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Symmonds J, Gaufin T, Xu C, Raehtz KD, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Making a Monkey out of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Pathogenesis: Immune Cell Depletion Experiments as a Tool to Understand the Immune Correlates of Protection and Pathogenicity in HIV Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:972. [PMID: 38932264 PMCID: PMC11209256 DOI: 10.3390/v16060972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis is critical for designing successful HIV vaccines and cure strategies. However, achieving this goal is complicated by the virus's direct interactions with immune cells, the induction of persistent reservoirs in the immune system cells, and multiple strategies developed by the virus for immune evasion. Meanwhile, HIV and SIV infections induce a pandysfunction of the immune cell populations, making it difficult to untangle the various concurrent mechanisms of HIV pathogenesis. Over the years, one of the most successful approaches for dissecting the immune correlates of protection in HIV/SIV infection has been the in vivo depletion of various immune cell populations and assessment of the impact of these depletions on the outcome of infection in non-human primate models. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the strategies and results of manipulating SIV pathogenesis through in vivo depletions of key immune cells populations. Although each of these methods has its limitations, they have all contributed to our understanding of key pathogenic pathways in HIV/SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen Symmonds
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Cuiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; (J.S.); (C.X.); (K.D.R.); (I.P.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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2
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Ringe RP, Colin P, Ozorowski G, Allen JD, Yasmeen A, Seabright GE, Lee JH, Antanasijevic A, Rantalainen K, Ketas T, Moore JP, Ward AB, Crispin M, Klasse PJ. Glycan heterogeneity as a cause of the persistent fraction in HIV-1 neutralization. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011601. [PMID: 37903160 PMCID: PMC10635575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) to multiple epitopes on the HIV-1-envelope glycoprotein (Env) have been isolated from infected persons. The potency of NAbs is measured more often than the size of the persistent fraction of infectivity at maximum neutralization, which may also influence preventive efficacy of active or passive immunization and the therapeutic outcome of the latter. Many NAbs neutralize HIV-1 CZA97.012, a clone of a Clade-C isolate, to ~100%. But here NAb PGT151, directed to a fusion-peptide epitope, left a persistent fraction of 15%. NAb PGT145, ligating the Env-trimer apex, left no detectable persistent fraction. The divergence in persistent fractions was further analyzed by depletion of pseudoviral populations of the most PGT151- and PGT145-reactive virions. Thereby, neutralization by the non-depleting NAb increased, whereas neutralization by the depleting NAb decreased. Furthermore, depletion by PGT151 increased sensitivity to autologous neutralization by sera from rabbits immunized with soluble native-like CZA97.012 trimer: substantial persistent fractions were reduced. NAbs in these sera target epitopes comprising residue D411 at the V4-β19 transition in a defect of the glycan shield on CZA97.012 Env. NAb binding to affinity-fractionated soluble native-like CZA97.012 trimer differed commensurately with neutralization in analyses by ELISA and surface plasmon resonance. Glycan differences between PGT151- and PGT145-purified trimer fractions were then demonstrated by mass spectrometry, providing one explanation for the differential antigenicity. These differences were interpreted in relation to a new structure at 3.4-Å resolution of the soluble CZA97.012 trimer determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The trimer adopted a closed conformation, refuting apex opening as the cause of reduced PGT145 binding to the PGT151-purified form. The evidence suggests that differences in binding and neutralization after trimer purification or pseudovirus depletion with PGT145 or PGT151 are caused by variation in glycosylation, and that some glycan variants affect antigenicity through direct effects on antibody contacts, whereas others act allosterically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh P. Ringe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Philippe Colin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Joel D. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Aleksandar Antanasijevic
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas Ketas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John P. Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - P. J. Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
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3
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Guo T, Deng Q, Qiu Z, Rong L. HIV infection dynamics and viral rebound: Modeling results from humanized mice. J Theor Biol 2023; 567:111490. [PMID: 37054969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), HIV persists in infected individuals. The virus also rebounds after the cessation of cART. The sources contributing to viral persistence and rebound are not fully understood. When viral rebound occurs, what affects the time to rebound and how to delay the rebound remain unclear. In this paper, we started with the data fitting of an HIV infection model to the viral load data in treated and untreated humanized myeloid-only mice (MoM) in which macrophages serve as the target of HIV infection. By fixing the parameter values for macrophages from the MoM fitting, we fit a mathematical model including the infection of two target cell populations to the viral load data from humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice, in which both CD4+ T cells and macrophages are the target of HIV infection. Data fitting suggests that the viral load decay in BLT mice under treatment has three phases. The loss of infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages is a major contributor to the first two phases of viral decay, and the last phase may be due to the latent infection of CD4+ T cells. Numerical simulations using parameter estimates from the data fitting show that the pre-ART viral load and the latent reservoir size at treatment cessation can affect viral growth rate and predict the time to viral rebound. Model simulations further reveal that early and prolonged cART can delay the viral rebound after cessation of treatment, which may have implications in the search for functional control of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Guo
- Aliyun School of Big Data, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, China
| | - Qi Deng
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Center for Basic Teaching and Experiment, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Jiangyin 214443, China
| | - Libin Rong
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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4
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Towards a new combination therapy with vectored immunoprophylaxis for HIV: Modeling "shock and kill" strategy. Math Biosci 2023; 355:108954. [PMID: 36525996 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Latently infected cells are considered as a major barrier to curing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection. Reactivation of latently infected cells followed by killing the actively infected cells may be a potential strategy ("shock and kill") to purge the latent reservoir. Based on vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP) experiment that can elicit bNAbs, in this paper a mathematical model is formulated to explore the efficacy of "shock and kill" strategy with VIP. We derive the basic reproduction number R0 of the model and show that R0 completely determines the dynamics of the model: if R0<1, the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable; if R0>1, the system is uniformly persistent. Numerical simulations suggest that the "shock and kill" strategy with VIP can effectively control HIV infection while this strategy cannot eradicate the reservoir without VIP although it can alleviate the HIV infection. To model the administration of drugs and vaccine more realistically, pharmacokinetics and pulse vaccination are incorporated into the model of ordinary differential equations. The resultants are described by impulsive differential equations. The thresholds are obtained for the frequency and strength of the vaccination to eliminate the viruses. Furthermore, the most appropriate times are numerically investigated for starting a short-term latency-reversing agents (LRAs) treatment relative to ART considering the toxicity of LRAs. The results show that LRAs treatment at the beginning of ART might be a better option. These results have important implications for the design of HIV cure-related clinical trials.
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5
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Nordstrom JL, Ferrari G, Margolis DM. Bispecific antibody-derived molecules to target persistent HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2022; 8:100083. [PMID: 36111287 PMCID: PMC9468498 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2022.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection persists despite durable and potent antiviral therapy. To target persistent HIV infection, one major strategy aims to induce HIV provirus expression using latency reversing agents and then eliminate these reservoir cells via immune responses enhanced by treatment with antibody-derived bispecific molecules. The specificities of anti-HIV-1 envelope monoclonal antibodies have been incorporated into bispecific molecules that can recognize infected cells and recruit cytotoxic immune cells to eliminate them. This concept seeks to engineer a unique and potent effector response based on the opportunity to target conserved viral epitopes on infected cells, and recruit broad populations of immune effector cells that are not limited by major histocompatibility complex restrictions or other programmed specificity constraints. This article provides a review of bispecific DART® molecules and other dual-specificity antibody-based molecules that function by co-engaging CD3-expressing T cells or CD16A-expressing NK cells with HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David M. Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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York J, Gowrishankar K, Micklethwaite K, Palmer S, Cunningham AL, Nasr N. Evolving Strategies to Eliminate the CD4 T Cells HIV Viral Reservoir via CAR T Cell Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:873701. [PMID: 35572509 PMCID: PMC9098815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.873701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the advent of ART has significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV infection, the stable pool of HIV in latently infected cells requires lifelong treatment adherence, with the cessation of ART resulting in rapid reactivation of the virus and productive HIV infection. Therefore, these few cells containing replication-competent HIV, known as the latent HIV reservoir, act as the main barrier to immune clearance and HIV cure. While several strategies involving HIV silencing or its reactivation in latently infected cells for elimination by immune responses have been explored, exciting cell based immune therapies involving genetically engineered T cells expressing synthetic chimeric receptors (CAR T cells) are highly appealing and promising. CAR T cells, in contrast to endogenous cytotoxic T cells, can function independently of MHC to target HIV-infected cells, are efficacious and have demonstrated acceptable safety profiles and long-term persistence in peripheral blood. In this review, we present a comprehensive picture of the current efforts to target the HIV latent reservoir, with a focus on CAR T cell therapies. We highlight the current challenges and advances in this field, while discussing the importance of novel CAR designs in the efforts to find a HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod York
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Kavitha Gowrishankar
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Children’s Cancer Research Unit, Kids Research, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kenneth Micklethwaite
- Centre for Cancer Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Program, Department of Haematology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies Laboratory – Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR) Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah Palmer
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Jiang S, Tuzikov A, Andrianov A. Small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors targeting the epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:757-773. [PMID: 35353988 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy currently used for HIV/AIDS has significantly increased the life expectancy of HIV-infected individuals. It has also improved the quality of life, reduced mortality, and decreased the incidence of AIDS and HIV-related conditions. Currently, however, affected individuals are typically on a lifetime course of several therapeutic drugs, all with the potential for associated toxicity and emergence of resistance. This calls for development of novel, potent, and broad anti-HIV agents able to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. Significant progress has been made toward identification of anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). However, antibody-based drugs are costly to produce and store. Administration (by injection only) and other obstacles limit clinical use. In recent years, several highly promising small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors targeting the epitopes of bNAbs have been developed. These newly developed compounds are the focus of the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Alexander Tuzikov
- United Institute of Informatics Problems, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220012 Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Alexander Andrianov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220141 Minsk, Republic of Belarus.
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8
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Bordoloi D, Xu Z, Ho M, Purwar M, Bhojnagarwala P, Cassel J, Giron LB, Walker S, Kulkarni AJ, Ruiz ET, Choi J, Zaidi FI, Wu Y, Wang S, Patel A, Ramos S, Smith T, Kulp D, Ugen KE, Srinivasan A, Abdel-Mohsen M, Humeau L, Weiner DB, Muthumani K. Identification of Novel Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1349-1361. [PMID: 34396059 PMCID: PMC8353887 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the newly emerged human coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Due to the highly contagious nature of SARS-CoV-2, it has infected more than 137 million individuals and caused more than 2.9 million deaths globally as of April 13, 2021. There is an urgent need to develop effective novel therapeutic strategies to treat or prevent this infection. Toward this goal, we focused on the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2 Spike) present on the surface of virus particles as well as virus-infected cells. We isolated anti-SARS-CoV-2 Spike mAbs from animals immunized with a DNA vaccine. We then selected a highly potent set of mAbs against SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and evaluated each candidate for their expression, target binding affinity, and neutralization potential using complementary ACE2-blocking and pseudovirus neutralization assays. We identified a total of 10 antibodies, which specifically and strongly bound to SARS-CoV-2 Spike, blocked the receptor binding domain (RBD) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) interaction, and neutralized SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the glycomic profile of the antibodies suggested that they have high Fc-mediated effector functions. These antibodies should be further investigated for elucidating the neutralizing epitopes on Spike for the design of next-generation vaccines and for their potential in diagnostic as well as therapeutic utilities against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devivasha Bordoloi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Michelle Ho
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Mansi Purwar
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Pratik Bhojnagarwala
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Joel Cassel
- Molecular
Screening Facility, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104,United States
| | - Leila B. Giron
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Susanne Walker
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Abhijeet J Kulkarni
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Edgar Tello Ruiz
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Jihae Choi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Faraz I. Zaidi
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Yuanhan Wu
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Shaoying Wang
- Synbio
Technologies, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852, United States
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Stephanie Ramos
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - Trevor Smith
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - Daniel Kulp
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Kenneth E. Ugen
- Department
of Molecular Medicine, University of South
Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Mohsen
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Laurent Humeau
- Inovio
Pharmaceuticals, Plymouth
Meeting, Pennsylvania 19462, United States
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
| | - Kar Muthumani
- Vaccine
& Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4205, United States
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9
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Shared immunotherapeutic approaches in HIV and hepatitis B virus: combine and conquer. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 15:157-164. [PMID: 32167944 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this study was to identify similarities, differences and lessons to be shared from recent progress in HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) immunotherapeutic approaches. RECENT FINDINGS Immune dysregulation is a hallmark of both HIV and HBV infection, which have shared routes of transmission, with approximately 10% of HIV-positive patients worldwide being coinfected with HBV. Immune modulation therapies to orchestrate effective innate and adaptive immune responses are currently being sought as potential strategies towards a functional cure in both HIV and HBV infection. These are based on activating immunological mechanisms that would allow durable control by triggering innate immunity, reviving exhausted endogenous responses and/or generating new immune responses. Recent technological advances and increased appreciation of humoral responses in the control of HIV have generated renewed enthusiasm in the cure field. SUMMARY For both HIV and HBV infection, a primary consideration with immunomodulatory therapies continues to be a balance between generating highly effective immune responses and mitigating any significant toxicity. A large arsenal of new approaches and ongoing research offer the opportunity to define the pathways that underpin chronic infection and move closer to a functional cure.
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10
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Case JB, Winkler ES, Errico JM, Diamond MS. On the road to ending the COVID-19 pandemic: Are we there yet? Virology 2021; 557:70-85. [PMID: 33676349 PMCID: PMC7908885 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged into the human population in late 2019 and caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 215 countries and infected many millions of people. Despite the introduction of numerous governmental and public health measures to control disease spread, infections continue at an unabated pace, suggesting that effective vaccines and antiviral drugs will be required to curtail disease, end the pandemic, and restore societal norms. Here, we review the current developments in antibody and vaccine countermeasures to limit or prevent disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/biosynthesis
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics
- Patient Safety
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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11
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Van de Perre P, Goga A, Ngandu N, Nagot N, Moodley D, King R, Molès JP, Mosqueira B, Chirinda W, Scarlatti G, Tylleskär T, Dabis F, Gray G. Eliminating postnatal HIV transmission in high incidence areas: need for complementary biomedical interventions. Lancet 2021; 397:1316-1324. [PMID: 33812490 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rate of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV from breastfeeding is increasing relative to other causes of MTCT. Early effective preconception and antenatal antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces intrauterine and intrapartum MTCT, whereas maternal post-partum HIV acquisition, untreated maternal HIV, and suboptimal postnatal maternal ART adherence increase the risk of MTCT through breastfeeding. Although the absolute number of cases of MTCT acquired through breastfeeding is decreasing, the rate of decrease is less than the decrease in intrauterine and intrapartum MTCT. Unless current strategies are universally applied, they might not be sufficient to eliminate MTCT due to breastfeeding. Urgent action is needed to evaluate and implement additional preventive biomedical strategies in high HIV prevalence and incidence settings to eliminate MTCT from breastfeeding. Preventive strategies include: pre-exposure prophylaxis in breastfeeding women who have an increased risk of acquiring HIV; postnatal reinforcement strategies, such as maternal retesting for HIV, maternal care reinforcement, and prophylaxis in infants exposed to HIV via breastmilk; and active (vaccine) or passive immunoprophylaxis with long-acting broadly neutralising antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Ameena Goga
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nobubelo Ngandu
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dhayendre Moodley
- Centre for AIDS Research in South Africa, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rachel King
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France; School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Molès
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatriz Mosqueira
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Antilles University, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
| | | | - François Dabis
- Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS), Paris, France; Bordeaux Population Health, INSERM U 1219, ISPED, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Bekele Feyissa Y, Chiodi F, Sui Y, Berzofsky JA. The Role of CXCL13 in Antibody Responses to HIV-1 Infection and Vaccination. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638872. [PMID: 33732259 PMCID: PMC7959754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL13 signals through the G protein-coupled chemokine receptor CXCR5 to drive development of secondary lymphoid tissue as well as B cell and Tfh cell trafficking to germinal centers (GC), which leads to the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and memory B cells. CXCL13 has been proposed as a general plasma biomarker for GC activities. In HIV-1 infected individuals, plasma CXCL13 levels have been associated with the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Moreover, CXCL13 production has been reported to be increased in HIV-1-infected lymph nodes, which may drive increased downregulation of CXCR5. In this review, we address the role of CXCL13 in HIV-1 infected individuals with regard to GC formation, generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies after infection and vaccination, and AIDS-related B cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonas Bekele Feyissa
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Yongjun Sui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay A Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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13
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Saha A, Dixit NM. Pre-existing resistance in the latent reservoir can compromise VRC01 therapy during chronic HIV-1 infection. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008434. [PMID: 33253162 PMCID: PMC7728175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive immunization with broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) of HIV-1 appears a promising strategy for eliciting long-term HIV-1 remission. When administered concomitantly with the cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to patients with established viremic control, bNAb therapy is expected to prolong remission. Surprisingly, in clinical trials on chronic HIV-1 patients, the bNAb VRC01 failed to prolong remission substantially. Identifying the cause of this failure is important for improving VRC01-based therapies and unraveling potential vulnerabilities of other bNAbs. In the trials, viremia resurged rapidly in most patients despite suppressive VRC01 concentrations in circulation, suggesting that VRC01 resistance was the likely cause of failure. ART swiftly halts viral replication, precluding the development of resistance during ART. If resistance were to emerge post ART, virological breakthrough would have taken longer than without VRC01 therapy. We hypothesized therefore that VRC01-resistant strains must have been formed before ART initiation, survived ART in latently infected cells, and been activated during VRC01 therapy, causing treatment failure. Current assays preclude testing this hypothesis experimentally. We developed a mathematical model based on the hypothesis and challenged it with available clinical data. The model integrated within-host HIV-1 evolution, stochastic latency reactivation, and viral dynamics with multiple-dose VRC01 pharmacokinetics. The model predicted that single but not higher VRC01-resistant mutants would pre-exist in the latent reservoir. We constructed a virtual patient population that parsimoniously recapitulated inter-patient variations. Model predictions with this population quantitatively captured data of VRC01 failure from clinical trials, presenting strong evidence supporting the hypothesis. We attributed VRC01 failure to single-mutant VRC01-resistant proviruses in the latent reservoir triggering viral recrudescence, particularly when VRC01 was at trough levels. Pre-existing resistant proviruses in the latent reservoir may similarly compromise other bNAbs. Our study provides a framework for designing bNAb-based therapeutic protocols that would avert such failure and maximize HIV-1 remission. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can control but not eradicate HIV-1. Stopping ART leads to rapid viral resurgence and progressive disease. ART is therefore administered lifelong. Tremendous efforts are ongoing to devise strategies that will enable stopping ART and yet prevent viral resurgence. One such strategy involves the administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) of HIV-1 at the time of stopping ART. This strategy is expected to delay if not prevent viral resurgence. Surprisingly, treatment with VRC01, a potent bNAb, resulted in hardly any improvement in viral remission. In this study, we elucidate the cause of this failure. We hypothesized that VRC01-resistant strains may pre-exist in latently infected cells, which are unaffected by ART. They can thus outlast ART and get reactivated, triggering VRC01 failure. We built a detailed mathematical model based on this hypothesis and showed that it quantitatively captured observations of VRC01 failure in clinical trials on chronic HIV-1 patients. Our study thus identifies a potential vulnerability of bNAbs, namely, bNAb-resistant strains pre-existing in latently infected cells. Our model offers a framework for predicting bNAb-based treatment protocols that would preclude failure due to pre-existing resistance and maximally prolong remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Saha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narendra M. Dixit
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- * E-mail:
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14
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Huang D, Tran JT, Olson A, Vollbrecht T, Tenuta M, Guryleva MV, Fuller RP, Schiffner T, Abadejos JR, Couvrette L, Blane TR, Saye K, Li W, Landais E, Gonzalez-Martin A, Schief W, Murrell B, Burton DR, Nemazee D, Voss JE. Vaccine elicitation of HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies from engineered B cells. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5850. [PMID: 33203876 PMCID: PMC7673113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) can suppress viremia and protect against HIV infection. However, their elicitation is made difficult by low frequencies of appropriate precursor B cell receptors and the complex maturation pathways required to generate bnAbs from these precursors. Antibody genes can be engineered into B cells for expression as both a functional antigen receptor on cell surfaces and as secreted antibody. Here, we show that HIV bnAb-engineered primary mouse B cells can be adoptively transferred and vaccinated in immunocompetent mice resulting in the expansion of durable bnAb memory and long-lived plasma cells. Somatic hypermutation after immunization indicates that engineered cells have the capacity to respond to an evolving pathogen. These results encourage further exploration of engineered B cell vaccines as a strategy for durable elicitation of HIV bnAbs to protect against infection and as a contributor to a functional HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Tuyet Tran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex Olson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Vollbrecht
- Department of Medicine, The University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mary Tenuta
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mariia V Guryleva
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow Lomonosov State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberta P Fuller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Justin R Abadejos
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lauren Couvrette
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tanya R Blane
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Karen Saye
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Wenjuan Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alicia Gonzalez-Martin
- Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - William Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Scripps Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (IAVI), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - James E Voss
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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Pediatric HIV: the Potential of Immune Therapeutics to Achieve Viral Remission and Functional Cure. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2020; 17:237-248. [PMID: 32356090 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), more than 50% of perinatally HIV-infected children die by 2 years of age. Early ART from infancy is therefore a global recommendation and significantly improves immune health, child survival, and disease outcome. However, even early treatment does not prevent or eradicate the latent reservoir necessitating life-long ART. Adherence to life-long ART is challenging for children and longstanding ART during chronic HIV infection led to higher risks of non-AIDS co-morbidities and virologic failure in infected children. Thus, HIV-infected children are an important population for consideration for immune-based interventions to achieve ART-free remission and functional cure. This review summarizes how the uniqueness of the early life immune system can be harnessed for the development of ART-free remission and functional cure, which means complete virus control in absence of ART. In addition, recent advances in therapeutics in the HIV cure field and their potential for the treatment of pediatric HIV infections are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that immune-based interventions target HIV replication, limit size of virus reservoir, maintain virus suppression, and delay time to virus rebound. However, these studies have been performed so far only in carefully selected HIV-infected adults, highlighting the need to evaluate the efficacy of immune-based therapeutics in HIV-infected children and to design interventions tailored to the early life maturing immune system. Immune-based therapeutics alone or in combination with ART should be actively explored as potential strategies to achieve viral remission and functional cure in HIV-infected pediatric populations.
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16
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Dashti A, Waller C, Mavigner M, Schoof N, Bar KJ, Shaw GM, Vanderford TH, Liang S, Lifson JD, Dunham RM, Ferrari G, Tuyishime M, Lam CYK, Nordstrom JL, Margolis DM, Silvestri G, Chahroudi A. SMAC Mimetic Plus Triple-Combination Bispecific HIVxCD3 Retargeting Molecules in SHIV.C.CH505-Infected, Antiretroviral Therapy-Suppressed Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2020; 94:e00793-20. [PMID: 32817214 PMCID: PMC7565632 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00793-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The "shock-and-kill" human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure strategy involves latency reversal followed by immune-mediated clearance of infected cells. We have previously shown that activation of the noncanonical NF-κB pathway using an inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP), AZD5582, reverses HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) latency. Here, we combined AZD5582 with bispecific HIVxCD3 DART molecules to determine the impact of this approach on persistence. Rhesus macaques (RMs) (n = 13) were infected with simian/human immunodeficiency virus SHIV.C.CH505.375H.dCT, and triple antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated after 16 weeks. After 42 weeks of ART, 8 RMs received a cocktail of 3 HIVxCD3 DART molecules having human A32, 7B2, or PGT145 anti-HIV-1 envelope (Env) specificities paired with a human anti-CD3 specificity that is rhesus cross-reactive. The remaining 5 ART-suppressed RMs served as controls. For 10 weeks, a DART molecule cocktail was administered weekly (each molecule at 1 mg/kg of body weight), followed 2 days later by AZD5582 (0.1 mg/kg). DART molecule serum concentrations were well above those considered adequate for redirected killing activity against Env-expressing target cells but began to decline after 3 to 6 weekly doses, coincident with the development of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) against each of the DART molecules. The combination of AZD5582 and the DART molecule cocktail did not increase on-ART viremia or cell-associated SHIV RNA in CD4+ T cells and did not reduce the viral reservoir size in animals on ART. The lack of latency reversal in the model used in this study may be related to low pre-ART viral loads (median, <105 copies/ml) and low preintervention reservoir sizes (median, <102 SHIV DNA copies/million blood CD4+ T cells). Future studies to assess the efficacy of Env-targeting DART molecules or other clearance agents to reduce viral reservoirs after latency reversal may be more suited to models that better minimize immunogenicity and have a greater viral burden.IMPORTANCE The most significant barrier to an HIV-1 cure is the existence of the latently infected viral reservoir that gives rise to rebound viremia upon cessation of ART. Here, we tested a novel combination approach of latency reversal with AZD5582 and clearance with bispecific HIVxCD3 DART molecules in SHIV.C.CH505-infected, ART-suppressed rhesus macaques. We demonstrate that the DART molecules were not capable of clearing infected cells in vivo, attributed to the lack of quantifiable latency reversal in this model with low levels of persistent SHIV DNA prior to intervention as well as DART molecule immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Dashti
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Chevaughn Waller
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maud Mavigner
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nils Schoof
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas H Vanderford
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Shan Liang
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard M Dunham
- HIV Drug Discovery, ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marina Tuyishime
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children's Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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17
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The application of immunotherapies to HIV presents a new horizon of treatment options, but little is known about what impact they may have on the central nervous system (CNS). Here we review the most promising immunotherapeutic strategies that can be used to target HIV in the CNS and focus on identifying their potential benefits while exploring the challenges that remain in their application. RECENT FINDINGS We have identified five immunotherapeutic strategies that hold potential in managing CNS disease among HIV-infected patients. These include broadly neutralizing antibodies, multi-affinity antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, checkpoint inhibitors, and therapeutic vaccines. Each class of immunotherapy presents unique mechanisms by which CNS viremia and latency may be addressed but are faced with several challenges. CAR-T cell therapy and multi-affinity antibodies seem to hold promise, but combination therapy is likely to be most effective. However, more human trials are needed before the clinical benefits of these therapies are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kapoor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Sabrina Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue E/CLS 1011, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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18
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Ward AR, Mota TM, Jones RB. Immunological approaches to HIV cure. Semin Immunol 2020; 51:101412. [PMID: 32981836 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has proven remarkably successful - for those who can access and afford it - yet HIV infection persists indefinitely in a reservoir of cells, despite effective ART and despite host antiviral immune responses. An HIV cure is therefore the next aspirational goal and challenge, though approaches differ in their objectives - with 'functional cures' aiming for durable viral control in the absence of ART, and 'sterilizing cures' aiming for the more difficult to realize objective of complete viral eradication. Mechanisms of HIV persistence, including viral latency, anatomical sequestration, suboptimal immune functioning, reservoir replenishment, target cell-intrinsic immune resistance, and, potentially, target cell distraction of immune effectors, likely need to be overcome in order to achieve a cure. A small fraction of people living with HIV (PLWH) naturally control infection via immune-mediated mechanisms, however, providing both sound rationale and optimism that an immunological approach to cure is possible. Herein we review up to date knowledge and emerging evidence on: the mechanisms contributing to HIV persistence, as well as potential strategies to overcome these barriers; promising immunological approaches to achieve viral control and elimination of reservoir-harboring cells, including harnessing adaptive immune responses to HIV and engineered therapies, as well as enhancers of their functions and of complementary innate immune functioning; and combination strategies that are most likely to succeed. Ultimately, a cure must be safe, effective, durable, and, eventually, scalable in order to be widely acceptable and available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; PhD Program in Epidemiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Talia M Mota
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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19
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Alrubayyi A, Ogbe A, Moreno Cubero E, Peppa D. Harnessing Natural Killer Cell Innate and Adaptive Traits in HIV Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:395. [PMID: 32850493 PMCID: PMC7417314 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient virological suppression on antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV (PLWH), experience an increased burden of premature co-morbidities, such as cancer and end-organ disease. With remaining challenges in terms of access to therapy, adherence and potential long-term drug toxicity, improving their long-term healthcare outcome, including new strategies for HIV clearance, remains a global priority. There is, therefore, an ongoing need to better characterize and harness the immune response in order to develop new strategies and supplement current therapeutic approaches for a “functional” cure. Current efforts toward HIV eradication to enhance immune recognition and elimination of persistently infected cells have highlighted the need for an optimized “kill” approach. Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in antiviral defense and by virtue of their innate and adaptive features hold great promise as a focus of “kill” efforts. Galvanized by advances in the cancer field, NK cell exploitation, represents a transformative approach to augment HIV therapeutic modalities, circumventing many of the limitations inherent to T cell approaches. In this review we will discuss recent advances in our understanding of the development of NK cell adaptive/memory responses in HIV infection and highlight new and exciting opportunities to exploit the beneficial attributes of NK cells for HIV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elia Moreno Cubero
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of HIV, Mortimer Market Centre, CNWL NHS Trust, London, OH, United Kingdom
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20
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Sharma VK, Misra B, McManus KT, Avula S, Nellaiappan K, Caskey M, Horowitz J, Nussenzweig MC, Seaman MS, Javeri I, Dey AK. Characterization of Co-Formulated High-Concentration Broadly Neutralizing Anti-HIV-1 Monoclonal Antibodies for Subcutaneous Administration. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:antib9030036. [PMID: 32751063 PMCID: PMC7551838 DOI: 10.3390/antib9030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of numerous potent and broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein has invigorated the potential of using them as an effective preventative and therapeutic agent. The majority of the anti-HIV-1 antibodies, currently under clinical investigation, are formulated singly for intra-venous (IV) infusion. However, due to the high degree of genetic variability in the case of HIV-1, a single broad neutralizing antibody will likely not be sufficient to protect against the broad range of viral isolates. To that end, delivery of two or more co-formulated bnAbs against HIV-1 in a single subcutaneous (SC) injection is highly desired. We, therefore, co-formulated two anti-HIV bnAbs, 3BNC117-LS and 10-1074-LS, to a total concentration of 150 mg/mL for SC administration and analyzed them using a panel of analytical techniques. Chromatographic based methods, such as RP-HPLC, CEX-HPLC, SEC-HPLC, were developed to ensure separation and detection of each antibody in the co-formulated sample. In addition, we used a panel of diverse pseudoviruses to detect the functionality of individual antibodies in the co-formulation. We also used these methods to test the stability of the co-formulated antibodies and believe that such an approach can support future efforts towards the formulation and characterization of multiple high-concentration antibodies for SC delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaneet K. Sharma
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Bijay Misra
- CuriRx, Inc., 205 Lowell Street, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA; (B.M.); (K.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Kevin T. McManus
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (K.T.M.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Sreenivas Avula
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.C.); (J.H.); (M.C.N.)
| | - Jill Horowitz
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.C.); (J.H.); (M.C.N.)
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; (M.C.); (J.H.); (M.C.N.)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA; (K.T.M.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Indu Javeri
- CuriRx, Inc., 205 Lowell Street, Wilmington, MA 01887, USA; (B.M.); (K.N.); (I.J.)
| | - Antu K. Dey
- IAVI, 125 Broad Street, New York, NY 10004, USA; (V.K.S.); (S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Blazkova J, Refsland EW, Clarridge KE, Shi V, Justement JS, Huiting ED, Gittens KR, Chen X, Schmidt SD, Liu C, Doria-Rose N, Mascola JR, Heredia A, Moir S, Chun TW. Glycan-dependent HIV-specific neutralizing antibodies bind to cells of uninfected individuals. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4832-4837. [PMID: 31589168 DOI: 10.1172/jci125955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of highly potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have recently been shown to prevent transmission of the virus, suppress viral replication, and delay plasma viral rebound following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy in animal models and infected humans. However, the degree and extent to which such bNAbs interact with primary lymphocytes have not been fully delineated. Here, we show that certain glycan-dependent bNAbs, such as PGT121 and PGT151, bind to B, activated T, and natural killer (NK) cells of HIV-infected and -uninfected individuals. Binding of these bNAbs, particularly PGT121 and PGT151, to activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was mediated by complex-type glycans and was abrogated by enzymatic inhibition of N-linked glycosylation. In addition, a short-term incubation of PGT151 and primary NK cells led to degranulation and cellular death. Our data suggest that the propensity of certain bNAbs to bind uninfected/bystander cells has the potential for unexpected outcomes in passive-transfer studies and underscore the importance of antibody screening against primary lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blazkova
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Eric W Refsland
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Katherine E Clarridge
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Victoria Shi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Erin D Huiting
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | | | - Xuejun Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Cuiping Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alonso Heredia
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
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22
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Abstract
The Berlin patient, a famous example for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure, had received a bone marrow transplantation with an HIV resistance mutation. The authors describe his case and others that had shown HIV control, like the Mississippi baby who was started on antiretroviral therapy very early after birth, and posttreatment controllers, like the VISCONTI cohort. Moreover, the authors outline various strategies, oftentimes informed by these individuals, that have been tried in vitro, in animal models, or in human trials, to deplete the latent reservoir, which is considered the basis of HIV persistence and the obstacle to cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Jilg
- Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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23
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Paximadis M, Perez Patrigeon S, Rajasuriar R, Tatoud R, Scully E, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B and HIV-1 2019 IAS Cure Forum: lessons and benefits from interdisciplinary research. J Virus Erad 2019; 5:234-244. [PMID: 31754448 PMCID: PMC6844409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Paximadis
- Centre for HIV and STIs, Cell Biology,
National Institute for Communicable Diseases and University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg,
South Africa
| | - S Perez Patrigeon
- Division of Infectious Diseases,
Queen's University,
Kingston,
Ontario,
Canada
| | - R Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya and the Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA),
University of Malaya,
Malaysia
| | - R Tatoud
- International AIDS Society,
Geneva,
Switzerland,Corresponding author: Roger Tadoud
Avenue de France 23,
1202 Geneva,
Switzerland
| | - E Scully
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine,
Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore,
MD,
USA
| | - P Arbuthnot
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Science,
University of the Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg,
South Africa
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24
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Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Microglial Cells: The Main HIV-1 Reservoir in the Brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:362. [PMID: 31709195 PMCID: PMC6821723 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient combination of the antiretroviral therapy (cART), which significantly decreased mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection, a definitive HIV cure has not been achieved. Hidden HIV-1 in cellular and anatomic reservoirs is the major hurdle toward a functional cure. Microglial cells, the Central Nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages, are one of the major cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1. These cells are believed to be involved in the emergence of drugs resistance and reseeding peripheral tissues. Moreover, these long-life reservoirs are also involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive diseases (HAND). Clearing these infected cells from the brain is therefore crucial to achieve a cure. However, many characteristics of microglial cells and the CNS hinder the eradication of these brain reservoirs. Better understandings of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in microglial cells should help to design new molecules and new strategies preventing HAND and achieving HIV cure. Moreover, new strategies are needed to circumvent the limitations associated to anatomical sanctuaries with barriers such as the blood brain barrier (BBB) that reduce the access of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Wallet
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marco De Rovere
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
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25
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Paximadis M, Perez Patrigeon S, Rajasuriar R, Tatoud R, Scully E, Arbuthnot P. Hepatitis B and HIV-1 2019 IAS Cure Forum: lessons and benefits from interdisciplinary research. J Virus Erad 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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26
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Thami PK, Chimusa ER. Population Structure and Implications on the Genetic Architecture of HIV-1 Phenotypes Within Southern Africa. Front Genet 2019; 10:905. [PMID: 31611910 PMCID: PMC6777512 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interesting history of Southern Africa has put the region in the spotlight for population medical genetics. Major events including the Bantu expansion and European colonialism have imprinted unique genetic signatures within autochthonous populations of Southern Africa, this resulting in differential allele frequencies across the region. This genetic structure has potential implications on susceptibility and resistance to infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Southern Africa is the region affected worst by HIV. Here, we discuss advances made in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of HIV-1 in the past 12 years and dissect population diversity within Southern Africa. Our findings accentuate that a plethora of factors such as migration, language and culture, admixture, and natural selection have profiled the genetics of the people of Southern Africa. Genetic structure has been observed among the Khoe-San, among Bantu speakers, and between the Khoe-San, Coloureds, and Bantu speakers. Moreover, Southern African populations have complex admixture scenarios. Few GWAS of HIV-1 have been conducted in Southern Africa, with only one of these identifying two novel variants (HCG22rs2535307 and CCNG1kgp22385164) significantly associated with HIV-1 acquisition and progression. High genetic diversity, multi-wave genetic mixture and low linkage disequilibrium of Southern African populations constitute a challenge in identifying genetic variants with modest risk or protective effect against HIV-1. We therefore posit that it is compelling to assess genome-wide contribution of ancestry to HIV-1 infection. We further suggest robust methods that can pin-point population-specific variants that may contribute to the control of HIV-1 in Southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prisca K Thami
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Research Laboratory, Botswana Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Emile R Chimusa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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27
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Broadly resistant HIV-1 against CD4-binding site neutralizing antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007819. [PMID: 31194843 PMCID: PMC6592578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently identified broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) show great potential for clinical interventions against HIV-1 infection. However, resistant strains may impose substantial challenges. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a panel of HIV-1 strains with broad and potent resistance against a large number of bnAbs, particularly those targeting the CD4-binding site (CD4bs). Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that several key epitope mutations facilitate resistance and are located in the inner domain, loop D, and β23/loop V5/β24 of HIV-1 gp120. The resistance is largely correlated with binding affinity of antibodies to the envelope trimers expressed on the cell surface. Our results therefore demonstrate the existence of broadly resistant HIV-1 strains against CD4bs neutralizing antibodies. Treatment strategies based on the CD4bs bnAbs must overcome such resistance to achieve optimal clinical outcomes. Recently identified broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) show great potential for clinical interventions against HIV-1 infection. Among the bnAbs isolated to date, those targeting the CD4bs are the most abundant and thoroughly studied as they disrupt the crucial step of viral interaction with the cellular receptor molecule CD4. Despite the superior potency and breadth of these CD4bs bnAbs, each fails to neutralize a small but significant portion of pseudotyped virus panels. Here, we report on the identification and characterization of a panel of HIV-1 strains with broad and potent resistance against a large number of bnAbs, particularly those targeting the CD4bs. Resistance is largely attributed to mutated residues within the epitopes or steric hindrance imposed by the bulky side-chain or glycan shield of the mutated residues, and is largely correlated with reduced binding avidity of the antibody to the quaternary trimeric envelope protein expressed on the surface of the transfected cells. Treatment strategies based on the CD4bs bnAbs therefore must overcome such resistance to achieve optimal clinical outcomes.
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28
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Modeling HIV Dynamics Under Combination Therapy with Inducers and Antibodies. Bull Math Biol 2019; 81:2625-2648. [PMID: 31161559 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-019-00621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mathematical model is proposed to simulate the "shock-kill" strategy where broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are injected with a combination of HIV latency activators to reduce persistent HIV reservoirs. The basic reproductive ratio of virus is computed to extrapolate how the combinational therapy of inducers and antibodies affects the persistence of HIV infection. Numerical simulations demonstrate that a proper combination of inducers and bNAbs can drive the basic reproductive ratio below unity. Interestingly, it is found that a longer dosage interval leads to the higher HIV survival opportunity and a smaller dosage interval is preferred, which is fundamental to design an optimal therapeutic scheme. Further simulations reveal the conditions under which the joint therapy of inducer and antibodies induces a large extension of viral rebound time, which highlights the mechanism of delayed viral rebound from the experiment (Halper-Stromberg et al. in Cell 158:989-999, 2014). Optimal time for cessation of treatment is also analyzed to aid practical applications.
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29
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Carias LL, Dechavanne S, Nicolete VC, Sreng S, Suon S, Amaratunga C, Fairhurst RM, Dechavanne C, Barnes S, Witkowski B, Popovici J, Roesch C, Chen E, Ferreira MU, Tolia NH, Adams JH, King CL. Identification and Characterization of Functional Human Monoclonal Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Duffy-Binding Protein. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2648-2660. [PMID: 30944159 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax invasion of reticulocytes relies on distinct receptor-ligand interactions between the parasite and host erythrocytes. Engagement of the highly polymorphic domain II of the P. vivax Duffy-binding protein (DBPII) with the erythrocyte's Duffy Ag receptor for chemokines (DARC) is essential. Some P. vivax-exposed individuals acquired Abs to DBPII that block DBPII-DARC interaction and inhibit P. vivax reticulocyte invasion, and Ab levels correlate with protection against P. vivax malaria. To better understand the functional characteristics and fine specificity of protective human Abs to DBPII, we sorted single DBPII-specific IgG+ memory B cells from three individuals with high blocking activity to DBPII. We identified 12 DBPII-specific human mAbs from distinct lineages that blocked DBPII-DARC binding. All mAbs were P. vivax strain transcending and targeted known binding motifs of DBPII with DARC. Eleven mAbs competed with each other for binding, indicating recognition of the same or overlapping epitopes. Naturally acquired blocking Abs to DBPII from individuals with high levels residing in different P. vivax-endemic areas worldwide competed with mAbs, suggesting broadly shared recognition sites. We also found that mAbs inhibited P. vivax entry into reticulocytes in vitro. These findings suggest that IgG+ memory B cell activity in individuals with P. vivax strain-transcending Abs to DBPII display a limited clonal response with inhibitory blocking directed against a distinct region of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenore L Carias
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Sebastien Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Vanessa C Nicolete
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sokunthea Sreng
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, 12101 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Seila Suon
- National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, 12101 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Chanaki Amaratunga
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rick M Fairhurst
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Celia Dechavanne
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106.,UMR 261-Mother and Child Facing Tropical Infections, French National Research Institute for Development, Paris Descartes University, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Samantha Barnes
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Jean Popovici
- Malaria Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Unit, Pasteur Institute in Cambodia, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Edwin Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, University of Sao Paulo, 05508-000 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - John H Adams
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases Research, Department of Global Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Christopher L King
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106; .,Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106
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30
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Colomb F, Giron LB, Trbojevic-Akmacic I, Lauc G, Abdel-Mohsen M. Breaking the Glyco-Code of HIV Persistence and Immunopathogenesis. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2019; 16:151-168. [PMID: 30707400 PMCID: PMC6441623 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-019-00433-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Glycoimmunology is an emerging field focused on understanding how immune responses are mediated by glycans (carbohydrates) and their interaction with glycan-binding proteins called lectins. How glycans influence immunological functions is increasingly well understood. In a parallel way, in the HIV field, it is increasingly understood how the host immune system controls HIV persistence and immunopathogenesis. However, what has mostly been overlooked, despite its potential for therapeutic applications, is the role that the host glycosylation machinery plays in modulating the persistence and immunopathogenesis of HIV. Here, we will survey four areas in which the links between glycan-lectin interactions and immunology and between immunology and HIV are well described. For each area, we will describe these links and then delineate the opportunities for the HIV field in investigating potential interactions between glycoimmunology and HIV persistence/immunopathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies show that the human glycome (the repertoire of human glycan structures) plays critical roles in driving or modulating several cellular processes and immunological functions that are central to maintaining HIV infection. Understanding the links between glycoimmunology and HIV infection may create a new paradigm for discovering novel glycan-based therapies that can lead to eradication, functional cure, or improved tolerance of lifelong infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Colomb
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leila B Giron
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83h, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, A. Kovacica 1, Zagreb, Croatia
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31
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Wallet C, De Rovere M, Van Assche J, Daouad F, De Wit S, Gautier V, Mallon PWG, Marcello A, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Schwartz C. Microglial Cells: The Main HIV-1 Reservoir in the Brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019. [PMID: 31709195 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00362/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite efficient combination of the antiretroviral therapy (cART), which significantly decreased mortality and morbidity of HIV-1 infection, a definitive HIV cure has not been achieved. Hidden HIV-1 in cellular and anatomic reservoirs is the major hurdle toward a functional cure. Microglial cells, the Central Nervous system (CNS) resident macrophages, are one of the major cellular reservoirs of latent HIV-1. These cells are believed to be involved in the emergence of drugs resistance and reseeding peripheral tissues. Moreover, these long-life reservoirs are also involved in the development of HIV-1-associated neurocognitive diseases (HAND). Clearing these infected cells from the brain is therefore crucial to achieve a cure. However, many characteristics of microglial cells and the CNS hinder the eradication of these brain reservoirs. Better understandings of the specific molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 latency in microglial cells should help to design new molecules and new strategies preventing HAND and achieving HIV cure. Moreover, new strategies are needed to circumvent the limitations associated to anatomical sanctuaries with barriers such as the blood brain barrier (BBB) that reduce the access of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clementine Wallet
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Marco De Rovere
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Jeanne Van Assche
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Fadoua Daouad
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Stéphane De Wit
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Saint-Pierre University Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W G Mallon
- UCD Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research (CEPHR), School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Service of Molecular Virology, Department of Molecular Biology (DBM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier Rohr
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Christian Schwartz
- Université de Strasbourg, EA7292, FMTS, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
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32
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Skinner PJ. Targeting reservoirs of HIV replication in lymphoid follicles with cellular therapies to cure HIV. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/acg2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J. Skinner
- Microbiology Research Facility; Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis Minnesota
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Kumar R, Qureshi H, Deshpande S, Bhattacharya J. Broadly neutralizing antibodies in HIV-1 treatment and prevention. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2018; 6:61-68. [PMID: 30345419 DOI: 10.1177/2515135518800689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that naturally develop in some individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and are capable of broadly neutralizing diverse strains of HIV-1 are useful for two applications: they can inform the rational design of vaccine immunogens, and they may be capable of preventing and treating HIV-1 infection when administered passively. A phase IIb study has been initiated with the experimental broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) VRC01, which has considerable breadth and potency (also referred to as a phase IIb HVTN 703/HPTN 081 and HVTN 704/HPTN 085 AMP efficacy trials) to evaluate its protective efficacy in individuals at risk of HIV acquisition. bnAbs prevent HIV-1 infection by selectively targeting vulnerable sites on the viral envelope (Env) protein that facilitates the entry of HIV. Although in very early stages, bnAbs capable of neutralizing a broad range of inter- and intraclade HIV-1 isolates have been demonstrated to have potential in treating patients either alone or in combination with antiretroviral drug therapy (cART); however, they are proposed to be advantageous over the latter as far as durability and side effects are concerned. Recent studies have indicated that combination therapy of potent bnAbs along with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) might also target latent reservoirs of HIV and kill them by recruiting effector cells, such as natural killer cells, thus confirming clinical progression. Possession of such qualities makes these new-generation potent bnAbs extremely valuable in effectively complementing the shortcomings of current ART drugs and improving the quality of life of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Haryana, India
| | - Huma Qureshi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Haryana, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- HIV Vaccine Translational Research Laboratory, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana-121001, India
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Cohen YZ, Lorenzi JCC, Krassnig L, Barton JP, Burke L, Pai J, Lu CL, Mendoza P, Oliveira TY, Sleckman C, Millard K, Butler AL, Dizon JP, Belblidia SA, Witmer-Pack M, Shimeliovich I, Gulick RM, Seaman MS, Jankovic M, Caskey M, Nussenzweig MC. Relationship between latent and rebound viruses in a clinical trial of anti-HIV-1 antibody 3BNC117. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2311-2324. [PMID: 30072495 PMCID: PMC6122972 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A clinical trial was performed to evaluate 3BNC117, a potent anti-HIV-1 antibody, in infected individuals during suppressive antiretroviral therapy and subsequent analytical treatment interruption (ATI). The circulating reservoir was evaluated by quantitative and qualitative viral outgrowth assay (Q2VOA) at entry and after 6 mo. There were no significant quantitative changes in the size of the reservoir before ATI, and the composition of circulating reservoir clones varied in a manner that did not correlate with 3BNC117 sensitivity. 3BNC117 binding site amino acid variants found in rebound viruses preexisted in the latent reservoir. However, only 3 of 217 rebound viruses were identical to 868 latent viruses isolated by Q2VOA and near full-length sequencing. Instead, 63% of the rebound viruses appeared to be recombinants, even in individuals with 3BNC117-resistant reservoir viruses. In conclusion, viruses emerging during ATI in individuals treated with 3BNC117 are not the dominant species found in the circulating latent reservoir, but frequently appear to represent recombinants of latent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehuda Z Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Julio C C Lorenzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lisa Krassnig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - John P Barton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Leah Burke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Joy Pai
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Ching-Lan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Pilar Mendoza
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Katrina Millard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Allison L Butler
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Juan P Dizon
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Shiraz A Belblidia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Maggi Witmer-Pack
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Irina Shimeliovich
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Roy M Gulick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
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Otsuka Y, Schmitt K, Quinlan BD, Gardner MR, Alfant B, Reich A, Farzan M, Choe H. Diverse pathways of escape from all well-characterized VRC01-class broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007238. [PMID: 30125330 PMCID: PMC6117093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were shown effective in animal models, and are currently evaluated in clinical trials. However, use of these antibodies in humans is hampered by the rapid emergence of resistant viruses. Here we show that soft-randomization can be used to accelerate the parallel identification of viral escape pathways. As a proof of principle, we soft-randomized the epitope regions of VRC01-class bNAbs in replication-competent HIV-1 and selected for resistant variants. After only a few passages, a surprisingly diverse population of antibody-resistant viruses emerged, bearing both novel and previously described escape mutations. We observed that the escape variants resistant to some VRC01-class bNAbs are resistant to most other bNAbs in the same class, and that a subset of variants was completely resistant to every well characterized VRC01-class bNAB, including VRC01, NIH45-46, 3BNC117, VRC07, N6, VRC-CH31, and VRC-PG04. Thus, our data demonstrate that soft randomization is a suitable approach for accelerated detection of viral escape, and highlight the challenges inherent in administering or attempting to elicit VRC01-class antibodies. Several potent antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been evaluated in clinical trials. Use of these antibodies in humans, however, is problematic, because easy viral escape remains a major concern. To gain greater insights, we sought to develop an approach to rapidly assess the likelihood of viral escape from such antibodies. We show here that soft-randomization mutagenesis is a suitable approach to introduce a controlled number of changes into defined target regions. As a proof of concept, we used this approach to detect the HIV-1 variants fully resistant to VRC01-class of antibodies. We observed that within a few passages of the soft-randomized library of viruses in the presence of potent HIV-1 antibodies, a remarkably wide array of variants emerged, including variants resistant to every VRC01-class antibody. This study provides insights into a wide range of escape pathways, and describes a method for rapidly assessing the likelihood of viral escape from antibodies or small molecules targeting the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Otsuka
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Schmitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Adrian Reich
- Informatics Core, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Antibody-Mediated Therapy against HIV/AIDS: Where Are We Standing Now? J Pathog 2018; 2018:8724549. [PMID: 29973995 PMCID: PMC6009031 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8724549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases are on the rise globally. To date, there is still no effective measure to eradicate the causative agent, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is being used in HIV/AIDS management, but it results in long-term medication and has major drawbacks such as multiple side effects, high cost, and increasing the generation rate of escape mutants. In addition, HAART does not control HIV-related complications, and hence more medications and further management are required. With this, other alternatives are urgently needed. In the past, small-molecule inhibitors have shown potent antiviral effects, and some of them are now being evaluated in clinical trials. The challenges in developing these small molecules for clinical use include the off-target effect, poor stability, and low bioavailability. On the other hand, antibody-mediated therapy has emerged as an important therapeutic modality for anti-HIV therapeutics development. Many antiviral antibodies, namely, broad neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against multiple strains of HIV, have shown promising effects in vitro and in animal studies; further studies are ongoing in clinical trials to evaluate their uses in clinical applications. This short review aims to discuss the current development of therapeutic antibodies against HIV and the challenges in adopting them for clinical use.
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HIV-1 Vaccines Based on Antibody Identification, B Cell Ontogeny, and Epitope Structure. Immunity 2018; 48:855-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Therapeutic Efficacy of Vectored PGT121 Gene Delivery in HIV-1-Infected Humanized Mice. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01925-17. [PMID: 29321310 PMCID: PMC5972893 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01925-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are being explored for HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies. However, administration of purified bNAbs poses challenges in resource-poor settings, where the HIV-1 disease burden is greatest. In vivo vector-based production of bNAbs represents an alternative strategy. We investigated adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) vectors to deliver the HIV-1-specific bNAb PGT121 in wild-type and immunocompromised C57BL/6 mice as well as in HIV-1-infected bone marrow-liver-thymus (BLT) humanized mice. Ad5.PGT121 and AAV1.PGT121 produced functional antibody in vivo. Ad5.PGT121 produced PGT121 rapidly within 6 h, whereas AAV1.PGT121 produced detectable PGT121 in serum by 72 h. Serum PGT121 levels were rapidly reduced by the generation of anti-PGT121 antibodies in immunocompetent mice but were durably maintained in immunocompromised mice. In HIV-1-infected BLT humanized mice, Ad5.PGT121 resulted in a greater reduction of viral loads than did AAV1.PGT121. Ad5.PGT121 also led to more-sustained virologic control than purified PGT121 IgG. Ad5.PGT121 afforded more rapid, robust, and durable antiviral efficacy than AAV1.PGT121 and purified PGT121 IgG in HIV-1-infected humanized mice. Further evaluation of vector delivery of HIV-1 bNAbs is warranted, although approaches to prevent the generation of antiantibody responses may also be required. IMPORTANCE Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are being explored for HIV-1 prevention and cure strategies, but delivery of purified antibodies may prove challenging. We investigated adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) and adeno-associated virus serotype 1 (AAV1) vectors to deliver the HIV-1-specific bNAb PGT121. Ad5.PGT121 afforded more rapid, robust, and durable antiviral efficacy than AAV1.PGT121 and purified PGT121 IgG in HIV-1-infected humanized mice.
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Huang SH, Ren Y, Thomas AS, Chan D, Mueller S, Ward AR, Patel S, Bollard CM, Cruz CR, Karandish S, Truong R, Macedo AB, Bosque A, Kovacs C, Benko E, Piechocka-Trocha A, Wong H, Jeng E, Nixon DF, Ho YC, Siliciano RF, Walker BD, Jones RB. Latent HIV reservoirs exhibit inherent resistance to elimination by CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:876-889. [PMID: 29355843 PMCID: PMC5785246 DOI: 10.1172/jci97555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of persistent, latent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells obstructs current efforts to cure infection. The so-called kick-and-kill paradigm proposes to purge these reservoirs by combining latency-reversing agents with immune effectors such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Support for this approach is largely based on success in latency models, which do not fully reflect the makeup of latent reservoirs in individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent studies have shown that CD8+ T cells have the potential to recognize defective proviruses, which comprise the vast majority of all infected cells, and that the proviral landscape can be shaped over time due to in vivo clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we have shown that treating CD4+ T cells from ART-treated individuals with combinations of potent latency-reversing agents and autologous CD8+ T cells consistently reduced cell-associated HIV DNA, but failed to deplete replication-competent virus. These CD8+ T cells recognized and potently eliminated CD4+ T cells that were newly infected with autologous reservoir virus, ruling out a role for both immune escape and CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Thus, our results suggest that cells harboring replication-competent HIV possess an inherent resistance to CD8+ T cells that may need to be addressed to cure infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Children’s National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine M. Bollard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Children’s National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Children’s National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Amanda B. Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hing Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Jeng
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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40
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Hua CK, Ackerman ME. Increasing the Clinical Potential and Applications of Anti-HIV Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1655. [PMID: 29234320 PMCID: PMC5712301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and early human clinical studies of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to prevent and treat HIV infection support the clinical utility and potential of bNAbs for prevention, postexposure prophylaxis, and treatment of acute and chronic infection. Observed and potential limitations of bNAbs from these recent studies include the selection of resistant viral populations, immunogenicity resulting in the development of antidrug (Ab) responses, and the potentially toxic elimination of reservoir cells in regeneration-limited tissues. Here, we review opportunities to improve the clinical utility of HIV Abs to address these challenges and further accomplish functional targets for anti-HIV Ab therapy at various stages of exposure/infection. Before exposure, bNAbs' ability to serve as prophylaxis by neutralization may be improved by increasing serum half-life to necessitate less frequent administration, delivering genes for durable in vivo expression, and targeting bNAbs to sites of exposure. After exposure and/or in the setting of acute infection, bNAb use to prevent/reduce viral reservoir establishment and spread may be enhanced by increasing the potency with which autologous adaptive immune responses are stimulated, clearing acutely infected cells, and preventing cell-cell transmission of virus. In the setting of chronic infection, bNAbs may better mediate viral remission or "cure" in combination with antiretroviral therapy and/or latency reversing agents, by targeting additional markers of tissue reservoirs or infected cell types, or by serving as targeting moieties in engineered cell therapy. While the clinical use of HIV Abs has never been closer, remaining studies to precisely define, model, and understand the complex roles and dynamics of HIV Abs and viral evolution in the context of the human immune system and anatomical compartmentalization will be critical to both optimize their clinical use in combination with existing agents and define further strategies with which to enhance their clinical safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K. Hua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
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Thorlund K, Horwitz MS, Fife BT, Lester R, Cameron DW. Landscape review of current HIV 'kick and kill' cure research - some kicking, not enough killing. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:595. [PMID: 28851294 PMCID: PMC5576299 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients is life-long because it only suppresses de novo infections. Recent efforts to eliminate HIV have tested the ability of a number of agents to reactivate ('Kick') the well-known latent reservoir. This approach is rooted in the assumption that once these cells are reactivated the host's immune system itself will eliminate ('Kill') the virus. While many agents have been shown to reactivate large quantities of the latent reservoir, the impact on the size of the latent reservoir has been negligible. This suggests that the immune system is not sufficient to eliminate reactivated reservoirs. Thus, there is a need for more emphasis on 'kill' strategies in HIV cure research, and how these might work in combination with current or future kick strategies. METHODS We conducted a landscape review of HIV 'cure' clinical trials using 'kick and kill' approaches. We identified and reviewed current available clinical trial results in human participants as well as ongoing and planned clinical trials. We dichotomized trials by whether they did not include or include a 'kill' agent. We extracted potential reasons why the 'kill' is missing from current 'kick and kill' strategies. We subsequently summarized and reviewed current 'kill' strategies have entered the phase of clinical trial testing in human participants and highlighted those with the greatest promise. RESULTS The identified 'kick' trials only showed promise on surrogate measures activating latent T-cells, but did not show any positive effects on clinical 'cure' measures. Of the 'kill' agents currently being tested in clinical trials, early results have shown small but meaningful proportions of participants remaining off ART for several months with broadly neutralizing antibodies, as well as agents for regulating immune cell responses. A similar result was also recently observed in a trial combining a conventional 'kick' with a vaccine immune booster ('kill'). CONCLUSION While an understanding of the efficacy of each individual component is crucial, no single 'kick' or 'kill' agent is likely to be a fully effective cure. Rather, the solution is likely found in a combination of multiple 'kick and kill' interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Thorlund
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc S. Horwitz
- Faculty of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Brian T. Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Richard Lester
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - D. William Cameron
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa at The Ottawa Hospital / Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, K1H 6V2 Ontario Canada
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Tomaras GD, Plotkin SA. Complex immune correlates of protection in HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:245-261. [PMID: 28133811 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine is a major priority for improving human health worldwide. Vaccine-mediated protection against human pathogens can be achieved through elicitation of protective innate, humoral, and cellular responses. Identification of specific immune responses responsible for pathogen protection enables vaccine development and provides insights into host defenses against pathogens and the immunological mechanisms that most effectively fight infection. Defining immunological correlates of transmission risk in preclinical and clinical HIV-1 vaccine trials has moved the HIV-1 vaccine development field forward and directed new candidate vaccine development. Immune correlate studies are providing novel hypotheses about immunological mechanisms that may be responsible for preventing HIV-1 acquisition. Recent results from HIV-1 immune correlates work has demonstrated that there are multiple types of immune responses that together, comprise an immune correlate-thus implicating polyfunctional immune control of HIV-1 transmission. An in depth understanding of these complex immunological mechanisms of protection against HIV-1 will accelerate the development of an efficacious HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stanley A Plotkin
- Vaxconsult, Doylestown, PA, USA.,University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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43
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Kwarteng A, Ahuno ST, Kwakye-Nuako G. The therapeutic landscape of HIV-1 via genome editing. AIDS Res Ther 2017; 14:32. [PMID: 28705213 PMCID: PMC5513397 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-017-0157-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment for HIV-1 largely relies on chemotherapy through the administration of antiretroviral drugs. While the search for anti-HIV-1 vaccine remain elusive, the use of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) have been far-reaching and has changed HIV-1 into a manageable chronic infection. There is compelling evidence, including several side-effects of ARTs, suggesting that eradication of HIV-1 cannot depend solely on antiretrovirals. Gene therapy, an expanding treatment strategy, using RNA interference (RNAi) and programmable nucleases such as meganuclease, zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas9) are transforming the therapeutic landscape of HIV-1. TALENS and ZFNS are structurally similar modular systems, which consist of a FokI endonuclease fused to custom-designed effector proteins but have been largely limited, particularly ZFNs, due to their complexity and cost of protein engineering. However, the newly developed CRISPR-Cas9 system, consists of a single guide RNA (sgRNA), which directs a Cas9 endonuclease to complementary target sites, and serves as a superior alternative to the previous protein-based systems. The techniques have been successfully applied to the development of better HIV-1 models, generation of protective mutations in endogenous/host cells, disruption of HIV-1 genomes and even reactivating latent viruses for better detection and clearance by host immune response. Here, we focus on gene editing-based HIV-1 treatment and research in addition to providing perspectives for refining these techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Samuel Terkper Ahuno
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), PMB, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Godwin Kwakye-Nuako
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, College of Health and Allied Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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44
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French MA, Tjiam MC, Abudulai LN, Fernandez S. Antiviral Functions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1)-Specific IgG Antibodies: Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy and Implications for Therapeutic HIV-1 Vaccine Design. Front Immunol 2017; 8:780. [PMID: 28725225 PMCID: PMC5495868 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Contemporary antiretroviral therapy (ART) is effective and tolerable for long periods of time but cannot eradicate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection by either elimination of viral reservoirs or enhancement of HIV-1-specific immune responses. Boosting "protective" HIV-1-specific immune responses by active or passive immunization will therefore be necessary to control or eradicate HIV-1 infection and is currently the topic of intense investigation. Recently reported studies conducted in HIV patients and non-human primate (NHP) models of HIV-1 infection suggest that HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses may contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. However, production of IgG antibodies with virus neutralizing activity by vaccination remains problematic and while vaccine-induced natural killer cell-activating IgG antibodies have been shown to prevent the acquisition of HIV-1 infection, they may not be sufficient to control or eradicate established HIV-1 infection. It is, therefore, important to consider other functional characteristics of IgG antibody responses. IgG antibodies to viruses also mediate opsonophagocytic antibody responses against virions and capsids that enhance the function of phagocytic cells playing critical roles in antiviral immune responses, particularly conventional dendritic cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Emerging evidence suggests that these antibody functions might contribute to the control of HIV-1 infection. In addition, IgG antibodies contribute to the intracellular degradation of viruses via binding to the cytosolic fragment crystallizable (Fc) receptor tripartite motif containing-21 (TRIM21). The functional activity of an IgG antibody response is influenced by the IgG subclass content, which affects binding to antigens and to Fcγ receptors on phagocytic cells and to TRIM21. The IgG subclass content and avidity of IgG antibodies is determined by germinal center (GC) reactions in follicles of lymphoid tissue. As HIV-1 infects cells in GCs and induces GC dysfunction, which may persist during ART, strategies for boosting HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses should include early commencement of ART and possibly the use of particular antiretroviral drugs to optimize drug levels in lymphoid follicles. Finally, enhancing particular functions of HIV-1-specific IgG antibody responses by using adjuvants or cytokines to modulate the IgG subclass content of the antibody response might be investigated in NHP models of HIV-1 infection and during trials of therapeutic vaccines in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn A. French
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Perth Hospital and PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Christian Tjiam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laila N. Abudulai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sonia Fernandez
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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45
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Schwartz C, Bouchat S, Marban C, Gautier V, Van Lint C, Rohr O, Le Douce V. On the way to find a cure: Purging latent HIV-1 reservoirs. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 146:10-22. [PMID: 28687465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of cART in 1996 has drastically increased the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1. However, this treatment has not allowed cure as cessation of cART is associated with a rapid viral rebound. The main barrier to the eradication of the virus is related to the persistence of latent HIV reservoirs. Evidence is now accumulating that purging the HIV-1 reservoir might lead to a cure or a remission. The most studied strategy is the so called "shock and kill" therapy. This strategy is based on reactivation of dormant viruses from the latently-infected reservoirs (the shock) followed by the eradication of the reservoirs (the kill). This review focuses mainly on the recent advances made in the "shock and kill" therapy. We believe that a cure or a remission will come from combinatorial approaches i.e. combination of drugs to reactivate the dormant virus from all the reservoirs including the one located in sanctuaries, and combination of strategies boosting the immune system. Alternative strategies based on cell and gene therapy or based in inducing deep latency, which are evoked in this review reinforce the idea that at least a remission is attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schwartz
- University of Strasbourg, EA7292, DHPI, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France.
| | - Sophie Bouchat
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Céline Marban
- University of Strasbourg, Inserm UMR 1121 Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire Pavillon Leriche 1, place de l'Hôpital Strasbourg, France
| | - Virginie Gautier
- UCD, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Medicine University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Carine Van Lint
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Service of Molecular Virology, Institute for Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), 12 rue des Profs Jeener et Brachet, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Olivier Rohr
- University of Strasbourg, EA7292, DHPI, Institute of Parasitology and Tropical Pathology, Strasbourg, France; University of Strasbourg, IUT Louis Pasteur, Schiltigheim, France
| | - Valentin Le Douce
- UCD, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), School of Medicine University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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46
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Ferrari G, Pollara J, Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. Humoral and Innate Antiviral Immunity as Tools to Clear Persistent HIV Infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:S152-S159. [PMID: 28520963 PMCID: PMC5410976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 uses the CD4 molecule as its principal receptor to infect T cells. HIV-1 integrates its viral genome into the host cell, leading to persistent infection wherein HIV-1 can remain transcriptionally silent in latently infected CD4+ T cells. On reactivation of replication-competent provirus, HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Env) are expressed and accumulate on the cell surface, allowing infected cells to be detected and targeted by endogenous immune responses or immune interventions. HIV-1 Env-specific antibodies have the potential to bind HIV-1 cell surface Env and promote elimination of infected CD4+ T cells by recruiting cytotoxic effector cells, such as natural killer cells, monocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells. Harnessing humoral and innate cellular responses has become one focus of research to develop innovative strategies to recruit and redirect cytotoxic effector cells to eliminate the HIV-1 latently infected CD4+ T-cell reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Ferrari
- Departments of Surgery.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Justin Pollara
- Departments of Surgery.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Departments of Surgery.,Immunology, and.,Molecular Genetics and Microbiology and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Medicine.,Immunology, and.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist GS-9620 Induces HIV Expression and HIV-Specific Immunity in Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals on Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02166-16. [PMID: 28179531 PMCID: PMC5375698 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02166-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy can suppress HIV replication to undetectable levels but does not eliminate latent HIV, thus necessitating lifelong therapy. Recent efforts to target this persistent reservoir have focused on inducing the expression of latent HIV so that infected cells may be recognized and eliminated by the immune system. Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation stimulates antiviral immunity and has been shown to induce HIV from latently infected cells. Activation of TLR7 leads to the production of several stimulatory cytokines, including type I interferons (IFNs). In this study, we show that the selective TLR7 agonist GS-9620 induced HIV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. GS-9620 increased extracellular HIV RNA 1.5- to 2-fold through a mechanism that required type I IFN signaling. GS-9620 also activated HIV-specific T cells and enhanced antibody-mediated clearance of HIV-infected cells. Activation by GS-9620 in combination with HIV peptide stimulation increased CD8 T cell degranulation, production of intracellular cytokines, and cytolytic activity. T cell activation was again dependent on type I IFNs produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. GS-9620 induced phagocytic cell maturation and improved effector-mediated killing of HIV-infected CD4 T cells by the HIV envelope-specific broadly neutralizing antibody PGT121. Collectively, these data show that GS-9620 can activate HIV production and improve the effector functions that target latently infected cells. GS-9620 may effectively complement orthogonal therapies designed to stimulate antiviral immunity, such as therapeutic vaccines or broadly neutralizing antibodies. Clinical studies are under way to determine if GS-9620 can target HIV reservoirs. IMPORTANCE Though antiretroviral therapies effectively suppress viral replication, they do not eliminate integrated proviral DNA. This stable intermediate of viral infection is persistently maintained in reservoirs of latently infected cells. Consequently, lifelong therapy is required to maintain viral suppression. Ultimately, new therapies that specifically target and eliminate the latent HIV reservoir are needed. Toll-like receptor agonists are potent enhancers of innate antiviral immunity that can also improve the adaptive immune response. Here, we show that a highly selective TLR7 agonist, GS-9620, activated HIV from peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from HIV-infected individuals with suppressed infection. GS-9620 also improved immune effector functions that specifically targeted HIV-infected cells. Previously published studies on the compound in other chronic viral infections show that it can effectively induce immune activation at safe and tolerable clinical doses. Together, the results of these studies suggest that GS-9620 may be useful for treating HIV-infected individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy.
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48
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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Ruffin N, Hani L, Seddiki N. From dendritic cells to B cells dysfunctions during HIV-1 infection: T follicular helper cells at the crossroads. Immunology 2017; 151:137-145. [PMID: 28231392 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are essential for B-cell differentiation and the subsequent antibody responses. Their numbers and functions are altered during human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV/SIV) infections. In lymphoid tissues, Tfh cells are present in germinal centre, where they are the main source of replicative HIV-1 and represent a major reservoir. Paradoxically, Tfh cell numbers are increased in chronically infected individuals. Understanding the fate of Tfh cells in the course of HIV-1 infection is essential for the design of efficient strategies toward a protective HIV vaccine or a cure. The purpose of this review is to summarize the recent advance in our understanding of Tfh cell dynamics during HIV/SIV infection. In particular, to explore the possible causes of their expansion in lymphoid tissues by discussing the impact of HIV-1 infection on dendritic cells, to identify the molecular players rendering Tfh cells highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection, and to consider the contribution of regulatory follicular T cells in shaping Tfh cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruffin
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Faculté de médecine, INSERM U955, Université Paris Est, Créteil Cedex, France
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50
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Identification of Human Anti-HIV gp160 Monoclonal Antibodies That Make Effective Immunotoxins. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01955-16. [PMID: 27852851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01955-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The envelope (Env) glycoprotein of HIV is the only intact viral protein expressed on the surface of both virions and infected cells. Env is the target of neutralizing antibodies (Abs) and has been the subject of intense study in efforts to produce HIV vaccines. Therapeutic anti-Env Abs can also exert antiviral effects via Fc-mediated effector mechanisms or as cytotoxic immunoconjugates, such as immunotoxins (ITs). In the course of screening monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for their ability to deliver cytotoxic agents to infected or Env-transfected cells, we noted disparities in their functional activities. Different MAbs showed diverse functions that did not correlate with each other. For example, MAbs against the external loop region of gp41 made the most effective ITs against infected cells but did not neutralize virus and bound only moderately to the same cells that they killed so effectively when they were used in ITs. There were also differences in IT-mediated killing among transfected and infected cell lines that were unrelated to the binding of the MAb to the target cells. Our studies of a well-characterized antigen demonstrate that MAbs against different epitopes have different functional activities and that the binding of one MAb can influence the interaction of other MAbs that bind elsewhere on the antigen. These results have implications for the use of MAbs and ITs to kill HIV-infected cells and eradicate persistent reservoirs of HIV infection. IMPORTANCE There is increased interest in using antibodies to treat and cure HIV infection. Antibodies can neutralize free virus and kill cells already carrying the virus. The virus envelope (Env) is the only HIV protein expressed on the surfaces of virions and infected cells. In this study, we examined a panel of human anti-Env antibodies for their ability to deliver cell-killing toxins to HIV-infected cells and to perform other antiviral functions. The ability of an antibody to make an effective immunotoxin could not be predicted from its other functional characteristics, such as its neutralizing activity. Anti-HIV immunotoxins could be used to eliminate virus reservoirs that persist despite effective antiretroviral therapy.
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