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Kong F, Wu T, Dai J, Cai J, Zhai Z, Zhu Z, Xu Y, Sun T. Knowledge domains and emerging trends of Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer's disease: A bibliometric analysis and visualization study from 2002 to 2022. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0295008. [PMID: 38241287 PMCID: PMC10798548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive and behavioral function. Studies have shown that genetic factors are one of the main causes of AD risk. genome-wide association study (GWAS), as a novel and effective tool for studying the genetic risk of diseases, has attracted attention from researchers in recent years and a large number of studies have been conducted. This study aims to summarize the literature on GWAS in AD by bibliometric methods, analyze the current status, research hotspots and future trends in this field. METHODS We retrieved articles on GWAS in AD published between 2002 and 2022 from Web of Science. CiteSpace and VOSviewer software were applied to analyze the articles for the number of articles published, countries/regions and institutions of publication, authors and cited authors, highly cited literature, and research hotspots. RESULTS We retrieved a total of 2,751 articles. The United States had the highest number of publications in this field, and Columbia University was the institution with the most published articles. The identification of AD-related susceptibility genes and their effects on AD is one of the current research hotspots. Numerous risk genes have been identified, among which APOE, CLU, CD2AP, CD33, EPHA1, PICALM, CR1, ABCA7 and TREM2 are the current genes of interest. In addition, risk prediction for AD and research on other related diseases are also popular research directions in this field. CONCLUSION This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of GWAS in AD and identified the current research hotspots and research trends. In addition, we also pointed out the shortcomings of current research and suggested future research directions. This study can provide researchers with information about the knowledge structure and emerging trends in the field of GWAS in AD and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanjing Kong
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianyu Wu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Dai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Cai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhenwei Zhai
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishan Zhu
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Sun
- School of Intelligent Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Na H, Yang JB, Zhang Z, Gan Q, Tian H, Rajab IM, Potempa LA, Tao Q, Qiu WQ. Peripheral apolipoprotein E proteins and their binding to LRP1 antagonize Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in the brain during peripheral chronic inflammation. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 127:54-69. [PMID: 37060729 PMCID: PMC10198819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) impacts apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele to increase Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. However, it is unclear how the ApoE protein and its binding to LRP1 are involved. We found that ApoE2 carriers had the highest but ApoE4 carriers had the lowest concentrations of blood ApoE in both humans and mice; blood ApoE concentration was negatively associated with AD risk. Elevation of peripheral monomeric CRP (mCRP) reduced the expression of ApoE in ApoE2 mice, while it decreased ApoE-LRP1 binding in the brains of ApoE4 mice that was characterized by Proximity Ligation Assay. Both serum ApoE and brain ApoE-LRP1 binding were positively associated with the expression of pericytes that disappeared after mCRP treatment, and negatively associated with brain tauopathy and neuroinflammation in the presence of mCRP. In ApoE-/- mice, mCRP reduced the brain expression levels of synaptophysin and PSD95 and the positive relationship between ApoE-LRP1 binding and synaptophysin or PSD95 expression disappeared. Our study suggests that blood ApoE protects against AD pathogenesis by binding to LRP1 during peripheral chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Na
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jack B Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang, China
| | | | | | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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Rahman MM, Islam MR, Alam Tumpa MA, Shohag S, Shakil Khan Shuvo, Ferdous J, Kajol SA, Aljohani ASM, Al Abdulmonem W, Rauf A, Thiruvengadam M. Insights into the promising prospect of medicinal chemistry studies against neurodegenerative disorders. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 373:110375. [PMID: 36739931 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal chemistry is an interdisciplinary field that incorporates organic chemistry, biochemistry, physical chemistry, pharmacology, informatics, molecular biology, structural biology, cell biology, and other disciplines. Additionally, it considers molecular factors such as the mode of action of the drugs, their chemical structure-activity relationship (SAR), and pharmacokinetic aspects like absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity. Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs), which are defined by the breakdown of neurons over time, are affecting an increasing number of people. Oxidative stress, particularly the increased production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), plays a crucial role in the growth of various disorders, as indicated by the identification of protein, lipid, and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) oxidation products in vivo. Because of their inherent nature, most biological molecules are vulnerable to ROS, even if they play a role in metabolic parameters and cell signaling. Due to their high polyunsaturated fatty acid content, low antioxidant barrier, and high oxygen uptake, neurons are particularly vulnerable to oxidation by nature. As a result, excessive ROS generation in neurons looks especially harmful, and the mechanisms associated with biomolecule oxidative destruction are several and complex. This review focuses on the formation and management of ROS, as well as their chemical characteristics (both thermodynamic and kinetic), interactions, and implications in NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mominur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Mst Afroza Alam Tumpa
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakil Khan Shuvo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Jannatul Ferdous
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Saima Akter Kajol
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah S M Aljohani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al Abdulmonem
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Swabi, Anbar, 23430, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan.
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Applied Bioscience, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea; Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Levy G, Levin B, Engelhardt E. Advancing the Genetics of Lewy Body Disorders with Disease-Modifying Treatments in Mind. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2022; 3:2200011. [PMID: 36911298 PMCID: PMC9993470 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202200011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this article, a caveat for advancing the genetics of Lewy body disorders is raised, given the nosological controversy about whether to consider dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease (PD) as one entity or two separate entities. Using the framework of the sufficient and component causes model of causation, as further developed into an evolution-based model of causation, it is proposed that a disease of complex etiology is defined as having a relatively high degree of sharing of the component causes (a genetic or environmental factor), that is, a low degree of heterogeneity of the sufficient causes. Based on this definition, only if the sharing of component causes within each of two diseases is similar to their combined sharing can lumping be warranted. However, it is not known whether the separate and combined sharing are similar before conducting the etiologic studies. This means that lumping DLB and PD can be counterproductive as it can decrease the ability to detect component causes despite the potential benefit of conducting studies with larger sample sizes. In turn, this is relevant to the development of disease-modifying treatments, because non-overlapping causal genetic factors may result in distinct pathogenetic pathways providing promising targets for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Levin
- Department of BiostatisticsMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew York10032USA
| | - Eliasz Engelhardt
- Instituto de Neurologia Deolindo Couto and Instituto de PsiquiatriaUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroRio de Janeiro22290‐140Brazil
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Gan Q, Wong A, Zhang Z, Na H, Tian H, Tao Q, Rajab IM, Potempa LA, Qiu WQ. Monomeric C-reactive protein induces the cellular pathology of Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2022; 8:e12319. [PMID: 35846159 PMCID: PMC9270638 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Human study shows that elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) in blood impacts apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, but not APOE ε3 or APOE ε2, genotype to increase the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, whether CRP is directly involved in cellular AD pathogenesis and in which type of neuronal cells of APOE ε4 carriers are unknown. Methods We aimed to use different primary neuronal cells and investigate if CRP induces cellular AD pathology depending on APOE genotypes. Here the different primary neuronal cells from the different APOE genotype knock-in mice cortex were isolated and used. Results Monomeric CRP (mCRP) increased amyloid beta production and, in parallel, induced tau phosphorylation in addition to their related proteins in the primary neurons in a pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Consistently, mCRP induced the staining of other neurodegenerative biomarkers, including Fluoro-Jade B stain (FjB), TUNEL and Cleaved Caspase-3, in primary neurons in a similar pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2. In contrast, pentameric CRP (pCRP) had a tendency to induce cellular AD pathology but did not reach statistical significance. On the other hand, it is intriguing that regardless of APOE genotype, mCRP did not influence the expressions of Iba-1 and CD68 in primary microglia or the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in primary astrocytes, and additionally mCRP did not affect the secretions of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor α from these cells. Discussion This is the first report to demonstrate that mCRP directly induces cellular AD pathogenesis in neurons in an APOE genotype-dependent pattern, suggesting that mCRP plays a role as a mediator involved in the APOE ε4-related pathway for AD during chronic inflammation. Highlights Pentameric C-reactive protein (pCRP) can be dissociated irreversibly to form free subunits or monomeric CRP (mCRP) during and after the acute phase.mCRP increased amyloid beta production in the primary neurons in a pattern of apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose-dependent manner.mCRP induced the expression of phosphorylated tau in the primary neurons in a pattern of APOE ε4 > APOE ε3 > APOE ε2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner.mCRP plays an important mediator role in the APOE ε4-related pathway of Alzheimer's disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qini Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alfred Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hana Na
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PharmacologyXiaman Medical CollegeXiamanPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ibraheem M. Rajab
- Roosevelt University College of ScienceHealth and PharmacySchaumburgIllinoisUSA
| | - Lawrence A. Potempa
- Roosevelt University College of ScienceHealth and PharmacySchaumburgIllinoisUSA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease CenterBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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6
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Levy G, Levin B. An Evolution-Based Model of Causation for Aging-Related Diseases and Intrinsic Mortality: Explanatory Properties and Implications for Healthy Aging. Front Public Health 2022; 10:774668. [PMID: 35252084 PMCID: PMC8894190 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.774668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging-related diseases are the most prevalent diseases in advanced countries nowadays, accounting for a substantial proportion of mortality. We describe the explanatory properties of an evolution-based model of causation (EBMC) applicable to aging-related diseases and intrinsic mortality. The EBMC takes the sufficient and component causes model of causation as a starting point and develops it using evolutionary and statistical theories. Genetic component causes are classified as “early-onset” or “late-onset” and environmental component causes as “evolutionarily conserved” or “evolutionarily recent.” Genetic and environmental component causes are considered to occur as random events following time-to-event distributions, and sufficient causes are classified according to whether or not their time-to-event distributions are “molded” by the declining force of natural selection with increasing age. We obtain for each of these two groups different time-to-event distributions for disease incidence or intrinsic mortality asymptotically (i.e., for a large number of sufficient causes). The EBMC provides explanations for observations about aging-related diseases concerning the penetrance of genetic risk variants, the age of onset of monogenic vs. sporadic forms, the meaning of “age as a risk factor,” the relation between frequency and age of onset, and the emergence of diseases associated with the modern Western lifestyle. The EBMC also provides an explanation of the Gompertz mortality model at the fundamental level of genetic causes and involving evolutionary biology. Implications for healthy aging are examined under the scenarios of health promotion and postponed aging. Most importantly from a public health standpoint, the EBMC implies that primary prevention through changes in lifestyle and reduction of environmental exposures is paramount in promoting healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Levy
- Independent Researcher, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Gilberto Levy
| | - Bruce Levin
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Zhang Z, Na H, Gan Q, Tao Q, Alekseyev Y, Hu J, Yan Z, Yang JB, Tian H, Zhu S, Li Q, Rajab IM, Blusztajn JK, Wolozin B, Emili A, Zhang X, Stein T, Potempa LA, Qiu WQ. Monomeric C-reactive protein via endothelial CD31 for neurovascular inflammation in an ApoE genotype-dependent pattern: A risk factor for Alzheimer's disease? Aging Cell 2021; 20:e13501. [PMID: 34687487 PMCID: PMC8590103 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic peripheral inflammation, endothelia in brain capillary beds could play a role for the apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4)‐mediated risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. Using human brain tissues, here we demonstrate that the interactions of endothelial CD31 with monomeric C‐reactive protein (mCRP) versus ApoE were linked with shortened neurovasculature for AD pathology and cognition. Using ApoE knock‐in mice, we discovered that intraperitoneal injection of mCRP, via binding to CD31 on endothelial surface and increased CD31 phosphorylation (pCD31), leading to cerebrovascular damage and the extravasation of T lymphocytes into the ApoE4 brain. While mCRP was bound to endothelial CD31 in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, knockdown of CD31 significantly decreased mCRP binding and altered the expressions of vascular‐inflammatory factors including vWF, NF‐κB and p‐eNOS. RNAseq revealed endothelial pathways related to oxidative phosphorylation and AD pathogenesis were enhanced, but endothelial pathways involving in epigenetics and vasculogenesis were inhibited in ApoE4. This is the first report providing some evidence on the ApoE4‐mCRP‐CD31 pathway for the cross talk between peripheral inflammation and cerebrovasculature leading to AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hana Na
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Qini Gan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Yuriy Alekseyev
- Microarray and Sequencing Core Facility Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Junming Hu
- Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Zili Yan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Jack B. Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Hua Tian
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Pharmacology Xiaman Medical College Xiaman China
| | - Shenyu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Nursing School Qiqihar Medical University Qiqihar China
| | | | - Jan Krizysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Benjamin Wolozin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Andrew Emili
- Department of Biochemistry Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Thor Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Bedford Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Psychiatry Boston University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
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Tao Q, Alvin Ang TF, Akhter-Khan SC, Itchapurapu IS, Killiany R, Zhang X, Budson AE, Turk KW, Goldstein L, Mez J, Alosco ML, Qiu WQ. Impact of C-Reactive Protein on Cognition and Alzheimer Disease Biomarkers in Homozygous APOE ɛ4 Carriers. Neurology 2021; 97:e1243-e1252. [PMID: 34266923 PMCID: PMC8480484 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Previous research has shown that elevated blood C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk only in APOE ε4 allele carriers; the objective of this study was to examine the interactive effects of plasma CRP and APOE genotype on cognition and AD biomarkers. METHODS Data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study were analyzed, including APOE genotype; plasma CRP concentrations; diagnostic status (i.e., mild cognitive impairment and dementia due to AD); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clinical Dementia Rating Dementia Staging Instrument scores; CSF concentrations of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ42), total tau (t-Tau) and phosphorylated tau (p-Tau); and amyloid (AV45) PET imaging. Multivariable regression analyses tested the associations between plasma CRP and APOE on cognitive and biomarker outcomes. RESULTS Among 566 ADNI participants, 274 (48.4%) had no, 222 (39.2%) had 1, and 70 (12.4%) had 2 APOE ε4 alleles. Among only participants who had 2 APOE ε4 alleles, elevated CRP was associated with lower MMSE score at baseline (β [95% confidence interval] -0.52 [-1.01, -0.12]) and 12-month follow-up (β -1.09 [-1.88, -0.17]) after adjustment for sex, age, and education. The interaction of 2 APOE ε4 alleles and elevated plasma CRP was associated with increased CSF levels of t-Tau (β = 11.21, SE 3.37, p < 0.001) and p-Tau (β = +2.74, SE 1.14, p < 0.01). Among those who had no APOE ε4 alleles, elevated CRP was associated with decreased CSF t-Tau and p-Tau. These effects were stronger at the 12-month follow-up. DISCUSSION CRP released during peripheral inflammation could be a mediator in APOE ε4-related AD neurodegeneration and serve as a drug target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Samia C Akhter-Khan
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Indira Swetha Itchapurapu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Andrew E Budson
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Katherine W Turk
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Lee Goldstein
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Jesse Mez
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Michael L Alosco
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (Q.T., I.S.I., W.Q.Q.), Framingham Heart Study (Q.T., T.F.A.A.), Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology (T.F.A.A., R.K.), Slone Epidemiology Center (T.F.A.A.), Department of Medicine (X.Z.), Department of Neurology (A.E.B., K.W.T., J.M., M.L.A.), Department of Psychiatry (W.Q.Q.), and Alzheimer's Disease and CTE Centers (A.E.B., K.W.T., L.G., J.M., M.L.A., W.Q.Q.), Boston University School of Medicine, MA; Department of Psychology (S.C.A.-K.), Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany; Department of Health Service and Population Research (S.C.A.-K.), King's College London, UK; and Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System (A.E.B., K.W.T.), MA.
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9
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Subramanian S, Rajamanickam K, Prakash JS, Ramachandran M. Study on structural atrophy changes and functional connectivity measures in Alzheimer's disease. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2020; 7:016002. [PMID: 32118092 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.7.1.016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the progressive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles associated with amyloid plaques. We used 80 resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and 80 T 1 images acquired using MP-RAGE (magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo) from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data to detect atrophy changes and functional connectivity patterns of the default mode networks (DMNs). The study subjects were classified into four groups (each with n = 20 ) based on their Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score as follows: cognitively normal (CN), early mild cognitive impairment, late mild cognitive impairment, and AD. The resting-state functional connectivity of the DMN was examined between the groups using the CONN functional connectivity toolbox. Loss of gray matter in AD was observed. Atrophy measured by the volume of selected subcortical regions, using the Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain (FMRIB) Software Library's Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool (FIRST), revealed significant volume loss in AD when compared to CN ( p < 0.05 ). DMNs were selected to assess functional connectivity. The negative connectivity of DMN increased in AD group compared to controls. Graph theory parameters, such as global and local efficiency, betweenness centrality, average path length, and cluster coefficient, were computed. Relatively higher correlation between MMSE and functional metrics ( r = 0.364 , p = 0.001 ) was observed as compared to atrophy measures ( r = 0.303 , p = 0.006 ). In addition, the receiver operating characteristic analysis showed large area under the curve ( A Z ) for functional parameters ( A Z > 0.9 ), compared to morphometric changes ( A Z < 0.8 ). In summary, it is observed that the functional connectivity measures may serve a better predictor in comparison to structural atrophy changes. We postulate that functional connectivity measures have the potential to evolve as a marker for the early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Subramanian
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karunanithi Rajamanickam
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Joy Sebastian Prakash
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugesan Ramachandran
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kelambakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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10
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Zhu H, Tao Q, Ang TFA, Massaro J, Gan Q, Salim S, Zhu RY, Kolachalama VB, Zhang X, Devine S, Auerbach SH, DeCarli C, Au R, Qiu WQ. Association of Plasma Amylin Concentration With Alzheimer Disease and Brain Structure in Older Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e199826. [PMID: 31433485 PMCID: PMC6707010 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.9826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Preclinical studies suggest that amylin has a U-shaped dose-response association with risk of Alzheimer disease (AD). The association of plasma amylin with AD in humans is unknown. OBJECTIVES To measure amylin concentration in plasma by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and to study the association between plasma amylin, incidence of AD, and brain structure in humans. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort from 1998 to 2015. Using a Monte Carlo approach, participants were divided into 3 plasma amylin concentration groups: (1) low (<75 pmol/L), (2) high (75-2800 pmol/L), and (3) extremely high (≥2800 pmol/L). Data analyses were conducted October 5, 2017, to December 18, 2018. EXPOSURES Baseline plasma amylin concentrations at examination 7. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incidence of dementia or AD and brain volumetric measures from structural magnetic resonance imaging data. RESULTS From the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort, 3061 participants (mean [SD] age at baseline, 61.0 [9.5] years; 1653 [54.0%] women) who had plasma amylin measurements, dementia incidence, and brain volume measurements on record were included in this study. The distribution of plasma amylin concentrations was highly skewed (median [interquartile range], 7.5 [4.6-18.9] pmol/L; mean [SD], 302.3 [1941.0] pmol/L; range, 0.03-44 623.7 pmol/L). Compared with the low plasma amylin concentration group, the high plasma amylin concentration group had a lower rate of AD incidence (2.3% vs 5.6%; P = .04), but the extremely high plasma amylin concentration group had a higher rate of AD incidence (14.3%; P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, education, body mass index, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high-density lipoprotein level, and APOE4, high plasma amylin was not associated with decreased AD risk (hazard ratio, 0.42 [95% CI, 0.16-1.14]; P = .09) but was positively associated with volume of gray matter in the temporal lobe (β = 0.17 [SE, 0.05]; P < .001). In contrast, extremely high plasma amylin concentration was associated with a higher AD risk (hazard ratio, 2.51 [95% CI, 1.38-4.57]; P = .003) but not associated with temporal lobe volume (β = 0.02 [SE, 0.07]; P = .82). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found that plasma amylin concentration was associated with AD incidence and brain structure with a U-shaped pattern. These findings are consistent with preclinical findings that suggest amylin is a neuropeptide that is physiological; however, at extremely high concentrations, it may lead to amylin aggregation and therefore may be a risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Massaro
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qini Gan
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Saraf Salim
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rui-ying Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheral Devine
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sanford H. Auerbach
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Amyloid PET pattern with dementia and amyloid angiopathy in Taiwan familial AD with D678H APP mutation. J Neurol Sci 2019; 398:107-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Moustafa AA, Hassan M, Hewedi DH, Hewedi I, Garami JK, Al Ashwal H, Zaki N, Seo SY, Cutsuridis V, Angulo SL, Natesh JY, Herzallah MM, Frydecka D, Misiak B, Salama M, Mohamed W, El Haj M, Hornberger M. Genetic underpinnings in Alzheimer's disease - a review. Rev Neurosci 2018; 29:21-38. [PMID: 28949931 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2017-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the genetic etiologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we review genetic links to protein signaling pathways as novel pharmacological targets to treat AD. Moreover, we also discuss the clumps of AD-m ediated genes according to their single nucleotide polymorphism mutations. Rigorous data mining approaches justified the significant role of genes in AD prevalence. Pedigree analysis and twin studies suggest that genetic components are part of the etiology, rather than only being risk factors for AD. The first autosomal dominant mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene was described in 1991. Later, AD was also associated with mutated early-onset (presenilin 1/2, PSEN1/2 and APP) and late-onset (apolipoprotein E, ApoE) genes. Genome-wide association and linkage analysis studies with identified multiple genomic areas have implications for the treatment of AD. We conclude this review with future directions and clinical implications of genetic research in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Doaa H Hewedi
- Psychogeriatric Research Center, Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Iman Hewedi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Julia K Garami
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, 48 Martin Pl, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Hany Al Ashwal
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nazar Zaki
- College of Information Technology, Department of Computer Science and Software Eng-(CIT), United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sung-Yum Seo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Chungcheongnam 32588, Republic of Korea
| | - Vassilis Cutsuridis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas, Nikolaou Plastira 100, GR-70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Sergio L Angulo
- Departments of Physiology/Pharmacology, The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Joman Y Natesh
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioural Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department and Clinic of Psychiatry, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Wroclaw Medical University, Department of Genetics, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mohamed Salama
- School of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Wael Mohamed
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Jalan Gombak, Selangor 53100, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad El Haj
- University of Lille, CNRS, CHU Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitive Sciences Affectives, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Michael Hornberger
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Tao Q, Ang TFA, DeCarli C, Auerbach SH, Devine S, Stein TD, Zhang X, Massaro J, Au R, Qiu WQ. Association of Chronic Low-grade Inflammation With Risk of Alzheimer Disease in ApoE4 Carriers. JAMA Netw Open 2018; 1:e183597. [PMID: 30646251 PMCID: PMC6324596 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance The association between peripheral inflammatory biomarkers and Alzheimer disease (AD) is not consistent in the literature. It is possible that chronic inflammation, rather than 1 episode of inflammation, interacts with genetic vulnerability to increase the risk for AD. Objective To study the interaction between the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype and chronic low-grade inflammation and its association with the incidence of AD. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cohort study, data from 2656 members of the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort (Generation 2; August 13, 1971-November 27, 2017) were evaluated, including longitudinal measures of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), diagnoses of incident dementia including AD, and brain volume. Chronic low-grade inflammation was defined as having CRP at a high cutoff level at a minimum of 2 time points. Statistical analysis was performed from December 1, 1979, to December 31, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures Development of AD and brain volumes. Results Of the 3130 eligible participants, 2656 (84.9%; 1227 men and 1429 women; mean [SD] age at last CRP measurement, 61.6 [9.5] years) with both ApoE status and longitudinal CRP measurements were included in this study analysis. Median (interquartile range) CRP levels increased with mean (SD) age (43.3 [9.6] years, 0.95 mg/L [0.40-2.35 mg/L] vs 59.1 [9.6] years, 2.04 mg/L [0.93-4.75 mg/L] vs 61.6 [9.5] years, 2.21 mg/L [1.05-5.12 mg/L]; P < .001), but less so among those with ApoE4 alleles, followed by ApoE3 then ApoE2 genotypes. During the 17 years of follow-up, 194 individuals (7.3%) developed dementia, 152 (78.4%) of whom had AD. ApoE4 coupled with chronic low-grade inflammation, defined as a CRP level of 8 mg/L or higher, was associated with an increased risk of AD, especially in the absence of cardiovascular diseases (hazard ratio, 6.63; 95% CI, 1.80-24.50; P = .005), as well as an increased risk of earlier disease onset compared with ApoE4 carriers without chronic inflammation (hazard ratio, 3.52; 95% CI, 1.27-9.75; P = .009). This phenomenon was not observed among ApoE3 and ApoE2 carriers with chronic low-grade inflammation. Finally, a subset of 1761 individuals (66.3%) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging, and the interaction between ApoE4 and chronic low-grade inflammation was associated with brain atrophy in the temporal lobe (β = -0.88, SE = 0.22; P < .001) and hippocampus (β = -0.04, SE = 0.01; P = .005), after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions and Relevance In this study, peripheral chronic low-grade inflammation in participants with ApoE4 was associated with shortened latency for onset of AD. Rigorously treating chronic systemic inflammation based on genetic risk could be effective for the prevention and intervention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento
| | - Sanford H. Auerbach
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sheral Devine
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Massaro
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rhoda Au
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Franco R, Navarro G. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Huge Potential and Huge Challenges. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:68. [PMID: 29593579 PMCID: PMC5857539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red, Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, School of Biology, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Moraros J, Nwankwo C, Patten SB, Mousseau DD. The association of antidepressant drug usage with cognitive impairment or dementia, including Alzheimer disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety 2017; 34:217-226. [PMID: 28029715 PMCID: PMC5347943 DOI: 10.1002/da.22584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if antidepressant drug usage is associated with cognitive impairment or dementia, including Alzheimer disease (AD). METHOD We conducted a systematic search of Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library. An initial screen by abstracts and titles was performed, and relevant full articles were then reviewed and assessed for their methodologic quality. Crude effect estimates were extracted from the included articles and a pooled estimate was obtained using a random effects model. RESULTS Five articles were selected from an initial pool of 4,123 articles. Use of antidepressant drugs was associated with a significant twofold increase in the odds of some form of cognitive impairment or dementia (OR = 2.17). Age was identified as a likely modifier of the association between antidepressant use and some form of cognitive impairment or AD/dementia. Studies that included participants with an average age equal to or greater than 65 years showed an increased odds of some form of cognitive impairment with antidepressant drug usage (OR = 1.65), whereas those with participants less than age 65 revealed an even stronger association (OR = 3.25). CONCLUSIONS Antidepressant drug usage is associated with AD/dementia and this is particularly evident if usage begins before age 65. This association may arise due to confounding by depression or depression severity. However, biological mechanisms potentially linking antidepressant exposure to dementia have been described, so an etiological effect of antidepressants is possible. With this confirmation that an association exists, clarification of underlying etiologic pathways requires urgent attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Moraros
- School of Public HealthUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Chijioke Nwankwo
- School of Public HealthUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Scott B. Patten
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and PsychiatryUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryABCanada
| | - Darrell D. Mousseau
- Cell Signalling LaboratoryDepartments of Psychiatry and PhysiologyUniversity of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
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Li H, Zhu H, Wallack M, Mwamburi M, Abdul-Hay SO, Leissring MA, Qiu WQ. Age and its association with low insulin and high amyloid-β peptides in blood. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 49:129-37. [PMID: 26444783 DOI: 10.3233/jad-150428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Age is the major risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD), and modifying age-related factors may help to delay the onset of the disease. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between age and the metabolic factors related to the risk of developing AD. The concentrations of insulin, amylin, and amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in plasma were measured. We further measured the activity of serum Aβ degradation by using fluorescein- and biotin-labeled Aβ40. Apolipoprotein E4 allele (ApoE4) and cognitive impairment were characterized. Subjects were divided into three age groups: 60-70, 70-80, and ≥80 years old. We found that the older the subjects, the lower the concentration of insulin (p = 0.001) and the higher the concentration of Aβ1-40 (p = 0.004) in plasma. However, age was not associated with the concentration of another pancreatic peptide, amylin, and only marginally with Aβ1-42. These relationships remained in the absence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, and regardless of the presence of ApoE4 and cognitive impairment. Both age and ApoE4 were inversely associated with, while insulin was positively associated with, the activities of Aβ degradation in serum. Our study suggested that low concentration of insulin and high concentration of Aβ40 are aging factors related to the risk of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Li
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, China
| | - Haihao Zhu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Wallack
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mkaya Mwamburi
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samer O Abdul-Hay
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Shen L, Jia J. An Overview of Genome-Wide Association Studies in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:183-90. [PMID: 26810783 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed a plethora of putative susceptibility genes for Alzheimer's disease (AD). With the sole exception of the APOE gene, these AD susceptibility genes have not been unequivocally validated in independent studies. No single novel functional risk genetic variant has been identified. In this review, we evaluate recent GWASs of AD, and discuss their significance, limitations, and challenges in the investigation of the genetic spectrum of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Shen
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jianping Jia
- Department of Neurology, Xuan Wu Hospital of the Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Center of Alzheimer's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Neurodegenerative Laboratory of Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, 100053, China.
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18
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van Dijk G, van Heijningen S, Reijne AC, Nyakas C, van der Zee EA, Eisel ULM. Integrative neurobiology of metabolic diseases, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:173. [PMID: 26041981 PMCID: PMC4434977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disease with a number of leading mechanisms, including neuroinflammation, processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid β peptide, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, relocalization, and deposition. These mechanisms are propagated by obesity, the metabolic syndrome and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Stress, sedentariness, dietary overconsumption of saturated fat and refined sugars, and circadian derangements/disturbed sleep contribute to obesity and related metabolic diseases, but also accelerate age-related damage and senescence that all feed the risk of developing AD too. The complex and interacting mechanisms are not yet completely understood and will require further analysis. Instead of investigating AD as a mono- or oligocausal disease we should address the disease by understanding the multiple underlying mechanisms and how these interact. Future research therefore might concentrate on integrating these by “systems biology” approaches, but also to regard them from an evolutionary medicine point of view. The current review addresses several of these interacting mechanisms in animal models and compares them with clinical data giving an overview about our current knowledge and puts them into an integrated framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertjan van Dijk
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Steffen van Heijningen
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Aaffien C Reijne
- Department Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; Systems Biology Centre for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University Medical Center, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Csaba Nyakas
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy A van der Zee
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ulrich L M Eisel
- Department Molecular Neurobiology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands ; University Centre of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
An increasing number of hereditary neurodegenerative diseases, including autosomal-dominant Alzheimer disease (AD), familial autosomal-dominant frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and heritable Lewy body disease (LBD) have been defined at the molecular level in recent years, making it possible to determine the genotype before the onset of symptoms. The identification of deterministic genes for these common adult-onset genetic diseases is moving the field of genetic counseling toward a new and challenging direction. With the identification of genes associated with AD and FTD, there is considerable interest in the clinical application of genetic information in genetic counseling and testing. Progress in the genetics of dementing disorders and the availability of clinical tests for practicing physicians therefore increases the need for a better understanding of the multifaceted issues associated with genetic testing. The aims of this systematic review are: (1) to underline the need to consider a genetic etiology of AD, FTD, and LBD; (2) to provide clinicians with information necessary to effectively translate genetic diagnosis into clinical practice; and (3) to highlight gaps and uncertainties in the field which will need to be addressed by future research.
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20
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Venturini L, Perna S, Sardi F, Faliva M, Cavagna P, Bernardinelli L, Ricevuti G, Rondanelli M. Alzheimer's Disease: From Genes to Nutrition. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is widely identified as the most common cause of sporadic dementia. Its aetiology is still debated, as despite several hypotheses, different factors seem to play a role in its establishment and development. Recent studies have proposed a possible preventing role of nutrition. The weight loss typical of earlier phase of disease and the finding of malnutrition as a common trait between patients leads to hypothesize that a supplementation of specific nutrients seems to be useful and effective in terms of improvement of cognitive functions. Malnourished patients show also altered parameters when investigating inflammation markers: for example, hyperhomocysteinemia is a typical finding in elderly affected by dementia, and it can be prevented and corrected by using a proper nutrients supplementation. Pro-inflammatory state can be reduced with supplementation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins of the group B and phosphatidylserine, that can act reducing IL-1β (pro-inflammatory cytokine) and improving IL-10 (anti-inflammatory cytokine) synthesis. While investigating the role of nutrition, it seems to be deeply linked with genetic; a genetic onset AD-related could be latent and can be influenced by nutritional attitude. AD can be considered a sort of latent clinical condition that would disclose or not, depending also on micro-environment and nutritional parameters. The genetic expression can be influenced by assumptions or not of specific nutrients, with the promotion of different pro- or anti-inflammatory settings. The specific role of each micronutrient (in particular vitamins) and trace elements still needs to be punctuated, as they are involved in a pool of different reactions. Also genes acts not independently but in an interconnected pattern, in which the role of a single gene needs to be cleared, depending on others. This complex system of predisposing conditions and a possible role of nutrition as modulator of the inflammatory state is the object of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Venturini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutics, Cellular Phatophysiology and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Perna
- Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - F. Sardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutics, Cellular Phatophysiology and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - M.A. Faliva
- Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - P. Cavagna
- DSSAP Department of Applied and Phychic Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - L. Bernardinelli
- DSSAP Department of Applied and Phychic Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
- Statistical Laboratory, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G. Ricevuti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Therapeutics, Cellular Phatophysiology and Clinical Immunology Laboratory, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - M. Rondanelli
- Department of Public Health, Neuroscience, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Azienda di Servizi alla Persona di Pavia, University of Pavia, Italy
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21
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FMRI and fcMRI phenotypes map the genomic effect of chromosome 13 in Brown Norway and Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Neuroimage 2014; 90:403-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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22
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Qiu WQ, Wallack M, Dean M, Liebson E, Mwamburi M, Zhu H. Association between amylin and amyloid-β peptides in plasma in the context of apolipoprotein E4 allele. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88063. [PMID: 24520345 PMCID: PMC3919737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Amylin, a pancreatic peptide that readily crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB), and amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of amyloid plaques and a major component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology in the brain, share several features. These include having similar β-sheet secondary structures, binding to the same receptor, and being degraded by the same protease. Thus, amylin may be associated with Aβ, but the nature of their relationship remains unclear. In this study, we used human samples to study the relationship between plasma amylin and Aβ in the context of the apolipoprotein E alleles (ApoE). We found that concentrations of Aβ1-42 (P<0.0001) and Aβ1-40 (P<0.0001) increased with each quartile increase of amylin. Using multivariate regression analysis, the study sample showed that plasma amylin was associated with Aβ1-42 (β = +0.149, SE = 0.025, P<0.0001) and Aβ1-40 (β = +0.034, SE = 0.016, P = 0.04) as an outcome after adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, ApoE4, BMI, diabetes, stroke, kidney function and lipid profile. This positive association between amylin and Aβ1-42 in plasma was found regardless of the ApoE genotype. In contrast, the relationship between amylin and Aβ1-40 in plasma seen in ApoE4 non-carriers disappeared in the presence of ApoE4. Using AD mouse models, our recent study demonstrates that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of synthetic amylin enhances the removal of Aβ from the brain into blood, thus resulting in increased blood levels of both amylin and Aβ. The positive association between amylin and Aβ, especially Aβ1-42, in human blood samples is probably relevant to the findings in the AD mouse models. The presence of ApoE4 may attenuate amylin's capacity to remove Aβ, especially Aβ1-40, from the AD brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiao Qiu
- Departments of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Max Wallack
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Dean
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Liebson
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mkaya Mwamburi
- Department of Public Health and Family Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haihao Zhu
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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23
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Gessel MM, Bernstein S, Kemper M, Teplow DB, Bowers MT. Familial Alzheimer's disease mutations differentially alter amyloid β-protein oligomerization. ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:909-18. [PMID: 23173071 DOI: 10.1021/cn300050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are sporadic, ∼5% of cases are genetic in origin. These cases, known as familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), are caused by mutations that alter the rate of production or the primary structure of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Changes in the primary structure of Aβ alter the peptide's assembly and toxic activity. Recently, a primary working hypothesis for AD has evolved where causation has been attributed to early, soluble peptide oligomer states. Here we posit that both experimental and pathological differences between FAD-related mutants and wild-type Aβ could be reflected in the early oligomer distributions of these peptides. We use ion mobility-based mass spectrometry to probe the structure and early aggregation states of three mutant forms of Aβ40 and Aβ42: Tottori (D7N), Flemish (A21G), and Arctic (E22G). Our results indicate that the FAD-related amino acid substitutions have no noticeable effect on Aβ monomer cross section, indicating there are no major structural changes in the monomers. However, we observe significant changes to the aggregation states populated by the various Aβ mutants, indicating that structural changes present in the monomers are reflected in the oligomers. Moreover, the early oligomer distributions differ for each mutant, suggesting a possible structural basis for the varied pathogenesis of different forms of FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Murray Gessel
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Summer Bernstein
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Martin Kemper
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - David B. Teplow
- Department of Neurology, David
Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s
Disease Research at UCLA, and Brain Research Institute and Molecular
Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael T. Bowers
- Department
of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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24
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Wang XF, Cao YW, Feng ZZ, Fu D, Ma YS, Zhang F, Jiang XX, Shao YC. Quantitative assessment of the effect of ABCA1 gene polymorphism on the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:779-85. [PMID: 23111454 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) is a membrane-associated protein which has attracted considerable attention as a candidate gene for Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on its function as a key factor in lipid metabolism by mediating cellular cholesterol efflux, the rate-limiting step in the production of nascent high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The relationship between ABCA1 common variations (R219 K rs2230806, I883 M rs4149313 and R1587 K rs2230808) and AD has been reported in various ethnic groups; however, these studies have yielded contradictory results. To investigate this inconsistency, we performed a meta-analysis of 13 studies involving a total of 12,248 subjects to evaluate the effect of ABCA1 on genetic susceptibility for AD. Overall, the summary OR of AD was 1.01 (95 % CI: 0.93-1.10; P = 0.77), 1.10 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.26; P = 0.16), and 1.08 (95 % CI: 0.96-1.23; P = 0.21) for R219 K, I883 M and R1587 K polymorphism, respectively. No significant results were observed in dominant and recessive when compared with wild genotype for these polymorphisms. In the stratified analyses by ethnicity and sample size, no evidence of any gene-disease association was obtained. In conclusion, the present meta-analysis does not support the notion that common SNPs on ABCA1 is a major genetic risk factor for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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25
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Wu J, Peng S, Wu R, Hao Y, Ji G, Yuan Z. Generation of Calhm1 knockout mouse and characterization of calhm1 gene expression. Protein Cell 2012; 3:470-80. [PMID: 22723178 PMCID: PMC4875489 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2932-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Several genes have been validated to be associated with AD, and calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (Calhm1) is the latest suspected one. To investigate the biological and pathological function of Calhm1 systematically, we generated a Calhm1 conventional knockout mouse. However, both the male and female of elderly Calhm1 knockout (KO) mice showed similar ability to their wild type littermates in spatial learning and memory retrieving. Surprisingly, we found that Calhm1 mRNA could not be detected in mouse brains at different ages, although it is expressed in the human brain tissues. We further found that CpG islands (CGIs) of both mouse and human Calhm1 were hypermethylated, whereas CGI of mouse Calhm2 was hypomethylated. In addition, transcriptional active marker H3K4Di occupied on promoters of human Calhm1 and mouse Calhm2 at a considerable level in brain tissues, while the occupancy of H3K4Di on promoter of mouse Calhm1 was rare. In sum, we found that mouse Calhm1 was of rare abundance in brain tissues. So it might not be suitable to utilize the knockout murine model to explore biological function of Calhm1 in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shengyi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Rong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Yumin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
- College of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Guangju Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zengqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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26
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Advanced glycation end products and neurodegenerative diseases: Mechanisms and perspective. J Neurol Sci 2012; 317:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Ferrer I. Defining Alzheimer as a common age-related neurodegenerative process not inevitably leading to dementia. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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28
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Baloyannis SJ. Mitochondria are related to synaptic pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Alzheimers Dis 2011; 2011:305395. [PMID: 21922047 PMCID: PMC3171689 DOI: 10.4061/2011/305395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Morphological alterations of mitochondria may play an important role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, been associated with oxidative stress and Aβ-peptide-induced toxicity. We proceeded to estimation of mitochondria on electron micrographs of autopsy specimens of Alzheimer's disease. We found substantial morphological and morphometric changes of the mitochondria in the neurons of the hippocampus, the neocortex, the cerebellar cortex, the thalamus, the globus pallidus, the red nucleus, the locus coeruleus, and the climbing fibers. The alterations consisted of considerable changes of the cristae, accumulation of osmiophilic material, and modification of the shape and size. Mitochondrial alterations were prominent in neurons, which showed a depletion of dendritic spines and loss of dendritic branches. Mitochondrial alterations are not related with the accumulation of amyloid deposits, but are prominent whenever fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus exists. Morphometric analysis showed also that mitochondria are significantly reduced in neurons, which demonstrated synaptic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros J Baloyannis
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54006 Thessaloniki, Greece
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29
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Jotanovic Z, Etokebe GE, Mihelic R, Heiland Kårvatn M, Mulac-Jericevic B, Tijanic T, Balen S, Sestan B, Dembic Z. Hip osteoarthritis susceptibility is associated with IL1B -511(G>A) and IL1 RN (VNTR) genotypic polymorphisms in Croatian Caucasian population. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1137-44. [PMID: 21671260 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Among the predisposing factors to osteoarthritis (OA), a frequent destructive joint disease, is the complex genetic heritage including the interleukin-1 family members like the IL1β (IL1B) and the IL1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) genes. The aim of this study was to investigate allelic and genotypic frequencies of the IL1B gene single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at -511(G>A) and the variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in the IL1RN gene in a Croatian Caucasian population of hip OA (HOA) cases and healthy controls. A total of 259 HOA patients with total hip replacement (THR) and 518 healthy blood donors as controls were genotyped for IL1B gene SNP -511(G>A) and the VNTR in the IL1RN gene associated with HOA. The genotype G/A (1/2) at IL1B was significantly associated with the protection of the HOA (p < 0.036, OR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.52-0.99). The genotype G/G (1/1) had only a trend towards the susceptibility (p = 0.053, OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.98-1.86) to disease. None of the haplotypes IL1B -511(G>A) and IL1RN (VNTR) were found associated with the HOA. The haplotype 1-2 at these loci had only a trend to susceptibility (p = 0.065). Haplotype 1-3 had a significant male bias in diseased. Furthermore, genotype comprising 2-1/2-2 haplotypes was found significantly associated with predisposition to HOA (p = 0.027, OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.03-4.88), whereas genotype 1-1/2-2 with protection to disease (p = 0.028, OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.43-0.97). Our findings suggest that HOA in Croatian population might have a different genetic risk regarding the IL1 locus than has been reported for other Caucasian populations previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdravko Jotanovic
- Clinic for Orthopaedic Surgery Lovran, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Croatia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive and psychiatric features are important components of dementia. Early onset dementia (EOD) has been found to be associated with a greater genetic basis. If this is the case, EOD could have genetic association with psychiatric illnesses, given the presence of more behavioral disturbances in this condition. There is a definite need to explore the presence of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in families of patients with dementia. METHODS The authors compared 52 proband families of dementia and 45 control families in order to assess the familial co-aggregation of major psychiatric illnesses. The cumulative risk in first degree relatives in the two groups for major psychiatric illnesses was calculated using Kaplan Meier Survival analysis. Early onset and late onset dementia proband families were compared separately with control families for the same. RESULTS There was a significantly higher morbid risk for psychosis in dementia proband families (generalized Wilcoxon, Breslow -4.165, p = 0.041). Also, the morbid risk was higher in early onset dementia proband families (generalized Wilcoxon, Breslow -6.16, p = 0.013) while it was not so in late onset dementia proband families (generalized Wilcoxon, Breslow -2.99, p = 0.084). CONCLUSION There is a possible genetic overlap between dementia and psychosis. This appears to be more pronounced with early onset dementia than with late onset dementia.
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IL1B -511(G>A) and IL1RN (VNTR) allelic polymorphisms and susceptibility to knee osteoarthritis in Croatian population. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2135-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1946-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Flirski M, Sobow T, Kloszewska I. Behavioural genetics of Alzheimer's disease: a comprehensive review. Arch Med Sci 2011; 7:195-210. [PMID: 22291757 PMCID: PMC3258720 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2011.22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are present in the course of the illness in up to 90% of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). They are the main source of caregiver burden and one of the major factors contributing to early institutionalization. The involvement of a genetic component in BPSD aetiology seems beyond controversy, though the exact significance of particular polymorphisms is uncertain in the majority of cases. Multiple genes have been assessed for their putative influence on BPSD risk. In this paper we review the behavioural genetics of AD, particularly the importance, with respect to BPSD risk, of genes coding for apolipoprotein E and proteins involved in the process of neurotransmission: serotonin receptors, serotonin transporter, COMT, MAO-A, tryptophan hydroxylase and dopamine receptors. A general conclusion is the striking inconsistency of the findings, unsurprising in the field of psychiatric genetics. The potential reasons for such discrepancy are exhaustively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Flirski
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Xing YY, Yu JT, Yan WJ, Chen W, Zhong XL, Jiang H, Wang P, Tan L. NEDD9 is genetically associated with Alzheimer's disease in a Han Chinese population. Brain Res 2010; 1369:230-4. [PMID: 21059344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cell-expressed, developmentally downregulated 9 (NEDD9) has been suspected to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) through participating in the formation of neurite-like membrane extensions and neurite outgrowth to affect the number of neuronal cells/synapses in the brain under stressful conditions. A recent large-scale, multi-tiered association study has identified significant association of a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs760678 in the NEDD9 gene with predisposition to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) in Caucasians. In order to evaluate the involvement of the NEDD9 polymorphism in the risk of sporadic LOAD, we performed an independent case-control association study to analyze the genotype and allele distributions of the NEDD9 rs760678 polymorphism in a Han Chinese population (383 LOAD cases and 369 healthy controls). There were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies between LOAD cases and controls (genotype P=0.003, allele P=0.002). After stratification by APOE ε4-carrying status, the C allele of rs760678 was only significantly associated with LOAD in non-APOE ε4 allele carriers (OR=1.43, 95%, CI=1.06-1.94, P=0.024). In addition, a logistic regression analysis also conferred positive association between the SNP rs760678 and LOAD (dominant model: OR=2.10, 95% CI=1.23-3.58, P=0.007; additive model: OR=1.37, 95% CI=1.09-1.74, P=0.008) after adjustment for age, gender, and the APOE ε4 carrier status. The study demonstrated a significant association between the tested SNP and LOAD, indicating that NEDD9 polymorphism has a possible role in changing the genetic susceptibility to LOAD in a Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Xing
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, No.5 Donghai Middle Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266071, PR China
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Cordeiro Q, Noguti R, Bottino CM, Vallada H. Study of association between genetic polymorphisms of phospholipase A2 enzymes and Alzheimer's disease. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2010; 68:189-93. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2010000200007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Several genes have been related to late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) influence the processing and secretion of the amyloid precursor protein, which gives rise to the beta-amyloid peptide, the major component of the amyloid plaque in AD. Hence, in the present study, polymorphisms of three genes encoding PLA2 enzymes group (cytosolic PLA2: BanI cPLA2 polymorphism; calcium-independent PLA2: AvrII iPLA2 polymorphism; PAFAH: Val279Phe PAFAH polymorphism) were analysed in a case-control sample using 58 patients with LOAD and 107 matched healthy controls. There was a genotypic association between the BanI cPLA2 polymorphism and LOAD (χ2=6.25, 2df, p=0.04), however there was no allelic association. There were no associations between AvrII iPLA2 and Val279Phe PAFAH polymorphisms and LOAD. These data suggest that the BanI cPLA2 polymorphism may play a role in the susceptibility for LOAD in our Brazilian sample.
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Stein JL, Hua X, Morra JH, Lee S, Hibar DP, Ho AJ, Leow AD, Toga AW, Sul JH, Kang HM, Eskin E, Saykin AJ, Shen L, Foroud T, Pankratz N, Huentelman MJ, Craig DW, Gerber JD, Allen AN, Corneveaux JJ, Stephan DA, Webster J, DeChairo BM, Potkin SG, Jack CR, Weiner MW, Thompson PM. Genome-wide analysis reveals novel genes influencing temporal lobe structure with relevance to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage 2010; 51:542-54. [PMID: 20197096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a genome-wide association study of structural brain degeneration, we mapped the 3D profile of temporal lobe volume differences in 742 brain MRI scans of Alzheimer's disease patients, mildly impaired, and healthy elderly subjects. After searching 546,314 genomic markers, 2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with bilateral temporal lobe volume (P<5 x 10(-7)). One SNP, rs10845840, is located in the GRIN2B gene which encodes the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor NR2B subunit. This protein - involved in learning and memory, and excitotoxic cell death - has age-dependent prevalence in the synapse and is already a therapeutic target in Alzheimer's disease. Risk alleles for lower temporal lobe volume at this SNP were significantly over-represented in AD and MCI subjects vs. controls (odds ratio=1.273; P=0.039) and were associated with mini-mental state exam scores (MMSE; t=-2.114; P=0.035) demonstrating a negative effect on global cognitive function. Voxelwise maps of genetic association of this SNP with regional brain volumes, revealed intense temporal lobe effects (FDR correction at q=0.05; critical P=0.0257). This study uses large-scale brain mapping for gene discovery with implications for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Stein
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Neuroscience Research Building 225E, 635 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1769, USA
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Chang TY, Kuo HC, Lu CS, Wu-Chou YH, Huang CC. Analysis of the LRRK2 Gly2385Arg variant in Alzheimer's disease in Taiwan. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16:28-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Zhang L, Postina R, Wang Y. Ectodomain shedding of the receptor for advanced glycation end products: a novel therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3923-35. [PMID: 19672558 PMCID: PMC11115926 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) mediates diverse physiological and pathological effects and is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). RAGE is a receptor for amyloid beta peptides (Ab), mediates Abeta neurotoxicity and also promotes Abeta influx into the brain and contributes to Abeta aggregation. Soluble RAGE (sRAGE), a secreted RAGE isoform, acts as a decoy receptor to antagonize RAGE-mediated damages. Accumulating evidence has suggested that sRAGE represents a promising pharmaceutic against RAGE-mediated disorders. Recent studies revealed proteolysis of RAGE as a previously unappreciated means of sRAGE production. In this review we summarize these findings on the proteolytic cleavage of RAGE and discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of RAGE shedding. Furthermore, we propose a model in which proteolysis of RAGE could restrain AD development by reducing Abeta transport intothe brain and Abeta production via BACE. Thus, the modulation of RAGE proteolysis provides a novel intervention strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | - Rolf Postina
- Institute of Biochemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yingqun Wang
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Muresan V, Muresan Z. Is abnormal axonal transport a cause, a contributing factor or a consequence of the neuronal pathology in Alzheimer's disease? FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2009; 4:761-773. [PMID: 20076770 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.09.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Axonal transport, the process by which membrane-bound organelles and soluble protein complexes are transported into and out of axons, ensures proper function of the neuron, including that of the synapse. As such, abnormalities in axonal transport could lead to neuronal pathology and disease. Similar to many neurodegenerative diseases, axonal transport is deficient in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative brain disorder that affects old-age humans and is characterized by the deterioration of cognitive function and progressive memory loss. It was proposed that the synaptic pathology and neuronal degeneration that develops in AD could be caused by an abnormal axonal transport, and that the mutated proteins that cause early-onset AD, as well as the genetic variants that confer predisposition to late-onset AD might somehow impede axonal transport. This paper analyzes the data that support or contradict this hypothesis. Together, they indicate that, although abnormalities in axonal transport are part of the disease, additional studies are required to clearly establish to what extent deficient axonal transport is the cause or the effect of the neuronal pathology in AD, and to identify mechanisms that lead to its perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgil Muresan
- University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB, I-683 Newark, NJ 07103, USA, Tel.: +1 973 972 2392, ,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer disease (AD) is a genetically complex disorder. Mutations in 3 genes, presenilin 1, amyloid precursor protein, and presenilin 2, lead to early-onset familial AD in rare families with onset of disease occurring prior to age 65. Specific polymorphisms in apolipoprotein E are associated with the more common, late-onset AD occurring after age 65. In this review, we discuss current advances in AD genetics, the implications of the known AD genes, presenilin 1, presenilin 2, amyloid precursor protein, and apolipoprotein E, and other possible genes on the clinical diagnosis, treatment, and genetic counseling of patients and families with early- and late-onset AD. REVIEW SUMMARY In addition to the mutations in 4 known genes associated with AD, mutations in other genes may be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Most recently, 2 different research groups have reported genetic association between 2 genes, sortilin-related receptor and GAB2, and AD. These associations have not changed the diagnostic and medical management of AD. CONCLUSIONS New research in the genetics of AD have implicated novel genes as having a role in the disease, but these findings have not been replicated nor have specific disease causing mutations been identified. To date, clinical genetic testing is limited to familial early-onset disease for symptomatic individuals and asymptomatic relatives and, although not recommended, amyloid precursor protein apolipoprotein E testing as an adjunct to diagnosis of symptomatic individuals.
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Bertram L. Alzheimer's disease genetics current status and future perspectives. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 84:167-84. [PMID: 19501718 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)00409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a genetically complex disease whose pathogenesis is largely influenced by genetic factors. Three decades of intensive research have yielded four established AD genes (APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, APOE), and hundreds of potential susceptibility loci, none of which has been unequivocally shown to modify disease risk using conventional methodologies. The results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are now adding to an already vast and complicated body of data. To facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of these findings, we have recently created a database for genetic association studies in AD ("AlzGene"; available at http://www.alzgene.org). In addition to systematically screening and summarizing the scientific literature for eligible studies, AlzGene provides the results of allele-based meta-analyses for all polymorphisms with sufficient genotype data. Currently, these meta-analyses highlight over 20 different potential AD genes, several of which were originally implicated by a GWAS. First follow-up analyses in a large collection of over 1300 AD families reveal that-in addition to APOE-genetic variants in ACE, CHRNB2, GAB2, and TF show the most consistent risk effects across a wide range of independent samples and study designs. The chapter highlights these and other promising findings from the recent AD genetics literature and provides an overview of the powerful new tools aiding researchers today to unravel the genetic underpinnings of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bertram
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin 14195, Germany
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Dickson MR, Li J, Wiener HW, Perry RT, Blacker D, Bassett SS, Go RC. A genomic scan for age at onset of Alzheimer's disease in 437 families from the NIMH Genetic Initiative. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:784-92. [PMID: 18189239 PMCID: PMC2661765 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We performed linkage analysis for age at onset (AAO) in the total Alzheimer's disease (AD) NIMH sample (N = 437 families). Families were subset as late-onset (320 families, AAO > or = 65) and early/mixed (117 families, at least 1 member with 50 < AAO < 65). Treating AAO as a censored trait, we obtained the gender and APOE adjusted residuals in a parametric survival model and analyzed the residuals as the quantitative trait (QT) in variance-component linkage analysis. For comparison, AAO-age at exam (AAE) was analyzed as the QT adjusting for affection status, gender, and APOE. Heritabilities for residual and AAO-AAE outcomes were 66.3% and 74.0%, respectively for the total sample, 56.0% and 57.0% in the late-onset sample, and 33.0% for both models in the early/mixed sample. The residual model yielded the largest peaks on chromosome 1 with LOD = 2.0 at 190 cM in the total set, LOD = 1.7 at 116 cM on chromosome 3 in the early/mixed subset, and LOD = 1.4 at 71 and 86 cM, respectively, on chromosome 6 in the late-onset subset. For the AAO-AAE outcome model the largest peaks were identified on chromosome 1 at 137 cM (LOD = 2.8) and chromosome 6 at 69 cM (LOD = 2.3) and 86 cM (LOD = 2.2) all in the late-onset subset. Additional peaks with LOD > or = 1 were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12 for the total sample and each subset. Results replicate previous findings, but identify additional suggestive peaks indicating the genetics of AAO in AD is complex with many chromosomal regions potentially containing modifying genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ryan Dickson
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama,Correspondence to: M. Ryan Dickson, MS, Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Ryals 230N, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294-0001. E-mail:
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Howard W. Wiener
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rodney T. Perry
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Deborah Blacker
- Gerontology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Susan S. Bassett
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rodney C.P. Go
- Department of Epidemiology and International Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Aluise CD, Sowell RA, Butterfield DA. Peptides and proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2008; 1782:549-58. [PMID: 18760351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects millions of persons worldwide. Earlier detection and/or diagnosis of AD would permit earlier intervention, which conceivably could delay progression of this dementing disorder. In order to accomplish this goal, reliable and specific biomarkers are needed. Biomarkers are multidimensional and have the potential to aid in various facets of AD such as diagnostic prediction, assessment of disease stage, discrimination from normally cognitive controls as well as other forms of dementia, and therapeutic efficacy of AD drugs. To date, biomarker research has focused on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), two bodily fluids believed to contain the richest source of biomarkers for AD. CSF is the fluid surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), and is the most indicative obtainable fluid of brain pathology. Blood plasma contains proteins that affect brain processes from the periphery, as well as proteins/peptides exported from the brain; this fluid would be ideal for biomarker discovery due to the ease and non-invasive process of sample collection. However, it seems reasonable that biomarker discovery will result in combinations of CSF, plasma, and other fluids such as urine, to serve the aforementioned purposes. This review focuses on proteins and peptides identified from CSF, plasma, and urine that may serve as biomarkers in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Aluise
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Membrane Sciences, and Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
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Kanekiyo T, Ban T, Aritake K, Huang ZL, Qu WM, Okazaki I, Mohri I, Murayama S, Ozono K, Taniike M, Goto Y, Urade Y. Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase/beta-trace is a major amyloid beta-chaperone in human cerebrospinal fluid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:6412-7. [PMID: 17404210 PMCID: PMC1851035 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701585104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformational change in amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide from its monomeric form to aggregates is crucial in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the healthy brain, some unidentified chaperones appear to prevent the aggregation of Abeta. Here we reported that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS)/beta-trace, the most abundant cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein produced in the brain, was localized in amyloid plaques in both AD patients and AD-model Tg2576 mice. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that L-PGDS/beta-trace tightly bound to Abeta monomers and fibrils with high affinity (K(D) = 18-50 nM) and that L-PGDS/beta-trace recognized residues 25-28 in Abeta, which is the key region for its conformational change to a beta-sheet structure. The results of a thioflavin T fluorescence assay to monitor Abeta aggregation disclosed that L-PGDS/beta-trace inhibited the spontaneous aggregation of Abeta (1-40) and Abeta (1-42) within its physiological range (1-5 microM) in CSF. L-PGDS/beta-trace also prevented the seed-dependent aggregation of 50 microM Abeta with K(i) of 0.75 microM. Moreover, the inhibitory activity toward Abeta (1-40) aggregation in human CSF was decreased by 60% when L-PGDS/beta-trace was removed from the CSF by immunoaffinity chromatography. The deposition of Abeta after intraventricular infusion of Abeta (1-42) was 3.5-fold higher in L-PGDS-deficient mice and reduced to 23% in L-PGDS-overexpressing mice as compared with their wild-type levels. These data indicate that L-PGDS/beta-trace is a major endogenous Abeta-chaperone in the brain and suggest that the disturbance of this function may be involved in the onset and progression of AD. Our findings may provide a diagnostic and therapeutic approach for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kanekiyo
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Tadato Ban
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University and CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kosuke Aritake
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; and
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Issay Okazaki
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
| | - Ikuko Mohri
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- Mental Health and Environmental Effects Research, The Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | | | - Masako Taniike
- Mental Health and Environmental Effects Research, The Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, and
| | - Yuji Goto
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University and CREST Japan Science and Technology Agency, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Urade
- *Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
- **To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Zinser EG, Hartmann T, Grimm MOW. Amyloid beta-protein and lipid metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2007; 1768:1991-2001. [PMID: 17418089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play an important part as risk or protective factors for Alzheimer's disease. This review summarizes the current findings in which lipids influence Alzheimer's disease and introduces the molecular mechanism how these lipids are linked to amyloid production. Besides the pathological impact of amyloid in Alzheimer's disease, amyloid has a physiological function in regulating lipid homeostasis in return. The understanding of the resulting regulatory cycles between amyloid precursor protein processing and lipids provides a platform for the development of new causal therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva G Zinser
- Universität des Saarlandes, Uniklinikum Homburg, Neurobiologie, Neurologie, Gebäude 90, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Bertram L, McQueen MB, Mullin K, Blacker D, Tanzi RE. Systematic meta-analyses of Alzheimer disease genetic association studies: the AlzGene database. Nat Genet 2007; 39:17-23. [PMID: 17192785 DOI: 10.1038/ng1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1257] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed hundreds of reports declaring or refuting genetic association with putative Alzheimer disease susceptibility genes. This wealth of information has become increasingly difficult to follow, much less interpret. We have created a publicly available, continuously updated database that comprehensively catalogs all genetic association studies in the field of Alzheimer disease (http://www.alzgene.org). We performed systematic meta-analyses for each polymorphism with available genotype data in at least three case-control samples. In addition to identifying the epsilon4 allele of APOE and related effects, we pinpointed over a dozen potential Alzheimer disease susceptibility genes (ACE, CHRNB2, CST3, ESR1, GAPDHS, IDE, MTHFR, NCSTN, PRNP, PSEN1, TF, TFAM and TNF) with statistically significant allelic summary odds ratios (ranging from 1.11-1.38 for risk alleles and 0.92-0.67 for protective alleles). Our database provides a powerful tool for deciphering the genetics of Alzheimer disease, and it serves as a potential model for tracking the most viable gene candidates in other genetically complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Bertram
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (MIND), Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Moreira PI, Santos MS, Seiça R, Oliveira CR. Brain mitochondrial dysfunction as a link between Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. J Neurol Sci 2007; 257:206-14. [PMID: 17316694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been argued that in late-onset Alzheimer's disease a disturbance in the control of neuronal glucose metabolism consequent to impaired insulin signalling strongly resembles the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in non-neural tissue. The fact that mitochondria are the major generators and direct targets of reactive oxygen species led several investigators to foster the idea that oxidative stress and damage in mitochondria are contributory factors to several disorders including Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Since brain possesses high energetic requirements, any decline in brain mitochondria electron chain could have a severe impact on brain function and particularly on the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. This review is primarily focused in the discussion of brain mitochondrial dysfunction as a link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula I Moreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-354 Coimbra, Portugal
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48
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González P, Alvarez V, Menéndez M, Lahoz CH, Martínez C, Corao AI, Calatayud MT, Peña J, García-Castro M, Coto E. Myocyte enhancing factor-2A in Alzheimer's disease: Genetic analysis and association with MEF2A-polymorphisms. Neurosci Lett 2007; 411:47-51. [PMID: 17112666 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 09/13/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphisms at different genes have been proposed as determinants of the risk for developing late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Among the several candidate genes are those that encode proteins involved in neuronal degeneration/survival. Studies of primary neuronal cultures supported that members of the myocyte enhancing factor-2 (MEF2) family of transcription factors have an anti-apoptotic effect, regulating the expression of proteins involved in neuronal survival and differentiation. We analysed the MEF2A gene in a total of 357 patients (mean age 72 years, range 60-97 years). Among others, a Pro279Leu in exon 8 and a polyglutamine (CAG) repeat polymorphisms in exon 12 were found. These variants were also genotyped in 495 healthy controls (>50 years old), and the frequencies were statistically compared. Eight patients were 279L (six P/L and two L/L), compared to only one control (2% vs. 0.2%; p=0.004, OR=11.32). There was a significantly higher frequency of 279L-carriers among APOE epsilon4+ (7/154=4.5%), compared to epsilon4- (1/203) (p=0.02). In conclusion, our work suggests that the variation at the MEF2A gene could be involved in the risk of developing LOAD. Because MEF2 has been related with neuronal survival, and the 279L allele has been related with a reduction in the transcriptional activation activity of MEF2A, the effect of this allele could be mediated through a down-regulation of antiapoptotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo González
- Genética Molecular-Instituto de Estudios Nefrológicos, Hospital Universitario Central Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Grimm MOW, Tschäpe JA, Grimm HS, Zinser EG, Hartmann T. Altered membrane fluidity and lipid raft composition in presenilin-deficient cells. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 185:27-32. [PMID: 16866908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of Alzheimer's disease is closely connected with lipid metabolism. Processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) is sensitive to membrane alterations in levels of cholesterol and gangliosides. As cholesterol and gangliosides are major components of rafts and BACE I and gamma-secretase are supposed to be localized to rafts there might be a yet unknown biological function underlying this connection. Increasing evidence shows a close connection between cholesterol homeostasis and APP processing and Abeta production respectively. We measured membrane fluidity by anisotropy determination, isolated detergent resistant membrane (DRM) fractions from membrane preparations and determined cholesterol content of these fractions by a coupled enzymatic assay. We found membrane fluidity to be changed in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) PS1/2 -/- along with altered cholesterol content in DRM fraction of these cells. In addition, total ganglioside levels were enhanced in absence of presenilin (PS).
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Affiliation(s)
- M O W Grimm
- Centre for Molecular Biology Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
Research findings obtained over the past 20 years suggest that Alzheimer disease (AD) may have its origins in early life. In this review, we consider the evidence for early-life risk factors for this illness. We propose that risk factors that predict neuropathology are largely distinct from those related to the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. Early-life risk factors for pathology include genes, chromosomal abnormalities, head injury, insulin resistance, and inflammation. With regard to risk factors for clinical expression of Alzheimer disease, six general groups of childhood exposures are reviewed: (1) perinatal conditions, (2) early-life brain development, (3) early-life body growth, (4) early-life socioeconomic conditions, (5) environmental enrichment, and (6) cognitive reserve. The literature reviewed suggests that risk of Alzheimer disease is probably not determined in any single time period but results from the complex interplay between genetic and environmental exposures throughout the life course. Enhancement or preservation of brain or cognitive reserve could delay the onset of Alzheimer disease and in some cases prevent the disease from occurring altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Borenstein
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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