-0.92, P = .011, respectively). The data revealed no association between TBX3 rs77412687, TBX3 rs2242442, or TBX2 rs75743672 and WPW syndrome. TBX3 rs1061657 and rs8853 are significantly associated with sporadic WPW syndrome among a Han Chinese population. To verify our results, larger sample sizes are required in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Qingsu Lan
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiaoxue Meng
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Jianjian Jin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Heart Center, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Cardiovascular Diseases of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
- Cardiovascular Clinical Research Center of Gansu Province, China
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11
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George RM, Guo S, Firulli BA, Rubart M, Firulli AB. Neonatal Deletion of Hand1 and Hand2 within Murine Cardiac Conduction System Reveals a Novel Role for HAND2 in Rhythm Homeostasis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2022; 9:214. [PMID: 35877576 PMCID: PMC9324487 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd9070214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system, a network of specialized cells, is required for the functioning of the heart. The basic helix loop helix factors Hand1 and Hand2 are required for cardiac morphogenesis and have been implicated in cardiac conduction system development and maintenance. Here we use embryonic and post-natal specific Cre lines to interrogate the role of Hand1 and Hand2 in the function of the murine cardiac conduction system. Results demonstrate that loss of HAND1 in the post-natal conduction system does not result in any change in electrocardiogram parameters or within the ventricular conduction system as determined by optical voltage mapping. Deletion of Hand2 within the post-natal conduction system results in sex-dependent reduction in PR interval duration in these mice, suggesting a novel role for HAND2 in regulating the atrioventricular conduction. Surprisingly, results show that loss of both HAND factors within the post-natal conduction system does not cause any consistent changes in cardiac conduction system function. Deletion of Hand2 in the embryonic left ventricle results in inconsistent prolongation of PR interval and susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias. Thus, these results suggest a novel role for HAND2 in homeostasis of the murine cardiac conduction system and that HAND1 loss potentially rescues the shortened HAND2 PR phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani M. George
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.G.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Shuai Guo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Beth A. Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.G.); (B.A.F.)
| | - Michael Rubart
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.G.); (B.A.F.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Anthony B. Firulli
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (R.M.G.); (B.A.F.)
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12
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Blackwell DJ, Schmeckpeper J, Knollmann BC. Animal Models to Study Cardiac Arrhythmias. Circ Res 2022; 130:1926-1964. [PMID: 35679367 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac arrhythmias are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, accounting for 10% to 15% of all deaths. Although most arrhythmias are due to acquired heart disease, inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies disproportionately affect children and young adults. Arrhythmogenesis is complex, involving anatomic structure, ion channels and regulatory proteins, and the interplay between cells in the conduction system, cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, and the immune system. Animal models of arrhythmia are powerful tools for studying not only molecular and cellular mechanism of arrhythmogenesis but also more complex mechanisms at the whole heart level, and for testing therapeutic interventions. This review summarizes basic and clinical arrhythmia mechanisms followed by an in-depth review of published animal models of genetic and acquired arrhythmia disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Blackwell
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Jeffrey Schmeckpeper
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bjorn C Knollmann
- Vanderbilt Center for Arrhythmia Research and Therapeutics, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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13
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Chang YH, Sheftel BI, Jensen B. Anatomy of the heart with the highest heart rate. J Anat 2022; 241:173-190. [PMID: 35128670 PMCID: PMC9178362 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Shrews occupy the lower extreme of the seven orders of magnitude mammals range in size. Their hearts are large relative to body weight and heart rate can exceed a thousand beats a minute. It is not known whether traits typical of mammal hearts scale to these extremes. We assessed the heart of three species of shrew (genus Sorex) following the sequential segmental analysis developed for human hearts. Using micro‐computed tomography, we describe the overall structure and find, in agreement with previous studies, a large and elongate ventricle. The atrial and ventricular septums and the atrioventricular (AV) and arterial valves are typically mammalian. The ventricular walls comprise mostly compact myocardium and especially the right ventricle has few trabeculations on the luminal side. A developmental process of compaction is thought to reduce trabeculations in mammals, but in embryonic shrews the volume of trabeculations increase for every gestational stage, only slower than the compact volume. By expression of Hcn4, we identify a sinus node and an AV conduction axis which is continuous with the ventricular septal crest. Outstanding traits include pulmonary venous sleeve myocardium that reaches farther into the lungs than in any other mammals. Typical proportions of coronary arteries‐to‐aorta do not scale and the shrew coronary arteries are proportionally enormous, presumably to avoid the high resistance to blood flow of narrow vessels. In conclusion, most cardiac traits do scale to the miniscule shrews. The shrew heart, nevertheless, stands out by its relative size, elongation, proportionally large coronary vessels, and extent of pulmonary venous myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hee Chang
- Department of Medical Biology University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Boris I. Sheftel
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences) Moscow Russian Federation
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC Amsterdam The Netherlands
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14
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Gao R, Ren J. Zebrafish Models in Therapeutic Research of Cardiac Conduction Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731402. [PMID: 34422842 PMCID: PMC8371477 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malfunction in the cardiac conduction system (CCS) due to congenital anomalies or diseases can cause cardiac conduction disease (CCD), which results in disturbances in cardiac rhythm, leading to syncope and even sudden cardiac death. Insights into development of the CCS components, including pacemaker cardiomyocytes (CMs), atrioventricular node (AVN) and the ventricular conduction system (VCS), can shed light on the pathological and molecular mechanisms underlying CCD, provide approaches for generating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CCS cells, and thus improve therapeutic treatment for such a potentially life-threatening disorder of the heart. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling CCS development remain elusive. The zebrafish has become a valuable vertebrate model to investigate early development of CCS components because of its unique features such as external fertilization, embryonic optical transparency and the ability to survive even with severe cardiovascular defects during development. In this review, we highlight how the zebrafish has been utilized to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CCS development, and how the evolutionarily conserved developmental mechanisms discovered in zebrafish could be applied to directing the creation of hPSC-derived CCS cells, therefore providing potential therapeutic strategies that may contribute to better treatment for CCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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15
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Rivaud MR, Blok M, Jongbloed MRM, Boukens BJ. How Cardiac Embryology Translates into Clinical Arrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8060070. [PMID: 34199178 PMCID: PMC8231901 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8060070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrophysiological signatures of the myocardium in cardiac structures, such as the atrioventricular node, pulmonary veins or the right ventricular outflow tract, are established during development by the spatial and temporal expression of transcription factors that guide expression of specific ion channels. Genome-wide association studies have shown that small variations in genetic regions are key to the expression of these transcription factors and thereby modulate the electrical function of the heart. Moreover, mutations in these factors are found in arrhythmogenic pathologies such as congenital atrioventricular block, as well as in specific forms of atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. In this review, we discuss the developmental origin of distinct electrophysiological structures in the heart and their involvement in cardiac arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde R. Rivaud
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Michiel Blok
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.R.M.J.)
| | - Monique R. M. Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (M.B.); (M.R.M.J.)
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J. Boukens
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-(0)20-566-4659
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16
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Differential Spatio-Temporal Regulation of T-Box Gene Expression by microRNAs during Cardiac Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050056. [PMID: 34068962 PMCID: PMC8156480 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is a complex process that starts with the formation of symmetrically located precardiac mesodermal precursors soon after gastrulation and is completed with the formation of a four-chambered heart with distinct inlet and outlet connections. Multiple transcriptional inputs are required to provide adequate regional identity to the forming atrial and ventricular chambers as well as their flanking regions; i.e., inflow tract, atrioventricular canal, and outflow tract. In this context, regional chamber identity is widely governed by regional activation of distinct T-box family members. Over the last decade, novel layers of gene regulatory mechanisms have been discovered with the identification of non-coding RNAs. microRNAs represent the most well-studied subcategory among short non-coding RNAs. In this study, we sought to investigate the functional role of distinct microRNAs that are predicted to target T-box family members. Our data demonstrated a highly dynamic expression of distinct microRNAs and T-box family members during cardiogenesis, revealing a relatively large subset of complementary and similar microRNA-mRNA expression profiles. Over-expression analyses demonstrated that a given microRNA can distinctly regulate the same T-box family member in distinct cardiac regions and within distinct temporal frameworks, supporting the notion of indirect regulatory mechanisms, and dual luciferase assays on Tbx2, Tbx3 and Tbx5 3' UTR further supported this notion. Overall, our data demonstrated a highly dynamic microRNA and T-box family members expression during cardiogenesis and supported the notion that such microRNAs indirectly regulate the T-box family members in a tissue- and time-dependent manner.
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17
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Abstract
Cardiac development is a complex developmental process that is initiated soon after gastrulation, as two sets of precardiac mesodermal precursors are symmetrically located and subsequently fused at the embryonic midline forming the cardiac straight tube. Thereafter, the cardiac straight tube invariably bends to the right, configuring the first sign of morphological left–right asymmetry and soon thereafter the atrial and ventricular chambers are formed, expanded and progressively septated. As a consequence of all these morphogenetic processes, the fetal heart acquired a four-chambered structure having distinct inlet and outlet connections and a specialized conduction system capable of directing the electrical impulse within the fully formed heart. Over the last decades, our understanding of the morphogenetic, cellular, and molecular pathways involved in cardiac development has exponentially grown. Multiples aspects of the initial discoveries during heart formation has served as guiding tools to understand the etiology of cardiac congenital anomalies and adult cardiac pathology, as well as to enlighten novels approaches to heal the damaged heart. In this review we provide an overview of the complex cellular and molecular pathways driving heart morphogenesis and how those discoveries have provided new roads into the genetic, clinical and therapeutic management of the diseased hearts.
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18
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Bhattacharyya S, Munshi NV. Development of the Cardiac Conduction System. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a037408. [PMID: 31988140 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system initiates and propagates each heartbeat. Specialized conducting cells are a well-conserved phenomenon across vertebrate evolution, although mammalian and avian species harbor specific components unique to organisms with four-chamber hearts. Early histological studies in mammals provided evidence for a dominant pacemaker within the right atrium and clarified the existence of the specialized muscular axis responsible for atrioventricular conduction. Building on these seminal observations, contemporary genetic techniques in a multitude of model organisms has characterized the developmental ontogeny, gene regulatory networks, and functional importance of individual anatomical compartments within the cardiac conduction system. This review describes in detail the transcriptional and regulatory networks that act during cardiac conduction system development and homeostasis with a particular emphasis on networks implicated in human electrical variation by large genome-wide association studies. We conclude with a discussion of the clinical implications of these studies and describe some future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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19
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Mohan RA, Bosada FM, van Weerd JH, van Duijvenboden K, Wang J, Mommersteeg MTM, Hooijkaas IB, Wakker V, de Gier-de Vries C, Coronel R, Boink GJJ, Bakkers J, Barnett P, Boukens BJ, Christoffels VM. T-box transcription factor 3 governs a transcriptional program for the function of the mouse atrioventricular conduction system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18617-18626. [PMID: 32675240 PMCID: PMC7414162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919379117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified noncoding variants near TBX3 that are associated with PR interval and QRS duration, suggesting that subtle changes in TBX3 expression affect atrioventricular conduction system function. To explore whether and to what extent the atrioventricular conduction system is affected by Tbx3 dose reduction, we first characterized electrophysiological properties and morphology of heterozygous Tbx3 mutant (Tbx3+/-) mouse hearts. We found PR interval shortening and prolonged QRS duration, as well as atrioventricular bundle hypoplasia after birth in heterozygous mice. The atrioventricular node size was unaffected. Transcriptomic analysis of atrioventricular nodes isolated by laser capture microdissection revealed hundreds of deregulated genes in Tbx3+/- mutants. Notably, Tbx3+/- atrioventricular nodes showed increased expression of working myocardial gene programs (mitochondrial and metabolic processes, muscle contractility) and reduced expression of pacemaker gene programs (neuronal, Wnt signaling, calcium/ion channel activity). By integrating chromatin accessibility profiles (ATAC sequencing) of atrioventricular tissue and other epigenetic data, we identified Tbx3-dependent atrioventricular regulatory DNA elements (REs) on a genome-wide scale. We used transgenic reporter assays to determine the functionality of candidate REs near Ryr2, an up-regulated chamber-enriched gene, and in Cacna1g, a down-regulated conduction system-specific gene. Using genome editing to delete candidate REs, we showed that a strong intronic bipartite RE selectively governs Cacna1g expression in the conduction system in vivo. Our data provide insights into the multifactorial Tbx3-dependent transcriptional network that regulates the structure and function of the cardiac conduction system, which may underlie the differences in PR duration and QRS interval between individuals carrying variants in the TBX3 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv A Mohan
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernanda M Bosada
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan H van Weerd
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel van Duijvenboden
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilda T M Mommersteeg
- Burdon Sanderson Cardiac Science Centre, Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg B Hooijkaas
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Wakker
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corrie de Gier-de Vries
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J J Boink
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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20
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Scholman KT, Meijborg VMF, Gálvez-Montón C, Lodder EM, Boukens BJ. From Genome-Wide Association Studies to Cardiac Electrophysiology: Through the Maze of Biological Complexity. Front Physiol 2020; 11:557. [PMID: 32536879 PMCID: PMC7267057 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have provided an enormous amount of data on genomic loci associated with cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias. Clinical relevance, however, remains unclear since GWAS do not provide a mechanistic explanation for this association. Determining the electrophysiological relevance of variants for arrhythmias would aid development of risk stratification models for patients with arrhythmias. In this review, we give an overview of genetic variants related to ECG intervals and arrhythmogenic pathologies and discuss how these variants may influence cardiac electrophysiology and the occurrence of arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen T Scholman
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Veronique M F Meijborg
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carolina Gálvez-Montón
- ICREC Research Program, Germans Trias i Pujol Health Science Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,CIBERCV, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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21
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Buijtendijk MF, Barnett P, van den Hoff MJ. Development of the human heart. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 184:7-22. [PMID: 32048790 PMCID: PMC7078965 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, an extensive review discussing the major steps of cardiac development focusing on growth, formation of primary and chamber myocardium and the development of the cardiac electrical system, was published. Molecular genetic lineage analyses have since furthered our insight in the developmental origin of the various component parts of the heart, which currently can be unambiguously identified by their unique molecular phenotype. Moreover, genetic, molecular and cell biological analyses have driven insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of the different cardiac components. Here, we build on our previous review and provide an insight into the molecular mechanistic revelations that have forwarded the field of cardiac development. Despite the enormous advances in our knowledge over the last decade, the development of congenital cardiac malformations remains poorly understood. The challenge for the next decade will be to evaluate the different developmental processes using newly developed molecular genetic techniques to further unveil the gene regulatory networks operational during normal and abnormal cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical BiologyAmsterdamUMC location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
The rate and rhythm of heart muscle contractions are coordinated by the cardiac conduction system (CCS), a generic term for a collection of different specialized muscular tissues within the heart. The CCS components initiate the electrical impulse at the sinoatrial node, propagate it from atria to ventricles via the atrioventricular node and bundle branches, and distribute it to the ventricular muscle mass via the Purkinje fibre network. The CCS thereby controls the rate and rhythm of alternating contractions of the atria and ventricles. CCS function is well conserved across vertebrates from fish to mammals, although particular specialized aspects of CCS function are found only in endotherms (mammals and birds). The development and homeostasis of the CCS involves transcriptional and regulatory networks that act in an embryonic-stage-dependent, tissue-dependent, and dose-dependent manner. This Review describes emerging data from animal studies, stem cell models, and genome-wide association studies that have provided novel insights into the transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function. How these insights can be applied to develop disease models and therapies is also discussed.
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23
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Faber JW, Boukens BJ, Oostra RJ, Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Jensen B. Sinus venosus incorporation: contentious issues and operational criteria for developmental and evolutionary studies. J Anat 2019; 234:583-591. [PMID: 30861129 PMCID: PMC6481585 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The sinus venosus is a cardiac chamber upstream of the right atrium that harbours the dominant cardiac pacemaker. During human heart development, the sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the right atrium. However, from the literature it is not possible to deduce the characteristics and importance of this process of incorporation, due to inconsistent terminology and definitions in the description of multiple lines of evidence. We reviewed the literature regarding the incorporation of the sinus venosus and included novel electrophysiological data. Most mammals that have an incorporated sinus venosus show a loss of a functional valve guard of the superior caval vein together with a loss of the electrical sinuatrial delay between the sinus venosus and the right atrium. However, these processes are not necessarily intertwined and in a few species only the sinuatrial delay may be lost. Sinus venosus incorporation can be characterised as the loss of the sinuatrial delay of which the anatomical and molecular underpinnings are not yet understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeike W Faber
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof-Jan Oostra
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Dupays L, Towers N, Wood S, David A, Stuckey DJ, Mohun T. Furin, a transcriptional target of NKX2-5, has an essential role in heart development and function. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212992. [PMID: 30840660 PMCID: PMC6402701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor NKX2-5 is known to be essential for both normal heart development and for heart function. But little is yet known about the identities of its downstream effectors or their function during differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs). We have used transgenic analysis and CRISPR-mediated ablation to identify a cardiac enhancer of the Furin gene. The Furin gene, encoding a proprotein convertase, is directly repressed by NKX2-5. Deletion of Furin in CPCs is embryonic lethal, with mutant hearts showing a range of abnormalities in the outflow tract. Those defects are associated with a reduction in proliferation and premature differentiation of the CPCs. Deletion of Furin in differentiated cardiomyocytes results in viable adult mutant mice showing an elongation of the PR interval, a phenotype that is consistent with the phenotype of mice and human mutant for Nkx2-5. Our results show that Furin mediate some aspects of Nkx2-5 function in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dupays
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (TM)
| | - Norma Towers
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Wood
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna David
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Stuckey
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (LD); (TM)
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25
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Zhang RR, Cai K, Liu L, Yang Q, Zhang P, Gui YH, Wang F. A regulatory variant in TBX2 promoter is related to the decreased susceptibility of congenital heart disease in the Han Chinese population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 7:e00530. [PMID: 30525309 PMCID: PMC6393683 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tbx2 plays a vital role in the cardiac cushion development. In this study, we aimed to determine the relationship between common genetic variants in the promoter region of TBX2 gene and the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD). Methods Blood samples of 516 CHD patients and 587 control subjects were enrolled. Sanger sequencing and SNaPshot analysis were performed for genotyping in our case–control cohort. Luciferase and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were conducted to uncover the potential modulatory mechanism of the related variants. Results Variant rs4455026(c.‐1028G>C) in TBX2 promoter region was found to be associated with significantly lower CHD susceptibility. The risk of CHD in C allele carriers (GC and CC genotypes) decreased by 30% compared to the wild‐type GG genotype subjects (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.55–0.89, p = 0.0038). It was revealed that G to C variation resulted in a decrease in the transcriptional activity of luciferase gene, and a potential change in binding affinity with certain nucleoproteins in EMSA data. Conclusion The minor C allele of rs4455026 in TBX2 promoter region was related with lower CHD susceptibility in the Han Chinese population via repressing its transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Ran Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatrics, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ke Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lian Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Hao Gui
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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26
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Bhakta M, Padanad MS, Harris JP, Lubczyk C, Amatruda JF, Munshi NV. pouC Regulates Expression of bmp4 During Atrioventricular Canal Formation in Zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2018; 248:173-188. [PMID: 30444277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many human gene mutations have been linked to congenital heart disease (CHD), yet CHD remains a major health issue worldwide due in part to an incomplete understanding of the molecular basis for cardiac malformation. RESULTS Here we identify the orthologous mouse Pou6f1 and zebrafish pouC as POU homeodomain transcription factors enriched in the developing heart. We find that pouC is a multi-functional transcriptional regulator containing separable activation, repression, protein-protein interaction, and DNA binding domains. Using zebrafish heart development as a model system, we demonstrate that pouC knockdown impairs cardiac morphogenesis and affects cardiovascular function. We also find that levels of pouC expression must be fine-tuned to enable proper heart formation. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that pouC knockdown disrupts atrioventricular canal (AVC) cardiomyocyte maintenance, although chamber myocyte specification remains intact. Mechanistically, we show that pouC binds a bmp4 intronic regulatory element to mediate transcriptional activation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study establishes pouC as a novel transcriptional input into the regulatory hierarchy that drives AVC morphogenesis in zebrafish. We anticipate that these findings will inform future efforts to explore functional conservation in mammals and potential association with atrioventricular septal defects in humans. Developmental Dynamics 248:173-188, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoti Bhakta
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mahesh S Padanad
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John P Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Christina Lubczyk
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - James F Amatruda
- Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nikhil V Munshi
- Department of Internal Medicine - Cardiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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27
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Disruption of RHOA‐ROCK Signaling Results in Atrioventricular Block and Disturbed Development of the Putative Atrioventricular Node. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 302:83-92. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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28
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Vicente Steijn R, Sedmera D, Blom NA, Jongbloed M, Kvasilova A, Nanka O. Apoptosis and epicardial contributions act as complementary factors in remodeling of the atrioventricular canal myocardium and atrioventricular conduction patterns in the embryonic chick heart. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1033-1042. [PMID: 30152577 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During heart development, it has been hypothesized that apoptosis of atrioventricular canal myocardium and replacement by fibrous tissue derived from the epicardium are imperative to develop a mature atrioventricular conduction. To test this, apoptosis was blocked using an established caspase inhibitor and epicardial growth was delayed using the experimental epicardial inhibition model, both in chick embryonic hearts. RESULTS Chicken embryonic hearts were either treated with the peptide caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk by intrapericardial injection in ovo (ED4) or underwent epicardial inhibition (ED2.5). Spontaneously beating embryonic hearts isolated (ED7-ED8) were then stained with voltage-sensitive dye Di-4-ANEPPS and imaged at 0.5-1 kHz. Apoptotic cells were quantified (ED5-ED7) by whole-mount LysoTracker Red and anti-active caspase 3 staining. zVAD-treated hearts showed a significantly increased proportion of immature (base to apex) activation patterns at ED8, including ventricular activation originating from the right atrioventricular junction, a pattern never observed in control hearts. zVAD-treated hearts showed decreased numbers of apoptotic cells in the atrioventricular canal myocardium at ED7. Hearts with delayed epicardial outgrowth showed also increased immature activation patterns at ED7.5 and ED8.5. However, the ventricular activation always originated from the left atrioventricular junction. Histological examination showed no changes in apoptosis rates, but a diminished presence of atrioventricular sulcus tissue compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Apoptosis in the atrioventricular canal myocardium and controlled replacement of this myocardium by epicardially derived HCN4-/Trop1- sulcus tissue are essential determinants of mature ventricular activation pattern. Disruption can lead to persistence of accessory atrioventricular connections, forming a morphological substrate for ventricular pre-excitation. Developmental Dynamics 247:1033-1042, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Vicente Steijn
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Sedmera
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nico A Blom
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Jongbloed
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alena Kvasilova
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Nanka
- Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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29
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Anderson RH, Mori S, Spicer DE, Sanchez-Quintana D, Jensen B. The Anatomy, Development, and Evolution of the Atrioventricular Conduction Axis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030044. [PMID: 30135383 PMCID: PMC6162790 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now well over 100 years since Sunao Tawara clarified the location of the axis of the specialised myocardium responsible for producing coordinated ventricular activation. Prior to that stellar publication, controversies had raged as to how many bundles crossed the place of the atrioventricular insulation as found in mammalian hearts, as well as the very existence of the bundle initially described by Wilhelm His Junior. It is, perhaps surprising that controversies continue, despite the multiple investigations that have taken place since the publication of Tawara’s monograph. For example, we are still unsure as to the precise substrates for the so-called slow and fast pathways into the atrioventricular node. Much has been done, nonetheless, to characterise the molecular make-up of the specialised pathways, and to clarify their mechanisms of development. Of this work itself, a significant part has emanated from the laboratory coordinated for a quarter of a century by Antoon FM Moorman. In this review, which joins the others in recognising the value of his contributions and collaborations, we review our current understanding of the anatomy, development, and evolution of the atrioventricular conduction axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Anderson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4EP, UK.
| | - Shumpei Mori
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Hyogo, Japan.
| | - Diane E Spicer
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Damian Sanchez-Quintana
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Bjarke Jensen
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 15, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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30
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Hasdemir C, Juang JJM, Kose S, Kocabas U, Orman MN, Payzin S, Sahin H, Celen C, Ozcan EE, Chen CYJ, Gunduz R, Turan OE, Senol O, Burashnikov E, Antzelevitch C. Coexistence of atrioventricular accessory pathways and drug-induced type 1 Brugada pattern. PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY: PACE 2018; 41:1078-1092. [PMID: 29953624 DOI: 10.1111/pace.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, can coexist with drug-induced type 1 Brugada electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern (DI-Type1-BrP). The present study was designed to determine the prevalence of DI-Type1-BrP in patients with atrioventricular accessory pathways (AV-APs) and to investigate the clinical, electrocardiographic, electrophysiologic, and genetic characteristics of these patients. METHODS One-hundred twenty-four consecutive cases of AV-APs and 84 controls underwent an ajmaline challenge test to unmask DI-Type1-BrP. Genetic screening and analysis was performed in 55 of the cases (19 with and 36 without DI-Type1-BrP). RESULTS Patients with AV-APs were significantly more likely than controls to have a Type1-BrP unmasked (16.1 vs 4.8%, P = 0.012). At baseline, patients with DI-Type1-BrP had higher prevalence of chest pain, QR/rSr' pattern in V1 and QRS notching/slurring in V2 and aVL during preexcitation, rSr' pattern in V1 -V2 , and QRS notching/slurring in aVL during orthodromic atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) compared to patients without DI-Type1-BrP. Abnormal QRS configuration (QRS notching/slurring and/or fragmentation) in V2 during preexcitation was present in all patients with DI-Type1 BrP. The prevalence of spontaneous preexcited atrial fibrillation (AF) and history of AF were similar (15% vs 18.3%, P = 0.726) in patients with and without DI-Type1-BrP, respectively. The prevalence of mutations in Brugada-susceptibility genes was higher (36.8% vs 8.3%, P = 0.02) in patients with DI-Type1-BrP compared to patients without DI-Type1-BrP. CONCLUSIONS DI-Type1-BrP is relatively common in patients with AV-APs. We identify 12-lead ECG characteristics during preexcitation and orthodromic AVRT that point to an underlying type1-BrP, portending an increased probability for development of malignant arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hasdemir
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | | | - Umut Kocabas
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet N Orman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serdar Payzin
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hatice Sahin
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Candan Celen
- Department of Cardiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Emin E Ozcan
- Department of Cardiology, Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ching-Yu Julius Chen
- Cardiovascular Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Charles Antzelevitch
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA.,Lankenau Heart Institute, Wynnewood, PA, USA.,Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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31
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Günthel M, Barnett P, Christoffels VM. Development, Proliferation, and Growth of the Mammalian Heart. Mol Ther 2018; 26:1599-1609. [PMID: 29929790 PMCID: PMC6037201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, the embryonic heart grows by addition of cells from a highly proliferative progenitor pool and by subsequent precisely controlled waves of cardiomyocyte proliferation. In this period, the heart can compensate for cardiomyocyte loss by an increased proliferation rate of the remaining cardiomyocytes. This proliferative capacity is lost soon after birth, with heart growth continuing by an increase in cardiomyocyte volume. The failure of the injured adult heart to regenerate often leads to the development of heart failure, a major cause of death. With the recent observation of a small fraction of cardiomyocytes that appear to have retained the proliferative capacity within the adult heart, as well as the identification of developmental pathways such as the Hippo-signaling pathway that can invoke mature cardiomyocyte proliferation, more studies are taking a knowledge-based mechanistic approach to heart regeneration. A key question being asked is if this knowledge can be used therapeutically to reinitiate cardiomyocyte proliferation after injury such as myocardial infarction. In this respect, uncovering and understanding the mechanisms and conditions that give rise to a fully functional and adaptive heart in the developing embryo could provide us with the answers to many of the questions that are now being asked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Günthel
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Phil Barnett
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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32
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Abstract
In humans, dominant mutations in the gene encoding the regulatory γ2-subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (PRKAG2) result in a highly penetrant phenotype dominated by cardiac features: left ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular pre-excitation, atrial tachyarrhythmia, cardiac conduction disease, and myocardial glycogen storage. The discovery of a link between the cell's fundamental energy sensor, AMPK, and inherited cardiac disease catalyzed intense interest into the biological role of AMPK in the heart. In this chapter, we provide an introduction to the spectrum of human disease resulting from pathogenic variants in PRKAG2, outlining its discovery, clinical genetics, and current perspectives on its pathogenesis and highlighting mechanistic insights derived through the evaluation of disease models. We also present a clinical perspective on the major components of the cardiomyopathy associated with mutations in PRKAG2, together with less commonly described extracardiac features, its prognosis, and principles of management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Yavari
- Experimental Therapeutics, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Dhruv Sarma
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eduardo B Sternick
- Instituto de Pós-Graduação, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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33
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Abstract
The generation and propagation of the cardiac impulse is the central function of the cardiac conduction system (CCS). Impulse initiation occurs in nodal tissues that have high levels of automaticity, but slow conduction properties. Rapid impulse propagation is a feature of the ventricular conduction system, which is essential for synchronized contraction of the ventricular chambers. When functioning properly, the CCS produces ~2.4 billion heartbeats during a human lifetime and orchestrates the flow of cardiac impulses, designed to maximize cardiac output. Abnormal impulse initiation or propagation can result in brady- and tachy-arrhythmias, producing an array of symptoms, including syncope, heart failure or sudden cardiac death. Underlying the functional diversity of the CCS are gene regulatory networks that direct cell fate towards a nodal or a fast conduction gene program. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the transcriptional networks that dictate the components of the CCS, the growth factor-dependent signaling pathways that orchestrate some of these transcriptional hierarchies and the effect of aberrant transcription factor expression on mammalian conduction disease.
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34
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Ang YS, Rivas RN, Ribeiro AJS, Srivas R, Rivera J, Stone NR, Pratt K, Mohamed TMA, Fu JD, Spencer CI, Tippens ND, Li M, Narasimha A, Radzinsky E, Moon-Grady AJ, Yu H, Pruitt BL, Snyder MP, Srivastava D. Disease Model of GATA4 Mutation Reveals Transcription Factor Cooperativity in Human Cardiogenesis. Cell 2017; 167:1734-1749.e22. [PMID: 27984724 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutation of highly conserved residues in transcription factors may affect protein-protein or protein-DNA interactions, leading to gene network dysregulation and human disease. Human mutations in GATA4, a cardiogenic transcription factor, cause cardiac septal defects and cardiomyopathy. Here, iPS-derived cardiomyocytes from subjects with a heterozygous GATA4-G296S missense mutation showed impaired contractility, calcium handling, and metabolic activity. In human cardiomyocytes, GATA4 broadly co-occupied cardiac enhancers with TBX5, another transcription factor that causes septal defects when mutated. The GATA4-G296S mutation disrupted TBX5 recruitment, particularly to cardiac super-enhancers, concomitant with dysregulation of genes related to the phenotypic abnormalities, including cardiac septation. Conversely, the GATA4-G296S mutation led to failure of GATA4 and TBX5-mediated repression at non-cardiac genes and enhanced open chromatin states at endothelial/endocardial promoters. These results reveal how disease-causing missense mutations can disrupt transcriptional cooperativity, leading to aberrant chromatin states and cellular dysfunction, including those related to morphogenetic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Sin Ang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Renee N Rivas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Rohith Srivas
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Janell Rivera
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole R Stone
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Karishma Pratt
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tamer M A Mohamed
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ji-Dong Fu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - C Ian Spencer
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathaniel D Tippens
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Molong Li
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anil Narasimha
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ethan Radzinsky
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anita J Moon-Grady
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Beth L Pruitt
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics and Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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35
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Greulich F, Rudat C, Farin HF, Christoffels VM, Kispert A. Lack of Genetic Interaction between Tbx18 and Tbx2/Tbx20 in Mouse Epicardial Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156787. [PMID: 27253890 PMCID: PMC4890940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart, is an essential source of cells and signals for the formation of the cardiac fibrous skeleton and the coronary vasculature, and for the maturation of the myocardium during embryonic development. The molecular factors that control epicardial mobilization and differentiation, and direct the epicardial-myocardial cross-talk are, however, insufficiently understood. The T-box transcription factor gene Tbx18 is specifically expressed in the epicardium of vertebrate embryos. Loss of Tbx18 is dispensable for epicardial development, but may influence coronary vessel maturation. In contrast, over-expression of an activator version of TBX18 severely impairs epicardial development by premature differentiation of epicardial cells into SMCs indicating a potential redundancy of Tbx18 with other repressors of the T-box gene family. Here, we show that Tbx2 and Tbx20 are co-expressed with Tbx18 at different stages of epicardial development. Using a conditional gene targeting approach we find that neither the epicardial loss of Tbx2 nor the combined loss of Tbx2 and Tbx18 affects epicardial development. Similarly, we observed that the heterozygous loss of Tbx20 with and without additional loss of Tbx18 does not impact on epicardial integrity and mobilization in mouse embryos. Thus, Tbx18 does not function redundantly with Tbx2 or Tbx20 in epicardial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Greulich
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Rudat
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henner F. Farin
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Kispert
- Institut für Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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van Weerd JH, Christoffels VM. The formation and function of the cardiac conduction system. Development 2016; 143:197-210. [PMID: 26786210 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system (CCS) consists of distinctive components that initiate and conduct the electrical impulse required for the coordinated contraction of the cardiac chambers. CCS development involves complex regulatory networks that act in stage-, tissue- and dose-dependent manners, and recent findings indicate that the activity of these networks is sensitive to common genetic variants associated with cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we review how these findings have provided novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional networks underlying CCS formation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hendrik van Weerd
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands
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37
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Mild decrease in TBX20 promoter activity is a potentially protective factor against congenital heart defects in the Han Chinese population. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23662. [PMID: 27034249 PMCID: PMC4817057 DOI: 10.1038/srep23662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are one of the most common human birth defects worldwide. TBX20 is a crucial transcription factor for the development of embryonic cardiovascular system. Previous studies have demonstrated that mutations in the TBX20 coding region contribute to familial and sporadic CHD occurrence. However, it remains largely unknown whether variants in the TBX20 regulatory region are also related to CHDs. In this study, we sequenced the 2 kb region upstream of the TBX20 transcription start site in 228 CHD patients and 292 controls in a Han Chinese population. Among the 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified, six SNPs are in strong linkage disequilibrium and the minor alleles are associated with lower CHD risk (for rs10235849 chosen as tag SNP, p = 0.0069, OR (95% CI) = 0.68 (0.51–0.90)). Functional analysis showed that the minor alleles have lower transcriptional activity than major alleles in both human heart tissues and three cell lines. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay suggested that TBX20 minor alleles may exhibit higher binding affinity with certain transcription repressors. Our results indicate that a moderately lower TBX20 activity potentially reduces CHD risk in the Han Chinese population, providing new insight in the study of CHD etiology.
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38
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Liu Y, Xue Y, Wu S, Hu D. Inherited Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome. CARDIOVASCULAR INNOVATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.15212/cvia.2016.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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39
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Liu J, Laksman Z, Backx PH. The electrophysiological development of cardiomyocytes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 96:253-73. [PMID: 26788696 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The generation of human cardiomyocytes (CMs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has become an important resource for modeling human cardiac disease and for drug screening, and also holds significant potential for cardiac regeneration. Many challenges remain to be overcome however, before innovation in this field can translate into a change in the morbidity and mortality associated with heart disease. Of particular importance for the future application of this technology is an improved understanding of the electrophysiologic characteristics of CMs, so that better protocols can be developed and optimized for generating hPSC-CMs. Many different cell culture protocols are currently utilized to generate CMs from hPSCs and all appear to yield relatively “developmentally” immature CMs with highly heterogeneous electrical properties. These hPSC-CMs are characterized by spontaneous beating at highly variable rates with a broad range of depolarization-repolarization patterns, suggestive of mixed populations containing atrial, ventricular and nodal cells. Many recent studies have attempted to introduce approaches to promote maturation and to create cells with specific functional properties. In this review, we summarize the studies in which the electrical properties of CMs derived from stem cells have been examined. In order to place this information in a useful context, we also review the electrical properties of CMs as they transition from the developing embryo to the adult human heart. The signal pathways involved in the regulation of ion channel expression during development are also briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulan Kwon
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Gordon F Tomaselli
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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41
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Papaioannou VE. The T-box gene family: emerging roles in development, stem cells and cancer. Development 2014; 141:3819-33. [PMID: 25294936 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T-box family of transcription factors exhibits widespread involvement throughout development in all metazoans. T-box proteins are characterized by a DNA-binding motif known as the T-domain that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. In humans, mutations in many of the genes within the T-box family result in developmental syndromes, and there is increasing evidence to support a role for these factors in certain cancers. In addition, although early studies focused on the role of T-box factors in early embryogenesis, recent studies in mice have uncovered additional roles in unsuspected places, for example in adult stem cell populations. Here, I provide an overview of the key features of T-box transcription factors and highlight their roles and mechanisms of action during various stages of development and in stem/progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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42
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Gillers BS, Chiplunkar A, Aly H, Valenta T, Basler K, Christoffels VM, Efimov IR, Boukens BJ, Rentschler S. Canonical wnt signaling regulates atrioventricular junction programming and electrophysiological properties. Circ Res 2014; 116:398-406. [PMID: 25599332 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.304731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Proper patterning of the atrioventricular canal (AVC) is essential for delay of electrical impulses between atria and ventricles, and defects in AVC maturation can result in congenital heart disease. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of canonical Wnt signaling in the myocardium during AVC development. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a novel allele of β-catenin that preserves β-catenin's cell adhesive functions but disrupts canonical Wnt signaling, allowing us to probe the effects of Wnt loss of function independently. We show that the loss of canonical Wnt signaling in the myocardium results in tricuspid atresia with hypoplastic right ventricle associated with the loss of AVC myocardium. In contrast, ectopic activation of Wnt signaling was sufficient to induce formation of ectopic AV junction-like tissue as assessed by morphology, gene expression, and electrophysiological criteria. Aberrant AVC development can lead to ventricular pre-excitation, a characteristic feature of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. We demonstrate that postnatal activation of Notch signaling downregulates canonical Wnt targets within the AV junction. Stabilization of β-catenin protein levels can rescue Notch-mediated ventricular pre-excitation and dysregulated ion channel gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that myocardial canonical Wnt signaling is an important regulator of AVC maturation and electric programming upstream of Tbx3. Our data further suggest that ventricular pre-excitation may require both morphological patterning defects, as well as myocardial lineage reprogramming, to allow robust conduction across accessory pathway tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Gillers
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Aditi Chiplunkar
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Haytham Aly
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Tomas Valenta
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Konrad Basler
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Igor R Efimov
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.)
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- From the Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), and Department of Developmental Biology (B.S.G., A.C., H.A., S.R.), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO; Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (T.V., K.B.); Department of Anatomy, Embryology, and Physiology, Heart Failure Research Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (V.M.C.); and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO (I.R.E., B.J.B., S.R.).
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Lockhart MM, Boukens BJD, Phelps AL, Brown CLM, Toomer KA, Burns TA, Mukherjee RD, Norris RA, Trusk TC, van den Hoff MJB, Wessels A. Alk3 mediated Bmp signaling controls the contribution of epicardially derived cells to the tissues of the atrioventricular junction. Dev Biol 2014; 396:8-18. [PMID: 25300579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using mouse models for cell fate tracing of epicardial derived cells (EPDCs) have demonstrated that at the atrioventricular (AV) junction EPDCs contribute to the mesenchyme of the AV sulcus, the annulus fibrosus, and the parietal leaflets of the AV valves. There is little insight, however, into the mechanisms that govern the contribution of EPDCs to these tissues. While it has been demonstrated that bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling is required for AV cushion formation, its role in regulating EPDC contribution to the AV junction remains unexplored. To determine the role of Bmp signaling in the contribution of EPDCs to the AV junction, the Bmp receptor activin-like kinase 3 (Alk3; or Bmpr1a) was conditionally deleted in the epicardium and EPDCs using the mWt1/IRES/GFP-Cre (Wt1(Cre)) mouse. Embryonic Wt1(Cre);Alk3(fl/fl) specimens showed a significantly smaller AV sulcus and a severely underdeveloped annulus fibrosus. Electrophysiological analysis of adult Wt1(Cre);Alk3(fl/fl) mice showed, unexpectedly, no ventricular pre-excitation. Cell fate tracing revealed a significant decrease in the number of EPDCs within the parietal leaflets of the AV valves. Postnatal Wt1(Cre);Alk3(fl/fl) specimens showed myxomatous changes in the leaflets of the mitral valve. Together these observations indicate that Alk3 mediated Bmp signaling is important in the cascade of events that regulate the contribution of EPDCs to the AV sulcus, annulus fibrosus, and the parietal leaflets of the AV valves. Furthermore, this study shows that EPDCs do not only play a critical role in early developmental events at the AV junction, but that they also are important in the normal maturation of the AV valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Lockhart
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Aimee L Phelps
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Christina-Lin M Brown
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Katelynn A Toomer
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tara A Burns
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rupak D Mukherjee
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery and Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Russell A Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Thomas C Trusk
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Maurice J B van den Hoff
- Heart Failure Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Physiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andy Wessels
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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44
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Boukens BJ, Rivaud MR, Rentschler S, Coronel R. Misinterpretation of the mouse ECG: 'musing the waves of Mus musculus'. J Physiol 2014; 592:4613-26. [PMID: 25260630 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.279380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The ECG is a primary diagnostic tool in patients suffering from heart disease, underscoring the importance of understanding factors contributing to normal and abnormal electrical patterns. Over the past few decades, transgenic mouse models have been increasingly used to study pathophysiological mechanisms of human heart diseases. In order to allow extrapolation of insights gained from murine models to the human condition, knowledge of the similarities and differences between the mouse and human ECG is of crucial importance. In this review, we briefly discuss the physiological mechanisms underlying differences between the baseline ECG of humans and mice, and provide a framework for understanding how these inherent differences are relevant to the interpretation of the mouse ECG during pathology and to the translation of the results from the mouse to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63119, USA
| | - Mathilde R Rivaud
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stacey Rentschler
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, and Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ruben Coronel
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands L'Institut de RYthmologie et de modélisation Cardiaque (LIRYC), Université Bordeaux Segalen, Bordeaux, France
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45
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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46
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Shin JY, Le Dour C, Sera F, Iwata S, Homma S, Joseph LC, Morrow JP, Dauer WT, Worman HJ. Depletion of lamina-associated polypeptide 1 from cardiomyocytes causes cardiac dysfunction in mice. Nucleus 2014; 5:260-459. [PMID: 24859316 DOI: 10.4161/nucl.29227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that striated muscle-selective depletion of lamina-associated polypeptide 1 (LAP1), an integral inner nuclear membrane protein, leads to profound muscular dystrophy with premature death in mice. As LAP1 is also depleted in hearts of these mice, we examined their cardiac phenotype. Striated muscle-selective LAP1 knockout mice display ventricular systolic dysfunction with abnormal induction of genes encoding cardiomyopathy related proteins. To eliminate possible confounding effects due to skeletal muscle pathology, we generated a new mouse line in which LAP1 is deleted in a cardiomyocyte-selective manner. These mice had no skeletal muscle pathology and appeared overtly normal at 20 weeks of age. However, cardiac echocardiography revealed that they developed left ventricular systolic dysfunction and cardiac gene expression analysis revealed abnormal induction of cardiomyopathy-related genes. Our results demonstrate that LAP1 expression in cardiomyocytes is required for normal left ventricular function, consistent with a report of cardiomyopathy in a human subject with mutation in the gene encoding LAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Shin
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Caroline Le Dour
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Fusako Sera
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Shinichi Iwata
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Shunichi Homma
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - Leroy C Joseph
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - John P Morrow
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
| | - William T Dauer
- Department of Neurology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Howard J Worman
- Department of Medicine; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; College of Physicians & Surgeons; Columbia University; New York, NY USA
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47
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Abstract
In the past decade, optical mapping provided crucial mechanistic insight into electromechanical function and the mechanism of ventricular fibrillation. Therefore, to date, optical mapping dominates experimental cardiac electrophysiology. The first cardiac measurements involving optics were done in the early 1900s using the fast cinematograph that later evolved into methods for high-resolution activation and repolarization mapping and stimulation of specific cardiac cell types. The field of "optocardiography," therefore, emerged as the use of light for recording or interfering with cardiac physiology. In this review, we discuss how optocardiography developed into the dominant research technique in experimental cardiology. Furthermore, we envision how optocardiographic methods can be used in clinical cardiology.
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48
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Boukens BJ, Janse MJ. Brief history of arrhythmia in the WPW syndrome - the contribution of George Ralph Mines. J Physiol 2013; 591:4067-71. [PMID: 23858007 PMCID: PMC3779102 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.259598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
George Ralph Mines studied the basic principles of reentry and published his data in The Journal of Physiology in 1913. Exactly 100 years later we discuss his first electrophysiological experiments and how his results lead to the insight that was the basis for the treatment of the clinical arrhythmias seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas J Boukens
- B. J. D. Boukens: Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, One Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1097, St Louis, MO 63119, USA.
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49
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Verheule S, Kaese S. Connexin diversity in the heart: insights from transgenic mouse models. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:81. [PMID: 23818881 PMCID: PMC3694209 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac conduction is mediated by gap junction channels that are formed by connexin (Cx) protein subunits. The connexin family of proteins consists of more than 20 members varying in their biophysical properties and ability to combine with other connexins into heteromeric gap junction channels. The mammalian heart shows regional differences both in connexin expression profile and in degree of electrical coupling. The latter reflects functional requirements for conduction velocity which needs to be low in the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and high in the ventricular conduction system. Over the past 20 years knowledge of the biology of gap junction channels and their role in the genesis of cardiac arrhythmias has increased enormously. This review focuses on the insights gained from transgenic mouse models. The mouse heart expresses Cx30, 30.2, 37, 40, 43, 45, and 46. For these connexins a variety of knock-outs, heart-specific knock-outs, conditional knock-outs, double knock-outs, knock-ins and overexpressors has been studied. We discuss the cardiac phenotype in these models and compare Cx expression between mice and men. Mouse models have enhanced our understanding of (patho)-physiological implications of Cx diversity in the heart. In principle connexin-specific modulation of electrical coupling in the heart represents an interesting treatment strategy for cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Verheule
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
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Jensen B, van den Berg G, van den Doel R, Oostra RJ, Wang T, Moorman AFM. Development of the hearts of lizards and snakes and perspectives to cardiac evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63651. [PMID: 23755108 PMCID: PMC3673951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Birds and mammals both developed high performance hearts from a heart that must have been reptile-like and the hearts of extant reptiles have an unmatched variability in design. Yet, studies on cardiac development in reptiles are largely old and further studies are much needed as reptiles are starting to become used in molecular studies. We studied the growth of cardiac compartments and changes in morphology principally in the model organism corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus), but also in the genotyped anole (Anolis carolinenis and A. sagrei) and the Philippine sailfin lizard (Hydrosaurus pustulatus). Structures and chambers of the formed heart were traced back in development and annotated in interactive 3D pdfs. In the corn snake, we found that the ventricle and atria grow exponentially, whereas the myocardial volumes of the atrioventricular canal and the muscular outflow tract are stable. Ventricular development occurs, as in other amniotes, by an early growth at the outer curvature and later, and in parallel, by incorporation of the muscular outflow tract. With the exception of the late completion of the atrial septum, the adult design of the squamate heart is essentially reached halfway through development. This design strongly resembles the developing hearts of human, mouse and chicken around the time of initial ventricular septation. Subsequent to this stage, and in contrast to the squamates, hearts of endothermic vertebrates completely septate their ventricles, develop an insulating atrioventricular plane, shift and expand their atrioventricular canal toward the right and incorporate the systemic and pulmonary venous myocardium into the atria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Bioscience-Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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